IndustrialIT

Compact Control Builder AC 800M

Version 5.0

Extended Control Software

Binary and Analog Handling
 IndustrialIT
Compact Control Builder AC 800M
Version 5.0

Extended Control Software

Binary and Analog Handling
NOTICE
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be
construed as a commitment by ABB. ABB assumes no responsibility for any errors that
may appear in this document.

In no event shall ABB be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential
damages of any nature or kind arising from the use of this document, nor shall ABB be
liable for incidental or consequential damages arising from use of any software or hard-
ware described in this document.

This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without written per-
mission from ABB, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to a third party nor used
for any unauthorized purpose.

The software or hardware described in this document is furnished under a license and
may be used, copied, or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such license.

This product meets the requirements specified in EMC Directive 89/336/EEC and in Low
Voltage Directive 72/23/EEC.

Copyright © 2003-2006 by ABB.

All rights reserved.

Release: June 2006

Document number: 3BSE041488R101

TRADEMARKS
All rights to copyrights and trademarks reside with their respective owners.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

About This Book

General ............................................................................................................................13
Document Conventions ...................................................................................................14
Warning, Caution, Information, and Tip Icons................................................................14
Terminology.....................................................................................................................15

Section 1 - Introduction
Extended Control Software .............................................................................................17
Libraries and Types .........................................................................................................18

Section 2 - Libraries
Introduction .....................................................................................................................19
Types and Libraries ..............................................................................................20
Advantages When Using Libraries and Types.................................................................25
Type Solutions......................................................................................................25
Libraries ...............................................................................................................26
Building Complex Solutions With Types ........................................................................27
Library Management .......................................................................................................30
Tips and Recommendations .................................................................................31
Reserved Names...................................................................................................33
Parameter Keywords ............................................................................................33
Library Command Summary ...........................................................................................34

3BSE041488R101 5
 Section 3 - Standard Libraries
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 37
Ready-Made Objects, Templates and Building Stones........................................ 37
Standard Library Types........................................................................................ 39
Where to Find Information About Standard Library Types................................. 39
Common Properties ............................................................................................. 40
Library Overview ............................................................................................................ 42
Basic Library........................................................................................................ 42
Icon Library ......................................................................................................... 42
Alarm and Event Library ..................................................................................... 42
Signal Library ...................................................................................................... 43
Process Object Libraries ...................................................................................... 43
Group Start Library.............................................................................................. 44
Control Libraries.................................................................................................. 44
Communication Libraries .................................................................................... 45
Batch Library ....................................................................................................... 46
Hardware Overview ........................................................................................................ 47
Basic Hardware.................................................................................................... 47
PROFIBUS........................................................................................................... 47
PROFIBUS Devices............................................................................................. 47
Master Bus 300 .................................................................................................... 48
INSUM................................................................................................................. 48
DriveBus .............................................................................................................. 48
S200 I/O System .................................................................................................. 49
Satt Rack I/O System ........................................................................................... 49
S800 I/O System .................................................................................................. 49
Serial Communication ......................................................................................... 50
Printer and Modem .............................................................................................. 50
FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 ............................................................................... 50
Templates ........................................................................................................................ 51
Execution of Copied Complex Types .................................................................. 55

6 3BSE041488R101
 Section 4 - Analog Process Control
Introduction .....................................................................................................................61
Concept............................................................................................................................62
Control Libraries Overview..................................................................................62
Functions and Other Libraries Used for Analog Control.....................................65
ControlConnection ...............................................................................................65
Controller Types...................................................................................................74
Basic Controller Principles ..................................................................................77
Controller Algorithms ..........................................................................................78
Hysteresis vs Dead Zone ......................................................................................83
Fuzzy Control.......................................................................................................85
How to Use Fuzzy Controller Templates .............................................................89
Internal Data Flow of Fuzzy Controllers..............................................................90
Controller Modes .................................................................................................92
Design..............................................................................................................................93
General Design Issues ..........................................................................................93
Control Strategies.................................................................................................96
Remarks on the Design of Control Loops............................................................98
Controller Library Types......................................................................................99
Industrial Controller Types.................................................................................104
Signal Handling..................................................................................................107
Getting Started with ControlConnection .......................................................................107
What is ControlConnection? ..............................................................................107
Dealing with Data Flow Directions....................................................................108
Open the Gates to ControlConnection ...............................................................112
Creating a Control Module with ControlConnection (CC template) .................114
What next?..........................................................................................................124

3BSE041488R101 7
 Advanced Functions ...................................................................................................... 124
General............................................................................................................... 126
Anti-Integrator Wind-Up Function .................................................................... 126
Bumpless Transfer ............................................................................................. 127
Deviation Alarms ............................................................................................... 131
Feedforward ....................................................................................................... 132
Autotuning ......................................................................................................... 133
Adaptive Control................................................................................................ 140
Gain Scheduling................................................................................................. 144
Gain Scheduling versus Adaptation................................................................... 146
Additional Control Functions ............................................................................ 148
Input and Output Signal Handling ..................................................................... 154
Supervision ........................................................................................................ 162
Calculation ......................................................................................................... 166
Signal Handling ................................................................................................. 168
Branch Objects................................................................................................... 176
Selector Objects ................................................................................................. 180
Limiter Objects .................................................................................................. 185
Conversion ......................................................................................................... 188
Miscellaneous Objects ....................................................................................... 191
Basic Control Loop Examples ...................................................................................... 192
Signal Selection Example .................................................................................. 193
Common Range Example .................................................................................. 196
Split Range Examples ........................................................................................ 196
Level Detection Example................................................................................... 199
Application Examples ................................................................................................... 201
Simple Loop Examples ...................................................................................... 204
Cascade Loop Examples .................................................................................... 206
Fuzzy Control Loop Examples .......................................................................... 209

8 3BSE041488R101
 Section 5 - Binary Process Control
Introduction ...................................................................................................................211
Concept..........................................................................................................................212
Process Object Libraries Overview....................................................................213
Process Object Template Concept (Core Objects) .............................................216
Core Object Functions and Parameters (UniCore and BiCore) .........................220
Control Module Icons ........................................................................................236
Interaction Windows ..........................................................................................236
Interaction Parameters........................................................................................237
Design............................................................................................................................238
Choose the Correct Type ....................................................................................239
Use Standard Library Types...............................................................................240
Use Standard Library Types to Create Self-defined Types ................................241
Group Start Interface..........................................................................................241
Voting Interface ..................................................................................................242
Alarm Handling..................................................................................................243
Generic Uni- and Bi-Directional Control...........................................................245
Motor and Valve Control....................................................................................249
Examples .......................................................................................................................254
Create a Library and Insert a Copy of a Type ....................................................254
Add Functions to Self-defined Types.................................................................259
Connect to a Control Panel in Panel Mode ........................................................262
Advanced Functions ......................................................................................................266
Level Detection, Commands and Alarm Texts...................................................266
ABB Drives Control...........................................................................................269
INSUM Control..................................................................................................289

Section 6 - Synchronized Control

Introduction ...................................................................................................................303
Group Start Library .......................................................................................................303
Group Start Concept...........................................................................................303
Group Start Objects............................................................................................304

3BSE041488R101 9
 Section 7 - Surveillance
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 305
Signal and Vote Loop Concept...................................................................................... 305
Overview............................................................................................................ 305
Example ............................................................................................................. 309
Standard Object Types that Support Voting Logic............................................. 311
Vote Control Module Types ............................................................................... 315
Vote Structure Control Module Types ............................................................... 316

Appendix A - Customized Online Help

Online Help Files for User-defined Libraries and Applications ................................... 317
Online Help Files for User-defined Libraries with Hardware and Non-standard hardware
318
Access Customized Online Help from Control Builder................................................ 318
Context-Sensitive Linking............................................................................................. 321

Appendix B - Library Objects Overview

System ........................................................................................................................... 324
Basic Library ................................................................................................................. 336
Communication Libraries.............................................................................................. 347
MMSCommLib.................................................................................................. 347
ModemCommLib............................................................................................... 351
COMLICommLib .............................................................................................. 352
ModBusCommLib ............................................................................................. 353
MB300CommLib............................................................................................... 353
S3964RCommLib .............................................................................................. 354
SattBusCommLib............................................................................................... 354
SerialCommLib.................................................................................................. 356
INSUMCommLib .............................................................................................. 357
FFH1CommLib.................................................................................................. 358
Alarm and Event Library............................................................................................... 360

10 3BSE041488R101
 Control Libraries ...........................................................................................................363
ControlBasicLib .................................................................................................363
ControlSimpleLib...............................................................................................366
ControlStandardLib............................................................................................369
ControlObjectLib ...............................................................................................379
ControlSolutionLib ............................................................................................383
ControlExtendedLib ...........................................................................................385
ControlAdvancedLib..........................................................................................388
ControlFuzzyLib ................................................................................................389
Batch Library.................................................................................................................394
Process Object Libraries................................................................................................395
ProcessObjBasicLib ...........................................................................................396
ProcessObjExtendedLib .....................................................................................401
ProcessObjDriveLib ...........................................................................................405
ProcessObjInsumLib ..........................................................................................407
Signal Library ................................................................................................................411
Group Start Library .......................................................................................................418

INDEX

3BSE041488R101 11
12 3BSE041488R101
 About This Book

General
This manual describes how to create re-usable automation solutions using the ABB
standard libraries that are supplied with Compact Control Builder. It is a
continuation of the two manuals Basic Control Software, Introduction and
Configuration, and Application Programming, Introduction and Design, which
describes basic configuration and programming functions that are accessed through
the Project Explorer interface.
The libraries described in this manual conform to the IEC 61131-3 Programming
Languages standard, except for control modules, which are not supported by this
standard.
This manual is organized in the following sections:
• Section 1, Introduction, a short introduction to the contents of the manual.
• Section 2, Libraries, which describes the concepts behind using libraries when
developing automation solutions.
• Section 3, Standard Libraries, which contains a general description of the
libraries delivered with the system, how to use them, and their common
properties.
• Section 4, Analog Process Control, which describe how to create control loops
and other analog control functions using the Control libraries.
• Section 5, Binary Process Control, which describes how to create binary
control solutions using the Process Object and Signal Object libraries.
• Section 6, Synchronized Control, which describes how to create start and stop
sequences for different automation solutions using the Group Start Library.
• Section 7, Surveillance, which describes the Signal and Vote Loop Concept.

3BSE041488R101 13
Document Conventions About This Book

Document Conventions
Microsoft Windows conventions are normally used for the standard presentation of
material when entering text, key sequences, prompts, messages, menu items, screen
elements, etc.

Warning, Caution, Information, and Tip Icons

This publication includes Warning, Caution, and Information where appropriate
to point out safety related or other important information. It also includes Tip to
point out useful hints to the reader. The corresponding symbols should be
interpreted as follows:

Electrical Warning icon indicates the presence of a hazard which could result in
electrical shock.

Warning icon indicates the presence of a hazard which could result in personal
injury.

Caution icon indicates important information or warning related to the concept

discussed in the text. It might indicate the presence of a hazard which could
result in corruption of software or damage to equipment/property.

Information icon alerts the reader to pertinent facts and conditions.

Tip icon indicates advice on, for example, how to design your project or how to
use a certain function
Although Warning hazards are related to personal injury, and Caution hazards are
associated with equipment or property damage, it should be understood that
operation of damaged equipment could, under certain operational conditions, result
in degraded process performance leading to personal injury or death. Therefore,
fully comply with all Warning and Caution notices.

14 3BSE041488R101
About This Book Terminology

Terminology
The following is a list of terms associated with Compact Control Builder. You
should be familiar with these terms before reading this manual. The list contains
terms and abbreviations that are unique to ABB, or have a usage or definition that is
different from standard industry usage.

Term/Acronym Description
(M) (M) is used to refer to function block type and a control
module type with similar functionality, for example,
MotorBi(M).
Application Applications contain program code to be compiled and
downloaded for execution in a controller. Applications
are displayed in Project Explorer.
Control Builder A programming tool with a compiler for control software.
Control Builder is accessed through the Project Explorer
interface.
Control Module (Type) A program unit that supports object-oriented data flow
programming. Control modules offer free-layout
graphical programming, code sorting and static
parameter connections. Control module instances are
created from control module types.
IndustrialIT ABB’s vision for enterprise automation.
Interaction Window A graphical interface used by the programmer to interact
with an object. Available for many library types.
MMS Manufacturing Message Specification, a standard for
messages used in industrial communication.
OPC/DA An application programming interface defined by the
standardization group OPC Foundation. The standard
defines how to access large amounts of real-time data
between applications. The OPC standard interface is
used between automation/control applications, field
systems/devices and business/office application.

3BSE041488R101 15
Terminology About This Book

Term/Acronym Description
Process Object A process concept/equipment e.g. valve, motor,
conveyor or tank.
Project Explorer The Control Builder interface. Used to create, navigate
and configure libraries, applications and hardware.
Type A type solution that is defined in a library or locally, in an
application. A type is used to create instances, which
inherit the properties of the type.

16 3BSE041488R101
 Section 1 Introduction

Extended Control Software

This manual describes Extended Control Software. The word extended comes from
the fact that standard libraries that are not integrated with or based on AC 800M
firmware can be seen as extensions to Compact Control Builder, and to AC 800M
,
control software, see Figure 1.

Basic (closely Extended (not

integrated with dependent on
firmware firmware)

IEC 61131-3
code

Batch Control Group Process AC 800M

Start Object firmware
Comm.
A&E

Basic

System

Figure 1. Basic and extended control software - standard libraries (some support
libraries have been left out).

3BSE041488R101 17
Libraries and Types Section 1 Introduction

Functions and types belonging to the Basic part of the system are described in the
manual Basic Control Software, Introduction and Configuration.
This manual contains the following sections and supporting appendixces.
• Section 2, Libraries discusses what to consider when planning your own library
structure, and how to use the standard libraries that are installed with Compact
Control Builder.
• Section 3, Standard Libraries, contains an overview of the AC 800M standard
libraries. It also explains the use of templates.
• Section 4, Analog Process Control, describes the types of the Control libraries,
and how to build control loops using these.
• Section 5, Binary Process Control, describes the types of the Process Object
libraries, and how to build process object control solutions using these.
• Section 6, Synchronized Control, gives a short introduction to the Group Start
library.
• Section 7, Surveillance, describes the Signal and Vote Loop Concept.
• Appendix A, Customized Online Help, describes the requirements for creating
help for your own libraries and applications.
• Appendix B, Library Objects Overview, gives an overview of all library
objects.

Libraries and Types

A library is a collection of type solutions, which can be connected to applications
and other libraries, so that they can create instances from those types. However, the
Library>Hardware folder, in Project Explorer, contains libraries with hardware
types, which can be connected to controllers only. Libraries and types are discussed
in detail in Section 2, Libraries.
Throughout this manual, there are two library categories:
Standard libraries are installed with Compact Control Builder. User-defined
libraries are libraries that you create with the purpose of storing your own type
solutions, so that you can re-use them.

18 3BSE041488R101
 Section 2 Libraries

Introduction
This section describes the library concept, as implemented in the Compact Control
Builder. The description is split into the following parts:
• An introduction (this part), which introduces some important concepts and
discusses things such as what a type is, what a library is, different kinds of
types and their intended use, and when it is suitable to use type solutions and
libraries.
• Advantages When Using Libraries and Types on page 25 is a summary of the
advantages of using types and libraries as a basis for all your automation
system development.
• Building Complex Solutions With Types on page 27 describes the three
different basic ways of building automation solutions using types from the
standard libraries. This part covers important concepts such as templates.
• Library Management on page 30 discusses how to plan your library structure
and maintain your libraries over a longer period of time, including version
handling. This part also discusses some risks and potential problems that you
have to be aware of.
• Library Command Summary on page 34 lists useful actions and commands
when working with libraries.

3BSE041488R101 19
Types and Libraries Section 2 Libraries

Types and Libraries

A library is a collection of types, which can be connected to applications and other
libraries, so that they can create instances from those types. However a library in the
Hardware folder contains a hardware type(s), which can be connected to
controller(s) only, that is, it is controller (s) only that can create instances of
hardware types. Before we discuss what a library is, it is necessary to define what a
type is.
For a detailed discussion of types and objects, see the manual Basic Control
Software, Introduction and Configuration.

Types Defined in Applications and Libraries

A type is a solution to a typical automation problem, small as well as big. A type
can be a simple counter, or a complete control loop. Types can be defined in an
application, or in a library.
Types may contain instances of other types. These instances are often referred to
as formal instances. Note that you can use types from another library when
building types, as long as you connect this library to your application and/or
library.
A type is used to create instances, in an object-oriented manner. Each instance
points to the type it is based on, which means that when an instance is executed, it is
really the code stored in the type that is executed, but variables and other data is
instance-specific.
The fact that it is the same code that executes in all instances is, as a matter of fact,
the point of the whole type concept, for two reasons:
• Instances (often called objects) inherit the properties from their type. This
allows re-use and makes your automation solution flexible, since the behavior
of large numbers of instances can be changed by changing the type.
This means that changes made to a type affect all instances. This is a very
important concept!

20 3BSE041488R101
Section 2 Libraries Types and Libraries

• The memory consumption for each instance is smaller, compared to the

memory needed to execute the type itself. For example, a MotorUni function
block type consumes about 65 kB, while each additional instance only needs
another 12 kB.
There is good reason to consider the above when selecting when to use type
solutions and which types to use. If you create types on a very high level, you might
run into problems when you want to change something for a particular object, due to
the fact that this change will affect other objects of the same type.
This can partly be solved by including copies of certain types, which can then be
changed without affecting the corresponding part of other types. However, the price
for copying certain types is increased memory consumption, as well as an increased
risk of problems when upgrading types and libraries.

Hardware Types
Hardware types represent the physical hardware units and communication protocols
that can be added to AC 800M. It can be a CPU unit, a communication interface or
an I/O unit (see Hardware Overview on page 47). Hardware types can be defined in
libraries only.
There are some advantages by organizing hardware types in libraries:
• It is easy to upgrade to newer system versions and to let a new version of a
hardware type coexist with an older version (but in different versions of the
library).
• New library versions can be delivered and inserted to the system.
• Only used hardware types, in controller configuration(s), allocate memory in
the system.
A hardware type contains a hardware definition file, that is, the source code of the
hardware unit. Changing and replacing a type in a library may affect all instances of
the hardware unit. For example, changing a hardware type of a I/O unit that is used
in more than one positions in a controller, affects all positions there the I/O unit is
used in the hardware tree (I/O connections and parameters may be incorrect).
This means that changes made to a hardware type affect all instances.

3BSE041488R101 21
Types and Libraries Section 2 Libraries

When replacing a hardware type, the user is requested to either replace or to check
the affected hardware units in the hardware configuration editor (recommended).

Libraries
A library is a collection of types. Libraries are presented as objects in Project
Explorer (Figure 2)

Figure 2. Libraries in Project Explorer.

For a library to show up in Project Explorer, it has to have been added to the
Libraries folder of the project (see Figure 2). Right-click the Libraries/Hardware
folder and select Insert Library.
For a summary of useful library commands, see Library Management on page 30.

22 3BSE041488R101
Section 2 Libraries Types and Libraries

A library in Libraries folder may contains the following (see Figure 3):
• Data types,
• Function block types,
• Control module types,
• Project constants.

Figure 3. Contents of a library in the Libraries folder.

3BSE041488R101 23
Types and Libraries Section 2 Libraries

A library in the Hardware folder may contains (see Figure 4):

• Hardware types (*.hwd files)
• Device capability description files (for example*.gsd files)

Figure 4. Contents of a library in the Hardware folder.

If you want to use a type from a library, it has to be connected to the application,
library or controller (libraries with hardware types) in which you want to use the
type.
Right-click the Connected Libraries folder for the application, library or controller
in question, and select Connect Library. You can now select a library from the list.
If the library does not show up in the list, it has to be added to the Libraries folder of
the project, see above.

24 3BSE041488R101
Section 2 Libraries Advantages When Using Libraries and Types

Advantages When Using Libraries and Types

The advantage of using type solutions in your automation system is enhanced
further if you organize your types in libraries. This is especially true if your
organization is big and develops automation solutions for a number of plants and
processes. The two following subsections provide a summary of the advantages of
using types and libraries.

Type Solutions
Whenever an automation solution contains a large number of similar objects, which
perform similar function, but in different locations or contexts, there is reason to
consider using type solutions.
This is one of the most important decisions you have to make before you start
programming your automation solution: “Which types do I need?”
Some things to consider are:
• Which parts of my plant are likely to change? Typically, something might be
added to a production line, or another production line might be added.
• Which objects can be said to be variations on a theme, that is, can be seen as
instances of a certain type solution? Typically, this would be objects such as
motors, tanks, valves.
• Which objects does my process contain that correspond to types already
contained in the standard libraries that are installed with Compact Control
Builder? If you can identify such objects, you only have to configure them for
use in your particular environment, most of the programming work is already
done.
• In which situations could it happen that one object changes, while all other
similar objects remain the same?
• Standard libraries might be upgraded, as well as your self-defined ones. Type
and library upgrades might cause problems in running applications.

3BSE041488R101 25
Libraries Section 2 Libraries

If you plan your types carefully, you will benefit from it in a number of ways:
• Re-usable solutions save development time, as well as memory.
• Well-tested type solutions will increase the reliability of your automation
system. It is also easier to test a system that is based on type solutions.
• You can change the type in one place and it will have effect on all instances,
instead of having to make the same change for many (maybe thousands of)
identical objects.

Libraries
Once you have decided on which types to use in your automation solution, you
should also consider how to organize them. Well-defined libraries give you the
following advantages:
• All automation engineers within your organization will have access to the same
type solutions. This will save development time and result in consistent
automation systems.
• The knowledge of experienced programmers and specialists can be packaged
and distributed to all automation engineers through libraries.
• A common standard can be implemented via the libraries, for example, a name
standard.
• Complex solutions can be built with a high degree of control by using library
hierarchies.
• A large number of applications can be updated by simply updating a library.
• Version control of standard libraries makes it possible to upgrade some
applications, but leave others unchanged.

26 3BSE041488R101
Section 2 Libraries Building Complex Solutions With Types

Building Complex Solutions With Types

As mentioned in the introduction to this section, there are two basic ways to build
automation solutions from the types in the standard libraries:
• Use ready-made types that only have to be configured and connected to the
environment.
• Use template types that are modified to fit the process requirements. Using a
template might also require adding functions by using other objects from the
standard libraries or by writing code. See Templates on page 51.
When you cannot find a ready-made type or a template that fits your needs, then you
must build your own solution. A complex type or application-specific solution can
be built using a number of types from the standard libraries as building stones,
together with your own types. In some cases, the best thing might be to use a
template and then add functions to it.
A good example of a Complex solution where types from the standard libraries are
used as building stones is a cascade control loop.
The cascade loop in Figure 5 is a good example of a complex solution. A similar
cascade loop can be found in the Control Solution library.

Master
AI Level
Slave
AO

AI

Figure 5. Cascade loop built from control modules.

The cascade loop contains two control modules of type PidCC, one used as master,
and one used as slave (Figure 5). The input consists of two AnalogInCC control
modules and one Level6CC control module. The output consists of an
AnalogOutCC control module.

3BSE041488R101 27
Building Complex Solutions With Types Section 2 Libraries

Figure 6. Cascade loop in Compact Control Builder.

The heart of all automation solution is the actual control of the process and/or
equipment. These types you find in the Control, the Process Object and Supervision
libraries. However, there are a number of supporting libraries, which can be used to
create specific solutions for part of the system, or to add functions by using other
function blocks or control modules:
• Signal Handling
Signal handling types are found in the Basic and Signal libraries, but also
inside the Control and Process object libraries. It might, for example, be
necessary to add a selector if there are several input signals to choose from.
Other examples of signal handling objects that might be added are limiters and
filters, if input signals sometimes are outside the desired range or contain
undesired components.
• Alarm and Event Handling
The Alarm and Event library contains a number of types that can be used to add
to alarm and event handling. These types can interact with existing alarms, or
be added as a separate alarm function.
• Communication
Objects from the Communication libraries can be added to establish
communication with other applications, or even other controllers.

28 3BSE041488R101
Section 2 Libraries Building Complex Solutions With Types

In addition to the types in the standard libraries, you can also define your own types,
both on a higher level and low-level objects.
Most low-level objects are already available to you as types, in the Basic library
and via system firmware functions. Make sure that you check if there already is a
type or function that fulfills your needs before starting to design your own types.
An application can be based on a mix of types from standard libraries, self-defined
types from your own libraries, and locally defined types. See Figure 7 for an
example.

Library A User Library X

Type A1

Type A2 Type X1

Type A3 Type X2

X21 (based on B1)

Library B
X22(based on B2)

X23 (based on C2)

Library C

Application Y (connected to Library A and User Library X)

Type Y1 (locally defined in application)

YObject1 (instance) (based on Type A3)

Library A
YObject2 (instance) (based on Type A3)

YObject3 (instance) (based on Type Y1)

YObject4 (instance) (based on Type X2) User Library X

Figure 7. Building complex solutions based on standard libraries, self-defined

libraries, and locally defined types.

3BSE041488R101 29
Library Management Section 2 Libraries

Library Management
When working with libraries, it is important to be aware of how libraries are version
handled, how libraries are connected, and what happens if a certain library is
changed.
It is not possible to change library version of a library in the Libraries folder.
However, library versions of libraries in the Hardware folder can be changed.

See also the manual Library Objects Style Guide, Introduction and Design,
(3BSE042835Rxxxx).
The following important rules apply:
• Libraries may exist in different versions in the same project. Different versions
of libraries with hardware types may coexist in a controller, but it is not
possible to connect libraries with different versions to the same application.
If you try to connect multiple versions of a library to an application, a warning
dialog will be displayed, stating which library and which versions that cause the
problem. Please note that multiple versions might occur through dependencies.
• Libraries in the Libraries folder may depend on each other in a number of
layers.
Do not interconnect libraries unless it is absolutely necessary. There is always a
risk of upgrade problems if there are many dependencies between libraries.

• Circular dependencies of libraries in that are used in applications are not

allowed. Compact Control Builder checks and will warn you if you try to
connect a library that create circular dependencies.
• Standard libraries cannot be changed by the user. This applies to both the
library itself and the types inside.

30 3BSE041488R101
Section 2 Libraries Tips and Recommendations

• Self-defined libraries have three possible development states:

– Open,
– Closed,
– Released.
• It is not possible to change a library with status Released. Make sure that a
spare copy of the self-defined library is saved on local disc before changing to
status Release.
• If a self-defined library has the status Open, it can be changed to Closed or
Released.
• If a self-defined library has the status Closed, it can be changed to Open or
Released.

Tips and Recommendations

The following list contains tips and recommendations intended to help you build an
effective library structure and make good use of the standard libraries:
• All new libraries should have the suffix ‘Lib’, for example, ‘TankLib’.
• Libraries with hardware types should contain the suffix ‘HwLib’, for example,
‘S800ModulebusHwLib’.
• Libraries belonging to the same family should have a common prefix to their
name, for example, ‘TankBasicLib’, ‘TankExtendedLib’.
• You can password protect your libraries, see Library Command Summary on
page 34.
• All type names should follow the Control Builder naming standard and the
IEC61131-3 standard.
For detailed information on naming conventions, see the manual Application
Programming, Introduction and Design.
• Short names are more important for function blocks, since there is less space to
show names in the Function Block Diagram (FBD) editor.
• When naming parameters, do not use very long names. This might have
undesired effects in graphical displays.

3BSE041488R101 31
Tips and Recommendations Section 2 Libraries

• Use easy-to-understand and descriptive names.

• Avoid reserved names, such as IF, THEN, ELSE. See also Reserved Names on
page 33.
• Make sure that descriptions for parameters provide the user with enough
information. Also, see Parameter Keywords on page 33.
• Hide or protect objects that you do not want the user of your libraries to modify
(or even see).
For detailed information on hiding and protecting types, see the manual Basic
Control Software, Introduction and Configuration.
• When creating data types, separate between two cases:
– If a data type is closely connected to a certain type, store it in the same
library as the type.
– If a data type is used in many different types, and these types are stored in
several libraries, there are two alternatives:

a.
Data types that are only used internally should be hidden and stored in a
separate support library containing hidden types only. The name of the
library should then include the word ‘Support’, for example,
‘TankSupportLib’.

b.
Data types that are used for parameters that are connected to other types
and to the surrounding code should be stored in a common library
containing visible types. The name of this library should then include the
word ‘Basic’, for example, ‘TankBasicLib’.
• Simple function blocks and control modules that are used as formal instances1
in several complex types, in several libraries, should be placed in a separate
support library (this library then has to be connected to all libraries where these
types are used).
• Document your libraries. Use the Project Documentation function, see Where
to Find Information About Standard Library Types on page 39.

1. Formal instances are objects (instances of another type) that are located inside a type. Formal instances are
executed when objects based on the type execute in applications.

32 3BSE041488R101
Section 2 Libraries Reserved Names

Reserved Names
In addition to names reserved for use in code (IF, etc. see online help or the manual
Application Programming, Introduction and Design), the use of the following
names is also reserved1, and should be avoided for other purposes.

Table 1. Reserved names.

Name Description
Template Use for templates only.
Core Use for Core objects only.
HSI Use for graphics calculation objects only.
Icon Use for icons only.
Info Use for interaction windows only.

Parameter Keywords
All parameters in control module types and all IN_OUT parameters in function
block types are recommended to contain an indication of its use in the
corresponding Description field. The use is indicated by keywords, see Table 2.
They must contain at least one of the first four keywords. The keyword should be
placed before the following descriptive text, see Figure 8.

Table 2. Keywords for parameters

Keyword Description (start parameter description with keyword)

IN The parameter is only read.
OUT The parameter is only written.
IN(OUT) The parameter is both read and written, but mostly read.
OUT(IN) The parameter is both read and written, but mostly written.

1. These names are intended for use in instance names, for example, an UniCore instance would be called Core.

3BSE041488R101 33
Library Command Summary Section 2 Libraries

Table 2. Keywords for parameters (Continued)

Keyword Description (start parameter description with keyword)

NODE Used when the parameter has a graphical connection node
(control modules only).
EDIT The value of the parameter is used the first scan after transition
from Edit to Run mode without initialization. Cannot be
changed online.

Figure 8. Keywords used in editor Description field.

Library Command Summary

The following table is intended as a quick guide to library management. For detailed
information on how to work with libraries, see the Control Builder online help and
to the manual Basic Control Software, Introduction and Configuration.

Table 3. Library command summary.

Action Command/Procedure Comment

Connect library to In Project Explorer, right-click the
project Libraries/Hardware folder and select
Insert Library
Connect library to In Project Explorer, right-click intended The library must have been
application, library or Connected Libraries folder and select inserted to the project.
controller Connect Library

34 3BSE041488R101
Section 2 Libraries Library Command Summary

Table 3. Library command summary.

Action Command/Procedure Comment

Make spare copy of In Project Explorer, right-click the library It is only possible to have one
self-defined library and select Make Spare Copy. spare copy of each self-defined
(in Libraries folder) library.
Save copy of self- In Project Explorer, right-click the library The self-defined library is saved
defined library (in and select Save Copy As... in a file with a new name and a
Libraries folder) new directory with its source
contents.
Change library state In Project Explorer, right-click the library If the state is Released, it is only
and select Properties > State, then set possible changing to state Open.
the new state In this case the index revision
number is increased with one.
Make sure that a spare copy of
the self-defined library (in
Libraries folder) is saved on local
disc before changing to status
Release.
Set protection for In Project Explorer, right-click the library If the library already is password
library and select Properties > Protection, protected, you must enter the old
then enter a password password before changing it.
Disconnect library In Project Explorer, go to the Connected If there are objects that use types
from library, Libraries folder, select the library and from this library, a warning dialog
application or press Delete is shown
controller
Remove library In Project Explorer, go to the Libraries If there are applications or
folder, select the library and press libraries that depend on this
Delete library, a warning dialog is shown

3BSE041488R101 35
Library Command Summary Section 2 Libraries

36 3BSE041488R101
 Section 3 Standard Libraries

Introduction
• This section describes the standard AC 800M libraries, that is, the AC 800M
libraries that are installed with Compact Control Builder.This part of the
section, the Introduction, describes the different types in the standard libraries,
including ready-made types, templates, and types intended to be used as
building-stones in complex solutions.
• Library Overview on page 42 gives an overview of all standard libraries, with a
short description of each.
• Hardware Overview on page 47 gives an overview of all libraries with
hardware types.
• Templates on page 51 describes the template concept, and how to use template
objects and libraries to create re-usable and flexible solutions.
The library concept and how to build and manage a library structure for your
organization is described in Section 2, Libraries.

