What Does The Acronym UMTS Stand For?
What Does The Acronym UMTS Stand For?
What is UMTS?
UMTS is one of the Third Generation (3G) mobile systems being developed within the ITU's IMT-2000
framework. It is a realisation of a new generation of broadband multi-media mobile telecommunications
technology. The coverage area of service provision is to be world wide in the form of FLMTS (Future
Land Mobile Telecommunications Services and now called IMT2000). The coverage will be provided by a
combination of cell sizes ranging from 'in building' Pico Cells to Global Cells provided by satellite, giving
service to the remote regions of the world. The UMTS is not a replacement of 2nd generation
technologies (e.g. GSM, DCS1800, CDMA, DECT etc.), which will continue to evolve to their full potential.
IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread, also known as UTRA FDD including WCDMA in Japan, ARIB / DoCoMo
recommendation. UMTS is developed by 3GPP.
IMT-2000 CDMA Multi-carrier, also known as Cdma2000 (3X) developed by 3GPP2. IMT-2000
CDMA2000 includes 1X components, like cdma2000 1X EV-DO.
IMT-2000 CDMA TDD, also known as UTRA TDD and TD-SCDMA. TD-SCDMA is developed in China and
supported by TD-SCDMA Forum
IMT-2000 TDMA Single Carrier, also known as UWC-136 (Edge) supported by UWCC
For more information about 3G air interfaces, download ITU "What is IMT-2000" presentation (2.5Mb!).
Note that page 3 does not classify CDMA2000 1X as 3G, but page 6 does.
Some 2.5G systems (GSM GPRS, IS- 95B and CDMA2000 1X (?)) will be able to deliver 3G services, so it
will be difficult for users to see the difference.
The IMT-2000 family of 3G systems includes three types of Core Network technology:
GSM based (using Mobile Application Part (MAP) protocols on top of SS7 protocols for signalling)
Cdma2000 and UMTS were developed separately and are 2 separate ITU approved 3G standards.
Cdma2000 1xRTT, cdma2000 1xEV-DO (EVolution, Data Only) and future cdma2000 3x were developed
to be backward compatible with cdmaOne. Both 1x types have the same bandwidth, chip rate and it can
be used in any existing cdmaOne frequency band and network. Backward compatibility was a
requirement for successful deployment for USA market. It is easy to implement because operators do
not need new frequencies. [more about cdma2000]
UMTS was developed mainly for countries with GSM networks, because these countries have agreed to
free new frequency ranges for UMTS networks. Because it is a new technology and in a new frequency
band, whole new radio access network has to be build. The advantage is that new frequency range gives
plenty of new capacity for operators. 3GPP is overseeing the standard development and has wisely kept
the core network as close to GSM core network as possible. UMTS phones are not meant to be
backward compatible with GSM systems. (but subscriptions (=SIM card) can be, and dual mode phone
will solve the compatibility problems, hopefully). UMTS also has 2 flavors FDD (will be implemented first)
and TDD.
Some harmonisation has been done between systems (like chip rate and pilot issues)
1G networks (NMT, C-Nets, AMPS, TACS) are considered to be the first analog cellular systems, which
started early 1980s. There were radio telephone systems even before that.
2G networks (GSM, cdmaOne, DAMPS) are the first digital cellular systems launched early 1990s.
2.5G networks (GPRS, cdma2000 1x) are the enhanced versions of 2G networks with data rates up to
about 144kbit/s.
3G networks (UMTS FDD and TDD, cdma2000 1x EVDO, cdma2000 3x, TD-SCDMA, Arib WCDMA, EDGE,
IMT-2000 DECT) are the latest cellular networks that have data rates 384kbit/s and more.
4G is mainly a marketing buzzword at the moment. Some basic 4G research is being done, but no
frequencies have been allocated. The Forth Generation could be ready for implementation around 2012.
What have been the major milestones in 3G development and specification?
- Higher speech quality that current networks - Addition to speech traffic UMTS, together with advanced
data and information services, will be a multimedia network.
- UMTS is above 2G mobile systems for its potential to support 2Mbit/s data rates.
