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10 Maths Key Notes CH 01 Real Numbers

This document provides a summary of key concepts from Chapter 1 of the CBSE Class 10 Mathematics textbook on real numbers. It defines natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, and rational numbers. It describes Euclid's division lemma and algorithm for finding the highest common factor of two numbers. It states the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic that every composite number can be uniquely factored into prime numbers. It also summarizes properties of rational numbers related to their representations as terminating or non-terminating decimals based on their prime factorizations. Finally, it concludes that every rational number can be represented as either a terminating or non-terminating recurring decimal.

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170 views

10 Maths Key Notes CH 01 Real Numbers

This document provides a summary of key concepts from Chapter 1 of the CBSE Class 10 Mathematics textbook on real numbers. It defines natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, and rational numbers. It describes Euclid's division lemma and algorithm for finding the highest common factor of two numbers. It states the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic that every composite number can be uniquely factored into prime numbers. It also summarizes properties of rational numbers related to their representations as terminating or non-terminating decimals based on their prime factorizations. Finally, it concludes that every rational number can be represented as either a terminating or non-terminating recurring decimal.

Uploaded by

priyanka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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CBSE

Class–10 Mathematics
Revision Notes
CHAPTER 01
REAL NUMBERS

Natural numbers: Counting numbers are called Natural numbers. These numbers
are denoted by N = {1, 2, 3, .........}
Whole numbers: The collection of natural numbers along with 0 is the collection of
Whole number and is denoted by W.
Integers: The collection of natural numbers, their negatives along with the number
zero are called Integers. This collection is denoted by Z.
Rational number: The numbers, which are obtained by dividing two integers, are
called Rational numbers. Division by zero is not defined.
Coprime: If HCF of two numbers is 1, then the two numbers area called relatively
prime or coprime.

1. Euclid’s division lemma :

For given positive integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ there exist unique whole numbers ‘q’ and ‘r’ satisfying
the relation .

Theorem: If and are non-zero integers, the least positive integer which is expressible as a
linear combination of and is the HCF of and , i.e., if is the HCF of and , then these
exist integers and , such that and is the smallest positive integer
which is expressible in this form.

The HCF of and is denoted by HCF .

2. Euclid’s division algorithms :

HCF of any two positive integers a and b. With a > b is obtained as follows:

Step 1 : Apply Euclid’s division lemma to a and b to find q and r such that

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b = Divisor

q = Quotient

r = Remainder

Step II: If r = 0, HCF (a,b)=b if , apply Euclid’s lemma to b and r.

Step III: Continue the process till the remainder is zero. The divisor at this stage will be the
required HCF.

3. The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic :

Every composite number can be expressed (factorized) as a product of primes and this
factorization is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur.

4. Let to be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of ‘q’ is of the
form 2m+5n, where m, n are non-negative integers. Then x has a decimal expansion which is
terminating.

5. Let be a rational number, such that the prime factorizationof q is not of the
form 2m+5n, where m, n are non-negative integers. Then x has a decimal expansion which is
non-terminating repeating.

6. is irrational, which p is a prime. A number is called irrational if it cannot be written in


the form where p and q are integers and

8. If a and b are two positive integers, then HCF(a, b) x LCM(a, b) = a x b

i.e., (HCF x LCM) of two intergers = Product of intergers.

9. A rational number which when expressed in the lowest term has factors 2 or 5 in the
denominator can be written as terminating decimal otherwise a non-terminating recurring
decimal. In other words, if the rational number is, such that the prime factorization of b is
of form where m and n are natural numbers, then has a terminating decimal
expansion.

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10. We conclude that every rational number can be represented in the form of terminating
or non-terminating recurring decimal.

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