Ready-Made Objects, Templates and Building Stones

Standard AC 800M libraries contain:
• Ready-made objects that simply have to be connected to your environment to
work. Typical examples are the simple control loops in the Control libraries,
and some of the motor and valve objects in the Process Object libraries. See
Standard Library Types on page 39.

3BSE041488R101 37
Ready-Made Objects, Templates and Building Stones Section 3 Standard Libraries

• Objects that should be seen as templates. These template types are not
protected and they can therefore be copied to your application, or to your own,
self-defined library. They can then be modified to fit your specific
requirements.
In a template type, there are core functions that are protected. These core
functions cannot be changed (with the exception of parameter connections), but
you can add other functions, both by using other types from the standard
libraries, and by adding code.
Typical template objects are the objects in Control loop solution library. Other
objects are Uni and Bi process objects in the Process Object Extended library,
which can be used to build process control objects for any uni- or bi-directional
object. See Group Start Library on page 44 and Control Libraries on page 44.
• Low-level objects that can be seen as building stones to be used for building
more high-level, complex solutions. These objects can be used to add functions
to an existing template, or to build a complex solution from scratch.
Typical building stones are types for signal handling, which can be added to the
output and input of, for example, control loops. See Building Complex
Solutions With Types on page 27.
If the standard libraries do not contain any type that fits one of your specific
requirements, you have two options:
• You can build your own type, based on objects from the standard libraries. If
the type is application-specific, you can define it directly in the application.
However, if it is likely that you in the future will want to use it in other
applications as well, then you should create a library and store your type
solution in this library. Then, all you have to do to use the type in another
application is connect the library to that particular application.
Say that you discover that you want to use a type in another application, but you
have defined it in an application only. Then you should simply create a library
and copy the type to this library (you can, of course, also copy it to one of your
existing libraries). Then you can connect the library to all applications where you
want to use the type and make sure that all instances refer to the library type. You
can then delete the original type definition from your application.

38 3BSE041488R101
Section 3 Standard Libraries Standard Library Types

• You can build your own type from scratch. This is not recommended, but might
be necessary if you have a process with very specific requirements. In this case,
it is strongly recommended that you store your types in a self-defined library.

Standard Library Types

When using ready-made types from the standard libraries, there are a number of
things that you should know:
• When connecting parameters, the minimum requirement is that you connect the
parameters that do not have default values.
• Information on individual parameters is given in the description field of the
connection editor.
• For more complex types, there is often additional parameter information in the
corresponding online help file. Select the type and press F1 to display online
help for a certain type.
• There is information for most ready-made types, both in manuals and in online
help, see below.

Where to Find Information About Standard Library Types

For details on concepts, design and configuration for a specific type, there are
several sources:
• How to use types from the Alarm and Event library and the Communication
libraries is described in the manual Basic Control Software, Introduction and
Configuration.
• The Basic library and system firmware functions are also described in Basic
Control Software, Introduction and Configuration.

3BSE041488R101 39
Common Properties Section 3 Standard Libraries

• The other standard libraries are all described in this manual:

– For information on the Control libraries and the Signal library, see Section
4, Analog Process Control.
– For information on the Process Object libraries, see Section 5, Binary
Process Control.
– For information on the Group Start Library, see Section 6, Synchronized
Control.
– For information on the Signal and Vote Loop Concept, see Section 7,
Surveillance
• All libraries have a corresponding help file. Each object has context-sensitive
help, which is accessed by selecting a type and pressing F1.
• It is also possible to generate project documentation for a library. In project
Explorer, select the library and select File > Documentation. This will provide
you with an MS Word file, containing short descriptions of all objects in the
library, including a list of all parameter descriptions.
For more information on how to generate project documentation, see online help
and the manual Basic Control Software, Introduction and Configuration.

Common Properties

InteractionPar
Most function block types and control module types having an interaction window
also have a parameter, called InteractionPar. This parameter is a structured data type
with components where some of them have the attribute coldretain.
Things that can be done in interaction windows/faceplates can also be done via the
InteractionPar parameter from the surrounding application code. However, if no
such code is implemented you should not connect the InteractionPar parameter (in
the connection editor), just leave the connection field empty. The reason is to ensure
that the InteractionPar is only controlled by the faceplate.

40 3BSE041488R101
Section 3 Standard Libraries Common Properties

Consider InteractionPar as an option for connecting a local variable that can, from
the application code, reach any of the components inside the InteractionPar
parameter. But remember, connecting the InteractionPar to your code, means that
you also take over the responsibility of handling coldretain values etc.
The main purpose of InteractionPar parameter is to manipulate values from graphics
(interaction windows and faceplates) only, thus not from code. Calling the
InteractionPar (in code) will override any inputs given by the operator. The
InteractionPar should be controlled by graphics, and only in exceptional cases from
code.

ParError
ParError is a function that performs diagnostic tests inside an object in run-time
mode. It is only SIL marked objects that can contain ParError. You recognize if an
object contains ParError, by the output parameter ParError.
The function returns a Boolean output value if a user writes an 'out of range' value
via the objects faceplate(s). For example, severity and class for alarms are wrong, or
a high level input value is lower than the low level value in a level monitor module,
etc. These are two common examples but basically it could test all kinds of input
values.
The general idea of ParError is to provide you with a possibility to anticipate certain
actions and handle them from your code. One drastic action may be to call the Error
handler function and perform a controller shut-down.
However, ParError requires a lot of CPU load each time the diagnostics are
executed. For that reason, all objects that contain ParError also have an input
parameter EnableParError which is set to false by default. The input parameter
guarantees that ParError will not be executing in non-SIL applications unless you
want to (change the input parameter EnableParError to true).

3BSE041488R101 41
Library Overview Section 3 Standard Libraries

Library Overview
This part describes each standard library briefly. For a list of all types in a library
and a short description of each type, see the Appendix B, Library Objects Overview.
In addition to the standard libraries, there are also firmware functions that can be
used in your applications. You find these in the System folder in Project Explorer.
For a complete list of the system functions, please refer to Control Builder online
help.

Basic Library
The Basic library (BasicLib) contains basic objects such as converters, counters,
timers, pulse generators and edge detectors. This library is described in more detail
in the manual Basic Control Software, Introduction and Configuration.
The Basic library is automatically added to all control projects, via the control
project template.

Icon Library
The Icon Library (IconLib) contains icons that are used in Control Builder graphics
in most other libraries.
The Icon library is automatically added to all control projects, via the control project
template.

Alarm and Event Library

The Alarm and Event library (AlarmEventLib) contains function block and control
module types for setting up alarm and event handling for objects that do not have
built-in handling of alarms and events. This library is described in more detail in the
manual Basic Control Software, Introduction and Configuration.

42 3BSE041488R101
Section 3 Standard Libraries Signal Library

Signal Library
The Signal library (SignalLib) contains types for adding supervision, alarm
handling and error handling to I/O signals. SignalLib also contains types to define
different rules that make it possible to control the process to predetermined states
(vote objects). Types from this library can be used together with both binary and
analog control applications.

Process Object Libraries

The Process Object libraries contain function block types and control module types
for controlling motors, valves, ABB Drives and Insum Devices. Most types in these
libraries are templates, that is, you can copy them to your own libraries and
applications and modify them to fit your particular process (see Templates on page
51). Only Core objects are protected. There are a number of Process Object
libraries:
• Process Object Basic Library (ProcessObjBasicLib)
The Process Object Basic library contains the basic Core types that form a
basis for valve and motor control objects in other Process Object libraries. It
also contains two simple types with reduced functionality and lower memory
consumption.
• Process Object Extended Library (ProcessObjExtLib)
The Process Object Extended library contains a number of function block and
control module types for general-purpose uni- and bi-directional control, and a
number of types for valve and motor control. The types in this library can be
copied to your own libraries and be used as templates.
• Process Object Drive Library (ProcessObjDriveLib)
The Process Object Drive library contains types for building ABB Drives
control and supervision.
• Process Object INSUM Library (ProcessObjInsumLib)
The Process Object INSUM library contains types for building INSUM control
and supervision.

3BSE041488R101 43
Group Start Library Section 3 Standard Libraries

Group Start Library

The Group Start Library (GroupStartLib) contains control module types used to
control and supervise the start and stop of process objects.

Control Libraries
The Control libraries contain types and ready-made solutions for analog control.
See Section 4, Analog Process Control. There are a number of Control libraries:
• Control Simple Library (ControlSimpleLib)
The Control Simple library contains a number of types that are intended to be
used for building simple control loops.
• Control Basic Library (ControlBasicLib)
The Control Basic library contains function block types that are ready-made
PID loops. The only thing you have to do with those function blocks is to
connect them to your I/O variables.
• Control Standard Library (ControlStandardLib)
The Control Standard library contains control module types for building
control loops, both stand-alone loops and cascade loops using master and slave
configurations. They can be used together with types from other Control
libraries, as well as together with objects from other libraries.
• Control Extended Library (ControlExtendedLib)
The Control Extended library contains a number of control modules for
arithmetics and signal handling. These types are intended to be used for
building advanced control loops, together with objects from other Control
libraries.
• Control Advanced Library (ControlAdvancedLib)
The Control Advanced library contains control module types intended to be
used to build continuous control loops with advanced PID functions and
decouple filter functions. The types from this library supports adaptive control
and can be used to build dead-time control loops.
• Control Object Library (ControlObjectLib)
The ControlObjectLib provides function blocks and control modules to define
templates for using the control connection data type.

44 3BSE041488R101
Section 3 Standard Libraries Communication Libraries

• Control Solution Library (ControlSolutionLib)

The Control Solution library contains a number of ready-to-use control
templates, for example handling cascade, feed-forward, mid-range etc. These
templates are intended to be used directly in an application, as they are, but
may also be copied to a self-defined library and modified, to comply an
intended usage.
• Control Fuzzy Library (ControlFuzzyLib)
The Control Fuzzy library contains types intended to be used for building fuzzy
control solutions. It also contains a number of fuzzy control templates that you
can copy to your own libraries, modify and use.
• Control Support Library (ControlSupportLib)
The Control Support library is an internal library that stores types used by other
Control libraries. When the Control Support library is needed, it is
automatically connected, that is, you do not have to connect it by hand.
For a description of how to build analog control solutions from the types in these
libraries (and from other types), see Section 4, Analog Process Control.

Communication Libraries
The communication libraries contain function block types for reading and writing
variables from one system to another. Typical communication function block types
are named using the protocol name and function, for example, COMLIRead or
INSUMConnect.
Communication is described in more detail in the manual Basic Control
Software, Introduction and Configuration.
All supported protocols are described in the manual Communication, Protocols
and Design (3BSE035982Rxxxx).

3BSE041488R101 45
Batch Library Section 3 Standard Libraries

There are a number of Communication libraries:

• COMLI Communication Library (COMLICommLib),
• Foundation FIELDBUS H1 Communication Library (FFH1CommLib),
• INSUM Communication Library (INSUMCommLib),
• MB300 Communication Library (MB300CommLib),
• MMS Communication Library (MMSCommLib),
• ModBus Communication Library (ModBusCommLib),
• Modem Communication Library (ModemCommLib),
• Siemens S3964 Communication Library (S3964CommLib),
• SattBus Communication Library (SattBusCommLib),
• Serial Communication Library (SerialCommLib).

Batch Library
The Batch library (BatchLib) contains control module types for batch control and
for control of other discontinuous processes. It can be used together with any batch
system which communicates via OPC Data Access and which supports the S88 state
model for procedural elements.
The control module types in the Batch library are used for the interaction between
the control application for an Equipment Procedure Element (for example, a phase
or an operation) and the Batch Manager.
This library is described in more detail in Control Builder online help (select the
library in Project Explorer and press F1).
The BatchAdvTemplatesLib contains functionality for Batch Handling using batch
advanced control modules. Templates for these control module types are provided in
this library.

46 3BSE041488R101
Section 3 Standard Libraries Hardware Overview

Hardware Overview
This part describes each standard library with hardware types briefly. For a list of all
hardware types in a library and a description of each type, see Control Builder
online help.
Hardware libraries that contain Profibus CI851 or Foundation Fieldbus CI852 are
merely for updating reasons, hence they should not be used in new projects.

Basic Hardware
The Basic Hardware Library (BasicHWLib) contains basic hardware types such as
controller hardware (for example AC 800M), CPU units, Ethernet communication
links, Com ports, ModuleBus etc.
The Basic hardware library is automatically inserted to all control projects and
automatically connected to the controller, via the control project template.

PROFIBUS
The PROFIBUS hardware libraries contain PROFIBUS DP communication
interfaces for the AC 800M.
• The CI851 PROFIBUS hardware library (CI851PROFIBUSHWLib) contains
the communication interface for PROFIBUS DP-V0 (CI851).
• The CI854 PROFIBUS hardware library (CI854PROFIBUSHwLib) contains
the communication interface for PROFIBUS DP, with redundant PROFIBUS
lines and DP-V1 communication.

PROFIBUS Devices
The PROFIBUS device libraries contain hardware types that can be used to
configure ABB Drive hardware and ABB Process Panels.
• The ABB Drive NPBA CI851 hardware library (ABBDrvNpbaCI851HwLib)
contains hardware types to be used when configuring ABB Drive NPBA-12,
using PROFIBUS DP-V0 (CI851).
• The ABB Drive NPBA CI854 hardware library (ABBDrvNpbaCI854HwLib)
contains hardware types to be used when configuring ABB Drive NPBA-12,
using PROFIBUS DP (CI854).

3BSE041488R101 47
Master Bus 300 Section 3 Standard Libraries

• The ABB Drive RPBA CI851 hardware library (ABBDrvRpbaCI851HwLib)

contains hardware types to be used when configuring ABB Drive RPBA-01,
using PROFIBUS DP-V0 (CI851).
• The ABB Drive RPBA CI854 hardware library (ABBDrvRpbaCI854HwLib)
contains hardware types to be used when configuring ABB Drive RPBA-01,
using PROFIBUS DP (CI854).
• The ABB Process Panel CI851 hardware library (ABBProcPnlCI851HwLib)
contains hardware types to be used when configuring ABB Process Panel,
using PROFIBUS DP -V0 (CI851).
• The ABB Process Panel CI854 hardware library (ABBProcPnlCI854HwLib)
contains hardware types to be used when configuring ABB Process Panel,
using PROFIBUS DP (CI854).
• The ABB Panel 800 CI851 hardware library (ABBPnl800CI851HwLib)
contains hardware types to be used when configuring ABB Panel 800, using
PROFIBUS DP -V0 (CI851).
• The ABB Panel 800 CI854 hardware library (ABBPnl800CI851HwLib)
contains hardware types to be used when configuring ABB Panel 800, using
PROFIBUS DP (CI854).

Master Bus 300

The CI855 Master Bus 300 hardware library (CI855MB300HwLib) contains the
communication interface (CI855) for and other hardware types to be used when
configuring Master Bus 300.

INSUM
The CI857 INSUM hardware library (CI857InsumHwLib) contains the
communication interface (CI857) and other hardware types to be used when
configuring INSUM.

DriveBus
The CI858 DriveBus hardware library (CI858DriveBusHwLib) contains the
communication interface (CI858) and other hardware types to be used when
configuring DriveBus.

48 3BSE041488R101
Section 3 Standard Libraries S200 I/O System

S100 I/O System

The CI856 S100 hardware library (CI856S100HwLib) contains the S100
communication interface (CI856), S100 Rack and S100 I/O units.

S200 I/O System

The S200 I/O libraries contain S200 adapter and S200 I/O units.
• S200 CI851 hardware library (S200CI851HwLib) contains S200 slave and I/O
units for PROFIBUS DP-V0 (CI851).
• S200 CI854 hardware library (S200CI854HwLib) contains S200 slave and I/O
units for PROFIBUS DP (CI854).

Satt Rack I/O System

• CI865 Satt ControlNet hardware library (CI865SattIOHwLib) contain the
communication interface (CI865), S200 adapters, S200 units for
Satt ControlNet, Satt Rack IO and 200RACN.

S800 I/O System

The S800 I/O libraries contain S800 adapters and S800 I/O units.
• The S800 I/O Modulebus hardware library (S800ModulebusHwLib) contains
the S800 I/O units for ModuleBus.
• The S800 CI830 CI851 hardware library (S800CI830CI851HwLib) contains
the adapter (CI830) and S800 I/O units for PROFIBUS DP-V0 (CI851).
• The S800 CI830 CI854 hardware library (S800CI830CI854HwLib) contains
the adapter (CI830) and S800 I/O units for PROFIBUS DP (CI854).
• The S800 CI840 CI854 hardware library (S800CI840CI854HwLib) contains
the adapter (CI840) and S800 I/O units for PROFIBUS DP (CI854).
• The S800 CI801 CI854 hardware library (S800CI801CI854HwLib) contains
the adapter (CI801) and S800 I/O units for PROFIBUS DP (CI854).

3BSE041488R101 49
Serial Communication Section 3 Standard Libraries

S900 I/O System

The S900 I/O libraries contain field communication interfaces, adapters and S900
I/O units.
• The S900 CI851 hardware library (S900CI851HwLib) contains PROFIBUS
DP fieldbus communication interface, adapter and S900 I/O units for
PROFIBUS DP-V0 (CI851).
• The S900 CI854 hardware library (S900CI854HwLib) contains PROFIBUS
DP fieldbus communication interface, adapter and S900 I/O units for
PROFIBUS DP (CI854).

Serial Communication
The Serial Communication libraries contain a hardware types for serial
communication.
• The CI853 Serial Communication hardware library (CI853SerialComHWLib)
contains the communication interface for RS-232C serial.
• The Serial hardware library (SerialHWLib) contain the serial communication
protocol for SerialLib.
• The COMLI hardware library (COMLIHWLib) contain the serial
communication protocol for COMLI.
• The ModBus hardware library (ModBusHWLib) contain the serial
communication protocol for ModBus.
• The S3964 hardware library (S3964HWLib) contain the serial communication
protocol for Siemens 3964R.

Printer and Modem

The Printer hardware library (PrinterHwLib) and Modem hardware library
(ModemHwLib) contain the printer and modem protocol respectively.

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1
The CI852 FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 hardware library (CI852FFh1HwLib)
contain the communication interface for the FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 bus
(CI852) and FF Devices.

50 3BSE041488R101
Section 3 Standard Libraries Templates

Templates
A template is characterized by the fact that it is not protected. It is intended to be
copied to one of your own libraries, and modified inside that library. For an example
of how to copy a template object to one of your own libraries, see Create a Library
and Insert a Copy of a Type on page 254.
The moment you copy a type to your own library, the connection to the original
template type is lost. This means that your copy does not reflect updates to the
template.
However, a template type often consists of a number of objects from the standard
libraries. Some of those might be protected (or even hidden), while some of them
can be modified to suit the requirements of a particular organization, plant, or
process. This also means that sometimes standard libraries still have to be
connected to your library, due to the fact that they contain sub-types used inside
the template type you copied. See Figure 12 on page 54.
For information on the execution of objects based on template types and copies of
template types, see Execution of Copied Complex Types on page 55.
To help you understand how this works, we will study a typical template type, the
Uni function block from the Process Object Extended library.

Based on the type

GroupStartObjectConn
in the Basic library

Figure 9. Uni function block type, with sub types and formal instances.

3BSE041488R101 51
Templates Section 3 Standard Libraries

The Uni function block type contains the following objects (formal instances):
• GSC (based on the type GroupStartObjectConn from the Basic library),
• Faceplate (based on the type FacePlateUni from the Process Object Extended
library),
• InfoPar (based on the type InfoParUni, from the Process Object Basic library),
• InfoParGroupStart (based on the type InfoParUniGroupStart, from the Process
Object Basic library),
• Pres (based on the type GroupStartIconUni),
• OEText (based on the type OETextUni from the Process Object Extended
library)
• Core (based on the UniCore type from the Process Object Basic library),
• ObjectAE (based on the type ProcessObjectAE).
This means that the Uni type depends on the Basic library, the Process Object Basic
library, and Process Object Extended library.
If we create our own library, TemplateLib, and copy the Uni function block type to
this library, with the intention of modifying the Uni template into a uni-directional
type that fits our process, it will look like Figure 10. The new function block type
has been named TemplateUni

Figure 10. Uni, copied into a self-defined library TemplateLib. No connections to

other libraries (red triangles on a number of types).

52 3BSE041488R101
Section 3 Standard Libraries Templates

The red error triangles on the type and sub types come from the fact that our new
library, TemplateLib, is not connected to the libraries that contain some of the sub
types.
If we connect those libraries to our new library, everything will be ok.We have now
created a copy of Uni, which we can modify to fit our specific requirements. For an
example of how to add functions to a type, see Add Functions to Self-defined Types
on page 259.
Once we are done adding to and modifying our type, we can use it in an application,
see Figure 11. All we need to do to be able to use our new type in the application is
to connect TemplateLib to the application and create an instance (TestUni) from the
TemplateUni type.

Figure 11. TemplateUni used in an application.

Note that there is no need to connect the libraries that are connected to
TemplateLib (the reference from instances to types is there anyway). The only
time this would be necessary is when a library contains a type that is used for a
parameter connection to the surrounding code or to another object outside our
type.

3BSE041488R101 53
Templates Section 3 Standard Libraries

Note that all sub types (the formal instances) retain a relation to their corresponding
types. For example, a change to the OETextUni type in the Process Object Basic
library will also affect the TemplateUni type, since this type contains an instance of
OETextUni.

Library A

Type A1

Type A2
Type A3

A31 (based on B1)

Library B
Copy A32(based on B2)

A33 (based on C2)

Library C
Type A3 is copied to
User Library X,
where it becomes
type X2
User Library X

Type X1

Type X2

X31 (based on B1)

Library B
X32(based on B2)

X33 (based on C2)

Library C

1.User Library X will still depend on Library B and Library C, since X31 and X32 are instances
of B1and B2, and X33 is an instance of C2.
2.User Library X will not depend upon Library A. Changes to A3 will not affect X2.

Figure 12. Overview of the template concept.

54 3BSE041488R101
Section 3 Standard Libraries Execution of Copied Complex Types

Execution of Copied Complex Types

It is important to understand what happens when you copy and modify a type that
contains instances of other types (formal instances). We start with a template type
from one of the standard libraries, as shown in Figure 13.

Code
If Condition Then Template type T1
a:=a+1
.....

A B C Formal instances

T1A T1B T1C Types corresponding to the

formal instances

Figure 13. Template type with formal instances.

Each formal instance has a corresponding type. These types are normally stored in
the same library as the template object, or in a connected library (of the Basic or
Support type).

3BSE041488R101 55
Execution of Copied Complex Types Section 3 Standard Libraries

If Condition Then Template type T1

a:=a+1
.....

A B C

Call Call Call

T1A T1B T1C

Call

Instance InstT1

Figure 14. Execution of an instance of a template type with formal instances.

When an object (a formal instance) is created from this type and the formal instance
is executed, what happens is the following, see Figure 14:
1. The object (InstT1) calls the type (T1).
2. When the type T1 is called, the code executes and calls are made to all types
(T1A, T1B and T1C) corresponding to the formal instances (A, B and C).
3. Each type that is called (T1, T1A, T1B, T1C) executes, operating on data from
the corresponding object (T1) and formal instances (T1A, T1B, T1C).

56 3BSE041488R101
Section 3 Standard Libraries Execution of Copied Complex Types

A very interesting question is how this relation is affected by creating a copy of a

Complex template type? Also, what happens if we modify a copied type and change
it by adding code or by replacing one of the formal instances?
First, we create a new type (MyT1) by copying the template type (T1), see
Figure 15.
Code
If Condition Then Template type T1
a:=a+1
.....

A B C Formal instances

T1A T1B T1C Types corresponding to the

formal instances

Make a copy of T1 and name it MyT1

Code
If Condition Then Template type MyT1
a:=a+1
.....

A B C Formal instances

T1A T1B T1C Types corresponding to the

formal instances
Figure 15. Copying a template type with formal instances.
When an object based on MyT1 is executed, the call is to MyT1, and not to the type
T1. However, each formal instance retains its connection to their corresponding
type. The call to MyT1 will also generate calls to T1A, T1B and T1C, see Figure 16.

3BSE041488R101 57
Execution of Copied Complex Types Section 3 Standard Libraries

If Condition Then Type MyT1

a:=a+1
.....

A B C

Call Call Call

T1A T1B T1C

Call

Instance InstMyT1

Figure 16. Execution of an object based on a template type copy.

The purpose of copying a template type is to modify this type to fit your specific
requirements. Say, for example, that we need an object that works differently from
one of the formal instances. We might, for example, want to replace a valve with a
valve of a different type than the original one.
If T1B is the original valve type, we simply replace it with the new valve type V2B,
and connect the new type to the MyT1 type, see Figure 17.

58 3BSE041488R101
Section 3 Standard Libraries Execution of Copied Complex Types

Code
If Condition Then Type MyT1
a:=a+1
.....

A B C Formal instances

T1A V2B T1C Types corresponding to the

formal instances

Figure 17. Copy of template type with formal instances, modified by replacing one
of the formal instances (circled in the figure).
It is of course also possible not only to replace formal instances, but also to
modify your copied type by adding or removing formal instances, and by adding
to the code or changing it.
When an object based on this type is executed, what happens is the following, see
Figure 18:
1. The object (InstMyT1) calls the type (MyT1).
2. When the type MyT1 is called, the code executes and calls are made to all types
(T1A, V2B and T1C) corresponding to the formal instances (A, B and C).
3. Each type that is called (T1, T1A, V2B, T1C) executes, operating on data from
the corresponding instance.

3BSE041488R101 59
Execution of Copied Complex Types Section 3 Standard Libraries

If Condition Then Type MyT1

a:=a+1
.....

A B C

Call Call Call

T1A V2B T1C

Call

Instance InstMyT1

Figure 18. Execution of an instance of a modified template type copy.

It is very important to understand how this works. A brief summary:
• When a copy is made of a template type, the connection to the original
template type is lost.
• However, all formal instances keep their connection to their corresponding
types.
• Modifications to a copy do not affect the original type.
• Modifications to the template type do not affect the copy.
• Modifications to formal instances (that is, to their corresponding types), always
affect both the original template types and its copies (as long as that particular
formal instance is still used in the copy).

60 3BSE041488R101
 Section 4 Analog Process Control

Introduction
This section describes how to use types from the Control libraries to create analog
control solutions for your automation system. The section contains:
• A description of the concept behind the Control libraries, see Concept on page
62.
• Advice and instructions on how to implement analog control solutions using
the types in the Control libraries, see Design on page 93.
• Examples on how to implement analog control solutions using the types in the
Control libraries, see Getting Started with ControlConnection on page 107.
• Detailed information on individual library types for signal handling, see
Advanced Functions on page 124.
For a discussion on the difference between function blocks and control modules,
and how to choose between the two, see the manual Basic Control Software,
Introduction and Configuration .
Throughout this section, the word “controller” refers to a type used in control
loops, for example, a PID controller.

3BSE041488R101 61
Concept Section 4 Analog Process Control

Concept
The Control libraries contain a number of function blocks and control modules that
are designed to help you construct complex signal systems and control loops with
high functionality and flexibility. Some of them can be used as is, while some of
them have to be combined to suit a specific application.
The Control libraries contain the PID controllers and analog signal handling
functions you need to handle analog signals and to construct control loops, both
simple control loops, including cascade control loops, and very advanced ones.
This section describes the concept behind the Control libraries, split on the
following sub-sections.
• Control Libraries Overview on page 62 gives an overview of all Control
libraries.
• Functions and Other Libraries Used for Analog Control on page 65 is a
summary of AC 800M firmware functions and functions from other libraries
that can be used in connection with analog control. Here, you will find
references to other parts of the manual that describe individual function and
objects.
• ControlConnection on page 65 describes the ControlConnection structured
data type, which is used to simplify communication between different control
objects and their environment.

Control Libraries Overview

The Control libraries for AC 800M are standard libraries that are installed with the
Compact Control Builder. There are a number of Control libraries:
• Control Basic library,
• Control Simple library,
• Control Standard library,
• Control Extended library,
• Control Advanced library,
• Control Object library,
• Control Solution library,
• Control Fuzzy library.

62 3BSE041488R101
Section 4 Analog Process Control Control Libraries Overview

For a short description of each of these libraries, see the following sub-sections.
The Control libraries are also supported by a number of firmware functions that are
included in AC 800M firmware and in other libraries. For information on those, see
Functions and Other Libraries Used for Analog Control on page 65.

Control Basic Library

The Control Basic library contains function blocks for a number of ready-made
complete control loops, simple as well as cascade, to be connected directly to I/O.

Control Simple Library

The Control Simple library contains function block types that can be used to build
control loops using function blocks only. These have to be connected by the user, for
forward and backward signal directions.

Control Standard Library

The Control Standard library has control module types for:
• a standard PID controller
• I/O signals
• signal conversion
• manual control
• branches, as well as supervision of levels, selections, and limitations.

Control Extended Library

The Control Extended library has control modules types for arithmetics and signal
handling. Together with the Control Standard library control modules, it is possible
to construct control loops with more control functions, for example, PID loops.

3BSE041488R101 63
Control Libraries Overview Section 4 Analog Process Control

Control Advanced Library

The Control Advanced library has a control module type for an advanced PID
controller, containing all the functionality of the PID controllers in the other control
libraries and decouple filter functions. In addition, the controller may be configured
for continuous adaptation of controller parameters. It may also be configured as a
predictive PI, that is a PPI controller, and it has a gain scheduler. There is also
control modules for adding a stiction compensator function and decouple filter to an
output signal.

Control Object Library

The ControlObjectLib provides function blocks and control modules to define
templates for using the control connection data type. The library contains advanced
multiple inputs/outputs with up to 4 inputs and outputs created as control module
templates. These templates also provide manual override and bumpless transfer.

Control Solution Library

The Control Solution library (ControlSolutionLib) contains control module types
for a number of ready-made complete control loop solutions. A control module
solution provides a complete loop control solution with control, signal monitoring,
alarm handling, cascade, feed-forward, mid-range, trending, operator graphics and
also a possibility to add asset optimization functionality.

Control Fuzzy Library

The Control Fuzzy library contains control module types for definitions of fuzzy
logic rules for process control, and for constructing multi-variable fuzzy controllers
which are able to handle many inputs and outputs. The fuzzy controller also has the
additional functions of a PID controller.

64 3BSE041488R101
Section 4 Analog Process Control Functions and Other Libraries Used for Analog Control

Functions and Other Libraries Used for Analog Control

Functions that can be used in connection with types from the Control libraries can
be found in the Compact Control Builder (AC 800M firmware functions), as well as
in the Basic library (counters, timers, latches) and in the Signal library.
For more information on system functions and basic functions in other libraries,
see the Basic Control Software, Introduction and Configuration and online help.
This manual also discusses how to use types from the Alarm and Event library to
set up additional alarm and event handling, and how to set up control network
communication using types from the Communication libraries.
Functions and library types that are not included in the Control libraries, but can be
used for signal handling in connection with control loops, are described under
Advanced Functions on page 124.

ControlConnection
ControlConnection is a data structure which contains all signals that are sent
between the objects of a signal system or control loop. Some of the signals are sent
in the forward direction of the loop and some are sent backwards, such as value,
status and range. The complexity of the signal systems and control loops can then be
reduced considerably for the signals between the objects.

Introduction
Data is generated by a source, computed in one or several objects, and finally
forwarded to a consumer of data. This is the most common kind of data flow. If each
object is to operate independently, and be able to connect with the other objects, a
number of conditions must be fulfilled.
Learn how to build your own control module types with ControlConnection in
Getting Started with ControlConnection on page 107 and Creating a Control
Module with ControlConnection (CC template) on page 114.
Each object has to ask its succeeding object if it is ready to receive data and do
whatever it is that the object does. The succeeding object must issue an acceptance
when ready to receive data.

3BSE041488R101 65
ControlConnection Section 4 Analog Process Control

This means that the question must be computed, before it is possible to give the
answer. This is achieved by using code sorting. To interconnect objects of this type,
you have to use the type of parameters that simply carry data, irrespective of their
direction. These type of parameters cannot have values of their own.
This is the basis for connections between the control modules in the control
libraries, and the interconnecting data type called ControlConnection.

Source Handler Handler Consumer

Figure 19. The principle of the data flow between control modules.