- UMTS is a real global system, comprising both terrestrial and satellite components.
- Consistent service environment even when roaming via "Virtual Home Environment" (VHE). A person
roaming from his network to other UMTS operators, user will experience a consistent set of services
thus "feeling" on his home network, independent of the location or access mode (satellite or terrestrial)
3G WCDMA systems have 5MHz bandwidth (one direction). 5MHz is neither wide nor narrow; it is just
the bandwidth. New 3G WCDMA systems have wider bandwidth than existing 2G cdma systems
(cdmaOne 1.25MHz), that's why the "Wide". There are commercial cdma systems with 20MHz
bandwidth.
Are GSM/GPRS networks compatible with UMTS networks?
UMTS networks can be operated with GSM/GPRS networks. Systems use different frequency bands, so
BTSs and mobiles will (should) not interfere with each other. Some vendors claim their core network
(MSC/HLR/SGSN ect) and BSC/RNC are UMTS compatible, but most operators will prefer to build a
totally separate/independent UMTS network. Some of the latest GSM BTSs can also have UMTS radio
parts and share the same rack.
UMTS specification is design so that there is maximum compatibility between GSM and UMTS systems.
Late 2002 there will also be dual/multi band phones that can be used in GSM and UMTS networks.
Eventually phones will be able to do handovers between networks.
There will probably not be a "transition" period in that sense, because GSM systems will keep on
operating at least next ten years. (some old 1G networks are still running round the world). Only
limitations for operators are the GSM license terms and customer preferences. UMTS networks will just
be added to mobile landscape.
Several GSM operators (like in UK, Sweden, Denmark and France) failed / did not want / missed initially
to get an UMTS license, but do not count them out yet. Existing operators have great assets like
customer base, image, retail network, BTS site locations, transmission system etc., which help them to
make deals with 3G license holders. Hutchison 3G in UK and Telia with Tele 2 in Sweden are good
examples.
Some operators have taken the path cdmaOne - cdma2000 1x - cdma2000 1x EV-DO - cdma2000 3x
some D-AMPD - EDGE and some have chosen a GSM1900 - EDGE ( - possible UMTS) route. New cellular
frequencies allocations have been postponed, so operators will have to use their existing frequencies,
which naturally limits the available capacity. Read more about the USA 3G situation.
China has been testing the TD-SCDMA 3G system. License allocation and possible adaptation of other 3G
technologies are still open. Read more about the China's 3G situation.
What is the "Beauty Contest" when 3G licenses are issued? ... and Why?
Beauty Contest means that the government asks all applicants to provide a plan how to build a network
and manage their future 3G business. A plan typically includes things like: How many new jobs are
created, what kind of services will be available and when, how much domestic products are used, how
will less developed areas (rural areas) benefit from this, what kind of financial plan is in place to
guarantee the success and avoid bankrupts etc. So government wants to decide what is best for the
country, not who is willing to pay most. (In USA and Australia some highest bidding operators have gone
bankrupt and government has to pay unemployment etc payments and it is also embarrassing for the
government).
By charging high license fee government imposes an indirect tax which mobile uses have to bear by
paying more for making calls. By giving "free" licenses government can create a good environment for
technology start up companies, because operator has more money to invest and less up-front fees.
No network vendor can supply all equipment and components to the full a 3G network, but quite a few
can be a main contractor to build a turn-key 3G network. Normally network vendors can bring in
partners like service and applications providers, hand set manufactures, civil work and acquisition
companies etc.
Alcatel
Ericsson
Lucent
Motorola
Nokia
Nortel
Siemens/NEC
Ericsson
LG Electronics
Lucent
Motorola
Nortel
Samsung
Good source of information is to contract announcements and annual reports. Those usually tell how
much money an operator will spend on infrastructure. In every country each carrier has to spend around
same amount of money to build a same size 3G network, so if you see one of the operator's spending
figures, all other operators use similar sums of money per subscriber.