Signal Flow between Control Modules

Simple and advanced control loops with various functions can be built from the
control modules in the control libraries. A typical constellation is described in
Figure 20. It consists of a number of input signal control modules, connected to
calculation and controller modules, which are connected to an output signal control
module.
There are two ways of sending information between control modules; via a
graphical connection and via a parameter connection. Graphical connection is
described in Graphical Connection of Control Loops on page 69.

SP
PID
AI PID AO

AI

Figure 20. Example of graphical connections between control modules making a

control loop.

66 3BSE041488R101
Section 4 Analog Process Control ControlConnection

When connected to each other, the control modules have the following
characteristics.
• Information is transferred between the modules, forward as well as backward
in the control loop, during the same cycle of execution. This is used, for
example, to achieve bumpless transfer upon a change from Manual to Auto
mode, and to prevent integrator wind-up in the entire control loop.
• Signal flow without delay, in both directions, is obtained through automatic
sorting of code blocks in the control modules.
• If a signal is not valid, for example < 4 mA, it is possible to consider this in
succeeding control modules. Examples of this are transfer to Manual mode or
setting a predetermined value on the output.
.

The chain of control modules in a control loop and/or during analog handling
must start with a control module handling input signals, and the chain going to
the right must end with a control module handling output signals.

A ControlConnection output from a control module must normally only be

connected to one input in another succeeding control module.
A ControlConnection output from a control module must not be connected as a
feedback to a previous control module in the chain, unless, in exceptional cases,
a State control module is connected in between. See Miscellaneous Objects on
page 191.

3BSE041488R101 67
ControlConnection Section 4 Analog Process Control

When using non-graphical connections of ControlConnection parameters you must

be careful not to connect one output to several inputs, except, for example, for a
presentation signal of Level6Connection type, which must be parameter-connected
from the Level6CC control module to several control modules. See section,
Miscellaneous Objects on page 191.

AI Branch AO

Graphical connection MAX AO

AI

Figure 21. A chain of connected control modules for analog signal handling.
In the chain of connected control modules, as seen in Figure 21, the main signal
flow is from left to right, as illustrated by the bold arrows in Figure 22. The main
signal flow may have divergent and convergent branches. Thin vertical arrows
represent operator interactions.

A B C

D E F

Figure 22. The main signal flow between the control modules.
Information propagates during one scan, without any delay in the main signal flow.
For example, the effect of an event in control module A is perceived in control
module F in the same scan.
The connected control modules are influenced by their surroundings, for example,
the operator interface or the surrounding application program. The effect of such an
influence propagates ,without delay in the main signal flow, to outside of the control
module in which the influence occurs.

68 3BSE041488R101
Section 4 Analog Process Control ControlConnection

The effect of such an influence also propagates, without delay, in the opposite
direction to the main signal flow, to outside of the control module in which the
influence occurs. This is called backtracking (see Backtracking on page 72). This
effect does not, however, influence the main signal flow until one scan later. For
example, the effect of an influence, shown by the thin arrow on block E, propagates
to F in the same scan. It also propagates to D, B and A in the same scan, but not to
C. In B, calculations are carried out on the effect before it is forwarded to A. In the
next scan, the effect is used in the calculation of the main flow.

Graphical Connection of Control Loops

To create a control loop the control modules are connected to form chains by means
of graphical connections from left to right, which is also the direction of the main
signal flow.
Backtracking calculations are performed in all control modules in the control loop,
when in Backtracking mode. The value may be transferred backward in the chain, if
the chain before the backtracking-initiating control module has a member with an
internal state able to collect the backtracked value. Information about the presence
of such an internal state is given in the controlconnection.
A control module has an internal state when its output is determined not only by the
input signal, but also by its history.
In control modules with an internal state, the output signal might be limited, for
example, when a succeeding control module is in Backtracking mode or has reached
a maximum or minimum value. Information on this situation is passed backwards in
the control loop chain in the ControlConnection data structure. The preceding
control module with an internal state then stops further increase or decrease of the
signal value.

3BSE041488R101 69
ControlConnection Section 4 Analog Process Control

Control module with Control module in Backtracking mode

an internal state or output maximum value reached
Output
increase omitted

Figure 23. Example of when a succeeding control module has reached a limit value;
the preceding control module stops further integration (anti-windup).

ControlConnection Data Type

The control-loop-specific ControlConnection data type handles both forward and
backward signal flow and contains information about, for example, the signal value,
status, and unit, as well as the measuring range of the signal to prevent the signal
from exceeding its limits (in any situation), see Figure 24.

Value & Status

Range & Unit
Value
Range & Unit
Backtracking
information

Figure 24. A graphical connection of ControlConnection type with its main signal
flow forward and a flow backward.
The Value component in the forward structure represents the main signal flow of the
loop. The Status component contains information about the quality of the loop.

70 3BSE041488R101
Section 4 Analog Process Control ControlConnection

Ranges and Units

A control module limits its output signal to within the output range. When using
graphical connection between control modules, signal ranges and units are generally
calculated automatically, and sent forward, as well as backward, through the
ControlConnection structure data type. according to the following rules.
1. Ranges and units from inputs and outputs propagate forward and backward in
the control module chain until they reach a control module whose output range
and unit can not be automatically defined using the input range. Such control
modules may be a controller, an integrator, or a filter. More information may
then be supplied by manual setting of range and unit for this control module
output. If range and unit values are not entered, the default values 0–100% are
used.
2. If a control module receives overlapping ranges and units from the input and
output directions, then the range and unit from the preceding control module
are used.
The AI and AO control modules start to transmit their
AI ranges in the forward and the backward directions,
respectively.
Some control modules simply allow the ranges to pass
through. Other control modules calculate and suggest a
range. The range can also be set by the operator.
Control modules with an internal state receive the same
output as the signal sent backward from the succeeding
control module, unless a range and unit are entered
PID manually.
The output range is visible in some control modules, such
as PID controllers, and arithmetic modules etc., and may be
changed. The range can be changed in the interaction
window in Online or Test mode.

3BSE041488R101 71
ControlConnection Section 4 Analog Process Control

Backtracking
The behavior of a control module that has ControlConnection connections depends
on which mode the succeeding control module in the chain is in. A control module
in Backtracking mode when succeeding control modules indicate that they, for
example, are in Manual mode. This means that integrator wind-up of a controller is
prevented (see section, Anti-Integrator Wind-Up Function on page 126) and that
bumpless transfer, for example, between Manual and Auto, is achieved (see
Bumpless Transfer on page 127).
In Control Builder, control modules are dimmed if backtracking is active.

Enter Range Value and its Unit of Measure

In control modules where it is possible to enter an output range value and its unit of
measure in the interaction window, you can override the propagated or calculated
default values of the range value and its unit of measure. Select and enter maximum
and minimum values and their unit of measure of the output signal.

Fraction
In all interaction windows of control modules, which have a ControlConnection,
you can set the fraction, which is a local variable in each control module for setting
of the decimals shown in the interaction window(s).
When an I/O signal from, for example a PT100 transmitter, has a wider physical
range than desired you can enter a narrower range in the AnalogInCC control
module.
When signals go through a number of arithmetic calculation control modules the
ranges can easily take large positive or negative values. Also, units of measure may
become long compound words that are unabridged, for example in multiplications.
Therefore, it is important to set the range to acceptable values. Also, check that the
unit of measure is correct and simplify it by abridgement. Do this in the last
calculation control module before the signal goes to a control module that does not
send range value and its unit of measure backward such as the controller, derivative,
integral or piecewise linear control module types.

72 3BSE041488R101
Section 4 Analog Process Control ControlConnection

If a constant value, unchangeable in Online mode, is required in the calculations,

use a RealToCC control module in which you set the maximum and minimum
values equal to the in value given for the constant, in Offline mode.

Limitation of Controller Output

It may be necessary to limit the controller output to a narrower interval in Auto
mode, for example, when you test new controller parameter settings. Limitation of
the controller output then ensures that the process is not upset if the controller is
poorly tuned.
Do this limitation from the parameter interaction window and the limits are only
active in Auto mode. When you deselect the limitation, the limits are returned to the
normal endpoints of the range. Bumpless transfer is ensured whenever the limits are
changed.

ControlConnections between Applications

The module MMSToCC together with CCToMMS module must be used when
transferring signals of ControlConnection between applications.

3BSE041488R101 73
Controller Types Section 4 Analog Process Control

Controller Types
This section describes controller principles and main controller functions. Advanced
built-in functions and objects for signal handling are described under Advanced
Functions on page 124.
A process may be of many types. The process may be rapid or slow, have dead time,
involve non-linear process characteristics, have many different cases and/or
conditions of operation, or depend on valve characteristics. The process may also
involve viscous media, the process may be exothermic, or dependent on various
calculations, etc.
The process requirements may also be to achieve a certain production quality.
Manual intervention must be carried out in a smooth, so-called bumpless way. In
addition, there are information and communication demands on the operators and/or
other systems regarding momentary values, alarms, data history in short and long
perspectives, and the presentation of these in a clear way.
To fulfill all the process demands, many functions must be carried out by the
controller. The solution may involve anything from a single controller to several
controllers with internal relationships, for which the system has complete control
modules and function blocks.
The core of the PID controllers in the control libraries is based on PID algorithms.
The only exception is the fuzzy controller, which has a design of its own. Additional
functions are added by setting parameters, or by combining a controller with other
control modules.

PID, PI, P, and PD Controllers

The basic, classical PID, PI, P, and PD controllers of ideal type are based on the
control algorithms described in the section Controller Algorithms on page 78. When
discussing these controllers as a group, the term PID controller is used.
Generally, with the aid of built-in functions, the system performs mode transfers and
other changes in a bumpless way, see Bumpless Transfer on page 127. An anti-
integrator (sometimes called reset) wind-up function is included, to prevent the
output signal from drifting away, see Anti-Integrator Wind-Up Function on page
126.
In addition to controller algorithms and built-in functions, the standard libraries
contain additional functions and types for creating almost any other controller type.

74 3BSE041488R101
Section 4 Analog Process Control Controller Types

PPI Controller
If a process has long dead time in comparison with the process time constant, a
predictive PI controller configuration, PPI (based on a simplified Otto Smith
controller), can be used. The process dead-time delay is added, but the parameter
values for P and I correspond to the same values as in a PI controller.

Fuzzy Controller
The fuzzy controller can handle one input and one output, as well as many inputs
and many outputs. You may be able to use a fuzzy controller where PID control
fails, or does not work well.
A fuzzy controller has most of the functions of a PID controller, together with the
possibility of defining fuzzy logic rules for process control.

Functionality in PID Controllers

A survey of the following eight PID Controllers is presented in Table 4.
1. PidLoop (Function block)
2. PidLoop3P (Function block)
3. PidCascadeLoop (Function block)
4. PidCascadeLoop3P (Function block)
5. PidCC (Control module)
6. PidAdvancedCC (Control module)
7. PidSimpleReal (Function block)
8. PidSimpleCC (Control module)
Table 4. Functionality in the PID Controllers

Included Function 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Belongs to ControlSimpleLib No No No No No No Yes Yes
Belongs to ControlBasicLib Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No
Belongs to ControlStandardLib No No No No Yes No No No
Belongs to ControlAdvancedLib No No No No No Yes No No

3BSE041488R101 75
Controller Types Section 4 Analog Process Control

Table 4. Functionality in the PID Controllers (Continued)

Included Function 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PID algorithm Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Tunable Beta-factor No No No No Yes Yes No No
Backtracking Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Setpoint Backtracking Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Integrator wind-up prevention Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bumpless transfer Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Tracking Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Internal setpoint ramping No No No No Yes Yes No No
Offset Adjustment No No No No Yes Yes No No
Deviation alarm limits Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Pv alarm limits No No No No Yes Yes No No
Limitation of output Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Feedforward Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
P-start Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Predictive PI control No No No No No Yes No No
Autotuner relay Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Autotuner extension (step) No No No No No Yes No No
Autotuner structure and design selection No No No No Yes Yes No No
Oscillation detection No No No No No Yes No No
Sluggish control detection No No No No No Yes No No
Gain scheduler No No No No No Yes No No
Adaptive control No No No No No Yes No No
Compensation for redundant I/O deviation Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No
on process value

76 3BSE041488R101
Section 4 Analog Process Control Basic Controller Principles

Basic Controller Principles

Basically, a controller has three signals, the setpoint signal (Sp), the process value
signal (Pv) and the output signal. The P controller, PI controller, and PID controller
are different types of analog controllers. The basic controller configuration is the P
controller, where P stands for proportional.

Setpoint, Sp
PID Output
Process
controller

Process value, Pv

Figure 25. A control loop with the function block of a PID controller.
The most simple P controller may be described as follows. The controller compares
the setpoint value with the process value and the difference is called the control
deviation, ε. This is amplified by G (the amplification or gain factor) and an offset
signal is added to obtain a working point. See figure below. The result is the output
signal.

P controller

Setpoint
Adder

+ ε G*ε Output
+
- +
Process value

G = Gain factor
Offset

ε= Setpoint – Process value

Output value = G * ε + Offset

Figure 26. The basic P controller.

3BSE041488R101 77
Controller Algorithms Section 4 Analog Process Control

In a PI controller, the offset is replaced by the Integral part (I part).

In a PID controller the Derivative part (D part), acting on the filtered process value,
is also added to the output.

Controller Algorithms
The PID controller algorithms used are of ideal type. The controller input from the
process Pv and the setpoint Sp are regularly read by the controller. A read is also
called a sample, and the time between two samples is called the sampling time. The
required output signal value is calculated, for each sample, by comparing samples of
the input and setpoint values. The sample time is equal to the task cycle time of the
current task. The process value may be filtered before it enters the derivative part of
a control algorithm, by a first-order, low-pass filter. See the algorithms below, and
Figure 27 and Figure 28.
1. The P controller has the following algorithm:
Out = G × ( Sp – Pv ) + Offset

2. The PD controller has the following algorithm:

d
Out = G × ( ( Sp – Pv ) + T d × ( FilterOf ( – Pv, T fil ) ) ) + Offset
dt

3. The PI controller has the following algorithm:

Out = G × ( ( β × S p – Pv ) + 1 ⁄ T i × ∫ ( Sp – Pv ) dt )

4. The PID controller has the following algorithm:

d
Out = G × ( ( β × S p – Pv ) + 1 ⁄ T i × ∫ ( Sp – Pv ) dt + T d × FilterOf ( – Pv, T fil ) )
dt

5. The PPI controller has the following algorithm:

Out = G × ( ( β × S p – Pv ) + 1 ⁄ T i × ∫ ( Sp – Pv ) ( dt ) – 1 ⁄ T i × ∫ ( O ut ( t ) – Out ( t – L ) ) dt )

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Abbreviations in the
Description
Algorithms
Sp Setpoint
Pv Process value
G G is defined as:
G = Gain x (OutRange) / (PvRange)
Gain The gain you enter in the interaction window or by code via
the InteractionPar parameter.
Gain is normalized and dimensionless according to the
above definition.
Thus the gain can be influenced by the settings of the
ranges for the process and the output values.
OutRange The range (maximum – minimum) of the Out value
PvRange The range (maximum – minimum) of the Pv process value
β Setpoint weight: 0 or 1
Ti Integral time of the controller
Td Derivative time of the controller
Tfil Filter time of the low-pass filter for the derivative part
FilterOf (x,y) The expression x is sent through a low-pass filter.
The filter time is equal to y.
Out Output from the controller
Out(t-L) Output value delayed by the dead time, L.

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d
G × Td × ( FilterOf ( – Pv, T fil ) )
– Pv d dt
Filter G Td ×
dt

Out
β∗Sp – Pv G × ( β × Sp – Pv )
G Σ

Sp – Pv
G 1 ⁄ T i × ∫ dt
G × 1 ⁄ T i × ∫ ( Sp – Pv ) dt

Figure 27. The principle of an ideal PID controller.

β∗Sp – Pv G × ( β × Sp – Pv ) Out
G Σ

G × 1 ⁄ T i × ∫ ( Sp – Pv ) dt – 1 ⁄ T i × ∫ ( O ut ( t ) – Out ( t – L ) )dt

Sp – Pv
G Σ 1 ⁄ T i × ∫ dt

Out(t)
–1
Out(t - L) Out(t)
Delay

Figure 28. The principle of a PPI controller.

Parameter values can be set or changed via the interaction window, or in the
application. When the control deviation is within a dead zone, specified in the
parameter window, the output is constant.

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Offset Adjustment
The P and PD controller types do not have an integrator, but they have an offset
instead. The offset is a tuning parameter of the controller and used to determine its
working point. It is normally constant, but may be automatically adjusted if the
offset adjustment function is enabled.
If offset adjustment in enabled the offset is automatically adjusted in some modes
and also when the controller parameters, for example the gain or integration time,
are changed. The adjustment of the offset is always done in such a way that the
output of the controller becomes continuous.
Details on how the offset is adjusted are discussed in the section Bumpless Transfer
on page 127.
The offset adjustment function must be used with care! When offset is adjusted,
the behavior of the controller changes. For example, the control deviation at a
certain working point may change. This is, in many cases, not acceptable.

Internal Setpoint Backtracking

Internal setpoint backtracking adjusts the setpoint automatically, while in internal
mode (provided that the function is enabled). The purpose is to make sure that the
output of the controller is continuous at mode changes. In some cases, process value
tracking is also achieved. See Bumpless Transfer when Enabling or Disabling the
Limitation of the Output on page 130.
The adjustment is done the same way as in external mode, when a control module
with backtracking capability is connected to the setpoint.

Reduced Effect of Setpoint Changes

For controllers with an integrator (PI, PID, PPI), the setpoint influence on the
proportional term is governed by a setpoint weight, the beta (β) factor, to make the
output as smooth as possible. These controllers have two setpoint weight factors
which are used when the setpoint is continuous or discontinuous, respectively. An
abrupt, discontinuous change in the setpoint should not be allowed to have full
effect on the output. The setpoint is considered to be discontinuous, for example,
when the internal setpoint is selected and the operator enters a setpoint value
manually, or when a preceding control module is in Manual mode.

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The switching between the two setpoint weight factors is automatic, depending on
whether the setpoint signal is continuous or discontinuous. The setpoint weight is in
the discontinuous case by default 0 (zero). Otherwise, at continuous setpoint signals,
the setpoint weight factor is by default 1 (one).
At normal usage, the controller provides the appropriate default value for the
setpoint weight factors. However, in PidCC and PidAdvancedCC, these two
parameters are editable. In some special cases, the user may tune the setpoint weight
factor by editing these parameters to real values between the 0 and 1 limits. An
example is when an externally calculated tuning is to be applied to the controller.

Internal Setpoint Ramping

Internal setpoint ramping smoothens setpoint changes for PidCC and
PidAdvancedCC. When activating this function, a target setpoint can be entered.
The ramping can be started and stopped, only if internal setpoint is selected. Once
the ramping is started the setpoint will change smoothly to the targeted setpoint. The
ramp increase and decrease rates can be set separately. The time to reach the target
setpoint is displayed. When the target is reached, the ramping is deactivated and
stopped.
The ordinary internal setpoint field can be disabled to prevent discontinuous
setpoint changes. The user can then only enter setpoints as target setpoints.
If, in the meantime, the setpoint is switched to external setpoint, the ramping is
stopped. The transfer to the external setpoint will be bumpless if the external
setpoint is able to receive a backtracking value. The target setpoint is left
unchanged. If the controller enters Backtracking mode, ramping is aborted, and
backtracking starts instead.

Limitation of Controller Output

Generally, maximum and minimum values for the controller output signal are
specified using the I/O connection editor. These values are the endpoints of the
vertical axis in bar graph and trend curve windows for the signal. In Auto mode, the
user can limit controller output to a narrower interval from the parameter window, as
long as the limiting functions are enabled. An example of when it may be necessary
to limit the output is when testing new controller settings.

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The controller output may then be limited, to ensure that the process is not badly
disrupted if the controller is poorly tuned. The output range may also be changed in
the controller parameter window. This is usually done when there is no I/O
connection editor.

Hysteresis vs Dead Zone

The concepts hysteresis and dead zone are explained as follows.

Hysteresis
To avoid frequent activations at a level, a hysteresis value can be set in some control
modules, for example, when a signal is close to an alarm limit.
In Figure 29, activation is desired when a signal exceeds a high alarm level. The
activated and the deactivated conditions are separated by the hysteresis below the
high alarm level. Depending on the direction of the signal, the hysteresis is added to
either the activated or deactivated condition.
The alarm is first deactivated and the signal increases to the high alarm level. The
alarm is then activated. It remains activated until the signal falls below the hysteresis
and is then deactivated. The next time the signal exceeds the high alarm level, the
alarm is activated. For a low alarm level, the situation is the reverse with the
hysteresis above it.

Figure 29. Activation is desired when a signal exceeds a high alarm level.

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Dead Zone
To allow a signal a certain noise level without causing activation, a dead zone can be
set around it in some control modules, for example, for a control deviation. A small
fluctuation in the signal is then allowed. The signal is not active when it is within the
dead zone. When the signal exceeds or falls below the dead zone limits the signal is
active. Figure 30 showing a dead zone on both sides of a desired signal value.

Figure 30. A dead zone on both sides of a desired signal value

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Fuzzy Control
A fuzzy controller is based on fuzzy logic which is a generalization of the common
Boolean logic.

Figure 31. The fuzzy controller window.

A fuzzy controller consists of a linear part and a fuzzy logic part. The linear part has
many of the functions of the PID controller, for example:
• Computation of the control deviation ε = Setpoint – Process value and its
derivative (even the second derivative),
• Computation of the derivative of the process value,
• A low-pass filter for derivative of the process value and the control deviation,
• Internal and external setpoint,
• Handling of absolute and relative alarms,

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Fuzzy Control Section 4 Analog Process Control

• An integrator with anti-integrator wind-up function,

• Manual and automatic output,
• Tracking function for the output,
• A feedforward function.
The fuzzy logic part of the controller contains the functions that define the rules for
control of the process, for example:
• Computation of the degrees of membership of a number of signals to a number
of fuzzy sets,
• Computation of fuzzy conditions,
• Computation of fuzzy rules,
• Computation of output membership functions for a number of controller
outputs,
• Defuzzyfication of the output membership functions.
The fuzzy controller works as follows:
• One or more process values, and possibly also external setpoints, are entered
into the linear part of the controller. The process values may be low-pass
filtered. If no setpoint is used, the first derivative of each process value is
computed. The result is made available to the fuzzy logic part of the controller.
• If setpoints are used, the control deviations, ε = Setpoint – Process Value, and
their two first derivatives are computed for each process value. These two
results are also made available to the fuzzy logic part of the controller.

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• The fuzzy logic part of the controller receives one or more signals from the
linear part. It may receive the control deviation, the process value or their
derivatives from the linear part. Each of these signals is entered into a number
of input membership functions. The output from an input membership function
is a signal, which assumes values between 0 and 1. This value indicates the
degree of membership of the signal from the linear part to this particular
membership function.
• The outputs from the input membership functions are combined into fuzzy
conditions using the fuzzy operators NOT and AND. The fuzzy operator NOT
is defined as NOT X = 1 – X. The fuzzy operator AND is defined as X AND Y
= Min(X,Y). The result has a value between 0 and 1.
• The fuzzy conditions may then be combined into fuzzy rules using the fuzzy
operators NOT and OR. The fuzzy operator OR is defined as X OR Y =
Max(X,Y). The output from a fuzzy rule also has a value between 0 and 1 and
is called the degree of satisfaction of the rule.

Figure 32. A fuzzy rule.

• The degree of satisfaction of each fuzzy rule is then used to compute the
current output membership function for the rule.
• There may be a number of output membership functions associated with each
output from the controller. All output membership functions associated with
the same output from the controller are combined into one output membership
function. This is done by computing the envelope (the maximum value of all
the functions at every point) of all the membership functions.

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• The resulting output membership function for a certain controller output is

used to compute the value of the output. This is called defuzzyfication and is
done by computing the center of gravity of the output membership function.
• The defuzzyfied outputs from the fuzzy logic part of the controller are then
entered into the linear part of the controller.
• Each output may then be integrated and is limited by an anti-integrator wind-up
function.
There are also functions for feedforward, output tracking and Manual mode.
The fuzzy controller also has a simulation facility. The values of the control
deviation, the process value and their derivatives may be simulated. Simulation can
be used to evaluate the behavior of the fuzzy logic part of the controller.

Relation to Other Libraries and Modules

The fuzzy controller is designed to operate together with the control library modules
in the same way as the PID controller does. The fuzzy controller has, to a large
extent, the same parameter interface as the PID controller. It should be connected to
the other control modules in exactly the same way as the PID controller, i.e. using
ControlConnection data type connections.

Figure 33.
Typical configuration where a fuzzy controller is used as part of the control loop. A
fuzzy controller operates as a master controller, the output of which is connected to
the setpoint of a PidAdvancedCC.

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How to Use Fuzzy Controller Templates

Introduction
Your copy of a template can be modified in the following ways: the number of
inputs, outputs, membership functions, conditions and rules can be changed, and
these items can be grouped in different ways.
The fuzzy control modules have one input and one output, but they can be
configured for many inputs and many outputs.
Select the fuzzy control module which best suits your needs.
Step-by-Step Instructions for Using Templates
1. Copy a fuzzy controller template from the library. Select a template (for
example FuzzyController1CC).
2. Paste the copied fuzzy controller in the Control Module Types in the
applications folder.
3. Rename it, for example, Own_FuzzyController1.
4. Create a new empty control module called, for example, SM1 and take
Own_FuzzyController1 into use by the Create/Control Module command.
It is now possible to make changes to the fuzzy controller. You can change the
number of inputs, outputs, membership functions, conditions or rules. These items
can also be grouped in different ways.
The steps presented above describe how the user is able to make a new control
module type in an application, but if the modified fuzzy controller is needed in
many projects it is recommended that the user creates a module type in a new
library which can then be included in many projects.

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Internal Data Flow of Fuzzy Controllers Section 4 Analog Process Control

Internal Data Flow of Fuzzy Controllers

The sub-modules in the fuzzy controller templates are connected as shown in the
illustration below.

Figure 34. Sub-module connections in the fuzzy controller templates.

1. The connection between FuzzySpPvIn and InputMembership: The
FuzzySpPvIn control module computes the control deviation EOut (Setpoint-
Process value) and its first and second derivatives. These signals are inputs to
the InputMembership control modules. If a setpoint is not desired for some of
the inputs FuzzyPvIn control modules are used instead of FuzzySpPvIn control
modules.

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2. The connection between InputMembership and FuzzyCondition: The control

module defines an input membership function for the fuzzy logic part of the
controller. The output, DegreeOfMembership, should normally be connected to
all FuzzyCondition control modules. If the InputMembership control module is
not connected to a certain FuzzyCondition control module then the
membership function can, of course, not be used in the corresponding
condition.
3. The connection between FuzzyCondition and FuzzyRule: The output
parameter Condition of a number of FuzzyCondition control modules should
be connected to the condition parameters of a number of FuzzyRule control
modules. The fuzzy rules may then be defined from any of the connected fuzzy
conditions.
4. The connection between FuzzyRule and OutputMembership: The output
parameter DegreeOfSatisfaction should be connected to the corresponding
parameter of an OutputMembership control module.
5. The connection between chained OutputMembership functions: The
OutputMembership control modules are connected in a chain. The chain must
always end with a Defuzzyfication control module. The control modules of the
chain are connected via the parameters InputCurve and OutputCurve.
6. The connection between OutputMembership and Defuzzyfication: The
Defuzzyfication control module should appear as the last link in a chain of
OutputMembership control modules. The OutputMembership functions are
connected to the chain via the parameter InputCurve.
7. The connection between Defuzzyfication and FuzzyOut: The parameter Output
should be connected to the Input of the FuzzyOut control module.
8. The connection between FuzzyProgramControl and all the fuzzy logic part
control modules: The Program control parameter should be connected to the
corresponding parameter of all the InputMembership, FuzzyCondition,
FuzzyRule and OutputMembership control modules.

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Controller Modes
A controller has a number of different working modes. The controller may be
switched from one mode to another with a minimum of disturbance in the process.
The modes are listed in the table below with the lowest priority first.

Controller Mode Priority Function

Auto Lowest Auto is the normal automatic control mode.
Backtracking The controller output is connected to a control
module chain in which at least one of the
succeeding controllers is in Manual mode.
Tracking In Auto mode, the controller output tracks a signal
value from the application when the Track
parameter is True, except in Manual mode, which
has higher priority.
Upon changing from Auto mode to Tracking mode,
or vice versa, the output is changed bumplessly,
since it follows a ramp, limited by the maximum
increase and decrease output ramp speed
settings, until it reaches the track value.
Manual The output signal can only be changed manually
by a user in an interaction window, or via an
application.
Tuning(1) Highest The Autotuner is started and active.
(1) Not available in PidSimpleCC and PidSimpleReal.

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Design
Before using objects from the Control libraries, there are a number of choices that
have to be made regarding which type of object to use for a specific purpose. The
following information is designed to help you design reliable and effective analog
control solutions:
• General Design Issues on page 93 describes things to consider and choices to
be made before starting to create your analog control solutions.
For a more general discussion of design issues, see the manual Application
Programming, Introduction and Design.
• Control Strategies on page 96 discusses what control strategy (what type of
control loop, etc.) to use for different types of processes.
• Controller Library Types on page 99 contains an introduction to all controller
types in the Control libraries.
• Industrial Controller Types on page 104 discusses how to build common
industrial controller applications, such as cascade controllers, using types from
the Control libraries.
• Signal Handling on page 107 gives an overview of where to find signal
handling information.

General Design Issues

Analog signal handling and building of control loop applications using objects such
as system functions and function blocks will often result in high functionality and a
high degree of flexibility.
However, it requires a good deal of knowledge of control loop design and of the
function of the participating objects, to construct and maintain signal systems and
control loops.

Function Blocks or Control Modules?

An important choice is whether to use function blocks or control modules. For an
extensive discussion of this topic, see the manual Basic Control Software,
Introduction and Design.

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General Design Issues Section 4 Analog Process Control

More specifically, you have to consider the following questions:

1. What is your general programming environment?
What has already been done?
What skills are required for present and future demands?
2. What kind of applications are you going to make, now and in the future? Is it
a. signal handling
b. advanced or simple control loop applications
c. or a combination of these?

Table 5. Guide for choosing between function blocks and control modules.

Method for signal handling in control loop applications

Suitable for calculations and Suitable for control loops when
when the signal information the signal information forward
Function Blocks
forwards is sufficient. Low is sufficient. Low memory
memory consumption. consumption.
Can be used when preceding Functions best when signal
Control modules and succeeding objects also information forward and
are control modules. backward is required.

3. Which method is most suitable for designing a control loop?

Basically, there are four methods of designing a control loop by means of the
available libraries containing control functions, control function blocks, and
control modules:
– A ready-made control loop in function blocks,
– System functions and function blocks,
– Function blocks containing control modules,
– Control modules.

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A good basic strategy would in many cases be:

• Start with system functions and function blocks.
• When you need more control functions in many small, isolated islands of
program code, you can create function blocks that contain control modules
solving the control functions. Such a local group of control modules is then
executed in the function block, according to its isolated terms, and blocks out
influences from other function blocks.
• If your control system grows, so that it has to be coordinated and the code must
be co-sorted, then programming with control modules is recommended, for
example, in the case of several distributed cascade controllers.

Control Modules and ControlConnection

In signal systems and control loops, a large amount of information is sent between
different objects, both in the forward direction and backward. The main signal flow
works well in normal operation. However, in exceptional situations ,there may be a
need to handle, for example, the following situations.
• Integrator wind-up,
• Bumpless transfer,
• Signal quality,
• Signal measure ranges.
The complexity of such signal systems and control loops can be reduced
considerably if the ControlConnection standard interface is used for signals between
the objects, which then will have to be control modules. See ControlConnection on
page 65.
By means of control modules it is possible, in addition to a high functionality and
flexibility, to achieve a simplicity of configuration, which makes the control loops
easy to configure and maintain. The risk of making mistakes when configuring
control loops is drastically reduced, which increases the reliability of the loop.

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Control Strategies
When a process is to be controlled, one of the most important questions is to select a
controller strategy. Control strategies can be classified into the following main
groups:
• Processes with no or short dead time, see Processes with No or Short Dead
Time on page 96.
• Processes with long dead time, see Processes with Long Dead Time on page
97.
• Processes that do not fit the above two descriptions, see Special Processes on
page 97.
• Rules of Thumb and Limitations on page 98 gives advice when using several
controllers.

Processes with No or Short Dead Time

A process with no or short dead time can be of a number of types, for which the
strategy is slightly different:
• Process with Constant Process Dynamics
For a process with constant process dynamics and short dead times, that can
have constant parameters in the whole working range, which is one of the most
common processes, the proper strategy is to select a PID controller. Simpler
variants P, PI or PD may also be sufficient.
The process engineer’s trimming tool for PID controllers is the Autotuner,
which suggests settings for the parameters of the controller.
• Process with Changing but Predictable Process Dynamics
For a process with changing but predictable process dynamics and short dead
time that requires different parameters in different parts of the working range,
the proper strategy is to use a PID controller with gain scheduling.
The Autotuner is used to tune the parameters in each working range.
• Process with Changing but Unpredictable Process Dynamics
For a process with changing but unpredictable process dynamics which vary
slowly the proper strategy is to use an adaptive PID controller with or without
gain scheduling.
The Autotuner is used to tune the initial parameters. See the section Adaptive
Control on page 140.

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Processes with Long Dead Time

A process with long dead time can be of a number of types, for which the strategy is
slightly different:
• Process with Constant Process Dynamics
For a process with constant process dynamics with long dead times you may
select a predictive PI controller, called a PPI controller.
The PPI is started when configuring the PID controller and by selecting a
maximum dead time. As a rule of thumb, a PPI controller is used when the
dead time is longer than the dominating time constant in the process.
When running a PPI controller it is still possible to run Autotuner and gain
scheduling.
• Process with Changing but Predictable Process Dynamics
For a process with changing but predictable process dynamics and long dead
time, which requires different parameters in different parts of the working
range, the proper strategy is to use a PPI controller with gain scheduling.

Special Processes
In special processes with several input and output signals which may not be possible
to control, or when the strategies above, have proved unsuccessful, you may try a
fuzzy controller.
The fuzzy controller is based on fuzzy logic which is a generalization of the
common Boolean logic by something between true and false. See the section Fuzzy
Controllers on page 103.

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Remarks on the Design of Control Loops Section 4 Analog Process Control

Rules of Thumb and Limitations

If you plan to use several controllers for a process, you should consider how the
number of controllers influences the choice of processor for the control system. The
following factors must be weighed against each other:
• The process time constant should not be less than 100 ms.
• When the time constant for a process is such that the controllers must execute
faster than every 100 ms you should give execution times some extra thought,
and ensure that the controller really has the time it requires, keeping in mind
the associated program code.

Remarks on the Design of Control Loops

Configuration of Control Loops

The recommended configuration strategy for creating a control loop is to connect
the control modules in chains from the left to the right, which is the direction of the
main signal flow. If sufficient space is not available in the Control Module Diagram
window, the control module icons may be turned in other directions. Their
interaction windows are not influenced.
Control modules are preferably connected by means of graphical connections. This
is done in Offline mode.

Connection to Tasks
The basic strategy for connections to tasks is to have all the control modules in a
control loop running in the same task. If there is a need for faster action, particularly
at the end of the control loop, these control modules can be connected to a quicker
task, for example, in three-position control or for the slave controller in a cascade
control loop.

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Backtracking
In a control loop with several PID functions, where backtracking occurs, try to
locate control modules that have an internal state as late as possible in the control
loop chain. Otherwise when backtracking, a control module with internal state
influences any succeeding TapCC and TapRealCC control module in a faulty way.
The latter control modules would then tap off values and set levels based on the
backtracked value (which is collected by the control module with an internal state)
instead of a value from the preceding control module as expected.

Controller Library Types

Table 6 shows all controller types in the Control libraries.
Table 6. Controller types in the Control libraries .

Controller Library As Control Module Type As Function Block Type

Simple Simple Control PidSimpleReal
Standard Control PidSimpleCC
Standard Basic Control PidLoop
PidLoop3P
PidCascadeLoop
PidCascadeLoop3P
Standard Control PidCC
Extended Control BiasCC
RatioCC
Advanced Advanced Control PidAdvancedCC
(1)
Template Control Solution SingleLoop
CascadeLoop
OverrideLoop
FeedforwardLoop
MidrangeLoop
Template(1) Control Object Mimo22CC
Mimo41CC
Mimo44CC
Fuzzy Fuzzy Control FuzzyController1CC, etc.
(1) Control loop templates can be used directly in an application.

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Getting Information on Individual Parameters

If you want to study individual parameters for a controller type, refer to online help
for the type in question. To display online help for a controller type, select it in
Project Explorer and press F1.
The corresponding online help topic will also contain an Editor button, which will
open the corresponding editor, where you can see short descriptions for each
parameter, as well as the corresponding data type.
It is also possible to generate project documentation for a library or part of it, by
using the built-in Project Documentation function.
The Project Documentation is accessed from Project Explorer. Select a library or
object and select File > Documentation. For more information on how to
generate project documentation, see online help and the manual Basic Control
Software, Introduction and Configuration.

Simple Controllers
The simple controller objects work according to Basic Controller Principles on page
77.

Table 7. Simple controllers.

Type Name Library Type Description

PidSimpleReal Simple Function PidSimpleReal is a simple PID controller that
Control Block supports backtracking, tracking and manual
control. All transitions from limiting, tracking, and
Manual mode are bumpless. Interaction graphics
are also available, to support set-up and
maintenance of the controller.
PidSimpleCC Standard Control PidSimpleCC is a low-functionality PID controller,
Control module which is less time and memory consuming than
the full-functionality versions. Interaction graphics
are also available, to support set-up and
maintenance of the controller. The main inputs
and the output are of ControlConnection type,
which means that backtracking and limiting are
managed automatically.

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Standard Controllers
Standard controller types work according to Basic Controller Principles on page 77.

Table 8. Standard controllers.

Type Name Library Type Description

PidCC Standard Control PidCC is a full-function PID controller.
Control module
PidLoop Basic Function PidLoop, PidLoop3P, PidCascadeLoop, and
PidLoop3P Control block PidCascadeLoop3P are ready-made complete
control loops that you can connect to I/O signals
PidCascadeLoop
of RealIO type.
PidCascadeLoop3P
The controllers in these control loops can be
configured as P, PI, PD, or PID controllers, with
the same functions as PidCC. However, these
function block types cannot be connected to other
function blocks or have any function block or
control module inserted into the control loop.

The PidCC control module type has the following main functions:
• Autotuner of relay type, see Autotuning on page 133.
• Feedforward, see Feedforward on page 132.
• Tracking, see Backtracking on page 72.
• Deviation alarm generation, see Deviation Alarms on page 131.
• Limitation of output, see Limitation of Controller Output on page 82.
• Anti-integrator wind-up, see Anti-Integrator Wind-Up Function on page 126.
• Bumpless transfer, Bumpless Transfer on page 127.
• Dead zone for the control deviation, Additional Control Functions on page 148.
• Setpoint ramping, see Internal Setpoint Ramping on page 82.
• Autotuner structure selection, see Autotuning on page 133.
• Automatic offset adjustment, see Offset Adjustment on page 81.

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To supervise the control deviation, relative alarms can be given by two control
deviation alarm limits, one for positive and one for negative deviation. Information
is given for each level in two forms; as alarms and as Boolean parameters.

Code
Extended Functions
Input with Control Modules Controller Output

Process

Figure 35. A control loop with all functions defined by control modules from the
control libraries.

Controller Function Block

Input Output Process

Figure 36. A control loop defined by a function block.

Advanced Controllers
PidAdvancedCC works according to Basic Controller Principles on page 77.

Table 9. Advanced controllers.

Type Name Library Type Description

PidAdvancedCC Advanced Control PidAdvancedCC is the most advanced controller
Control module in the Control libraries, see list below.

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In addition to the main functions of PidCC, PidAdvancedCC has the following,

more advanced functions:
• Configurable as a PPI (Predictive PI controller), see PPI Controller on page 75.
• Autotuning using relay and step response methods, see Autotuning on page
133.
• Gain scheduling, see Gain Scheduling on page 144.
• Adaptive control, Adaptive Control on page 140.
• Oscillation detection, see Additional Control Functions on page 148.
• Sluggish control detection, see Additional Control Functions on page 148.
PidAdvancedCC generates an event each time a parameter is changed. This
means that you must be careful so that you do not flood the alarm and event
servers by connecting a parameter to a variable that changes very often.

Fuzzy Controllers
A fuzzy controller may handle the case of one input and one output, as well as many
inputs and many outputs. It has most of the functions of a PID controller together
with the possibility of defining fuzzy logic rules for process control.

Table 10. Fuzzy controllers.

Type Name Library Type Description

FuzzyControllerX Fuzzy Control For additional information, see online help for the
CC Control module Fuzzy Control library and Fuzzy Control on page
85.

A fuzzy controller should not be used in cases where PID control works well. In
these cases it is much easier to tune a PID controller.

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However, in cases where PID control fails or works poorly a fuzzy controller may
be successful, for example when the process:
• is truly multi-variable, with many coupled inputs and outputs,
• has non-linearities that are difficult to handle with PID control and gain
scheduling,
• is difficult to describe analytically, and operators control it manually, by
experience.
For a short introduction to fuzzy control, see Fuzzy Control on page 85.

Industrial Controller Types

Controllers regarded as common in industry can easily be constructed by means of
the control modules in the Control libraries according to the typical examples below.

Cascade Controller
A cascade controller is constructed as a combination of control modules, using input
and output modules, and two controller modules. Two controllers are connected in
cascade; the output of one controller, called the master, is connected to the external
setpoint of the other controller, called the slave.

Master Slave
Sp2 Out2=Sp1
Out1 Pv1 Pv2
Outer Inner
Pv2 Pv1 Process 1 Process 2
controller controller

Inner loop
Outer loop

Figure 37. Illustration of two controller modules connected in cascade.

Two controllers connected in cascade must be tuned in the correct sequence. The
inner loop should be faster than the outer loop. Ready-made function blocks are
available for applications in which a fixed cascade loop is suitable.

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Three-Position Controller
A three-position controller is constructed as a combination of control modules: a
controller module, an analog input module and a three-position output module,
which gives two digital output signals. Use a three-position controller when a digital
output is required for an increasing, decreasing or no digital signal at all to be sent,
for example, to an electrical actuator. See the section Three-Position Output on page
148.

Pulse Controller
A pulse controller is constructed as a combination of control modules: a controller
module, an input module and an output module, which gives a digital output signal
with a pulse width proportional to the analog controller output.

Sp
PID Output Pulse
Pv Digital
controller width Output

Figure 38. Pulse control with the digital pulse width output proportional to the
analog output.

Ratio Controller
A ratio controller can be constructed from a combination of control modules: input
and output modules, controller modules, arithmetic modules and tap modules. The
ratio between two different process values may be controlled by two or more
controller modules, according to Figure 39. A RatioCC control module is then used
for the ratio between the setpoints. Ratio controllers are often used for recipe
handling.

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Sp1
PID Output
Pv1
controller 1

Sp2
X
PID Output
Ratio controller 2
RatioCC
Pv2

Figure 39. Example of ratio controllers where the setpoint from the first controller is
multiplied by a factor to obtain the setpoint for the second controller.

Split-Range Controller
A split-range controller is constructed as a combination of the following control
modules: input and output modules, a controller module and any of the branching
modules. The output from a controller is then divided into two ranges which can be
set independently, and may overlap each other. An example of the use of split-range
control is when two control valves are used. The valves may be of different sizes
working in the same direction. The lower range is connected to the smaller valve
and when it is fully open, the upper range opens the larger valve. The valves may
also work in opposite directions. For example, when a tank level is to be controlled.
At lower levels, one valve opens, and at higher levels, the other valve opens.

Analog
Output
Sp
PID Output Split-
Pv
controller range

Analog
Output

Figure 40. Example of split-range control where the output range from the
controller is divided into two branches with different ranges.

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Signal Handling
The Control libraries contain a number of function blocks and control modules for
signal handling. There are also types for signal handling in the Basic and Signal
libraries.
For a list and description of available signal handling objects, see Advanced
Functions on page 124.
Control Builder online help also contains additional information on specific
signal handling objects. Select the object in Project Explorer, and press F1 to
display online help for a type.

Getting Started with ControlConnection

This section describes how to create a control module template that can connect to
ControlConnection, thus talk to other objects with ControlConnection.
After reading this subsection you will learn:
• The relationship between code-blocks and data flow directions.
• The concept of ControlConnection Gate modules.
• Step-by-step for creating a ControlConnection template.

What is ControlConnection?
ControlConnection is a structured data type for handling signals between control
modules in both forward and backward directions. Or equally correct a very
beautiful and effective structured data type from the outside, but difficult to connect
inside an object!
The difficulties lie in the structure itself, which means that other control modules
must fulfil the relation and condition specification for (ControlConnection) signal
traffic. For that reason you are going to be introduced to the ControlConnection
Gate modules that will transform your local signals automatically to
ControlConnection.

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At the end of this subsection you will also learn how to create a ControlConnection
template (CC template) from scratch. The template will help you overcome the most
common difficulties there is by having local code reading/writing signals to/from
ControlConnection.
For a more theoretical presentation of ControlConnection, see ControlConnection
on page 65.

Dealing with Data Flow Directions

In order to process signals of ControlConnection your control module must be
designed to handle data in both forward and backward directions. The best way to
accomplish this is to assign one code block for each direction. Thus one code block
Forward and one code block Backward.
My created CC template

Forward
code block
CC CC

code block
Backward

Figure 41. A control module prepared with two code blocks for handling forward
and backward directions.
This guideline of having one code block for each direction, should apply to all
control modules that are processing signals of Control Connection. However, there
are some exceptions (as always), first object in the chain, the Source (AI object) and
the last object the Sink (AO object) only needs one code block. You will learn more
about this under Code Sorting Order Backwards on page 109.

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Code Sorting Order Forward

After establishing the need for two code-blocks (Forward and Backward) in the
control module, it is time to study how the code sorting order works for
ControlConnection in general. Remember, it isn't just your two (Forward and
Backward) blocks alone that should be sorted, but all the outer code blocks as well.
However, the key is the ControlConnection's sort order mechanism which is very
helpful. Provided that we have made all the necessary in/out arrangements, it will
always execute forward directions before backward directions!
You will learn all about In/Out parameter connections later in Creating a Control
Module with ControlConnection (CC template) on page 114.
This means that ControlConnection will always start from left with the first forward
block in a chain of control modules (Figure 42). Hence do not worry about your
forward code block sort order, as long as your module is positioned correctly in the
control module chain it will be automatically sorted.
Outer Objects

My created CC template

Forward Forward Forward code block Forward Forwar

1 2 3 4 5

Figure 42. ControlConnection will always start with forward block (1), and then
execute forward block (2), your forward block (3) and then (4), (5) etc. Always!

Code Sorting Order Backwards

Next step is to learn which object that will change the data flow direction, or start
passing information backwards via the backward blocks. Just as before with the
forward block's code sorting order, the same principle applies for the backward
blocks, but now only backwards!
There are two (predictable) things that can stop further forward executions. It is
either a Sink object at the end of the chain (most common solution) or a code sorting
variable in the backward block.

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Therefore, before building your ControlConnection module, consider if your control

module should have a generic solution (continue to passing forward information
through the chain) or if your module should be the end object.
Do not worry if you find the code sort mechanism a bit confusing. It does not matter
for building and working with CC templates.

Generic Solution with a Sink Object

A generic solution continues to passing the information to the next forward block,
which means that it relies on a Sink object (AO) at the end of the chain. It is the Sink
that will change the data flow direction to go backwards (Figure 43).

My generic CC template
Forward code block Sink
Forward Forward
Outer Object

2
1 3
4
7 5
6
Backward Backward code block Backward

Figure 43. My generic CC template object has a generic solution which simply
passes information forward to the next forward object.
As you can see in Figure 43 the Sink object contains both forward code and
backward code in one code block. The backward direction sort order starts at the
end of the Sink’s common code block. The Sink is writing to the backward block, in
this case No (5) in Figure 43.

End Object Solution

To build an end object means basically two things;
1. Your forward block will be executed last among all outer forward blocks in the
chain of control modules.
2. Your backward block will be executed first among all outer backward blocks.

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Building an end object solution is done by start declaring a "dummy" variable (for
example CodeSortVar). Then you let the variable CodeSortVar read (in the
backward code block) a value that was previously written (for example OldValue1)
in the corresponding forward code block. See Figure 44.

My end CC template
Forward code block
Outer Objects

Forward Forward Forward

OldValue1 (a written variable) 4
1 2 3

8 7 6 CodeSortVar := OldValue1 5
Backward Backward Backward Backward code block

Figure 44. My end CC template object has an end solution. It stop passing
information forward and begins passing information backwards to the next
backward block.
The end CC template object has created a dependency between the forward block
and the backward block. Since the backward block is reading the variable
(OldValue1) must the forward block be executed before the backward block. The
variable OldValue1 was previously written in the forward block.
You will be able to study more of this in the subsection Creating a Control Module
with ControlConnection (CC template) on page 114.
Next, you will learn about the Gate modules and how they transform local signals to
ControlConnection.

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Open the Gates to ControlConnection

The main difficulties of having own control modules talking ControlConnection is
to fulfil the specification for ControlConnection. However, by using Gate modules
you do not have to worry about that. As the name applies a Gate module check the
signals that come in and out from your control module and capsulated your execute
code safely between them.
An IN Gate module will for example read an In signal of ControlConnection and
pass it over to one of your local variables. An OUT Gate will transform the
executed code value to a ControlConnection signal.
In short, you use the Gate modules to fulfil the specification for Control Connection.

My CC template
Forward Sink
Forward Forward
Outer Object

2
1 3
In Gate Out Gate 4
7 5
6
Backward Backward Backward

Figure 45. My CC template object is protected by the Gate modules on both sides to
ensure a secure signal traffic with ControlConnection.

There are no code-blocks illustrated in the Gate modules (see Figure 45) although
they contain both forward and backward blocks. They are merely there in the
background for syntax control reasons.

Ownership of the Gate Variables

When you are working with the Input Gate and the Output Gate you are going to
deal with two variables for each Gate. These two variables will have different
ownership, or write permission when reading and writing to your code blocks (see
Figure 46).

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CC template

InForward F OutForward

CC In CC Out
In Gate Out Gate

InBackward B OutBackward

Figure 46. Gate Variables writing permission.

These four local variables (InForward, InBackward, OutForward and OutBackward)
are local variables that are connected to the Gate parameters Forward and Backward
respectively. However, these local variables have different permissions.
From Figure 46:
• InForward which is connected to the In Gate’s Forward parameter, is own by
the Gate, thus writing is not allowed in the forward code block.
• InBackward which is connected to the In Gate’s Backward parameter, is own
by your control module (CC template), thus writing is allowed in backward
code block.
• OutForward which is connected to the Out Gate’s Forward parameter, is own
by your control module (CC template), thus writing is allowed in forward code
block.
• OutBackward which is connected to the Out Gate’s Backward parameter, is
own by the Gate, thus writing is not allowed in the backward code block.
There a four Gates provided for you in the standard library BasicLib, CCInputGate,
CCOutputGate, CCInputGateExtended and CCOutputGateExtended. You can learn
the differences between the Gates in Control Builder online help.

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Creating a Control Module with ControlConnection (CC template)

This step-by-step example builds a control module that calculates the average value
of the four latest forward values on a ControlConnection node. It only involves
control module types; you cannot use function block types with ControlConnection.
Not in this example or anywhere else.
Although you can choose a single control module, it is strongly recommended that
you create your CC template from a control module type. Remember that a control
module type can be re-used in many applications, whereas a single control module
cannot.
This example assumes that you have experience of (at least) basic Control Builder
skills, involving creating and connecting new objects based on types, etc.
The instructions in this example are merely providing you with an idea of a working
order. They do not always represent the exact order of events you will meet in
Control Builder (instructions handling context menus, buttons, Save before close
etc. have been intentionally neglected).

Create a new CC template object

From the Project Explorer:
1. Create a new Project with a AC 800M template and name it CCTemplate.
2. Create a New Library and name it CCTemplateLib.
3. Connect the BasicLib into your new CCTemplateLib.
4. Create a new control module type and name it CCTemplate.

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Declare parameters and variables

Open the declaration editor for the CCTemplate object.
1. Declare an In and Out parameter of data type ControlConnection.

2. Next, declare your local variables according to Figure 47.

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Creating a Control Module with ControlConnection (CC template)Section 4 Analog Process Control

Figure 47. Declared variables in the CCTemplate object.

As you can see, the Gate variables InForward, InBackward, OutForward and
OutBackward are of structured data types. It is these four local variables that will
talk directly to the Gate modules. You will learn about their components when you
are programming the forward and backward code blocks. The other four variables
are used in the code blocks.
You can also learn the naming convention for parameters and variables in the
manual Library Objects Style Guide, Introduction and Design
(3BSE042835Rxxxx).

Connecting the Gate modules

Next, create instances of the Gate modules in the CCTemplate. The Gate modules
(CCInputGate and CCOutputGate) are located in the BasicLib.
1. Right-click CCTemplate and create an instance of CCInputGate. Name it
CCInputGate.
2. Connect the Input Gate module according to Figure 48.

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Figure 48. CCInputGate connected to the CCTemplate module.

3. Right-click CCTemplate and create an instance of CCOutputGate. Name it
CCOutputGate.
4. Connect the Output Gate module according to Figure 49.

Figure 49. CCOutputGate connected to the CCTemplate module.

After connecting the two Gate modules to the CCTemplate, the result in Project
Explorer should look like Figure 50.

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Figure 50. The Gates to ControlConnection are connected to the CCTemplate

module.

Programming Forward and Backward Code

1. Open the Programming Editor for CCTemplate.
2. Re-name the code block Code to Forward.
3. Right-click the Forward tag and select Insert from context menu. A dialog
will open.
4. Accept default Languages selection (ST) and name the new code block
Backward.
5. Select the Forward tag and write the following programming code.
Each variable of a structured data type (e.g. InForward) has a component menu
attached. Open the menu by typing a dot (InForward.) directly after the variable
in the code block and select the component.

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(* Handling FirstScan - Initializing old values *)

IF FirstScan THEN
OldValue1 := InForward.Value;
OldValue2 := InForward.Value;
OldValue3 := InForward.Value;
FirstScan := false;
END_IF;

(* Forward the information to the Output Gate *)

OutForward.BacktrackingPossible := InForward.BacktrackingPossible;
OutForward.Continuous := InForward.Continuous;
OutForward.Range := InForward.Range;
OutForward.Status := InForward.Status;

OutForward.Value := (InForward.Value + OldValue1 + OldValue2 +

OldValue3)/4.0;

(* Updates *)
OldValue3 := OldValue2;
OldValue2 := OldValue1;
OldValue1 := InForward.Value;

Figure 51. Programming code in the Forward code block.

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6. Select the Backward tag and write the following programming code.
(* Backward information to the Input Gate *)
InBackward.Backtrack := OutBackward.Backtrack;
InBackward.BacktrackValue := OutBackward.BacktrackValue;
InBackward.LowerLimit := OutBackward.LowerLimit;
InBackward.LowerLimitActive := OutBackward.LowerLimitActive;
InBackward.Range := OutBackward.Range;
InBackward.UpperLimit := OutBackward.UpperLimit;
InBackward.UpperLimitActive := OutBackward.UpperLimitActive;

Figure 52. Programming code in the Backward code block.

If you need the End module functionality, then add the following to your code.
Declare the CodeSortVar variable as a real with no attribute (empty field) in the
declaration editorn.

Figure 53. Code added for End module functionality.

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Adding Graphical Nodes

After you are done with this subsection your CC Template will contain a name area,
two connected graphical nodes in the CMD Editor (Figure 54).

Graphical nodes

Outward line in CMD Editor

Figure 54. CCTemplate in the CMD Editor.
From Project Explorer with the programming editors closed.
1. Right-click CCTemplate module and select CMD Editor in the context menu.
2. Select icon for Rectangle (Figure 55) and mouse-click a rectangle over the
outward line (see the outward line in Figure 54).

New Control Module

Text

Rectangle

Graphical Node

Figure 55. Icon menu in the CMD Editor.

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3. Select icon for Text (Figure 55) and write CCTemplate (Figure 54).
Before you can add a graphical node, first declare the corresponding parameters. In
this case you have already declared your parameters (In and Out) in the CCTemplate
parameter editor.
Adding a graphical node is done with three (left) mouse-clicks. First click will add a
node, second click will start a rectangle field (move the cursor), and third mouse-
click will release the rectangle. After the third click, type in the parameter name.
4. Select icon for Graphical Node (Figure 55) and add two nodes on both sides of
your Text area (see exact location in Figure 54). Type in parameter In and Out
in the rectangle.
5. Close the CMD Editor when done. The CMD Editor should look like
Figure 54.

Create an Instance of CCTemplate in the Application

Next, you will learn how to create an instance (control module) of your CCTemplate
control module type in the application.
1. Connect your CCTemplateLib to the application.
2. Declare two global variables (InCC and OutCC of ControlConnection) in the
Application according to Figure 56.

Figure 56. Global variables for connecting the CCTemplate object in the
application.

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3. Open the CMD Editor in the Application and select the icon for New Control
Module (see Figure 55).
4. In the dialog select CCTemplateLib and then select CCTemplate as your
control module type. Name your Instance to CCTemplate.
5. OK.
6. Left mouse-click a box to a suitable size and release left mouse-click. A
connection window will open.
7. Connect In and Out with InCC and OutCC, respectively. Save and Close.

Done!

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What next? Section 4 Analog Process Control

What next?
After completing the CC template example, you have hopefully learned how the
Gate modules work and how to adapt the CC template to your own solutions on
ControlConnection.
However, if you need more functionalities the Control Object library contains three
additional ControlConnection templates (MIMOXYCC) with more advanced
functionalities.

Advanced Functions
This section describes a number of functions that are built into the types in the
Control libraries. It also describes of a number of functions and library types from
other standard libraries that can be used when building control loops. The
description is split on the following functional areas:
• Anti-Integrator Wind-Up Function on page 126 describes the anti-integrator
windup function that is built into the control types.
• Bumpless Transfer on page 127 describes the bumpless transfer function,
which is used to smoothen controller output.
• Deviation Alarms on page 131 describes the alarm and event functions that are
built into standard and advanced controller types.
• Feedforward on page 132 describes the feed-forward function, which is used to
accelerate controller response by adding to or subtracting from controller
output.
• Autotuning on page 133 describes how to use autotuning functions to improve
controller settings.
• Adaptive Control on page 140 describes how to achieve adaptive control, for
complex processes.
• Gain Scheduling on page 144 describes how to use gain scheduling to adapt
settings to predictable variations in your process.
• Gain Scheduling versus Adaptation on page 146 discusses when to use gain
scheduling, and when to use adaptation.

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• Additional Control Functions on page 148 collects information on a number of

special functions that are offered by the Control library types, such as three-
position output, stiction compensation, oscillation detection, reduction of
friction influence, and detection of sluggish control.
• Input and Output Signal Handling on page 154 describes objects used for input
and output signal handling.
• Supervision on page 162 describes objects used for supervision, that is, level
detectors, supervision objects, and signal objects.
• Calculation on page 166 describes objects used for calculations of medians,
mean, and majority, as well as other mathematical calculations. The Compact
Control Builder in itself also contains a number of basic mathematical
calculations, such as trigonometry, logarithms, exponentials, etc.
• Signal Handling on page 168 describes objects used to detect changes in
signals, in order to be able to predict control actions, such as derivative objects,
integrating objects, flow calculators.
• Branch Objects on page 176 describes objects used to split signals into several
components.
• Selector Objects on page 180 describes objects used to select one out of several
signals.
• Limiter Objects on page 185 describes objects used to limit signals.
• Conversion on page 188 describes objects used to convert signals from one data
type to another.
• Miscellaneous Objects on page 191 describes some additional functions that
might be useful in control loops, for example, an object that can be used to
break up control loops.

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General
All function blocks and control modules in the Control libraries have been designed
to provide robust behavior over sampling time. As long as the (In) parameter Enable
is true, the object will execute and the OUT value will ramp over a sampling time.
However, if the object stops executing between a numbers of scans and then start
executing again, it will have calculated and compensated for the non-ramping
sampling time. This means that OUT will jump to the compensated value and start
ramping from that point.
Please note, OUT will not start ramping from where it was last stopped
(Enable=false) at the previous execution.

Anti-Integrator Wind-Up Function

The anti-integrator wind-up function is an internal function in the controller
modules that stops the integral part in certain situations. It is used, for example, in a
cascade (master/slave) configuration, when the slave is in Manual mode, to prevent
the master from integrating.
Problems with integrator wind-up may occur when a controller containing an
integrator is not able to bring the control deviation (Sp – Pv) to zero fast enough,
compared with the integral action of the controller. The controller output would
probably reach one of its limits and remain there for a while, even after the control
deviation has changed sign once ,after the process value has passed the setpoint. The
result would be a large overshoot and therefore a slow response.
The reason for this unfavorable behavior is that the integrator winds up to a large
(positive or negative) value when the control deviation has the same sign for a long
time and the controller output reaches its limit.
When the control deviation changes its sign, it may take a long time for the
integrator to wind down enough for the controller output to leave its limit.
To prevent this, integrator wind-up is limited by the anti-integrator wind-up
function. A small wind-up is allowed to avoid the risk of small oscillations of the
controller output, close to its limit. The size of the allowed integrator wind-up is
determined by the size of the control deviation and the integration time of the
controller. This is to initially achieve a fast response from a maximum (or
minimum) value of the controller output.
When the anti-integrator windup is active, this is indicated in the interaction window
by means of an icon that also shows the direction of the windup.

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Bumpless Transfer
Bumpless transfer means that the controller output is made as smooth as possible,
even when conditions within the controller change abruptly. Examples of such
changes are mode changes and parameter value changes.
Bumpless transfer may be achieved in different ways. First of all, the integrator, if
one exists, of the controller is adjusted so that the output becomes as smooth as
possible. For controllers without integrator, the same effect is achieved (if offset
adjustment is enabled) by adjusting the offset.
If the controller has no integrator, but any of the control modules preceding the
controller has an integrator, this integrator is adjusted instead. If none of these
options are available, the output may be temporarily ramped to achieve smoothness.
In some cases, discontinuities in the output may be accepted.
The maximum increase and decrease ramping speed must be adapted to the
process. If they are too slow, it might take a very long time before the ramp
terminates. If they are too fast, the control actuator may be damaged.

Bumpless Transfer during Mode Changes

The result of changes from one mode to another is described in Table 11, where
Auto has the lowest priority, and Tuning the highest. The numbers refer to the
outcome described in the list below the table. Impossible changes are indicated with
an X.
There is, however, one exception. It is not possible to go to Tuning mode when
Backtracking is requested (that is, the object would have been in Backtracking
mode, were it not in Tracking or Manual mode).

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Table 11. Bumpless transfer during mode changes.

From/To Auto Backtracking Tracking Manual Tuning

Auto – 4 1 2 5
Backtracking 3 – 1 2 X
Tracking 3 4 – 2 5
Manual 3 4 1 – 5
Tuning 6 4 6 6 –

1. The output is ramped, at the rate of change set by the parameters OutIncLim
and OutDecLim, until the output tracking value (TrackValue) is reached.
2. The manual value attains the value of the output upon the change to Manual
mode.
3. The mode change can behave in any of the following ways:
a. If the controller has an integrator (PI, PID, PPI) and the Pstart parameter
is disabled, or if offset adjustment is enabled for P and PD controllers, the
controller starts controlling from the value of the output, before the mode
change. In this case, Pv Tracking may occur. See Process Value Tracking
on page 129.
b. If the controller has an integrator (PI, PID, PPI) and the Pstart parameter
is enabled, then the case is the same as above, but with the Pstart function
added. At the instant of the mode change, Pstart internally adds a step (=
G(Sp – Pv)), to which the output is then ramped.
c. If the controller has no integrator (P, PD), and offset adjustment is
disabled, the following will occur:
If external setpoint is used and the connected control module can
backtrack, or if internal setpoint is used and internal setpoint backtracking
is enabled, then the setpoint will be adjusted so that the output becomes
continuous.
Otherwise the output may be discontinuous.
4. The output of the controller becomes equal to the backtracking value.
5. Tuning starts from the current value of the output.
6. The output returns to the value before tuning started.

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Process Value Tracking

Tracking of the process value, Pv Tracking, is an internal function in the controller
that copies the process value Pv to the value sent back to an external setpoint Sp, or
if enabled to the internal setpoint. Pv Tracking may occur for controllers with
integrator or with offset adjustment enabled. It occurs when the controller is in
Backtracking, Tracking or Manual mode.