Sometimes spending figures include services (planning, logistics, commissioning, integration, testing
etc.), but almost never civil works on base station sites. Press reports claim that operators in Europe
have spend around 650 euro per 3G subscriber for infrastructure + planning services + site civil works,
this figure should drop to around 400 euros within couple of years.
Infrastructure cost are only small part of total network related cost and operators also have license fees,
financing fees, cost of running the organisation, sales and marketing costs etc. [More]
I am doing a 3G report about XXX, where can I get even more info?
Search Engines
3G / GSM operators web sites, press releases, annual report (see how they spend their money), CEOs
comments etc.
National Office of Telecommunication (or other government organisation) information services (or web
pages)
Your company's offices round the world and especially competitive intelligent department
Get books, seminar reports and visit other 3G related web sites
IEEE has VTS, that might help you to find technical documents.
If you still did not find, email: [email protected] after reading the Contract us page. No guarantees,
but we will try to help.
First thing is to get your hands on to the latest government EMR (electromagnetic radiation) standard.
Check you government web site. [Links]
Your government pages should have more information and contact information where to order a
booklet that gives guidelines at least of:
What is the safety zone round the mobile and transmission antennas.
How the combined radiation field values is calculated from different antennas on a same rooftop.
Local city councils might also have their own additional guidelines, check those.
Governments usually do not state exact values what is safe and what is not safe, for legal reasons. EU
countries normally issue "guidelines" that are bit tougher than EU standards. In USA FDA has a clear
statement: "Thus, the available science does not allow us to conclude that mobile phones are absolutely
safe, or that they are unsafe. However, the available scientific evidence does not [emphasis FDA's]
demonstrate any adverse health effects associated with the use of mobile phones." See: FDA Mobile
Phones page
In most countries operators are required by law to calculate these safety zones. Ask your mobile
operator if they can provide safety calculations.
According to recent news articles there have been over 700 studies related to EMR without a final
conclusion, so don't hold your breath to get a final answer in a near future. People always forget that
mobile antennas radiate about 40W power, but TV and radio towers use kilowatts of power and even a
hair drier generates a nice EMR field from 1000W like a kitchen microwave oven.
WCDMA transmitter spread the 20-40W power over 5MHz, while GSM 40W transmitter uses 200kHz
band, but GSM BTS need more radios to serve an area. Both systems use similar types of antennas, so
EMR levels are similar. Both BTSs normally use power control to minimize the used power.
EMR Resources:
WHO
EMR Network
Report
FAQ
Another FAQ
FCC Guidelines
ARRL resources
CWTI resources
Example download site from Australia
Google Search
See our book selection page. But before you buy, you should study a bit 3G / UMTS. Read our
technology section. Then download 3GPP specifications content page and select the first specifications
of each series like XX.001, XX.002 or XX.Y01, for example:
Once you know the basics well enough, you can buy the book that has the right technical level for you.
You will also notice how some of the books have copied most of the content from the 3GPP specks. If
you read a book from our list, please send us a 20-50 word opinion/description of it, and will add that to
the books page. If you find a 3G related book that is not on the list, email: [email protected].
Best thing is to read the 3G specifications. It is actually easier to read than you might think.
From 3GPP page http://www.3gpp.org/specs/titles-numbers.htm you can see specifications titles and
versions. For example if you want to know about USIM, following titles can be seen:
You need to FTP them for example from ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/specs/latest/ . You can also type that to IE5.0
or later or use FTP program. If you use IE5.0 select File - Copy to Folder from the top menu to copy file
so your computer.
The Second best thing is to search Google, but then again the Internet is full of misinformation.
TS 25.304 UE Procedures in Idle Mode and Procedures for Cell Reselection in Connected Mode Those
documents have all the details.
22.234 (reserved for future WLAN I/w stage 1), not available yet and
22.934 Feasibility study on 3GPP system to Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) interworking
Earlier FAQ Answer gives you some help how to download those
Other place to look technical data is IEEE 802.11 Group and search for "3G" etc.
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Minutes/Cons_Minutes_Mar-2002.pdf
and search for 3G in that document and you see the current status.