Output Change Rate Parameters

Two controller parameters, OutIncLim and OutDecLim, determine the output
change rate of the ramp used during the mode changes described above. They are
also used for the ramp, which prevents the output from changing abruptly, when
output limits are narrowed.
These parameters do not limit the velocity change rate of the output in general,
the change rate is only affected temporarily, in the cases described above.
If you want a general limitation on the output velocity change rate, use the
VelocityLimiterCC control module.

Bumpless Transfer during Parameter Changes

If the value of a controller parameter changes, for example the gain, the output will
be continuous if the controller has an integrator, or if offset adjustment is enabled.
Otherwise the output may be discontinuous.

Bumpless Transfer during Internal and External Setpoint Changes

Bumpless transfer between internal and external setpoints is achieved in the
following ways. See first Reduced Effect of Setpoint Changes on page 81 and then
Internal Setpoint Ramping on page 82.
1. Upon transfer to internal setpoint:
The internal setpoint value is initially set equal to the current value of the
setpoint.
2. Upon transfer to external setpoint:
If the setpoint is connected to a preceding control module with an internal
state, it will be continuous. The internal state is adjusted so that the
setpoint becomes continuous.
Otherwise the setpoint is in general not continuous.

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Bumpless Transfer when Enabling or Disabling the Limitation of the Output

Bumpless transfer is obtained when the limitation of the controller output is enabled
or disabled in the following way. If you narrow the limits, and the controller output
is outside the new limits, the output follows a ramp until it reaches the new limit,
using the set change rate. See the section Output Change Rate Parameters on page
129. When you expand the limits, controller output is continuous for a controller
with an integrator. It may be discontinuous for a controller without an integrator.

Bumpless Transfer when Forcing the I/O Signal to the Process

When the output I/O enters Forced mode it will request the controller to go into
Backtracking mode. The reaction of the controller depends on the priority of the
modes for the controller, as described above.
When the output I/O leaves Forced mode it will no longer require the controller to
be in Backtracking mode.
If two PidLoop function blocks are used to build a cascade loop, the bumpless
transfer function does not work properly. Use the PidCascadeLoop function
block instead.

Bumpless Transfer at Switchover to Redundant I/O

To get bumpless transfer of I/O signals of RealIO data type, at switchover from
active to redundant I/O, a RedundantIn function block can be used. It is used in the
standard control modules and function blocks using the RealIO data type as an input
parameter. To achieve the bumpless transfer, RedundantIn ramps the RealIO signal
by using a real input value for the change rate of the signal.
All controller types that have an in signal of the type RealIO have a built-in
function block of this type. The only exception is MotorBi, MotorUni,
MotorBiM, and MotorUniM, where the RealI/O signal is used for surveillance
only.

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Deviation Alarms
Deviation alarms are generated by the standard and the advanced controller objects,
but not by the simple ones. The control deviation is defined as the difference
between the process value and the setpoint value.
An alarm condition state and a Boolean alarm condition parameter are set when the
deviation is higher or lower than the positive or negative limits set. To prevent
alarm flicker, a suitable time filter and degree of hysteresis are used. Before going to
Auto mode, you can set a certain start delay time, to give the controller time to tune
before alarms are activated.
For information on the use of the inhibit and disable parameters for the alarm
functions, see alarm and event information in the Basic Control Software,
Introduction and Configuration manual.

+ Deviation Alarm
Deviation alarm
positive
Deviation limit
Hysteresis

Deviation limit

- Deviation

Positive deviation alarm

Start
delay time Delay time

Negative deviation alarm

Start
delay time

Figure 57. Overview of the controller deviation alarm limits.

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Feedforward Section 4 Analog Process Control

Feedforward
The feedforward signal is used to compensate for measurable disturbances, to
achieve faster and smoother control of a process. Feedforward means that a signal is
either added to or subtracted from the output signal of the controller. The
feedforward signal may also be amplified or reduced.
The feedforward process accelerates the controller response by anticipating changes
and acting to neutralize any disturbance, before it occurs.
Feedforward can also be used to suppress changes in the input signal that must not
be allowed to influence the controller output.
Feedforward is selected as a positive (+) or a negative (–) value of FFGain in the
algorithm.
OutPID = Outfrom PID algorithm + FFGain * FF

FF = Feedforward
PID controller

FFGain
Sp
PID
Limitations OutPID Pv
∑ and anti- Process
Out
Pv algorithm wind-up
from PID
algorithm

Figure 58. The feedforward principle in the controller.

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Autotuning

Introduction
Autotuning is a simple way to obtain suitable controller parameters. It is
recommended to use the Autotuner function, otherwise, a great deal of time can be
spent in manual tuning of many controllers in large process plants. Manual tuning
time can be increased even more when retuning becomes necessary, due to changes
in the process conditions.
Several autotuning iterations do not improve the information from one tuning to
the next iteration. However, it does increase the speed for next autotuning
iteration.
You are advised to repeat autotuning a couple of times to rule out possible
disturbances that might have affected the first autotuning iteration. Furthermore,
if a number of controllers affect the same process, it is necessary that all
controllers have been correctly autotuned and holds accepted process values
while autotuning a single controller.
When the process is in steady state, start the Autotuner. It then identifies the
dynamic parameters of the process automatically, and from these, the Autotuner
calculates and suggests appropriate PID parameters. When autotuning is complete,
the controller reverts to previous mode. It uses the old controller parameters, but
suggests the new autotuned parameters, and you have the choice to apply them.
The user may also select another controller structure and design than used for
calculating the controller parameters from the autotuning results. Some users want a
specific controller structure, for example, a PI controller, and that the result of an
autotuning should comply with this selection. Then, the autotuner recalculates the
controller parameters based on the autotuning results.
Autotuning is based on a relay (ON/OFF) identification method, with feedback
measurements, as illustrated in Figure 59. To obtain extended autotuning, it is also
possible to complete process identification by means of an automatic subsequent
setpoint step. Choose between the following three autotuning methods.

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1. Relay only. This normally gives acceptable controller parameters, particularly

if the time needed for autotuning is critical.
2. Setpoint step only. After you have performed autotuning with the relay method,
you may, at a later time, perform setpoint step identification, when you want to
compensate for dead time in the process.
3. Relay and setpoint step. This is the complete autotuning alternative.
Perform autotuning when the process is in steady state only.

PID controller
Output
Setpoint PID
algorithm

Parameter Process
Process values
value
Autotuner

Figure 59. The principle of autotuning in a PID controller with the Autotuner
function.

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Autotuning with Relay Method

When the system is in steady state, and the Autotuner has been started, the PID
controller is temporarily disconnected.
First, the Autotuner measures the noise of the process value.
Secondly, the output is generated and changed by the relay, with a hysteresis
function, to implement a disturbance in the process, of a small amplitude, according
to the figure below. The effect of the relay function is an ON/OFF control which, by
means of a square wave signal, generates a controlled and stable oscillation in the
process value. The response is observed, and the amplitude of the oscillation is
automatically controlled to a minimum value by adjustment of the relay amplitude.
From the period and amplitude of the process value oscillation, suitable P, I and D
parameters are calculated. The controller is then ready to operate and the PID
algorithm is reintroduced into the control loop.

Process
value Autotuning oscillation

Noise
measurement

Output Relay with hysteresis

Start of
Exponential increase
autotuning

Figure 60. After a few periods of oscillation the time period and the process value
are determined. The PID parameters are then automatically calculated.

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Extended Autotuning with the Setpoint Step Method

To improve the autotuning, a small setpoint step can be carried out automatically, or
at your request, with the relay autotuned PID controller. Static gain, dead time and
the time constant of the process are obtained from the setpoint step response, and
the PID parameters can be adjusted.

Autotuning Process
Autotuning can be started with the controller in Manual or Auto mode. During the
autotuning process, the Autotuner controls the output. The following two conditions
must be fulfilled before starting autotuning.
• The process must be in steady state. It is not possible to start the Autotuner
during a load disturbance or a setpoint change.
• It is also important that no major load disturbance occurs during the autotuning
process.
• The control deviation (Sp – Pv) must be less than 5% of the actual Pv range.
When these conditions are fulfilled, you can start the Autotuner. If the process is not
in a steady state, autotuning may fail. Autotuning is interrupted by a load
disturbance.
During the first part of the autotuning process, the output signal is kept constant and
the noise level is measured, in order to calculate the necessary oscillation amplitude.
Note that it is important to choose a shorter sampling time (task cycle time) for fast
processes than for slow processes, otherwise, the period used for noise calculation
will be unnecessarily long, autotuning will be less accurate, and the resulting control
will be unnecessarily slow. If the process is not stationary, the Autotuner will
interrupt and give a warning that the noise level is higher than the true level.
When the noise level has been calculated, the Autotuner determines the relay
hysteresis, no larger than necessary, but sufficiently above the noise level. Then, the
output from the relay is introduced into the loop, but no larger than the maximum
relay value set. This causes the process value to oscillate around the setpoint, and
the relay output amplitude is adjusted to give the desired amplitude of the process
value. It may be necessary to limit the amplitude of the first output signal increase,
for example, in processes with significant dead times.

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The period and amplitude of the oscillation are determined for the process value.
Slow processes can have oscillation periods between minutes and hours, while fast
processes have oscillation periods of a few seconds. When the oscillation amplitude
is stable, the PID parameters are calculated. If the autotuning method selected is
relay only, autotuning is complete at this point. The new parameter values may be
applied. If tuning fails, the controller continues to use the old parameters.
After the relay method has been used, you may select setpoint step identification
only, or relay and setpoint step identification. After the user has started a setpoint
step, the process value will finally reach the new setpoint according to the figure
below. When steady state is reached, the output signal is restored to its previous
value. The process goes back to its initial state and autotuning is complete. The
process gain, time constant and dead-time are calculated from the setpoint step
response. With these process parameters identified, the Autotuner recalculates the
PID parameters obtained from the relay method. When autotuning is complete, the
new parameters are shown in the interaction window. If you want to accept the
suggested PID parameters, apply them before closing the interaction window.

Process
value
Setpoint step Steady state

Pv

Steady state

Output Output restored

Figure 61. After autotuning with the relay method, a setpoint step is performed and
at steady state, the output is restored to the previous value.

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Autotuning Section 4 Analog Process Control

The Autotuner saves the values of the noise level and the relay amplitude from the
previously performed autotuning. Autotuning may then be repeated more quickly.
To start from the beginning, reset the Autotuner.

PI or PID Controller
During relay tuning, the Autotuner chooses a controller type, PID or PI,
automatically. The normal Autotuner choice is a PID controller. In some cases,
where processes contain integrators, for example, for level control, the Autotuner
may decide to use a PI controller.

PPI Controller
If Setpoint step only, or a complete relay and Setpoint step autotuning is performed,
the Autotuner compares the process dead time with the process time constant. If the
dead time dominates (about twice the time constant) the Autotuner may suggest the
PPI design. A PPI controller is never chosen if autotuning is configured for relay
only. The Autotuner detects the process dead-time during the setpoint step method
only. However, you may manually select the PPI type to handle processes with a
known dead-time, which then has to be specified.

Controller Response Speed

The choice of controller speed influences the behavior of the control loop. In certain
processes, high speed is necessary and overshoots are acceptable, whereas in other
cases, a slower control sequence can be accepted. In the Autotuner, it is possible to
select one of three controller response speeds: Slow, Normal, or Fast, and thus
determine the method of operation. Upon speed changes, the controller PID
parameters are updated immediately. Apply the new parameters to accept them.

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Pre-settings
No prior information has to be supplied for successful autotuning, but some pre-
settings can be made as follows.
• The maximum limit of the relay amplitude, expressed in engineering units, is
initialized to 10% of the output range. The Autotuner automatically chooses a
suitable relay amplitude, so that the parameter for maximum relay amplitude
needs to be used only if too high output signal levels cause critical situations.
• The maximum limit of the setpoint step, expressed in engineering units, is
initialized to 10% of the process value range. The Autotuner automatically
chooses a suitable step amplitude, so that the parameter for maximum step
amplitude needs to be used only if too high setpoint values cause critical
situations.
• Warning time is selected, if you want a warning for excessive autotuning time.

Resetting
If you set the Reset parameter, the values of the noise level and the relay amplitude
saved by the Autotuner from the previous autotuning are rejected. A new estimate of
the noise level is then made. Reset is recommended when a condition of the process,
such as dynamics or noise properties, has changed. It should also be used when
earlier autotuning has failed.

Direct or Reverse Direction

The direction of the process gain is either direct or reverse. The default direction is
reverse. This means that when the process value increases, the controller output
decreases. If the direction you have set is not the same as that automatically detected
by the Autotuner, a warning text will be displayed, telling you that the controller
direction may be wrong.
However, in cases where the process is of extreme “non-minimum phase” type, and
the process starts to respond in the wrong direction to an output step, the Autotuner
will also give a warning.

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Adaptive Control Section 4 Analog Process Control

Maximum Sampling Time

When you have autotuned a controller, the Autotuner calculates a maximum
sampling time and indicates it in the interaction window. This time is 1/8 of the
process oscillation time. If the current sampling time (task cycle time) is longer than
the calculated maximum sampling time, then you should decrease the current
sampling time.
If your sampling time is too long, the suggested maximum sampling time may be
shorter than the current sampling time. This means that the current sampling time is
too long in relation to the signal changes the Autotuner has detected.
A suitable strategy for decreasing the sampling time is to halve the current sampling
time, and autotune again, to see the new maximum sampling time given by the
Autotuner.
This method can be repeated until you reach the point where the current sampling
time is shorter than or equal to the maximum sampling time.

Adaptive Control
There are many kinds of processes. Some are very simple to control, and some are
far more complex, with changing dynamics. An example of a complex system is
maintaining a constant value of the pH in a tank. A combination of an adaptive
controller and gain scheduling gives good results in such applications.
An adaptive controller is used to continuously update controller parameters. The
variations in process dynamics must, however, be slow in comparison with the time
constant of the process. An adaptive controller adapts the PID and feedforward gain
parameters.
The adaptation function is enabled by the operator. The operator must first perform
an initial start-up autotuning. When the tuned parameters have been accepted,
adaptive supervision is started by continuously monitoring the input and output
signals to/from the process. Adaptation is then activated only when both signal
values exhibit large enough variations. The activated adaptation function then
calculates and implements new controller parameters.

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Enabled, ongoing adaptation is deactivated on the following occasions.

1. The operator disables adaptation.
2. The Autotuner is activated.
When autotuning is complete, adaptation continues, either with the new initial
tuning values, if they have been accepted, or the old ones, if no choice of tuning
values was made by the operator.
3. Upon changes to Manual mode.
4. During backtracking.
5. Upon output tracking.
6. When the sampling time is too long.
7. For a feedback adaptive controller also:
– in the case of load disturbance,
– when there is no integrator (I) part,
– when a PPI controller is chosen.

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Feedback Adaptive Controller

Feedback adaptation modifies the PID parameters of the controller. The feedback
adaptive controller has the ability to continuously follow a specified point on a
Nyquist curve, as the process dynamics change. The principle of the feedback
adaptive controller is shown in the following figure.

Feedback adaptive PID controller

Specification PvBPF
Controller BPf
Estimator OutBPF
Sp design BPf

Limitations Out Pv
and anti- Process
wind-up
Pv
PID
algorithm

Figure 62. The principle of the feedback adaptive PID controller.

After initial autotuning, feedback adaptive supervision is achieved by monitoring
the band-pass-filtered PID controller OutBPF signal and the process value PvBPF.
The user specifies Slow, Normal, or Fast response. The adaptive controller then
gives the resulting PID or PI parameters.
Enabled, ongoing adaptation is deactivated when a load disturbance is detected in
the Pv signal.
The reason for this is that the process value (Pv) is not relevant in relation to the Out
signal from the PID controller, and would give incorrect values for PID parameters.
When the load disturbance has disappeared, adaptation supervision continues.

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Feedforward Adaptive Controller

If it is possible to measure load disturbances in the process, you can use standard
feedforward control. If the relation between the measured and the real load
disturbance varies, you can use a feedforward adaptive controller as shown in the
figure below, for example, when the flow characteristics of a pump are changed, due
to fouling in the pipe system. Feedforward adaptation then modifies the feedforward
gain, FFGain, of the controller.

Feedforward adaptive PID controller

BPf
Estimator
BPf
Sp
Load
disturbance
FF
FFGain
OutFF=FFGain*FF
Pv
Limitations Out
Pv
PID ∑ and anti- Process
algorithm Outfrom PID
wind-up

Figure 63. The principle of the feedforward adaptive PID controller.

Feedforward adaptive supervision is carried out by monitoring the process value, Pv,
and the feedforward signal, FF, representing the load disturbance. This is done
through the high-band-filters, BPf. The parameter estimator is also influenced by the
PID controller Outfrom PID signal. Adaptation starts when both the filtered signals
are large enough.
The feedforward gain, FFGain, which can be positive or negative, is continuously
calculated as long as the feedforward adaptive function is active.
The signal, OutFF = FFGain*FF, is added to the PID controller output signal
Outfrom PID to compensate for the load disturbance.

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Gain Scheduling Section 4 Analog Process Control

Gain Scheduling
When your process has predictable non-linear dynamics, time variations, or
demands on changes in operating conditions, you can use gain scheduling. To use
the gain scheduling technique, you first have to choose a reference signal that
correlates well with the changes in process dynamics. The reference signal can be:
• Pv – the process value signal
• Out – the output signal
• Sp – the setpoint signal
• Ext – an external signal
The reference signal can be divided into up to five ranges, separated by adjustable
limits. The gain scheduling function is a table, containing one set of all the
parameters for the PID controller for each range. One set of parameters is active
when the reference signal is within the current range. When the reference signal
passes a value between two parameter set ranges, the next set of parameters takes
over.

Parameter Set Ranges

As soon as you select gain scheduling in the interaction window, you are given two
parameter sets to start with. If you want more parameter sets, you can insert a new
one, above the one selected. The limit value is given between the ranges as half the
previous range. It is possible to change the limit manually. You can delete a selected
parameter set the same way. The range then includes the deleted range.

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Tuning the Parameter Sets

The Autotuner (see Autotuning on page 133) should be used to set controller
parameters in each parameter range set. A parameter set is active when the reference
signal is between its range limits. Autotuning can only be performed in an active
parameter set range. When the reference signal is close to a limit, autotuning may
give poor results. All tuning values, including adaptive controller values, are stored
in the gain scheduling table. You may also set the controller parameters manually.
A small hysteresis function is built in, to avoid frequent switching between two
parameter sets when a noisy reference signal passes a limit.

Example of Inserting and Tuning Parameter Sets

The figures below show examples of inserting and tuning parameter sets.
1. Initially, we have a single parameter set (Set 1) that is Autotuned to T1. When
gain scheduling is activated, a second set (Set 2) is added above Set 1, with the
same Autotuned T1. You can then select Set 2 and Autotune this to T2. The
limit is by default set to half the height of the set that is divided. You can
change this before autotuning the new set.
100
Set 1 Set 2 Set 2

75 T1 T2
Reference signal

50 T1
Set 1 Set 1

25 T1 T1

0
Procedure steps

Figure 64. Example of the procedure for gain scheduling in two sets.

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2. You can then split Set 2 in half. Set 3 is added above Set 2, with the same
autotuned T2. You can then select Set 3 and autotune this to T3. The limit is by
default set to half the height of the set that was divided. You can change this
before autotuning the new set.
100
Set 2 Set 3 Set 3
T2 T3
75 T2
Set 2 Set 2
Reference signal

T2 T2
50
Set 1 Set 1 Set 1

25 T1 T1 T1

0
Procedure steps
Figure 65. Example of the procedure for gain scheduling in three sets.

Gain Scheduling versus Adaptation

When configuring a controller, you can choose between constant controller
parameters, gain scheduling, adaptation, or a combination of those, depending on
the process dynamics, as follows, and according to Figure 66.

Process with Constant Process Dynamics

For a process with constant process dynamics, which is the most common, a
controller with constant parameters can be chosen. The correct strategy is then to
select a PID controller or a PPI controller if the dead time is long.
The process engineer’s trimming tool for PID and PPI controllers is the Autotuner,
which suggests settings for the parameters of the controller.
As a rule of thumb, a PPI controller is used when the dead time is longer than the
dominant time constant in the process.

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Processes with Changing but Predictable Process Dynamics

For a process with changing but predictable process dynamics, which requires
different parameters in different parts of the working range, the proper strategy is to
use a PID controller or a PPI controller with gain scheduling. See the section Gain
Scheduling on page 144. Use the Autotuner to tune the parameters in each
parameter set range.

Processes with Changing and Unpredictable Process Dynamics

For a process with changing but unpredictable process dynamics, which vary slowly,
the proper strategy is to use an adaptive PID controller. See the section Adaptive
Control on page 140. The Autotuner is used to tune the initial parameters. A PPI
controller is able to run gain scheduling, but not adaptation.

Processes with Changing and Partly Predictable Process Dynamics

For a process with changing, unpredictable process dynamics, which vary slowly,
and partly predictable process dynamics, the proper strategy is to use a combination
of adaptation and gain scheduling.

Process dynamics
Varying Constant

Use a controller with Use a controller with

varying parameters constant parameters
Unpredictable Predictable
variations variations
Partly
predictable
Use an adaptive controller Use gain scheduling
variations

Use an adaptive controller

and gain scheduling

Figure 66. Procedure used to decide which controller to use, adaptive control
and/or gain scheduling.

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Additional Control Functions Section 4 Analog Process Control

Additional Control Functions

Three-Position Output
Three-position action from a controller with increasing, or decreasing, or no signal
at all, for example, to an electrical motor actuator, is achieved by a function with
two digital output signals, which are never active at the same time.
This three-position output control module is an extension of a controller, when two
digital outputs are required. A comparison is made between the controller’s analog
output signal and an analog signal from the control device or actuator, which gives
the so-called position feedback signal.
When the difference is greater than a set dead zone, either of the two digital output
signals, Increase (increment output) or Decrease (decrement output) of BoolIO
type, is activated in the following manner, see Table 12.

Table 12. Three-position output.

Comparison Increase Decrease

Output=Position feedback False False
Output>Position Feedback True False
Output<Position Feedback False True

A position feedback signal is not always available. It can, however, be estimated

internally by the module, to represent the current position of the control device by
the following calculation. The time during which the increasing or decreasing pulse
has been active is divided by the total action time between the actuator end positions
which you can declare, and then multiplied by the controller output range. The
minimum output signal pulse length that you can set is the sampling time.
The dead zone is the tolerated difference between the output signal from the
controller and the position feedback signal. A difference within the dead zone will
not affect any digital output.
The minimum time for switching between the two output signals can be set in
seconds, as short as the sampling time, or longer, depending on the actuator.

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Three-position digital output Active

Not active
PID Increase

controller Decrease
Active
Not active

Position feedback signal from control

device or internal estimate.

Figure 67. The principle of the three-position digital output function.

Stiction Compensator
It is always important to know how a control loop will perform, because it
influences the process output. Performance checks may be carried out in many
ways. One method of detecting deficiencies in the process control is to detect
oscillations. Oscillations above a certain amplitude and within a certain frequency
range are probably caused by sticking control valves, due to too high static friction,
called stiction. This phenomenon usually increases gradually during operation with
fluids that are difficult to handle, for example, viscous fluids. Stiction then gives rise
to oscillations of a particular character in the process control loop.
There may also be other reasons for the oscillations, for example, badly tuned
control loops or oscillating load disturbances. However, in this section, only
methods of detecting and minimizing stiction problems will be dealt with. Methods
implemented in the PID controllers and as an add-in control module, are described
in the figure below and in the succeeding sections.
If the process handles products which cause friction problems in a pneumatic
control valve, an add-in function, called a stiction compensator, should be added to
the analog output signal used in the control loop.
This method of keeping pneumatic valves free from clogging and seizing involves
activating them regularly by adding short pulses, to “knock” the valve. The stiction
compensator function compensates for static friction and hysteresis which may
increase gradually with time.

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Enable
Stiction
Advanced PID controller module compensator

Setpoint PID
algorithm
AO
Output

Process value Automatic

oscillation Output if oscillations
Enable detector are detected

Pneumatic
process valve at
risk of stiction

Figure 68. Principles for detecting and solving friction problems.

Oscillation detection starts when the user has enabled the automatic oscillation
detector in the PID controller module. If an oscillation is detected an output is set
and a warning is given. If it is obvious that there is friction in the valve, the user
should enable the stiction compensator function to keep the valve moving until it
can be repaired or replaced.

Oscillation Detection
Automatic monitoring of control loop performance is built into the advanced PID
controller module. When activated, this oscillation detector function detects
oscillations in the process value around the setpoint, often caused by friction in a
control valve. Oscillation is detected when the process value oscillates a certain
number of times around the setpoint with an amplitude of about 1% or greater, and
with a period of about the length of the process time constant.
If you are uncertain about the cause of oscillation, you may undertake a diagnostic
procedure according to the flow chart in Figure 69, which helps you to find and
eliminate the source of oscillation.

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Oscillation detection can be sent from the PID AdvancedCC object (parameter
VoteOut) to receiving Voting objects (parameter Inx). You then configure the value
of Inx parameter to be for example oscillation detection from the Vote object's
parameter InxLevelConfig. See also Signal and Vote Loop Concept on page 305.

Figure 69. Flow chart for oscillation diagnosis.

Perform the following steps to determine what kind of oscillation has been detected:
1. Activate the oscillation detector function in the loop assessment settings of the
advanced PID control module, to detect any oscillation in the process value
around the setpoint.
2. If an oscillation is detected, a warning text is shown in the More parameters
interaction window and an output signal from the PID control module is set to
true.

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3. If you are uncertain of the reason for the oscillation you may undertake a
stiction diagnostic procedure according to the succeeding steps. These guide
you in finding and eliminating the oscillation.
4. Put the output signal to the pneumatic valve into forced mode.
5. If the oscillation stops, check the pneumatic valve for friction. If the valve is
sticking, perform the required maintenance to retrieve the problem, or replace
the valve.
6. If it is not suitable at the moment to carry out maintenance on the valve, wait
for a later occasion. Meanwhile, you are advised to activate the stiction
compensator to reduce the influence of static friction in a pneumatic valve.
7. If there is no friction, check the tuning of the controller. There may have been
accidental changes in the process parameters.
8. If the oscillation persists, the process value may be influenced by a disturbance.
Search for the source. It may be useful to use the feedforward function.

Reduction of the Influence of Friction

The stiction compensator function signal is superimposed on the analog output
signal to the process, according to the figure below. A short pulse sequence is added
to the controller output signal, inside the analog output control module. This signal
is of equal amplitude and duration in the direction of the output signal’s change rate.
Thus, when the signal increases, the pulse is directed upwards (and vice versa). See
Figure 70. In this way, it is possible to handle sticky valves. (Industrial tests show
that the procedure reduces the control deviation during stick-slip motion
significantly, compared with standard control without friction compensation.)
The stiction compensator function may be varied and the following parameters can
be set: pulse amplitude, pulse width, and the pulse period factor multiplied by the
pulse width, giving the pulse period time. A stiction compensator pulse is only given
when the output signal changes by an amount greater than a set hysteresis limit.

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Pulse width
Output
signal
Pulse amplitude

Hysteresis

Pulse period
Time

Figure 70. The stiction compensator signal is superimposed on the analog output
signal.

Sluggish Control Detection

Sluggish control, which should be avoided, means that a controller responds too
slowly to load disturbances or setpoint changes, as in the figure below.
Desired optimal control

Sluggish control

Figure 71. Illustration of sluggish control.

Sluggish control loops may occur with conservatively or poorly tuned controllers.
This may cause losses in production and quality. A sluggish response to load
changes or disturbances is therefore undesirable. Slow behavior with unnecessarily
large and long deviations from the setpoint should be avoided. A well-tuned
controller gives a fast response to load disturbances. The loop assessment function,
which works according to the Idle index, can detect sluggish control.When you have
completed the commission of a control loop and you have tuned it, you can
supervise the loop for the detection of sluggish control. Sluggish control may occur
after a certain operating time.

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Perform the following steps to detect sluggish control.

1. Activate the sluggish control detector function in the loop assessment settings
of the advanced PID control module, to detect any sluggish control in the
process.
2. If sluggish control is detected, a warning text is shown in the More parameters
interaction window and an output signal from the PID control module is set to
true.
Perform a new autotuning sequence and ensure that faster control is achieved.
Sluggish control can be sent from the PID AdvancedCC object (parameter VoteOut)
to receiving Voting objects (parameter Inx). You then configure the value of Inx
parameter to be for example sluggish control from the Vote object's parameter
InxLevelConfig. See also Signal and Vote Loop Concept on page 305.

Input and Output Signal Handling

Signals start and end in I/O units with I/O channels of the RealIO data type.
Between input and output I/O units, signals are handled in I/O function blocks of the
RealIO data type, or directly in various function blocks, or in control modules of the
ControlConnection data type.
In open loop control, information mainly goes forward, for example, formula
calculations, indications, comparisons, or presentations.

I/O Code or I/O

Input Output
unit presentation unit

Figure 72. Signal handling in open loop control.

In closed-loop control, applications that contain one or several controllers, it is
necessary for information to go both forward and backward. This places much
higher demands on the solution of such applications.

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I/O PID control, code I/O

Input Output Process
unit or presentation unit

Figure 73. Control loop application in closed-loop control.

When combining and connecting various objects, you should be able to predict the
resulting functions and behavior.
It is often necessary to measure values for later calculations in the application and
for presentation. Analog signals are then transferred from measurement transmitters
in a process, to I/O units. The signal interface objects for input and output signals
read values from, and write values to, the I/O systems, respectively. Further on in
the loop, the signal is directed to application code, or to a presentation. The signal
goes to an analog input interface which transforms it into a ControlConnection type
signal for further direction, for example, to a PID controller, application code, or a
presentation, see ControlConnection on page 65.

Input Signal Handling

Input objects receive a value from the I/O unit, which receives it from the process.
I/O input units are represented in the hardware configuration section in the Project
Explorer, where you can configure the measuring range and units of measurement.

Interface
objects
I/O Code or
Input
unit presentation

Figure 74. Handling of input signals

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Table 13. Standard library types for input signal handling .

Type Name Library Type Description

SignalInReal(M) SignalLib Function SignalInReal has an analog input, of
block and RealIO data type, with several supervision
Control functions, such as alarm and event levels,
module(1) and interaction windows. SignalInReal has
a first-order, low-pass filter built in. The
input is intended to be connected to an
analog input I/O variable. The signal output
is of real data type (Function blocks) and
ControlConnection (Control modules).
SignalSimpleInReal(M) SignalLib Function SignalSimpleInReal is a version of
block and SignalInReal (SignalSimpleInRealM is a
Control version of SignalInRealM) that only handles
module(1) one high and one low level. This simple
type consumes less memory than
SignalInReal.
SignalInBool(M) SignalLib Function SignalInBool has a digital input, of BoolIO
block and data type, with several supervision
Control functions, such as alarm and event levels,
module(1) and interaction windows. The signal input is
intended to be connected to a digital input
I/O variable. The signal output is of bool
data type (Function blocks) and
BoolConnection (Control modules).

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Table 13. Standard library types for input signal handling (Continued).

Type Name Library Type Description

AnalogInCC Standard Control AnalogInCC receives the measured analog
Control module input value from the I/O unit and converts
the input signal of RealIO data type to the
common ControlConnection data type.
AnalogInCC has a built-in first-order, low-
pass filter. The analog input signal may be
supervised by a Level6CC control module
type with alarm levels, see Supervision on
page 162. The analog input signal may also
be supervised in bar graphs or histograms
and controlled manually.
In a control loop application, AnalogInCC
normally precedes a PidCC controller.
(1) The control module type has a voting parameter that can be connected to a vote control module type. See Vote Control
Module Types on page 315.

Output Signal Handling

The chain of objects in a control loop must end with one of the following objects for
the output signals, see Table 14 and Table 15.
Signals or values from the code can go directly to an I/O unit, or be handled in
control modules before the output signal goes further to an output interface and then
on to an I/O unit, and finally out to an actuator in the process.
Interface
objects
I/O
Code Output
unit

Figure 75. Handling of output signals

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Table 14. Standard library types for analog output.

Type Name Library Type Description

SignalOutReal(M) SignalLib Function SignalOutReal has an analog output of
block and RealIO data type, (Function blocks) and
Control ControlConnection (Control modules) with
module(1) alarm level functions and interaction
windows. The signal output, of RealIO data
type, is intended to be connected to an
analog output I/O variable.
SignalSimpleOutReal(M) SignalLib Function SignalSimpleOutReal has analog output of
block and RealIO (Function blocks) and
Control ControlConnection (Control modules)
module(1) SignalSimpleOutReal is a version of
SignalOutReal that only handles one high
and one low level. This simple type
consumes less memory than
SignalOutReal.
SignalOutBool(M) SignalLib Function SignalOutBool has a digital output of
block and BoolIO data type, with several supervision
Control functions, such as alarm and event levels,
module(1) and interaction windows. The signal input is
intended to be connected to a digital input
I/O variable. The signal output is of bool
data type.

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Table 14. Standard library types for analog output.

Type Name Library Type Description

AnalogOutCC Standard Control AnalogOutCC writes, scales, or converts
Control module the following, from the ControlConnection
signal type, to the RealIO signal type:
- analog output signals to actuators via I/O
units,
- variables to the local system or a
distributed system.
The analog output may be supervised with
a control module of the Level6CC,
Level4CC, or Level2CC type, see
Supervision on page 162.
AnalogOutCC has an extension possibility
for stiction compensation, see Stiction
Compensator on page 149. The analog
output may also be supervised in bar
graphs or histograms and controlled
manually in a interaction window.
AnalogOutCC often succeeds a PID control
module.
(1) The control module type has a voting parameter that can be used for connections to a vote control module type. See Vote
Control Module Types on page 315.

Backtracking function in analog output objects

A backtracking function can be activated in Local mode via the parameter
FeedbackPos. A local value from (for example) a level indicator can be sent (via an
analog input object) with ControlConnection back to the analog output object's
backtracking function.
This function will provide a bumpless transfer when the analog output object
switches back from local mode to auto mode.
This function is valid for SignalOutReal(M), SignalSimpleOutReal(M) and
AnalogOutCC.

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Sometimes it might be desirable to convert controller output to a digital output

signal, see Table 15.
In some cases, PulseWidthCC or ThreePosCC can be used for signal handling.
ThreePosCC or PulseWidthCC usually follow upon a PID control module.

Table 15. Standard library types for digital output signals.

Type Name Library Type Description

ThreePosCC Standard Control ThreePosCC should be used as the end of a
Control module three-position control loop. (This is described in
more detail in section Additional Control Functions
on page 148. One digital output is used to
increase the output signal and another digital
output is used to decrease the output signal. The
digital outputs cannot be activated at the same
time and when there is no need to change the
output, neither of them is activated.
PulseWidthCC Standard Control PulseWidthCC converts the analog signal from
Control module the control loop into a digital output signal. The
digital signal is periodic with a selectable pulse
width proportional to the value of the analog
signal.
ThreePosReal Simple Function ThreePosReal is a three-position converter from a
Control block real input to two Boolean outputs (increase/
decrease), similar to the ThreePosCC control
module. The function block can be used with or
without feedback from the actuator.

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Manual-Auto Control
The ManualAutoCC control module lets you view the status of a signal of
ControlConnection data type, at any location, but preferably before an output, and
then change its value in Manual mode.

Table 16. Standard library objects for Manual-Auto control.

Type Name Library Type Description

ManualAutoCC Standard Control ManualAutoCC makes is possible to enter values
Control module manually into a control loop, for example, range,
units of measurement or limits, and to supervise
the control values graphically in bar graphs and
trim curves.
Normally, ManualAutoCC is configured in series
on the ControlConnection line between two other
control modules. If ManualAutoCC is located first
in a control loop, it can be in Manual mode only,
and when located last in a control loop, it can be in
Auto mode only.
After many different calculations, the unit of
measurement of a signal may require
simplification, which can be entered in a
ManualAutoCC control module.

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Supervision
A level detector is a trip switch (low or high) for supervision of an analog signal. A
low-level trip indicates when the input signal drops below any of several defined
low detect levels, and a high trip correspondingly indicates when the supervised
signal exceeds any of several defined high detect levels.

Table 17. Standard library types for supervision .

Type Name Library Type Description

LevelHigh and Basic Function LevelHigh and LevelLow are trip switches for the
LevelLow block supervision of an analog signal of real type at an
optional number of levels.
The input signal may be given a certain degree of
hysteresis, which prevents the level detector output
signal from repeatedly changing state when the
supervised input signal varies near the detection
level.
SignalReal SignalLib Function SignalReal has an analog input and an output, both
block of real data type, with several supervision functions,
such as alarm and event levels, and interaction
windows. The input and output are intended to be
connected to real variables in an application.
SignalRealCalcOutM(1) SignalLib Control SignalRealCalcOutM is a version of SignalReal that
Module handles input connections from a vote control
module. Input/Output is ControlConnection.
SignalRealCalcInM(1) SignalLib Control SignalRealCalcInM is a version of SignalReal that
Module handles connections to a vote control module.
Input/Output is ControlConnection.

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Table 17. Standard library types for supervision (Continued).

Type Name Library Type Description

SignalBool SignalLib Function SignalBool has a digital input and an output, both of
block bool data type, with several alarm and event
functions when input value differs from normal
value, and interaction windows. The input and
output are intended to be connected to bool
variables in an application.
SignalBoolCalcOutM(1) SignalLib Control SignalBoolCalcOutM is a version of SignalBool that
module handles input connections from a vote control
module. Input/output is of Boolconnection.
SignalBoolCalcInM(1) SignalLib Control SignalBoolCalcInM s a version of SignalBool that
module handles connections to a vote control module.
Input/output is of Boolconnection.

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Table 17. Standard library types for supervision (Continued).

Type Name Library Type Description

Level6CC(1) Control Control Level6CC is a supervisor object for level detection
Standard module of a ControlConnection signal with six configurable
alarm and event detection levels:
H (High), HH, HHH, L (Low), LL, and LLL.
Supervision may be absolute or relative to a
reference signal. Level6CC also has hysteresis and
filter time for alarm and event levels.
The H and L levels are mainly used for logical
circuits. The HH and LL levels are intended to be
used as conditions for alarm generation. The HHH
and LLL levels are intended to stop processes, but
there are no limitations on their use.
All levels may generate alarms. The presentation
color of levels and graphs is defined by project
constants. Each level has a logical color, and for
each color, there is a color setting. See online help
for more information.
Three information types are given for each level:
alarm condition state,
a Boolean alarm condition parameter,
a presentation signal of Level6Connection type.
The latter, which is parameter connected only, may
be used in control objects, in analog and digital
interface control modules, and in ManualAutoCC, to
show alarm levels in graph windows.
Level6CC handles connections to vote control
module.
Level4CC(1) and Control Control Level4CC and Level2CC are simplified versions of
Level2CC(1) Standard module Level6CC, restricted to 4 and 2 levels, respectively.
These types consume less memory and should be
used when 4 or 2 level supervision is enough.
Level4CC and Level2CC handles connections to
vote control module.
(1) See also Vote Control Module Types on page 315.

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Signal Quality and Status

The supervision of signal quality and handling of signal errors from, for example, a
transmitter, or from the I/O interface system, is important in many processes.
Normally, the quality of a signal has its origin in the signal interface. The quality of
a signal is defined as either GOOD, UNCERTAIN or BAD. A signal underflow or
overflow gives an UNCERTAIN signal quality. A hardware error gives a BAD
signal quality.

Table 18. Standard library objects for signal quality supervision.

Type Name Library Type Description

SignalSupervisionCC Standard Control SignalSupervisionCC supervises the
Control module ControlConnection signal quality and handles
signal errors with configurable alarm and event
settings. SignalSupervisionCC has three different
modes.
• Through mode lets the signal pass without
any action.
• Freeze mode may freeze the output. If the
input signal is not of GOOD quality, the
output is frozen and an alarm is given.
• Predetermined mode. If the input signal is not
of GOOD quality, the output is set to a preset
value and an alarm is given. The pre-
determined value is reached by ramping.

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Calculation
There are a large number of system functions and control modules for mathematical
calculations of signals as well as mean, median and majority calculations.

Table 19. Standard library objects for mathematical calculations.

Type Name Library Type Description

MedianReal and Basic Function MedianReal and MedianDint calculate the median
MedianDint block value of an optional number of input values of real
and dint types, respectively.
MajorityReal Basic Function MajorityReal calculates the mean value of a
block number of signals of the real type, within a
selectable deviation value.
MajorityReal can, for example, be used to exclude
a divergent value in a redundant calculation or to
measure a number of signals.
AddCC Extended Control AddCC executes the addition Out = In1 + In2.
Control module
SubCC Extended Control SubCC executes the subtraction Out = In1 - In2.
Control module
MultCC Extended Control MultCC executes the multiplication Out = In1 * In2.
Control module
XRaisedToYCC Extended Control XRaisedToYCC executes the xy function Out =
Control module In1 raised to the power of In2.
SqrtCC Extended Control SqrtCC executes the square root Out = Sqrt(In).
Control module
DivCC Extended Control DivCC executes the division Out = In1 / In2.
Control module

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Table 19. Standard library objects for mathematical calculations.

Type Name Library Type Description

Mean4Exclude Extended Control Bad values collected by several transmitters can
BadCC Control module be excluded by using MeanXExcludeBadCC
control modules to analyze the status and value of
Mean8Exclude a signal.
BadCC Which module type to use depends on the
number of input signals.
Mean12Exclude
Bad signals are excluded, and the mean value is
BadCC
calculated for the remaining signals.
If status is not GOOD or if a value is extreme, it is
omitted. The mean value of the remaining inputs
is then taken as the output value. When only one
valid input value exists, this value is used as the
output signal. If no input signal is accepted, the
output is a value with status BAD.
For example, this might be useful when a number
of temperature transmitters are placed at the
bottom of a boiler, and some have been covered
with dust, and therefore return significantly higher
or lower values than the others.

MeanXExcludeBadCC may also be used for processing values to controllers.

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Signal Handling

Derivative Objects
Derivative objects are normally used to detect changes in a signal, to predict a
control activity. A derivative object may also act as a high-pass filter.

Table 20. Derivative standard library objects.

Type Name Library Type Description

DerivativeReal Simple Function DerivativeReal is a combined first-order, low-pass
Control block filter and a differentiator. The filter is used to
smoothen the derivative action. The output may
be forced to track an external signal. Transition
from tracking is bumpless. The transition to the
tracking value is dependent on the deviation from
the current output value when tracking is enabled.
DerivativeReal and DerivativeCC (below) have
similar functionality.
DerivativeCC Extended Control DerivativeCC is a derivative control module with
Control module adjustable filter time. The input is filtered by a first-
order, low-pass filter which determines the time
during which the derivative action is to decline.
The sampling time must be considerably shorter
than the filter time, at least 3 to 10 times. The filter
output is then differentiated.
During feedforward control, when the signal
changes, there is a need for an amplification of
short duration. The DerivativeCC filter can be
used to smoothen the derivative action.

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Integrator Objects
Integrators accumulate the input signals and present the sum as an output. For
instance, a flow may be integrated, in order to compute a volume. The input signal is
integrated as long as the integrator is enabled. See Figure 76.

Output
signal
Set to a
∫ In Set at preset Enable=
a level value FALSE

Time

Figure 76. The integrator function sums the input signal (In) value over time.

Table 21. Integrator standard library objects.

Type Name Library Type Description

IntegratorReal Simple Function The IntegratorReal output can be limited, and may
Control block be forced to track an external signal. Transitions
from tracking and limiting are bumpless. Further
increase or decrease of the output can be
inhibited. At reset, the integral part is set to zero.
IntegratorCC Extended Control IntegratorCC offers the same functions as the
Control module IntegratorReal function block type.
It can also be reset to a selectable, predetermined
output value.

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Flow Calculation
Flow measurements can be made by meters giving an analog signal directly
proportional to the flow, or by differential pressure measurement across a measuring
flange.

Table 22. Standard library objects for flow calculation.

Type Name Library Type Description

FlowCC Extended Control FlowCC calculates a flow directly proportional to
Control module the flow, or by differential pressure measurement
across a measuring flange.
FlowCC has compensation inputs for the
surrounding temperature and pressure. Given the
maximum flow, the flow can be calibrated for other
operational cases with real measurements.
FlowCC may be used as input to various
calculations, or as a process value in a controller.

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Signal Reshaping
If a transmitter signal is non-linear, a piecewise linear signal object can be used to
reshape and linearize it. Linearization is performed before the signal is connected to
the controller or a calculator function. A piecewise linear signal object is also useful
in cases of non-linear relations between values in one or two dimensions, for
example, absolute and relative humidity, or pressure versus density for a liquid or
for steam.

Table 23. Standard library objects for flow signal reshaping.

Type Name Library Type Description

PiecewiseLinearReal Simple Function PiecewiseLinearReal has a number of predefined
Control block input-output pairs. Values between these pairs are
calculated by linear interpolation.
PiecewiseLinearReal can be used to define a non-
linear function y=f(x). The maximum number of
data points is 21, and there is an interaction
window making data input easier. Intervals
between different break points do not have to be
equal.
X values must be increasing. Below the first point,
and above the last point, linear extrapolation to
infinity is used. The pseudo inverse of the defined
function can be calculated for a given input.
PiecewiseLinear2DReal Simple Function The PiecewiseLinear2DReal function block type
Control block takes two inputs, which means that a non-linear
surface, z=f(x,y) can be specified. The restriction
on the x, and the y values is that they must be
increasing. A maximum of 21 x values and 11 y
values can be specified, that is 231 data points.
An interaction window can be used to edit the
data.
The functionality of PiecewiseLinear2DReal is the
same as for the PiecewiseLinear2DCC control
module below.

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Table 23. Standard library objects for flow signal reshaping.

Type Name Library Type Description

PiecewiseLinearCC Extended Control PiecewiseLinearCC has the same functions as
Control module the PiecewiseLinearReal (see above).
If a transmitter signal is non-linear,
PiecewiseLinearCC can be used to linearize it.
Linearization is performed before the signal is
connected to a controller. The controller can then
be tuned for optimized function, independent of
the non-linearity of the transmitter. If, in the future,
the transmitter is replaced, the new one may have
other characteristics. The new function, given in
the transmitter manufacturer’s technical
information data sheet, may then be entered in
this PiecewiseLinearCC control module and the
control loop will work the same with the new
transmitter.
You can also connect PiecewiseLinearCC to a
controller output to linearize a non-linear valve
characteristic.
PiecewiseLinearExtension Extended Control PiecewiseLinearExtension modules are used as
Control module add-ons to PiecewiseLinearCC, in order to add
multiples of 20 points, for large numbers of data.
PiecewiseLinear2DCC Extended Control PiecewiseLinear2DCC has the same functions as
Control module PiecewiseLinear2DReal (see above).

The above control modules are suitable for changing signals according to non-
linear static functions.
A setpoint curve may be generated by a PiecewiseLinearCC control module to a
succeeding controller by having a preceding IntegratorCC control module.

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The inverse of the f(In) function can be calculated with the InInverse and OutInverse
parameters:
• The relation is OutInverse = f--1(InInverse). The inverse calculation is
performed on the specified data points, where OutInverse is in the interval x1 -
xn, and xn is the last point used. All functions can of course not be inverted. In
such cases a pseudo inverse is calculated using the curve between the
maximum and minimum defined values of y.
• If the inverse is still not unique, the smallest value is chosen. This is illustrated
in Figure 77, which shows the inverse calculation for two different InInverse
values, y1 and y2. For y1 there are two possible inverse values. The rightmost
is chosen, since the inverse is calculated from the curve between the maximum
and minimum values. For y2, there are four possible inverse values, three of
which are inside the inverse range. The leftmost of these is chosen. If InInverse
is greater than the maximum defined value of y or less than the minimum
defined value of y, the inverse calculation is based on using the maximum or
minimum value respectively.

Figure 77. Calculation of the inverse function f(x).

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Filters
First-order, low-pass filters can be used to, for example, reduce the amount of high-
frequency noise in analog signals created by an analog transmitter or the control
system environment. A filtering time can be set.

Table 24. Standard library objects for filtering.

Type Name Library Type Description

FilterReal Simple Function FilterReal is a single-pole low-pass filter. The
Control block transfer function is:
G(s) = 1 / (1 + s*FiltT)
where FiltT is the filter time constant.
Filter2Real Simple Function Filter2PReal is a low-pass filter with one zero and
Control block two complex poles. Their outputs can be forced to
track an external signal. The transition from
tracking is bumpless. The transfer function is
G(s) = (1+s*ZFiltT) /
(1+ s*2*Damping*PFiltT+s2*PFiltT2)
where ZFiltT is the time constant for the
derivation. Damping is the damping factor and
PFiltT is 1/the resonance angular frequency.
LeadLagReal Simple Function LeadLagReal is used as a lead or a lag function,
Control block that is, a derivative or an integration limiter,
respectively, determined by the relation between
two input time constants. LeadLagReal, of real
type, can be forced to track an external signal and
the transition from tracking is bumpless. The
transfer function is:
G(s) = (1+s*LeadT)/(1+s*LagT)
where LeadT is the time constant for the
derivative lead and LagT is the time constant for
the integration lag.
FilterCC Extended Control FilterCC is a first-order, low-pass filter for
Control module ControlConnection signals. The transfer function
is the same as in FilterReal (see above).

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Table 24. Standard library objects for filtering.

Type Name Library Type Description

Filter2PCC Extended Control Filter2PCC is a low-pass filter with one zero and
Control module two complex poles. The transfer function is the
same as in Filter2PReal (see above).
LeadLagRealCC Extended Control LeadLagRealCC has the same functions and
Control module transfer function as LeadLagReal (see above).

Low-pass filter control modules may be used to flatten a signal step with a high
derivative component into a continuous signal, without steps. This filter function
is also included in the analog input control module described in Input and Output
Signal Handling on page 154.

Delays
Dead-time control and loop calculation are required in control systems with long
transport lags, such as conveyor feed systems.

Table 25. Standard library objects for signal delays.

Type Name Library Type Description

DelayCC Extended Control DelayCC, in combination with other control loop
Control module control modules, delays a ControlConnection
signal for a predetermined time. The delay time
may also be a calculated variable, or a controller
output.

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Branch Objects
There are a number of branch objects that split signals into two or several branches
and manage different aspects of the splitting procedure.
Also, many processes work with large differences in product flows. It may then be
necessary to use two valves in parallel, one for small flows and one for large flows.
In other processes, there might be a need to split a signal into two branches, one
slow and one fast.
To ensure that two process valves working in parallel, together give the required
flow a signal range might need to be divided into two output signal ranges, each of
which is an output part of the input signal.
The Control libraries contain a number of types for these purposes.

Table 26. Standard library signal branch objects.

Type Name Library Type Description

BranchCC Standard Control BranchCC and Branch4CC split a signal of
Branch4CC Control module ControlConnection type into two or four branches,
respectively, with output signals equal to the input
signal, with the same backtracking functions.
A signal of ControlConnection type can be
duplicated for calculation with several other signals
using these control modules.
A measured signal value can be duplicated for use
as an input signal to several controllers using these
control modules.
SplitRangeCC Standard Control SplitRangeCC splits the output signal to the valves
Control module into two output signal ranges; one branch for each
valve. You can scale the output signal ranges
independently.
A SplitRangeCC split range control module can be
used in a controller output signal.

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Table 26. Standard library signal branch objects.

Type Name Library Type Description

MidRangeCC Standard Control MidRangeCC splits a ControlConnection signal into
Control module two branches, one slow and one fast branch.
For example, if two valves act in parallel on the
same flow, there is a need to split a signal into two
branches. One valve may be bigger and slower and
have a larger operating range. The other may be
small and fast and used to control small
perturbations in the flow.
The fast branch reacts faster to changes in the
signal and then works around an approximate
middle setpoint for its operating range. Meanwhile,
the slower branch takes control.
CommonRangeCC Standard Control CommonRangeCC splits a ControlConnection
Control module signal into two branches which, when added
together, give the value of the input signal.
CommonRangeCC is used to ensure that two
valves in parallel, with a specified ratio between the
outputs, give the required flow, when added.
The input signal range is divided into two output
signal ranges, each of which is an output part of the
input signal, for example, in a 20/80% ratio.
If one output signal is in Manual mode and is
changed (for example, 20% is changed to 10%),
the other output signal overrides its default value
(80%) and sets its output to 90% in order to
maintain the total output (100%).
CommonRangeCC can also be used for quotient
control. In such applications the input for the first
output is connected to an output from a quotient
controller. The input is connected to an output from
a controller for the addition of the outputs.

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Signal Tapping
There are functions for tapping off signals in the same signal range. One function
taps off signals of the ControlConnection type. Another can tap off signals of the
real type from a signal of the ControlConnection type. A signal tap is a kind of
listening control module on the main signal flow. The tapped signal is an exact copy
of the input signal. Modules connected to the tap output must not, under any
circumstances, influence the main signal flow.

Table 27. Standard library objects for signal tapping.

Type Name Library Type Description

TapCC Standard Control TapCC divides a ControlConnection signal into
Control module two branches, where one has backtracking
capability, and the other does not. The latter is
called the tapped signal.
Use this control module type with care.
TapRealCC Standard Control TapRealCC extracts the value component, as an
Control module exact copy, from a ControlConnection signal to a
real value. Use this control module type with care.
Use TapRealCC to use extract the real value of a
signal in, for example, calculations.

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Demultiplexors
A demultiplexor has one input and several outputs. It is possible to select the output
that will forward the input value.

Table 28. Standard library objects for demultiplexing.

Type Name Library Type Description

DeMuxReal Basic Function DeMuxReal, DeMuxDint, and DeMuxBool are
DeMuxDint block used as demultiplexors with one input and an
optional number of outputs, for the real, dint, and
DeMuxBool
bool data types, respectively.
These function blocks are suitable in signal
handling when a signal is forwarded to several
users of the signal one at the same time.
In control loops working with function blocks a
signal may, for example, be distributed to several
controllers one at a time.

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Selector Objects
In signal handling and in control loop applications it is often necessary to choose
between two or more signals. This subsection describes a number of functions,
function blocks and control modules for this purpose.

Table 29. Standard functions and library objects for signal selection .

Type Name Library Type Description

sel (system Function sel selects one signal of two depending on whether a
mux function) given expression is evaluated as True or False.
mux works as a multiplexor, with several inputs and
one output, of most data types, but inputs have to be
of the same type. The user selects the input signal to
be forwarded to the output.
For signal handling, it is sufficient to use the sel or
mux system functions, for example, to select a signal
for indication.
When choosing between signals from, for example,
two controllers, consider that the non-selected signal
branch is open, and no information is sent
backwards. This may require some means to remedy
controller output signal drifting, such as backtracking.

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Table 29. Standard functions and library objects for signal selection (Continued).

Type Name Library Type Description

SelectorCC Standard Control The SelectorCC and Selector4CC selector control
Selector4CC Control module modules select one of two or several inputs, of
ControlConnection type, for example, setpoints.
In SelectorCC you select which of two input signals is
allowed through, by means of a Boolean signal.
To select between four input signals a Selector4CC
selector control module with four inputs is used. For
more than four input signals, several Selector4CC
control modules can be connected in a chain.
The output of the first Selector4CC goes to the input
of the second, and so on. By means of an integer
signal going to and between the control modules it is
possible to select which of the input signals to allow
through.
For signal handling only it is possible to use the
SelectorCC and Selector4CC selector control
modules.
High demands on information in both directions are
fulfilled. For example, backtracking of the not-
selected inputs is supported automatically.
SelectGoodCC Standard Control The SelectGoodCC and SelectGood4CC control
SelectGood4CC Control module modules can be used for selection of the first GOOD
signal between either two or up to four inputs of
ControlConnection type. If no GOOD signal exists,
the output used is a copy of the first input.
For signal handling only, it is possible to use the
SelectorGoodCC and SelectorGood4CC selector
control modules.
High demands on information in both directions are
fulfilled. For example, backtracking of the not-
selected inputs is supported automatically.
An I/O signal is considered to be GOOD when there
is no overflow, no underflow and no missing interface.

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Table 29. Standard functions and library objects for signal selection (Continued).

Type Name Library Type Description

max (system Function max and min select the signal with the maximum or
min function) the minimum value. max and min are extensible for
several input signals of many types, but the
compared signals have to be of the same type.
MaxReal Basic Function MaxReal, MaxDint, MinReal, and MinDint select the
MaxDint block input signal with the maximum or the minimum value
among an optional number of inputs. The selected
MinReal
input is written to the output signal.
MinDint
The MaxReal, MaxDint, MinReal, and MinDint
function blocks compare signals of real or dint type.
The function blocks also have a dead zone
functionality for the inputs and an output that
specifies the chosen input. Observe that the output
signal will be discontinuous if the dead zone differs
from zero (0).
For signal handling only it is sufficient to use the min
or max system functions or the MaxReal, MaxDint,
MinReal, or MinDint function blocks.
When the signal selection involves controllers in a
control loop, high demands on information through
the signals are required, for example, when using
function blocks to solve a selection of controller
outputs for override control of a heat pump.

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Table 29. Standard functions and library objects for signal selection (Continued).

Type Name Library Type Description

MaxCC Standard Control MaxCC, Max4CC, MinCC, and Min4CC calculate and
Max4CC Control module select the maximum and minimum value of 2, 3, or 4
input ControlConnection signals with a certain
MinCC
tolerance. The selected input is written to the output
Min4CC signal.
For MinCC and Min4CC, the value of inputs that are
not connected to the output is limited. If they deviate
more than their tolerance, their value is limited to the
output plus the tolerance. In this way, the output of
preceding modules is limited to the output plus the
tolerance.
As long as an input is within its tolerance, no value is
sent to preceding control modules.
The same thing applies for MaxCC and Max4CC, but
with the opposite functionality.
MaxCC, Max4CC, MinCC, and Min4CC can be used
for signal handling.

The MinCC and Min4CC selector control modules select the minimum value of two
and up to four connected input signals, respectively. MaxCC and Max4CC select the
maximum value of two and up to four connected input signals, respectively. At least
two inputs have to be connected but unconnected inputs are not considered in the
selection. The inputs may have different measuring ranges.
If the output is backtracked from succeeding control modules all connected inputs
are backtracked to the same value.
The user defines a tolerance for each input. An unselected input can deviate at most
by that tolerance from the output. When an input is limited by the tolerance, that
input value is sent to preceding control modules having an internal state. No value is
sent backward as long as the input is within its tolerance from the output.
Assume for a MinCC that input one is the minimum signal and is consequently sent
to the output.

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To avoid input two drifting away it is limited by its tolerance from the output. If
input two exceeds the output plus the input two tolerance, input two is limited to that
value. This means that outputs of preceding control modules with internal states do
not exceed that limited input two value. Consequently, if the input two value is
within its tolerance of the output signal, no value is sent to preceding control
modules. The opposite is true if instead input two signal is the smallest.
The same is valid for MaxCC. It selects the maximum of two input signals and
sends it to the output. Accordingly, if the smaller input signal reaches its tolerance
limit, the smaller input is assigned the output signal value minus its tolerance value.
This means that outputs of preceding control modules with internal states do not fall
below that limited input two value.
In control modules with four inputs the discussion is exactly the same. The three
unselected inputs are treated in the same way as described above. These control
modules can be used if, for example, controllers are connected to the inputs. The
unselected controller output signal will stay close (differing by the tolerance at
most) to the selected controller output. It is then ready to be the active controller.
See the example for maximum and minimum selectors.
Do not set the tolerance values too low. Problems may occur if any of the input
signals starts to oscillate or has a noise jamming overlay. If the tolerance
parameters are set too narrow and a controller starts to oscillate, with an
amplitude greater than the tolerance, problems may occur. The output signal from
MaxCC and Max4CC can start to "integrate" up to 100% (MinCC and Min4CC
lead to integration to 0).

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Limiter Objects
In many cases it is necessary to limit a signal value, or to limit the rate of change of
a signal.

Table 30. Standard library objects for limiting a signal .

Type Name Library Type Description

limit (system Function limit works as a delimiter between a set minimum
function) and a set maximum signal value of several data
types. If the input is smaller than or equal to the
minimum value, the output is assigned the
minimum value.
If the input is greater than or equal to the
maximum value, the output is assigned the
maximum value. An input value between the
minimum and a maximum values is not changed.
VelocityLimiter Simple Function VelocityLimiterReal is a ramp function that is used
Real Control block to limit the velocity of change for a signal of real
type. The output can be forced to track an external
signal and the transition from tracking is
bumpless.

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Table 30. Standard library objects for limiting a signal (Continued).

Type Name Library Type Description

AccelerationLim Simple Function AccelerationLimReal is a ramp function that is
Real Control block used to limit the velocity and acceleration of
change for an input signal of real type.
The maximum acceleration is given as the time
allowed from steady state to maximum velocity of
the output signal.
It is also possible to configure
AccelerationLimReal so that overshoots are
minimized when the input is changed in discrete
steps. The output may also be tracked and held at
a certain value.
For signal handling only it is sufficient to use the
limit system functions or VelocityLimiterReal and
AccelerationLimReal.
When the limiter involves controllers in a control
loop, high demands are placed on information
through the signals.

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Table 30. Standard library objects for limiting a signal (Continued).

Type Name Library Type Description

LimiterCC Standard Control LimiterCC keeps the signal between a high limit
LimiterHighCC Control module and a low limit. LimiterCC is, in the first place,
used to set high and low limits on the output from
LimiterLowCC
controllers. The controller itself has changeable
limits on its output, but in a loop with one or more
control modules on the controller output, the
limitation is often required at the end of a chain of
control modules.
LimiterHighCC and LimiterLowCC maintain the
signal below a high limit and above a low limit,
respectively.
The Limiter types have no internal state and
cannot allow backtracking from the output, unless
a preceding control module has the feature. If a
high or low limit is reached, information is sent
backward to preceding control modules to prevent
the input from being increased. An output also
indicates that the limit has been reached. If a
succeeding control module orders this control
module into Backtracking mode, this order is also
transferred to preceding control modules.
VelocityLimiterCC Standard Control VelocityLimiterCC is used to limit the change rate
Control module of an increasing or decreasing signal. This will
slow down changes in the output signal. The
maximum rate of change for increasing and
decreasing signals can be set independently. The
output follows the input signal but the rate of
change is limited. If the input signal changes
faster than the output is allowed to change, the
change rate of the output will be constant until the
output has reached the input value.

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Table 30. Standard library objects for limiting a signal (Continued).

Type Name Library Type Description

Acceleration Standard Control AccelerationLimCC is a ramp function that is used
LimCC Control module to limit the velocity and acceleration of change for
an input signal of ControlConnection type. The
maximum acceleration is given as the time
allowed from steady state to maximum velocity of
the output signal.
It is also possible to configure AccelerationLimCC
so that overshoots are minimized when the input
is changed in discrete steps. The output may also
be tracked and held at a certain value.

Conversion
The conversion function blocks in the Basic library convert signals of various data
types to and from signals of other data types.
The conversion control modules in the Standard Control library convert data types
used in control loops to and from other data types for connections to application
programs. These control modules are like an adaptor interface between an ordinary
data type signal and a control loop signal of ControlConnection data type.
The following conversion functions are available. See also online help for detailed
information on individual objects (select the object in Project Explorer and press
F1).

Table 31. Conversion objects in standard libraries

Conversion of Function Block Control Module

Explanation
Signal Data Type Type Type
ControlConnection CCToReal Convert a ControlConnection
to real signal to a real signal.
ControlConnection CCToInteger Convert a ControlConnection
to integer signal to an integer signal.

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Table 31. (Continued)Conversion objects in standard libraries (Continued)

Conversion of Function Block Control Module

Explanation
Signal Data Type Type Type
real to RealToCC Add a real signal to a
ControlConnection ControlConnection signal.
Manual control of ManualAutoCC Use ManualAutoCC to
ControlConnection manually control or to view the
status of a ControlConnection
signal, at any location.
RealIO to integer RealIOToInteger Converts a scaled RealIO
value to an integer value in the
range 0-65535.
Integer to RealIO IntegerToRealIO Converts an integer value in
the range 0-65535 to a scaled
RealIO value with a measuring
range, units and decimals.
Can be treated as a physical
RealIO value in the
application.
Binary code to dint BcToDint Converts data from an optional
number of binary coded
Boolean inputs and a sign
input into a dint.
dint to Binary code DintToBc Converts data from dint to an
optional number of Boolean
outputs, using binary coded
conversion, and a sign output.
First of N to dint FirstOfNToDint Converts data from 1-of-N
format with an optional number
of Boolean inputs and a sign
input, into a dint.

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Table 31. (Continued)Conversion objects in standard libraries (Continued)

Conversion of Function Block Control Module

Explanation
Signal Data Type Type Type
dint to first of N DintToFirstOfN Converts data from dint to an
optional number of Boolean
outputs using 1-of-N
conversion, and a sign output.
NBCD to dint NBcdToDint Converts data from an optional
number of Boolean inputs in
groups of four, coded as BCD,
and a sign input, into a dint.
dint to NBCD DintToNBcd Converts from dint to an
optional number of Boolean
inputs in groups of four, coded
as BCD, and a sign output.
Gray code to dint GrayToDint Converts data from gray code
with an optional number of
Boolean inputs and a sign
input, into a dint.