WLAN Resources:
80211 Planet
Some of the 3G mobiles will be dualband UMTS/GSM handsets (available late 2002?) and will be able to
perform UMTS-GSM handovers. Current GSM phones will not work in 3G networks. Several SIM card
manufacturers now offer cards compatible with 2G and 3G systems. Cellular3G, for example, will offer
PCMCIA W-CDMA 3G-modem cards for PCs.
3G cdma2000 phones will be backward compatible and will work in cdmaOne networks. Airprime, for
example, offers CDMA2000 1xEV-DO PC cards for 3G networks.
- Required coverage areas according to a license agreement (link budget will determine the cell spacing)
- Required capacity according to license agreement and initial customer and operator demands.
- Amount of frequencies carries have. (More frequencies, less interference, longer cell spacing)
- Ability to get BTS site locations. (Normally co-location requirements with used 2G sites)
- Design opinions and experience of companies and people bidding for the design job and eventually
implementing the plan.
- And probably in a long run the capacity, service, and coverage requirement from customers.
Rollout will be very similar to 2G network rollouts. First phase of rollouts in UK size market will probably
be 1000 base station in urban areas. Within 5 year about site count will increase to 5000 sites and
eventually up to 10000 sites depending how successful the business is.
- System configuration (BTS antennas, BTS power, cable losses, handover gain)
1900-1920 and 2010-2025 MHz Time Division Duplex (TDD, TD/CDMA) Unpaired, channel spacing is 5
MHz and raster is 200 kHz. Tx and Rx are not separated in frequency
1920-1980 and 2110-2170 MHz Frequency Division Duplex (FDD, W-CDMA) Paired uplink and downlink,
channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. An Operator needs 3 - 4 channels (2x15 or 2x20 MHz) to
be able to build a high-speed, high-capacity network.
For complete listing of logical, transport and physical channels including directions and mapping see
UMTS Channels page
What are the UMTS data rates of the services?
384kb/s for medium size cells. (micro and small macro cells)
144kb/s and 64kb/s for large cell applications. (Large macro cells)
14.4kb/s for continuous low speed data applications in very large cells.
First, get the latest 3GPP specifications 25-211, 25-304 and 25-331
Note:
Paging Occasion = {(IMSI div K) mod (DRX cycle length div PBP)} * PBP + n * DRX cycle length + Frame
Offset Where n = 0,1,2… as long as SFN is below its maximum value.
25-211 (FDD) Chapter 5.3.3.10 shows how Pq is calculated for channel mapping, the structure of paging
indicator channel and the mapping of paging indicators Pq to PICH bits.
UMTS WCDMA modulation is Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) with Root-raised cosine pulse
shaping filters (roll off = 0.22)
Read more about UMTS technical details from our UMTS WCDMA page
Download and read 3GPP documents about RLC/MAC, start with 25 series. Documents also show
message mapping to channels:
44.060 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Mobile Station (MS) - Base Station System (BSS) interface;
Radio Link Control/ Medium Access Control (RLC/MAC) protocol
Earlier FAQ Answer gives you some help how to download those
How is data compression done in UMTS?
Video and music compression will be done in application level. 3G phone (and network application
servers) will have programs (or you will be downloading them) that records and displays video or music.
Those programs have build-in data compression features. Good examples are MP3 and other music
programs. MP3 codec includes data compression and most current music player understands it. For
image and video there are several standards including JPEG, MPEG-4, H.263, Microsoft media player etc.
available.
ITU-T Recommendation H.263 [22] profile 0 level 10 shall be supported. This is the mandatory video
decoder for the PSS. In addition, PSS should support:
NOTE: ITU-T Recommendation H.263 [22] baseline has been mandated to ensure that video-enabled PSS
support a minimum baseline video capability and interoperability can be guaranteed (an H.263 [22]
baseline bit stream can be decoded by both H.263 [22] and MPEG-4 decoders). It also provides a simple
upgrade path for mandating more advanced decoders in the future (from both the ITU-T and ISO MPEG).
ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/specs/latest/Rel-4/26_series/26111-400.zip
ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/specs/latest/Rel-4/26_series/26911-400.zip
ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/specs/latest/Rel-4/26_series/26911-400.zip
ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/specs/latest/Rel-4/26_series/26233-400.zip
ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/specs/latest/Rel-4/26_series/26234-400.zip
Consider downloading the latest releases 5 (March2002) or release 6 (not yet frozen) files.
Is there any interface from UMTS core network to other mobile networks?
UMTS specifications do not have any special interface planned for other mobile networks, but all
telephone networks can be connected to UMTS core network with standard S7 (or other) signalling
system using E1s or T1s. Than enables voice calls to be made to all other telephone networks. If other
networks support additional services like "call forwarding", "calling line identity", fax, slow-speed data
ect, technically that is possible to implement this between networks.
All telephone networks are designed to work with each other and UMTS networks will use standard
interfaces towards all other networks. S7 and IP (internet protocol) will be the most commonly used
interfaces standard, but all UMTS vendors can offer tens of different country-specific interface protocols
if required.
Most people have their own view what the 3G Killer Application(s) will be. Some say that there will not
be a single application, but a palette of services. Most likely there will not be only a single application
that becomes very popular and at the same time makes a lot of money to the operator. Email, voice(!),
messaging, music/video streaming are popular bets for money making applications. If you look any
reports about 3G services, m-commerce and location based services are predicted to become very
popular. Maybe the pricing will decide what will be a popular service.
Old phrase is "The easiest way to predict the future is to invent it" will apply here. Operators and
application providers have an opportunity to create their own killer applications.
UMTS Forum's Market Aspects Group has identified seven common lifestyle attributes for mobile
multimedia applications. Here is a list of possible type of services that will be available in 3G networks:
Fun: WWW, video, post card, snapshots, text, picture and multimedia messaging, datacast,
personalisation applications (ring tone, screen saver, desk top), jukebox, virtual companion / pet ...
Work: Rich call with image and data stream, IP telephony, B2B ordering and logistics, information
exchange, personal information manager, dairy, scheduler, note pad, 2-way video conferencing,
directory services, travel assistance, work group, telepresence, FTP, instant voicemail, colour fax ...
Shopping: E-commerce, e-cash, e-wallet, credit card, telebanking, automatic transaction, auction, micro-
billing shopping ...
Entertainment: News, stock market, sports, games, lottery, gambling, music, video, concerts, adult
content ...
Education: Online libraries, search engines, remote attendance, field research ...
Travel: location sensitive information and guidance, e-tour, location awareness, time tables, e-
ticketing ...
Add-on: TV, radio, PC, access to remote computer, MP3 player, camera, video camera, watch, pager,
GPS, remote control unit ...
The wideband nature of the UTRA/FDD facilitates the high resolution in position location. The duration
of one chip (3.84Mcps) correspond to approximately 78 meters in propagation distance. If the delay
estimation operates on the accuracy of samples/chip then the achievable maximum accuracy is
approximately 20 meters. There are other inaccuracies that will cause degradation to the positioning but
20 meters can be considered as best possible positioning performance. UMTS specifies that it will
provide location information for mobiles to an accuracy of 50m. With GPS assistance, maybe even 10
meter accuracy is possible.
Japan and Korea has 3G services running and in December 2001 two UMTS networks have been
launched, but UMTS mobiles will arrive 3Q/2002. Quite a few UMTS networks will be launched in early
2003 in Europe.
GSM (or other 2G) phones will not be able to use all features, because of data speed, build in memory
and applications, display technology etc. Application providers and operators are very unlikely to try to
implement complex feature to GSM, money is going to UMTS services. GPRS phone users will be able to
use most of the UMTS services; probably only location based and very high rate data services cannot be
implemented. But all this it depends on if operators want to implement those. All basic services like
voice and messaging will flow between all systems.
Which level of UMTS standard will the network be launched in 2002?
All vendors have different software schedules and development status is a big secret. Now it looks like
top vendors will probably have 3GPP Release 4 (with July 2001 correction) level software by the late
2002 launch date. (Some vendors were considering launching with '99 release in 2002)