There are more functions for similar conversions in the Basic library. See online
help for complete information.

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Miscellaneous Objects
There are some additional types in the standard libraries that are useful when
building control loops.

Table 32. Standard library objects for demultiplexing.

Type Name Library Type Description

StateCC Extended Control StateCC is used to break up control loops and
Control module create one scan delay. (For simple data types this
problem is solved by means of variable:new and
variable:old.)
StateCC is needed since it is not possible to break
code loops in a controller loop consisting of
control modules only.
StateCC delays the forward and backward
components by one cycle scan. StateCC does not
influence either the forward or the backward
component of ControlConnection.
StateCC is normally not used, because the
system does not check that the code is executed
in the correct order. However, if you are forced to
break the automatic sorting of the input to output
order and you have to make a connection of
ControlConnection type backwards in the control
loop, it is possible to use it.
Do not use StateCC in any other case.
Threshold Basic Function Threshold can have an extensible number of
block inputs. Threshold determines when more than, or
equal to, a given number of Boolean input values
are True.

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Basic Control Loop Examples

This sub section contains a number of examples that have been included to show
how to implement analog process control using objects from the Control libraries,
and to illustrate some important concepts and relations:
• Basic Control Loop Examples show two basic cascade loops, and an input
selection function, all based on types from the Control libraries.
The following two examples show cascade loops built from basic components in the
Control libraries.

Cascade Loop with Functions and Function Blocks

Figure 78. Example of a cascade control loop consisting of function blocks, with
signal ranges added.

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Cascade Loop with Control Modules

Figure 79. Example of a cascade control loop consisting of control modules.

Signal Selection Example

When signal selection involves controllers in a control loop, higher demands are
placed on the signal information. Use the MaxCC, Max4CC, MinCC, and Min4CC
control modules for selection. This example shows how to use the control module
Max4CC to select between the input from several control loops.
Information backward (backtracking), units of measurement and range, etc.,
transferred using structured signals of ControlConnection type, and in the control
modules for these purposes. Information on which signal is selected is also given. If
the output is backtracked from succeeding control modules, all connected inputs are
backtracked to the same value.

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Signal Selection Example Section 4 Analog Process Control

Figure 80. Example of a Max4CC control module with inputs from controller
outputs.
In Figure 80, controller PID1 has no control deviation, its inputs are stable and the
PID1 output signal is constant. The other three controllers have a control deviation
causing the controller outputs to show a decreasing tendency. This situation will
force each of the non-selected PID2, PID3, and PID4 outputs to a value, assigned
for each input to Max4CC, close to the selected controller output determined by the
PID1 output minus the tolerance value. The controller output signals will then
remain close to the selected controller output, ready to be the selected one. For
example, if you use control modules to solve a selection of controller outputs for
override control of a heat pump, the solution with a minimum selector control
module may be as shown in Figure 81.

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Master
controllers

Minimum
selector

Slave
controller

Figure 81. Example using control modules for override control in a heat pump using
a minimum selector control module.
All the components of ControlConnection are transmitted unaffected between the
selected master controller and the slave controller. The backward component, of the
non-selected inputs to the minimum selector are computed from the forward
components of the selected input in such a way that integrator wind-up is managed,
even in noisy cases. The inputs to the minimum selector are computed from the
backward components of the slave controller output in order to handle bumpless
transfer when the slave controller goes from manual to automatic mode.
In the forward direction, the range of measurement of the minimum selector output
is computed as the union of the ranges of the minimum selector inputs. In the
backward direction, the range of measurement of the output is transmitted to all the
inputs.

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Common Range Example Section 4 Analog Process Control

Common Range Example

A CommonRangeCC control module is used to ensure that two valves in parallel
together give the required flow. The signal is divided into two output signals that
each transmit part of the input signal. The two output signals also work together in
the following way. If one is in Manual mode, the other output signal takes over and
compensates its output signal so that the sum of the output signals becomes equal to
the input signal. The ratio between the output signals may be selected from the
interaction window, or, from an input of ControlConnection type. This allows the
output signal's quotient to be controlled according to the example in the figure
below.

Split Range Examples

Example 1
Figure 82 describes the conditions in a SplitRangeCC control module when the
input value giving the maximum output 1 is greater than the input value giving
minimum output 1, that is imax1 > imin1. The input value giving maximum output
2 is also greater than the input value giving minimum output 2, that is imax2 >
imin2.

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Figure 82. Split range

Example 2
An example of a case in which the SplitRangeCC control module may be used is
heating or cooling of a material flow. In the setup illustrated below in Figure 83,
there are two valves, one for the cooling medium and one for the heating medium. If
both valves are closed, there is no need to change the temperature. A low-level input
signal means cooling and a high-level signal means heating.
In the temperature control case, imin1 and imin2 may be equal so that heating takes
over when cooling stops.

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Split Range Examples Section 4 Analog Process Control

Figure 83.
In applications such as this, the input value giving the maximum value of output 1 is
smaller than the input value giving the minimum value of output 1, that is imax1 <
imin1. When the input value giving maximum output 2 is greater than the input
value giving minimum output 2, that is imax2 > imin2, the conditions are as shown
in Figure 84. However, imin1 and imin2 are not equal, as suggested above. The
figure shows possible overlapping valve openings.

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Figure 84.

Level Detection Example

A level detection example with a Level4CC control module type is described in the
following figure. The alarm conditions are shown at the various HH, H and L, LL
levels, with their common hysteresis, of the In minus (-) the Reference signal.
FilterTime is the common time-delay for the alarms. The two HHH and LLL levels
are not shown.

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Figure 85. Level Detection example

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Application Examples
The examples in this section are installed with your Compact Control Builder. They
are located in the ControlExamples folder which is installed in the Examples folder.
For more information on how to open the examples, see the manual Basic
Control Software, Introduction and Configuration.
The control loop example applications all reside in the TankControl project, which
is created when the ControlExamples file is imported. Each application is
implemented in four ways, using:
• control modules
• function blocks
• control modules in a function block
• a control loop function block.
The variables of each application are connected to simulated processes, with I/O
units according to Figure 86

Control application Simulated process and I/O units

PID or Fuzzy Output I/O

I/O Input Process
controller interf. unit
unit interf.

Figure 86. The principle for control applications, the simulated processes and I/O
units.
The first application example consists of basic, simple control loops. The second
example is based on the simple example but expanded to include a cascade
controller. The third application example has fuzzy controllers. See Figure 87.
The processes used in the examples are simulated process models, all designed by
means of control modules. The process object models, such as the tanks and valves,
have their own interaction windows. The advanced user may then alter these objects
and see the resulting behavior of the control loop.

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Application Examples Section 4 Analog Process Control

The simulated process object

models with I/O units designed
by means of control modules

Control modules

A code block with function blocks

A code block with control

modules in a function block

A code block with a control

loop function block

Figure 87. The four methods of designing an application and the simulated process.
The purpose of these control loop examples is to show the functions of the function
blocks and control modules from the Control libraries, and their use. It is assumed
that the user has basic knowledge about the system, Project Explorer and application
graphics, as well as general knowledge about process control systems.
The purpose is also to show the user how to use controller interaction windows,
perform tuning and parameter settings, apply and view the result of disturbances,
etc. The examples will increase your understanding of the process dynamics. Run
the TankControl project and gradually find and explore the features on your own.
If you want to construct a similar control system application yourself, start from
these control examples. You may, in offline mode, also insert any of the application
examples into your own project. Alternatively, you can copy some example objects,
with their connections, to your own application, from an inserted application
example.

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What You Can Do?

Start the examples in offline mode, run them in test or online mode, and then
perform the following operations:
• Open the interaction windows for the controllers from the Project Explorer.
• Change their internal or external setpoints.
• Go to manual mode and control the process manually.
• Tune the controllers with the Autotuner, or manually.
• Change other controller parameters.
• Change the I/O range or force an I/O signal.
• Open the interaction windows for the process objects from the application
windows, and change their characteristics.

Start the Examples

This section describes the control examples in the Examples folder, which is
installed with the Compact Control Builder.
Carry out the following steps to startup the examples:
• Begin with the Simple Loop example, and then go to the Cascade Loop,
followed by the Fuzzy Control Loop.
• If you want to run the project in a controller, you have to select the
TankController controller and enter System Identity as the identity of the
controller. In this example, an AC 800M controller with a PM860/TP830 CPU
has been selected. You have to enter the same System Identity that you used for
the controller as the IP address for Ethernet. You should then save the
TankController controller.

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Simple Loop Examples

These first Simple Loop examples contain a process model tank, as shown in the
figure below, connected to a level PID controller in the Project Explorer. They are
also the basis for the subsequent examples. The task is to keep the level in the upper
tank constant.

Figure 88. The Simple Loop application in online mode with its four methods of
programming.

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Tank Process
The example consists of two tanks. The upper tank has an inlet pipe. The flow in the
inlet pipe is controlled by a control valve. The outlet from the upper tank is a free
drain outlet to another lower tank, also with a free drain outlet.
The tank process is created, in each of the four methods, with control modules from
the TankLib library; one control module for each tank and one for the valve, which
can be seen in the Project Explorer. In the application interaction window, you have
a view of the process.
The input and output of the simulation model are of real data type. Because the
input and output control signals to and from the control loop are of RealIO type they
are connected via control modules from the TankLib to simulate the I/O system. You
can see these control module types, AnalogInIOSim and AnalogOutIOSim, in the
lower left hand corners of the application window. In offline mode, you can view
their connections. In test and online mode, you can view them in the interaction
windows.

Simple Loop with Control Modules

In Test or Online mode in the Project Explorer in the Applications > SimpleLoop >
Control Modules > CMLoop control module, open the interaction window of the
PIDController control module for exploration.

Simple Loop with Function Blocks

In Test or Online mode in the Project Explorer in Applications > SimpleLoop >
Programs > ControlLoops, open the interaction window of the PIDSimpleReal
function block for exploration.

Simple Loop with Control Modules in Function Blocks

In Test or Online mode in the Project Explorer in Applications > SimpleLoop >
Programs > ControlLoops, open the interaction window of the CMInFBLoop
function block. CMInFBLoop contains the CMLoopInFB control module which
contains similar control modules to CMLoop above. Open the interaction window
of the PIDController control module for exploration.

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Simple Loop with a Function Block Loop

In Test or Online mode in the Project Explorer in Applications > SimpleLoop >
Programs > ControlLoops, open the interaction window of the FBPidLoop
function block, which is a ready-made complete control loop, for exploration.

Cascade Loop Examples

The Cascade Loop examples consist of two process model tanks, according to the
figure below, connected to two level PID controllers in cascade in the Project
Explorer. The examples are based on the Simple Loop example above. The task is to
keep the level in the lower tank constant.

Figure 89. The Cascade Loop application in online mode showing four methods of
programming.

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Tuning of Controllers Connected in Cascade

A cascade controller consists of a combination of input and output signals and two
function blocks or controller modules, connected in cascade. The output of one
controller, called the master, is connected to the external setpoint of the other
controller, called the slave.
Two controllers connected in cascade, according to the following figure, must be
tuned in the correct sequence.

Master Slave
Sp2 Out2=Sp1
Out1 Pv1 Pv2
Outer Inner
Pv2 Pv1 Process 1 Process 2
controller controller

Inner loop
Outer loop

Figure 90. Illustration of two PID function blocks or controller modules connected
in cascade.
The inner loop should be faster than the outer loop. It should also be possible to
have high gain in the inner loop. Starting from scratch, perform the tuning of two
controllers in cascade according to the following basic steps.
1. Put both controllers in Manual mode.
2. Begin with the inner controller and adjust the internal setpoint, Sp1, to the
inner process value, Pv1.
3. Start the Autotuner of the inner controller, and accept the tuned PID
parameters. See Autotuning on page 133.
4. Select the external setpoint for the inner controller and set it to Auto mode.
5. In the outer controller adjust the setpoint, Sp2, to the outer process value, Pv2.
6. Start the Autotuner of the outer controller and accept the tuned PID parameters.
See Autotuning on page 133.
7. Switch the outer controller to Auto mode.

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Cascade Loop with Control Modules

In Test or Online mode in the Project Explorer in the Applications > CascadeLoop
> Control Modules > CMLoop control module, open the interaction windows of
the SlaveController and MasterController control modules for exploration.

Cascade Loop with Function Blocks

In Test or Online mode in the Project Explorer in Applications > CascadeLoop >
Programs > ControlLoops, open the interaction windows of the PIDSimpleMaster
and PIDSimpleSlave function blocks for exploration.

Cascade Loop with Control Modules in Function Blocks

In Test or Online mode in the Project Explorer in Applications > CascadeLoop >
Programs > ControlLoops, open the interaction window of the CMInFBLoop
function block. CMInFBLoop contains the CMLoopInFB control module, which
contains similar control modules to CMLoop above. Open the interaction windows
of the SlaveController and MasterController control modules for exploration.

Cascade Loop with a Function Block Loop

In Test or Online mode in the Project Explorer in Applications > CascadeLoop >
Programs > ControlLoops, open the interaction window of the
FBPidCascadeLoop function block, which is a ready-made complete control loop,
for exploration.

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Fuzzy Control Loop Examples

The Fuzzy Control Loop examples contain a tank with a level controller. The task is
to keep the level in the upper tank constant by means of a fuzzy controller according
to the FuzzyControlLoop application, as follows. It is implemented in two ways:
• with control modules,
• with control modules in a function block.
These two examples are identical to the Simple Loop examples, except that the PID
controller in the control loop has been replaced by a fuzzy controller. It should,
however, be emphasized that the tank control loop is not a good example of a loop
where a fuzzy controller should be used. In this case, a PID controller works well
and should be used instead of a fuzzy controller.
Despite this, we will use the tank control application to demonstrate the fuzzy
controller. The reason is that the loop is simple to control and well known to most
control engineers. It also provides a means of to comparing the fuzzy controller to
the PID controller.

Figure 91. The Fuzzy Control Loop application in online mode showing two
methods of programming.

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Fuzzy Control Loop with Control Modules

In Test or Online mode in the Project Explorer in the Applications >
FuzzyControlLoop > Control Modules > CMLoop control module, open the
interaction window of the FuzzyController control module for exploration. Start by
putting the fuzzy controller in Auto mode and enter a setpoint value, for example,
setpoint = 4.

Fuzzy Control Loop with a Control Module in the Function Block

In Test or Online mode in the Project Explorer in Applications >
FuzzyControlLoop > Programs > ControlLoops, open the interaction window of
the CMInFBLoop function block. CMInFBLoop contains the CMLoopInFB control
module which contains similar control modules as CMLoop above. Open the
interaction window of the FuzzyController control module for exploration.

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Introduction
This section describes how to use types from the Process Object libraries to create
binary control solutions for your automation system. The section contains:
• A description of the Process Object concept that will help you understand the
thinking behind the library types in the Process Object libraries, see Concept
on page 212.
• Advice and instructions on how to implement binary control solutions using
the types in the Process Object libraries, see Design on page 238.
• Examples on how to implement binary control solutions using the types in the
Process Object libraries, see Examples on page 254.
• Detailed information on how to implement ABB Drives and INSUM control,
see Advanced Functions on page 266.
All other Uni and Bi types that are based on the UniCore and BiCore types exist in a
function block and a control module version. Throughout this section, the notation
UniSimple(M) etc. is used when referring to both the function block type and the
control module type.
For a discussion on the difference between function blocks and control modules,
and how to choose between the two, see the Basic Control Software, Introduction
and Configuration manual.

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Concept
A process object is a representation of a real physical object, which can be in
different states and can be controlled by commands. Throughout this section,
process objects are usually motor or valve objects, but they can also represent other
objects, such as a tank.
With process objects, there is a need for scalability, down to single process objects.
However, they must never be too specific or too complex, they must be so small and
fit so smoothly that they do not interfere with the programmer’s own valve or motor
parameters, but at the same time, they must be intelligent enough to work directly by
themselves, without any additional programming efforts.
In order to satisfy this need, the Process Object libraries contain a number of types
that are designed to be either:
• Used in the application as is, in which case you only have to connect it to the
application, to interaction windows, etc., see Process Object Libraries
Overview on page 213.
• Used as a template, when new valve object types or motor object types are to
be created in your libraries and applications, see Process Object Template
Concept (Core Objects) on page 216.
When using process objects, as is or as templates, you will also need to know:
• How to use the basic parameters of the core objects to configure the different
types in the Process Object library types, see Core Object Functions and
Parameters (UniCore and BiCore) on page 220.
• Which graphics and icons that are used to represent control modules, Control
Module Icons on page 236.
• How the interaction windows that can be used in Control Builder work, see
Interaction Windows on page 236.
• How communication with graphics and code works, see Interaction Parameters
on page 237.

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Process Object Libraries Overview

The Process Object libraries provide function blocks and control modules to define
valve and motor objects, as well as objects to control and supervise ABB Drives,
standard INSUM (Integrated system for user optimized motor management) MCUs
(Motor Control Units) and trip units for circuit breakers. The Process Object
libraries are standard AC 800M libraries that are installed with the Compact Control
Builder.
A schematic overview of the relations between a function block or control module
and the remote objects can be seen in Figure 92.

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Figure 92. Relations between a function block or control module and the remote
objects

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There are four different Process Object libraries:

• Process Object Basic library,
• Process Object Extended library,
• Process Object Drive library,
• Process Object INSUM library.
For a complete list of all objects in the Process Object libraries, see Process
Object Libraries on page 395. For information on parameters and detailed
instructions on how to configure individual types, see Process Object libraries
online help.

Process Object Basic Library

The Process Object Basic library contains template (core) objects for building your
own process objects. They are intended to be embedded in application-specific
types, see Process Object Template Concept (Core Objects) on page 216. This
library also contains function block types for control of ABB Drives, objects for
delaying commands in auto mode, and priority handling.

Process Object Extended Library

The Extended library is more comprehensive than the Basic library. It comprises
ready-to-use valve and motor objects, alarm handling functionality and templates
for user-designed valve and motor objects. It includes additional control modules
for high-level graphical configuration, which are integrated with Compact Control
Builder.
The types in this library also have a group start interface, which can be used to
connect them to a group start configuration.
The ready-to-use valve and motor control module types in Process Extended library
has a vote parameter (VotedCmd) that is used for connections to vote control module
types (see Vote Control Module Types on page 315).

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Process Object Drive Library

The Process Object Drive library contains function block and control module types
for controlling and supervising ABB Drives via ModuleBus, DriveBus, or
PROFIBUS-DP. Drives process objects are based on UniCore. Communication is
based on the DriveStatusRead and DriveCommandSend function blocks, which are
included in all Drives process objects.

Process Object INSUM Library

The Process Object INSUM library contains object types and control module types
to control and supervise standard INSUM (Integrated system for user optimized
motor management) MCUs (Motor Control Units) and trip units for circuit breakers.
INSUM process objects are based on UniCore. Communication is based on the
INSUMWrite and INSUMRead function blocks, which are included in all INSUM
process objects.
INSUM devices are connected via an INSUM Gateway and a CI857 hardware unit
to the AC800M. All objects include interaction windows for Compact Control
Builder.
The Process Object INSUM library also contains a number of predefined data types,
used for communication to the interaction windows.

Process Object Template Concept (Core Objects)

When using types from the Process Object libraries, it is important to understand the
template concept. When working with process objects, there is a need for a general
function block base, a Core function that fits all valve and motor objects in all
industrial control applications. Since all valve and motor objects need at least uni- or
bi-directional control, objects with these properties make up the core of all types in
the Process Object libraries.
The smallest common denominator is:
• The UniCore function block type, for uni-directional process objects.
• The BiCore function block type, for bi-directional process objects.

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The above core function blocks (BiCore and UniCore) are protected and form a
basis for all object types. The core is not copied when a process object type is
copied, instead it refers (points) to its type in the Process Object Basic library. This
means that then using types that have a core object embedded, this core object is
referenced whenever this
Since types based on core objects reference the core objects, the Process Object
Basic library must always be connected to your project when you have used
standard types based on core objects or created your own types based on core
objects.
Figure 93 shows how core objects form the basis of other, application-specific
objects.

Note! Must always be included

The user’s own created library

Figure 93. The core functionality in ProcessObjExtLib and in a user’s self-defined

library.

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The Process Object Basic library must always be connected to your project when
using self-defined types based on types from the Process Object libraries. This is
necessary since this library contains data types used that are used in the Process
Object Extended library. It is necessary even if parameters of those data types not
are explicitly used, due to their DEFAULT declaration.
Core objects can only be updated when the standard libraries are upgraded. If core
objects are updated, the core functions of all types based on these core objects are
updated as well.
All types based on the core objects exist in two variations, as a function block
type and a control module type.

Core Object Properties

All core objects (sub-objects) have protected code. The user can neither see nor
access the code, modify it nor change it; instead the function blocks have parameters
for providing a means of interaction in the code.
The two basic function blocks, UniCore and BiCore, do not contain any Control
Builder graphics. However, they have parameters for interaction with the graphics
operator panel.
UniCore or BiCore are used in all process objects and may be combined with some
or several of the other above mentioned core objects. The process objects
UniSimple(M) and BiSimple(M) are open for the user and may be used as templates
and copied to a user library, where modifications may be performed in the code, the
Control Builder graphics or used as object types and instantiate in the user
application like other closed library objects. The code content of these objects is
mostly calls to core objects and the direct code is minimized.
Interaction with core objects uses a structured parameter named InteractionPar,
containing the information that is written from the graphics. As this parameter also
may be written from the user code, care have to be taken not to lock out the graphic
interaction possibilities.

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Commands to UniCore and BiCore objects are reset inside the core, and process
objects shall only set them to activate operation. Examples on commands are switch
to auto mode or manual mode, but also the manual operation commands like
ManCmdx.

Types Based on UniCore and BiCore

There are a number of types that are based on UniCore and BiCore:
• The function block types Uni, Bi, ValveUni, MotorUni, and MotorBi.
• The control module types UniM, BiM, ValveUniM, MotorUniM, and
MotorBiM.
The Process Object Basic library contains two additional function block types and
two control module types that are based on the core objects, but contain fewer
functions than the Uni and Bi types:
• UniSimple(M) is based on Uni(M), but does not have any alarm handling.
• BiSimple(M) is based on Bi(M), but does not have any alarm handling.
For information on how to configure simple objects, see Generic Uni- and Bi-
Directional Control on page 245 and Process Object library online help.
All these types can be used as is, or form the basis for your own types. Objects
based on these types will still reference the UniCore or BiCore function block type.
This means that they may be affected by upgrades to the Process Object standard
libraries.
To avoid upgrading problems, place a copy of the process object type in your own
library and then make the changes.

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Core Object Functions and Parameters (UniCore and BiCore)

In order to understand how to use the
process objects in the Process Object
libraries, it is necessary to know how the
different parameters interact and how
they should be used.
This text is based on the UniCore core
function block type, but most of the
information applies to BiCore as well.
At the end, there is a short section which
discusses the most important differences
between UniCore and BiCore, see
Differences Between UniCore and
BiCore on page 231.
UniCore can be used to control a
generic process object via a number of
predefined outputs and feedback signals
(inputs). Uni means that the process
object can be either activated or
deactivated. For a valve (or a motor) this
would mean open (running in one
direction, uni-directional) or being
closed (stopped).
UniCore has pulse output selection and
feedback configuration, to allow
configuration of the number of
feedbacks and inversions.
UniCore function block

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UniCore parameters are divided into the following types:

• Operation
– Mode,
– Configuration of feedback signals,
– Object test.
• Interlocking
– Ilock,
– Priority commands,
– Inhibit.
• Feedback error
• Effective feedback
• Output IOLevel

Operation Parameters
The operation parameters of the UniCore object can be used to configure feedback
signals, set feedback error time, and disable error handling. The PulseOut parameter
governs whether outputs should be pulsed or level, depending on the hardware used
for the process object in question. UniCore also calculates information to be
presented in interaction windows.
• Modes
An object is activated when the Enable parameter is set to true, signifying that
the function block will be executed. When the parameter Enable is false, Out1,
Out0, Out1Level, StatAct, StatDeact, and ObjErr will be set to false, regardless
of the status of other signals. The object can be activated or deactivated in all
modes. After deactivation, the object is switched into Manual mode.
UniCore has seven different operation modes:
Manual, Auto, Panel, Priority, Group Start, Local and Out of Service Mode.
Manual mode and Auto mode are examples of output mode indication
parameters (ManMode and AutoMode).

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Manual mode is set as the default start-up mode using the parameter
ManModeInit. The initial value is set to true, meaning that Manual will be the
default mode. The parameter ManModeInit is copied to the parameter
ManMode at every cold start.
The output parameter ObjMode also indicates the different modes:
ObjMode = 0 -> Local mode
ObjMode = 1 -> Priority mode
ObjMode = 2 -> Panel mode
ObjMode = 3 -> Manual mode
ObjMode = 4 -> Auto mode
ObjMode = 5 -> Group start mode
ObjMode = 6 -> Out of service mode
Figure 94 shows the different operation modes and their relationships. The
longer from the middle the higher the priority.

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Figure 94. Core object modes and their relationship

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– Manual Mode - A user operates the object from a workstation

To change to Manual mode, trigger the SetMan parameter and the
ManMode parameter will automatically be set to true. Output signals
(Out1, Out0, Out1Level) will retain their status from the previous mode.
In Manual mode, the status of the output signal is controlled by the
parameters ManCmd1 and ManCmd0. These parameters have rising edge
detection.
All parameters mentioned above (SetMan, ManCmd0, ManCmd1) are
normally connected to the interaction window via the application.
– Auto Mode - The program controls the object
Auto mode is set by means of the parameter SetAuto. The status of the
output signals (Out1, Out0, Out1Level) in Auto mode is controlled by the
parameters AutoCmd1 and AutoCmd0. AutoCmd0 has higher priority than
AutoCmd1.
The AutoCmd1 and AutoCmd0 parameters are level detected, therefore
these parameters affect the output signal, as long as they are active. The
programmer is required to reset these parameters from the application
program outside the function block. These parameters act on Out1Level
according to Figure 95.

*
AutoCmd1

AutoCmd0

Out1Level

* Reset after function block in application program. AutoCmd0 has priority.

Figure 95. Status relations for Out1Level and the Auto commands.

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When returning to Auto mode from another mode, the status of the output
signals will be returned from the previous mode, but adjusted directly by
the signals AutoCmd1 or AutoCmd0, if one or both are set to true.
– Panel Mode - The object is controlled locally from a control panel, via the
UniCore function block
The function block has a set of signals for maneuvering the object from a
control panel. Setting the PanMode parameter activates Panel mode. The
PanMode parameter is level detected.
This mode is active only as long as the PanMode parameter is true. If
PanMode is changed to false, the system exits Panel mode immediately,
and return to the previous mode.
For examples of Panel mode, see Connect to a Control Panel in Panel
Mode on page 262.
– Priority Mode
The object is in Priority Mode when any of PriorityCmd0, PriorityCmd1,
PriorityCmdMan0 and PriorityCmdMan1 are active. This is described in
section Priority and Interlocking Parameters on page 228.
– Group Start Mode
Changing mode to Group start mode is done via the structured parameter
GroupStartIn of type GroupStartObject. In this mode the object is
controlled via this parameter. The parameter GroupStartIlock prevents the
possibility to transfer to Group start mode. In this mode output parameter
GroupStartMode is active.
– Local Mode - The object is controlled locally from a local control panel,
bypassing the UniCore function block
Local mode is used when the object is controlled locally from a local
control panel and the function block does not have any signals for
controlling the object from the local control panel. All signals from the
local control panel are physically connected directly to the object (motors,
valves, etc.), see Figure 96.
In this mode, the object statuses are updated using the feedback signals.
Objects return to the previous mode when local mode is disabled.

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Local Control Panel Process object

Motor
Switch

Start LocMode

Stop

Figure 96. Control steps in Local mode.

– Out Of Service Mode
Out of Service mode is only available when the object is stopped. The
operator controls the mode and the object cannot be maneuvered. It is
possible to transfer to other modes.
If the command signal SetOutOfService is true the mode sets. When this
command has been executed the function block resets the command. The
object must be in position 0 (stopped, closed) to enter the Out of Service
mode.

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• Feedback Signals
The parameter FBConfig informs the function block of how feedback is
configured, by transferring the combination of feedback signals of the object to
the function block. Possible combinations of feedback signals are listed in
Table 33.

Table 33. Possible combinations of feedback signals

FBConfig Feedback from activated position Feedback from deactivated position

0 FB1 FB0

1 FB1 (none)

2 FB1 inverted (none)

3 FB1 inverted FB0 inverted

4 (none) FB0

5 (none) FB0 inverted

6 (none) (none)

The values of the feedback signals FB1 and FB0 are transferred to the StatAct
and StatDeact output parameters respectively, in condition with Out1Level.
If an object has no, or only a single, feedback signal, StatAct and StatDeact will
still be set. The signals StatAct and StatDeact are set to zero if double feedback
is used and both are true at the same time.
• Output Settings
The output signals include Out1, Out0 and Out1Level. Out1 and Out0 can be
configured as pulsed command or level-detected command, by means of the
PulseOut parameter.
The pulse is sustained by the parameters Out1 and Out0, until the
corresponding feedback is detected or the maximum feedback error time is
exceeded. Out1Level is intended to indicate the output state when the Out1 and
Out0 parameters are pulsed. If there is no feedback from a position, the pulse
duration is set to the object error time. Only one pulse is generated upon each
status change.

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• Object Test
When the parameter Object Test is activated, the feedback error calculation is
disabled and the Out1 and Out0 signals are set to false. The signals StatAct and
StatDeact are set according to the status of Out1Level.
When Object Test is deactivated, the status of the object reverts to that in the
mode prior to Object Test and the Out0 signal is set to true.

Priority and Interlocking Parameters

Priority and interlocking parameters can be used to control the behavior of process
objects in certain situations, for example, to stop an object from entering a certain
state or forcing it to a certain state. This might be needed to ensure accurate
operation with critical process values, such as high levels and temperatures, Motor
Control Center interface, safety devices, etc.
The main difference between interlocking and priority parameters lies in that
interlocking parameters stop the object from entering a certain state, while priority
parameters are used to force an object to a certain state.
• Ilock - Prevents the object from entering a certain state
The Ilock1 and Ilock0 signals block commands in all modes to switch the
object to the activated and deactivated state respectively. The Inhibit signal will
suppress interlock signals, when true.
• Priority Command - Compels the object to enter a certain state
The PriorityCmd1 and PriorityCmd0 signals force the output to the respective
status with priority over other signals, except when the Inhibit signal is set to
true. When these signals disappear, the status from Priority state is transferred
to the current mode.
• Priority Manual Command - The commands PriorityCmdMan1 and
PriorityCmdMan0 have the same functionality as the Priority Commands with
the exception that the object switch into manual mode after the priority man
command is completed.

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• Inhibit - Suppress all Ilock and Priority(Man)Cmd signals

When the Inhibit signal is set to true, the program will ignore all Ilock and
PriorityCmd signals. This parameter can be used when there is an absolute
need for running the object, although all Ilock and PriorityCmd signals are
suppressed. When the Inhibit signal returns to false, the Ilock and PriorityCmd
are re-activated.
When Object Test is de-activated, the status of the object reverts to that in the
mode prior to Object Test and the Out0 signal is set to true.

Feedback and Output Parameters

The feedback error (ObjErr) is supervised in all modes except when the parameter
Enable is false and in Local mode, based on the values of the parameters Out1Level,
FB1 and FB0.
The parameter ExtErr provides the possibility of connecting other errors to the
object. This parameter does not affect the object status. If required, it must be
implemented outside the UniCore, for example, by connecting a variable to both
parameters ExtErr and PriorityCmd0.
The information required for the feedback error calculation is the feedback error
time and the number of feedbacks: these two parameters have to be configured by
the user (the parameters FBTime and FBConfig).
FBTime has an initial value of 5 seconds. In the Extended Library an interaction
parameter is connected to FBTime. This value can be altered online, in the
interaction windows (Compact Control Builder). The interaction parameter has a
cold retain attribute to retain the value following cold or warm restarts.
ParError is set to True when a parameter takes an illegal value (goes outside the
allowed range). This is also indicated by a red triangle in interaction windows.
EnableParError is set to false by default. ParError will not be executing in non-SIL
application (by default).
See also ParError on page 41.

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The object internal status is updated from the feedback signals after a warm restart:
• Effective Feedback
The EffectiveFB1 and EffectiveFB0 parameters, of the in/out type, give the
calculated result from FBConfig and the values of FB1 and FB0.
Effective feedback signals are connected to the interaction window and are
displayed under the Status tab.
• Output IOLevel
The parameter Out1IOLevel, of the in/out type, is calculated from the actual
values of the binary I/O (Out1IO, Out0IO), in relation to the selected pulse
functionality.

Out1IO

Out0IO

Out1IOLevel

Figure 97. OutputIOLevel state diagram.

The output signals are connected to and displayed in the interaction window.
• Interlock
The parameter Interlock, of the in/out type, is the sum of parameters
PriorityCmd and Ilock. The Interlock parameter provides information when
any type of interlocking is active (for example, PriorityCmd or Ilock).
The interlock signals are connected and displayed in the interaction window.
• Forced Actions
The parameter Forced, of the in/out type, indicates the forced status of the
Out0IO and Out1IO signals at FB0 or FB1. If one of these four I/O signals is
blocked/forced, the parameter Forced, of the in/out type, will be true.

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Differences Between UniCore and

BiCore
The only difference between UniCore
and BiCore is that BiCore is bi-
directional. UniCore is designed for
control of process objects with two
states (such as stopped and running),
while BiCore is designed for control
of process objects that have three
states (such as stop, start/forward and
start/back, which correspond to 0, 1,
and 2).
Examples of bi-directional
applications are two-speed motors and
forward/backward motors.
Compared to UniCore, Bi Core has the
following extra parameters (all
relating to the extra state, hence they
all carry the number 2):
• In Manual mode, there are
additional parameters ManCmd2,
Out2 and Out2Level.
• In Auto mode, there are
additional parameters AutoCmd2,
Out2 and Out2Level. The
influence of AutoCmd parameters
on OutLevel parameters can be
seen in Figure 98 on next page.
• In Panel mode, there is an
additional PanCmd2 parameter.

BiCore function block

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AutoCmd1

AutoCmd2

AutoCmd0

Out1Level

Out2Level

AutoCmd0 has priority.

Figure 98. Status relations of OutLevel parameters and Auto commands (BiCore).
• There are additional parameters for feedback configuration: FB2, EffectiveFB2
and StatAct2, see Table 34. If an object has no, or only one or two, feedback
signals, StatAct1, StatAct2 and StatDeact are still set. The signals StatAct1,
StatAct2, and StatDeact are set to false, if FBConfig = 0, 1, 2 or 3, and more
than one feedback is True at the same time.

Table 34. Possible combinations of feedback signals (BiCore)

FBConfig Position 1 Position 2 Deactivated position

0 FB1 FB2 FB0

1 FB1 FB2 (none)

2 FB1 inverted FB2 inverted (none)

3 FB1 inverted FB2 inverted FB0 inverted

4 (none) (none) (none)

• For implementation of a bi-directional motor, the BiCore function block has a

parameter named ChangeOverTime (Time data type). The ChangeOverTime
parameter is used for large motors in order to secure priority operation
(switching forward/reverse). The parameter ChangeOverTime sets a delay
time, before the direction can be changed (see Figure 99).
The ChangeOverTime parameter has an initial value of 5 seconds.

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xxx = AutoCmd, ManCmd, PanCmd

xxxCmd1

xxxCmd2

xxxCmd0

Out1
(not pulsed)
ChangeOverTime
Out2
(not pulsed)
ChangeOverTime

Figure 99. Change-over action state diagram

ChangeOverTime is only applicable to Out1, Out2, and Out0. It is not
applicable to Out1Level or Out2Level, as they present the actual command.
It is possible to configure all Bi Process Objects to work in two-speed mode
instead of bi-directional mode (switching forward/reverse). This is done by
setting the ChangeOverTime parameter to zero.
• The Ilock1, Ilock2 and Ilock0 interlocking parameters block commands in all
modes, so that the object cannot be forced to the activated or deactivated states,
respectively. The Inhibit signal will suppress interlock signals when True.
Figure 99 shows which changes between states that are blocked by interlocking
parameters.

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(C)
State 1 State 2
(Start/Forward) (D) (Start/Reverse)

(B) (E)

(A) State 0 (F)

(Stop)

Figure 100. Manual maneuvers interlocking signals.

(A) - Condition for jump to state 0: State 0-maneuver and NOT Ilock0.
(B) - Condition for jump to state 1: State 1-maneuver and NOT Ilock1.
(C) - Condition for jump to state 2: State 2-maneuver and NOT Ilock2.
(D) - Condition for jump to state 1: State 1-maneuver and NOT Ilock1.
(E) - Condition for jump to state 2: State 2-maneuver and NOT Ilock2.
(F) - Condition for jump to state 0: State 0-maneuver and NOT Ilock0.

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PriorityCmd0 has the highest priority of the three priority commands and
affects Out0. Similarly, PriorityCmd1 and PriorityCmd2 affect Out1 and Out2.

Priority1

Priority2

Priority0

Inhibit

Out1

Out2

Out0

Figure 101. State diagram showing Priority command priorities and

output signals with the effect of Inhibit.
The Inhibit signal overrules all priority commands. When the Inhibit signal is
active, the object ignores the status of PriorityCmd (the Priority commands do
not affect the output signals).
• The parameter Out2IOLevel, of the in/out type, is the result calculated from the
actual values of the binary I/O (Out2IO, Out0IO) in relation to the selected
pulse functionality.

Out1IO

Out2IO

Out0IO

Out1IOLevel

Out2IOLevel

Figure 102. OutputIOLevel state diagram.

The output signals are connected to and displayed in the operator workplace.

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Control Module Icons

In Control Builder, a control module is represented by an icon that shows the most
important module characteristics dynamically. The interaction window can be
opened by clicking this icon. Connections to a group start environment is made
using normal parameter connections for the process objects. For control modules, it
is also possible to make graphical connections.
Figure 103 shows a control module icon in Control Builder.

Indicate the Indication only

The object name output status visible for
Bi objects
Indicates object test
(second output
Alarm state indication status)
Indicates any forced I/O
Priority mode indication
Figure 103. Graphical representation and explanations of the control module icons
When modifying a process object, changes may also have to be made to the
graphics. When additions are made in Control Builder graphics, window positioning
might have to be changed. To change the position of an interaction window, double-
click the faceplate (for example FaceplateBi) in the control module types folder.
Select Variables for x and y position and change their value. After a positioning
change, change Initial Value to Value. The values are relative and can be set for both
the x and y position.

Interaction Windows
Interaction windows are used for maintenance purposes. Through an interaction
window, the service engineer or programmer may manipulate the process object. All
types in the Process Object standard libraries have at least one pre-made interaction
window.
For example, the Bi process object has three Control Builder interaction windows,
one for manual control, one for indications and one for Group Start (see
Figure 104). The main interaction window is displayed first.

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The extended interaction window is displayed by a click on the information icon in

the main interaction window and the Group Start window is displayed by a click on
the G-button.

The window above and the

button only exist if Group
Start is connected

Figure 104. Control Builder interaction windows for Bi(M).

Interaction Parameters
Interaction parameters are used to interact with the process object. Interaction
parameters can be accessed from the code (this is not recommended, since it might
shut out the operator interface) and from the graphical interface. Interaction
parameters are identified by the syntax InteractionPar.ComponentName.
For more information on interaction parameters, see Control Builder online help
for the Process Object libraries. Interaction parameters for process objects are
also described in connection with instructions on how to configure the objects,
see Advanced Functions on page 266.

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Design
The types in the Process Object libraries can be used in a number of ways. There are
also a number of choices that have to be made regarding which type of object to use
for which purpose.
This sub section contains information designed to help you:
• Decide which type to use, see Choose the Correct Type on page 239.
• Configure standard types to be used in your application as is, see Use Standard
Library Types on page 240.
• Create your own types based on core objects, see Use Standard Library Types
to Create Self-defined Types on page 241.
• Connect process objects to a group start configuration, see Group Start
Interface on page 241.
• Configure alarm handling, see Alarm Handling on page 243.
• Create uni-directional and bi-directional control solutions using the Uni(M)
and Bi(M) template objects, see Generic Uni- and Bi-Directional Control on
page 245.
• Configure motor control and valve control solutions using objects from the
Process Object libraries, as templates or as is. See Motor and Valve Control on
page 249.

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Choose the Correct Type

In choosing a representation of a specific process object, you must decide on the
following:
• Should I use a function block or a control module? See Function Blocks vs
Control Modules on page 239.
• Which process object type should I use? See Type Selection Chart on page 239.

Function Blocks vs Control Modules

All process objects (except the core function blocks) are delivered in two versions,
function blocks and control modules. Control modules have an suffix M in the type
name.
In simple applications (or small ones) that will not need to be modified at a later
date, traditional function block solutions may be used. In more complex
applications, control modules are preferred.
One of the benefits of using control modules, is that they allow the user to insert
many similar objects, as the code sorting routine ensures that variables are dealt
within the correct order. The more objects to be inserted, the more you gain by using
control modules.
Function block parameters are copied at each call, while control module parameters
are defined at compilation and set up once, prior to execution. Control modules have
a performance advantage, especially when large structures (for example, structured
data types) are used as parameters, of the in and/or out type, in function blocks, or
when parameters are transferred through deep hierarchies.

Type Selection Chart

If the process object is intended to be applied to a bi-directional object (an object
with three states) and it is a motor, choose the MotorBi(M) type. If it is a bi-
directional object, but not a motor, choose the Bi(M) type or the BiSimple(M) type
if you do not need alarm handling.

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If the process object is to be used for a uni-directional object, (an object with two
states) several choices are possible. If it is not a motor or a valve, choose the Uni
object type or the UniSimple(M) type if you do not need alarm handling. If it is a
uni-directional motor object, choose MotorUni(M) and if it is a uni-directional valve
object, choose ValveUni(M).
Figure 105 contains a flow chart for selecting the correct type for your process
objects.

Bi
Bi/Uni

Uni

No No
Motor/Valve Alarm UniSimple

Yes Yes
No No
Uni Motor Alarm BiSimple

Yes Yes
Motor No ValveUni MotorBi Bi

Yes

MotorUni

Figure 105. Flowchart of possible process object type choices.

Use Standard Library Types

All process objects are delivered as template objects. This means that the code is
open and readable for the user. However, process objects may be instantiated as they
are, if no addition or change is needed.
If you want to use one of the types in the Process Object libraries without any
modification, simply connect the library to your application and create one or
several instance(s) of it. The only thing you have to do is configure the instances by
connecting them to faceplates and connecting their parameters to your application.

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For examples of how to do this, see Examples on page 254. For detailed information
about parameters for the different types, see Level Detection, Commands and Alarm
Texts on page 266.

Use Standard Library Types to Create Self-defined Types

It is possible to create your own types, based on the types in the Process Object
libraries. However, to make it possible to modify and add to your self-defined types,
you need to create copies of the Process Object library types you want to modify,
and store them in a library that you have created for this purpose. For an example of
how to create a new library and copy types to it from the Process Object libraries,
see Create a Library and Insert a Copy of a Type on page 254.
If you use a type from a Process Object library as a formal instance in one of your
self-defined types, and this sub type is updated (for example, through an upgrade of
your system), the changes are reflected in your self-defined type(s) as well.
You can add functions to the copied object types that you store in self-defined
libraries. For an example of how to do this, see Add Functions to Self-defined Types
on page 259.
For detailed information about parameters for the different process object types, see
Level Detection, Commands and Alarm Texts on page 266.

Group Start Interface

All process objects in this library have the group start interface where connections
may be done to the group start environment.
The Group Start interface consists of the following parameters:
• GroupStartIn *,
• GroupStartMode,
• GroupStartILock.
* One for each connection (Uni types have one connection and Bi types have two
connections).

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The parameter GroupStartIn is the structured parameter, that connects the process
object to the group start environment and is in the control module cases
implemented as a node to allow a graphical connection. The out parameter
GroupStartMode indicates Group Start mode with a true value in the corresponding
boolean parameter. When the parameter GroupStartILock is true, transfer to group
start mode is inhibited.
These parameters are optional and only implemented in the more complex motor
objects. The purpose is to halt the start or stop sequence if any external signal
requests it and all Txt-parameters are strings, telling the Group Start environment
the reason of the halt.
• ContinueStartSeq *
• ContinueStartSeqTxt *
• ContinueStopSeq *
• ContinueStopSeqTxt *
* One for each connection (Uni types have one connection and Bi types have two
connections).
For a description of the Group Start library, see Section 6, Synchronized Control.

Voting Interface
Several process objects support Voting; for more information about these objects
and their corresponding Voting parameters, see Signal and Vote Loop Concept on
page 305.

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Alarm Handling
For more information on alarm and event handling, see the manual Basic Control
Software, Introduction and Configuration, and online help for the Alarm and
Event library.
Some process objects contain an alarm and event handling function block. The
alarm handling interface consists of the following parameters:
• AlarmDisabled
• ExtErr
• ObjErr
• AlState
• AlarmAck
• AEConfig
• AESeverity
• AEClass
• EnableSupOut
When an error occurs, motor objects normally and automatically enter Priority
mode and reset the start signals. It is possible to leave the motor running, by setting
the interaction parameter KeepAtErr. For other template objects, this is the normal
functionality.
For the alarm to work properly, the Name parameter of each object has to be
unique throughout the whole plant.

The alarm function is based on the AlarmCond function block, with acknowledge
rule (AckRule=1). This acknowledge rule includes six possible alarm states. For
further information about alarm states, see online help on the AlarmCond function
block. The alarm is activated by a feedback error.
The AlarmCond function block incorporates an alarm Control Builder interaction
window, displayed by a clicking the alarm icon in the Control Builder interaction
window. See Figure 106.

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Figure 106. An alarm Control Builder interaction window.

If the object is in Disabled or in Local mode, or if the feedback error is disabled, the
alarm function is disabled.
An alarm can be acknowledged from the program via the parameter AlarmAck, from
the alarm Control Builder interaction window.

Error Texts
Error text strings can be added by the OETextUni, OETextBi, and OETextValveUni
function block that are included in their corresponding process object types. These
function blocks generate a text message from the feedback and output signals of the
AlarmCond function block. The text message is displayed in the Alarm Control
Builder interaction window.
The text is put together by adding the name of the object that created the alarm to
information about status and feedback. If the error has been generated from an
ExtErr parameter, an external error text is also displayed.
For more information on the OEText function blocks, see Level Detection,
Commands and Alarm Texts on page 266. More information about parameters is
also found in online help for the Process Object libraries.

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Generic Uni- and Bi-Directional Control

The Process Object Extended library contains two objects that are intended as
generic template objects for uni- and bi-directional applications:
• Uni(M), see Uni(M) on page 246
• Bi(M), see Bi(M) on page 247
There are two versions of each object, one function block type and one control
module type (indicated by the letter M).
There are also two objects in the Process Object Basic library that are simplified
versions of the above two:
• UniSimple(M), see UniSimple(M) on page 248
• BiSimple(M), see BiSimple(M) on page 248
As for the Uni(M) and Bi(M) objects, there are two versions, one function block
type and one control module type.
All the above objects are based on UniCore and BiCore. Before reading this section,
you should always be familiar with the functions and parameters of the core objects,
see Core Object Functions and Parameters (UniCore and BiCore) on page 220.
All the above function block and control module types contain function blocks
from the Process Object Basic and/or Process Object Extended libraries. For a
description of those function blocks, see Level Detection, Commands and Alarm
Texts on page 266.

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Uni(M)
Uni(M) object is a UniCore application.
Uni(M) includes an alarm function,
Control Builder interaction windows.
Uni(M) is intended for uni-directional
control and can be used as a template
for developing your own uni-directional
types, see Create a Library and Insert a
Copy of a Type on page 254.
For Uni(M), it is possible to control
Panel mode of the object from both a
workplace, and from a switch on a
control panel. The interaction window
has a button that can toggle Panel mode.
There is also a parameter (PanMode)
intended to be connected to an
activation signal from the panel. If you
connect PanMode to the panel, it is still
possible to use the button in the
interaction window to activate Panel
mode.
It is not possible to deactivate Panel
mode from the interaction window if it
has been activated from the control
panel. For an example of a panel control
configuration, see Connect to a Control
Panel in Panel Mode on page 262.

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Bi(M)
Bi(M) is an example of a BiCore
application. Bi(M) includes an alarm
function, Control Builder interaction
windows.
Bi(M) is intended for bi-directional
control and can be used as a template for
developing your own bi-directional types,
see Create a Library and Insert a Copy of a
Type on page 254.
For Bi(M), it is possible to control Panel
mode of the object from both a workplace,
and from a switch on a control panel. The
interaction window has a button that can
toggle Panel mode.
There is also a parameter (PanMode)
intended to be connected to an activation
signal from the panel. If you connect
PanMode to a panel it is still possible to
use the button in the interaction window to
activate the Panel mode.
It is not possible to deactivate Panel mode
from the interaction window if it has been
activated from the control panel. For an
example of a panel control configuration,
see Connect to a Control Panel in Panel
Mode on page 262.

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UniSimple(M)
UniSimple(M) is a UniCore application. It
includes Control Builder interaction windows.
UniSimple(M) has the same functions as Uni(M),
except for the fact that there is no alarm and event
handling.

BiSimple(M)
BiSimple(M) is a BiCore application. It includes
Control Builder interaction windows.
BiSimple(M) has the same functions as Bi(M),
except for the fact that there is no alarm and event
handling.

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Motor and Valve Control

The Process Object Extended library contains two motor control objects (each in a
function block type and a control module type version), and one valve object (in a
function block type and a control module version):
• MotorUni(M) for uni-directional motors, see MotorUni(M) on page 250.
• MotorBi(M) for bi-directional motors, see MotorBi(M) on page 252.
• ValveUni(M) for valves, see ValveUni(M) on page 253.
For a description of how to configure ABB Drives and INSUM control, see
Advanced Functions on page 266.
All the above objects are based on UniCore and BiCore. Before reading this section,
you should always be familiar with the functions and parameters of the core objects,
see Core Object Functions and Parameters (UniCore and BiCore) on page 220.
All the above function block and control module types contain function blocks
from the Process Object Basic and/or Process Object Extended libraries. For a
description of those function blocks, see Level Detection, Commands and Alarm
Texts on page 266.
These types can be used as is, or as templates. If you want to use them as templates,
they have to be copied to your own library and then modified, see Create a Library
and Insert a Copy of a Type on page 254.
When using the motor and valve process objects as is, the only thing you have to
do is to connect the parameters that do not have default values.

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MotorUni(M)
MotorUni(M) is an example of a UniCore
application. It includes an alarm function,
Control Builder interaction windows. It is
intended to be used to control a uni-directional
motor object (stop and run).
This section only discusses functions that have
been added, compared to the functions of
UniCore and Uni(M). You should also read Core
Object Functions and Parameters (UniCore and
BiCore) on page 220.
Auto mode can be set from the program,
interaction windows. Since Auto mode implies
automatic operation, the program controls the
object via AutoCmd1 and AutoCmd0.
Each of these parameters is supplied with a value
of FBTime, connected to the interaction window,
via interaction parameter components. The value
of FBTime can be changed from the
corresponding graphical window. The interaction
parameter components have the cold retain
attribute to retain their values following a cold
restart. FBTime for AutoCmd1 has the same
setting as AutoCmd1 and AutoCmd0, because the
same local variable is used.
For MotorUni(M), it is possible to control Panel
mode of the object from both a workplace, and
from a switch on a control panel. The interaction
window has a button that can toggle the Panel
mode.

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There is a parameter (PanMode), which is intended to be connected to an activation

signal from the panel. If you connect PanMode to the panel it is still possible to use
the button in the interaction window to activate the Panel mode. It is, however, not
possible to deactivate Panel mode from the interaction window if it has been
activated from the control panel.
Modification of the interlocking function is performed to extend some parameters,
to apply user-defined text, and to implement the combination of PriorityCmd0 and
an alarm function via ExtErr. Further improvement is possible, based on this
example.
MotorUni(M) object has four interlocking parameters: Ilock01, Ilock02, Ilock11,
and Ilock12, that set the condition of Ilock0 or Ilock1 in the UniCore function block.
The Ilock0 condition is set by Ilock01 or Ilock02. Similarly, the Ilock1 condition is
set by Ilock11 or Ilock12.
The PriorityCmd0 parameter is divided into three parameters: PriorityCmd01,
PriorityCmd02, and PriorityCmd03. PriorityCmd02 and PriorityCmd03 have
associated parameters: PriorityCmd02Txt, and PriorityCmd03Txt, to provide a
descriptive text in the alarm list and the interaction window. The text is displayed in
the Priority Interlock menu area.
The extended PriorityCmd0 (-Cmd01, -Cmd02 and -Cmd03) has a hold function
with an alarm. When the priority command is active, the feedback error is generated
by an alarm and can only be released by alarm acknowledge or inhibit.
The Inhibit signal for MotorUni(M) process objects works exactly the same as
described earlier in Core Object Functions and Parameters (UniCore and BiCore) on
page 220, with one exception: Inhibit releases a feedback error, activated by
PriorityCmd0.

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MotorBi(M)
MotorBi(M) is an example of a BiCore application,
with an alarm function, interaction windows.
This section only discusses functions that have
been added, compared to the functions of BiCore
and Bi(M).You should also read Core Object
Functions and Parameters (UniCore and BiCore)
on page 220.
Auto mode can be set from the program,
interaction windows. Since Auto mode is the
automatic operation, the program controls the
object via AutoCmd1, AutoCmd2 and AutoCmd0.
AutoCmd1 and AutoCmd2 are supplied with an
OnDelayTime interaction parameter, AutoCmd0 is
supplied with an OffDelayTime interaction
parameter, connected to the interaction window,
via interaction parameter components. The value of
OnDelayTime and OffDelayTime can be changed in
the graphical window.
Interaction parameter components have the cold
retain attribute to retain their values at cold restart.
OnDelay for AutoCmd1 and AutoCmd2 has the
same setting as AutoCmd1, AutoCmd2 and
AutoCmd0, since the same local variable is used.
Just like for MotorUni(M), it is possible to control
Panel mode of the object from both a workplace,
and from a switch on a control panel. The
interaction window has a button that can toggle the
Panel mode.

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MotorBi(M) implements the BiCore change-over function. A parameter is provided

for setting the change-over time, and it is connected to the corresponding parameter
in BiCore. The interaction parameter component for the change-over time is also
connected to the interaction window. This makes it possible to change the value in
the corresponding graphical window. The interaction parameter components have
the cold retain attribute to retain the values following a cold restart.
Interlocking and priority commands work as for MotorUni(M), but with additional
parameters for the second output and the extra state.
Error texts are generated in the same way as for MotorUni(M).

ValveUni(M)
The ValveUni(M) process object is a
simple example of the UniCore
function block. ValveUni(M) includes
an alarm function, Control Builder
interaction windows.
The ValveUni(M) object is
incorporated with only one output I/O
for open command.
When using the ValveUni(M) as is, the
only thing you have to do is to connect
the parameters that do not have default
values.

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Examples
This sub section contains a number of examples that have been included to show
how to implement process objects, how to create your own, application-specific
types, and to illustrate some important concepts and relations:
• Create a Library and Insert a Copy of a Type on page 254 gives an example of
how to create a library and copy Process Object library types into this library.
• Add Functions to Self-defined Types on page 259 gives an example of how
functions can be added to a type.
• Connect to a Control Panel in Panel Mode on page 262 shows how to connect
UniCore and BiCore to a control panel (Panel mode).

Create a Library and Insert a Copy of a Type

This example shows how to copy a type from the Process Object Extended library to
a user-defined library.
1. In Project Explorer, right-click the Libraries folder and select New Library...
2. Type the name of the library to be created in the Name field, for example,
MotorLib. Click OK.
3. In the Process Object Extended library, locate MotorBiM (in the Control
Module Types folder).
4. Right-click the type and select Copy (Ctrl+C).
5. Right-click the Control Module Types folder in your newly created library (in
this example MotorLib), depending on wether the copied object is a function
block type or a control module type. Select Paste (Ctrl+V).
The default name of the copied object is the name of the copied original object
type followed by underscore and a number, for example, a copy of MotorBiM
may get the name MotorBiM_1.
To change the name of the object, proceed as follows:
6. Right-click the object and select Rename...

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7. Type the desired name of the object, in the New name text field, in this
example, MotorBiMod. Click the OK button.
Process object types in the Process Object libraries contain a number of control
modules, for example, the FaceplateMotorBi control module, which can be
used as an interaction window for the MotorBi(M) process object type. The
control modules refer (or point) to their types in ProcessObjExtLib.
If these control module types are to be changed in your application, the updated
control module types must also to be copied to your library.
8. Expand the folder of the copied process object type, and identify the control
module types that refer to the control modules used in the process object type.
For example, the control module type MotorLib.FacePlateMotorBi refers to
control module FaceplateMotorBi used in the MotorBi(M) process object type.

Figure 107. The control module type is copied to your own created library.

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9. In the Control Module Types folder of the Process Object Extended library,
select the control module type that is to be copied (for example,
FaceplateMotorBi).
10. Right-click on the control module type and select Copy (Ctrl+C).
11. Right-click on the Control Module Types folder in your newly created library
(in this example MotorLib). Select Paste (Ctrl+V). (See steps 6 and 7 if you
wish to change the name of an object type.)
12. Select the control module type that is to be replaced, under the process object
type, in your own created library (MotorLib), in this example,
FaceplateMotorBiMod under MotorBiMod. See Figure 107.
13. Right-click and select Replace Type.

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Newly created library

A copy of the
MotorBi type,
pasted into the
MotorLib.

Figure 108. Copying of object types to a new library, MotorLib.

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14. In the Libraries/Application list, select your self-defined library and in the
Control module type list, select the control module type that is to replace the
original type. (It is possible to rename the control module in the Instance name
field). Click the OK button.

Figure 109. Replace Control Module Type dialog.

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Add Functions to Self-defined Types

In the example below, a level detection for motor speed is added to the object type
that was copied above, MotorBiMod.
In this example, no functionality for alarm text handling has been added.

1. In the Function Block Types folder in MotorLib, right-click on the

MotorBiMod type and select Editor (ENTER).
2. Place the cursor in the code pane and choose Edit>Find... (Ctrl+F) from the
menu. Search for the text level detection.
3. Make a copy of the code concerning ***Compute the level detection
on the associated analog input signal*** and paste it into the
code pane.
4. According to Figure 110, declare the new function block
(LevelDetectionSpeed), change the function block name in the code pane and
declare the required variables. Connect the parameters by right-clicking on the
function block in the code pane and selecting Edit>Parameter list (Ctrl+M).
5. Select Editor>Save and Close (Ctrl+U) to implement the changes made in the
MotorBiMod object type.

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Figure 110. Level detection functionality added to the MotorBiMod function block
type
It is now possible to use the MotorBiMod function block type in a program, with the
new added functionality.
6. In the Program folder under Applications, right-click on a program, for
example Program2, and select Editor (ENTER).
7. Declare a function block of the type MotorBiMod (in this example called
MotorBi).
8. Insert the function block in the code pane, connect the desired parameters and
declare the required variables. (In this example the Function Block Diagram
language is used).

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Figure 111. MotorBi(M) function block with connections to variables.

9. Select Editor>Save and Close (Ctrl+U) to implement the changes.

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Connect to a Control Panel in Panel Mode

Whether or not Panel mode is used, depends on how comprehensive the application
is. The question is whether you prefer to initiate control (the parameter PanMode) of
the object from a workplace, or from a switch on a control panel.
When the Panel mode is active, the control panel takes control of the object and
errors are calculated according to the status signals from the control panel. The
output signal retains its status from the previous mode. The following examples
show how to connect UniCore and BiCore to a control panel.

UniCore Examples
Figure 112 shows how to connect UniCore to a control panel in a small application.
Controller
Control Panel
Motor
Switch Process object
PanMode
Start
PanCmd1

Stop PanCmd0

Figure 112. Control steps in Panel mode. This solution is recommended for small
applications, where all three panel parameters are connected from a control panel.
In large applications, the best solution is to connect the PanMode parameter, via
variables, to interaction window. The PanCmd1 and PanCmd0 parameters are still
connected to the physical Start/Stop buttons (see Figure 113). Changes in the Panel
mode are therefore approved centrally, that is, a local operator must first obtain
permission from the central control operator.

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Controller
Operator workplace
Switch on screen Motor
Process object
PanMode
PanCmd1
Control Panel
PanCmd0
Start

Stop

Figure 113. Control steps in Panel mode. This solution is recommended for large
applications, where the PanMode parameter is connected to an operator workplace.
The status of the object is controlled by the signals PanCmd1 and PanCmd0, which
are level signals and function in the same way as AutoCmd signals, as illustrated in
Figure 95. The PanCmd1 and PanCmd0 parameters should be connected to push
buttons. It may be advisable to use an R_Trig function block (trigger, parameter and
push button) between PanCmd1 and PanCmd0, in case the push button
malfunctions.

BiCore Examples
A control panel is a natural choice for smaller applications. The PanMode
parameter is connected to the switch on the control panel; PanCmd1, PanCmd2 and
PanCmd0 are connected to the Start/Stop buttons (see Figure 114)

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Controller

Control Panel Process object

Motor
Switch PanMode

PanCmd1
Forward
PanCmd2
Reverse
PanCmd0
Stop

Figure 114. The Panel mode control diagram. A general solution for smaller
applications, where all four Panel parameters are connected from a control panel.
The PanMode parameter is connected via variables to interaction window.
The PanCmd1, PanCmd2 and PanCmd0 parameters are still connected to
the physical Start/Stop buttons. Changes in the Panel mode are therefore
approved centrally, that is, a local operator must first obtain permission
from the central control operator (see Figure 115).

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Controller

Operator Workplace Process object

Switch on screen
Motor
PanMode

PanCmd1

PanCmd2
Control Panel
PanCmd0
Forward

Reverse

Stop

Figure 115. The Panel mode control diagram. A general solution for large
applications, where the PanMode parameter is connected to an operator workplace.
The status of the object is controlled by the signals PanCmd1, PanCmd2
and PanCmd0, which are level detected signals and function in the same
way as AutoCmd signals, as illustrated in Figure 95. The PanCmd1,
PanCmd2 and PanCmd0 parameters should be connected to push buttons.
It may be advisable to use an R_Trig function block (trigger parameter and
push button) between PanCmd1, PanCmd2 and PanCmd0, in case the
push button malfunctions.

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Advanced Functions
This sub section contains information about the more advanced functions of the
process objects. It also contains reference information for those who need to use all
functions offered by the Process Object libraries:
• Level Detection, Commands and Alarm Texts on page 266 contains
information on the use of parameters for all types in the Process Object
libraries.
• ABB Drives Control on page 269 explains how to configure process objects for
controlling ABB Drives.
• INSUM Control on page 289 describes how to configure process objects for
INSUM control.
For detailed information on the use of individual parameters, beyond the contents
of this manual, see online help and the Control Builder editor. To open the editor,
right-click the type and select Editor.

Level Detection, Commands and Alarm Texts

In addition to the UniCore and BiCore core objects (see Process Object Template
Concept (Core Objects) on page 216), the Process Object Basic and Process Object
Extended libraries also use a number of function block types that can be used to
enhance the functions of the process objects:
• The LevelDetection function block is be used to supervise a signal of type real.
When the in signal Value has been above the value of Level during the set
FilterTime, GTLevel is set to True.

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• The UniDelayOfCmd and BiDelayOfCmd function block types are used to

avoid false commands in Auto mode. The command signal is delayed, to avoid
repeated starts and stops.

If, for example, a level detector informs an object to start, a disturbance pulse
should not be able to start the object. The object shall not start until the detector
delivers a reliable, constant signal stating that the start level is reached. If the
object is a motor, this behavior is very important, in order not to wear it out.
• The DriveStatusReceive and DriveCommandSend function block types are
used for ABB Drives communication, see Examples on page 254.
• The PrioritySup function block type supervises the commands and sets the
mode to Priority mode if any of the inputs are active. It also supervises the
alarm status. Some are active and automatic priority to zero is performed, if
KeepOutAtErr is false.

It can be used, together with the OEText function blocks, to generate error
messages.

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• OETextUni, OETextBi, and OETextValveUni function block types are

available in the Process Object Extended library. They can be used to generate
error-text strings for the corresponding objects.

The following situations are taken care of and the corresponding texts are built:
– 'Name' Unit error
– 'Name' Channel error
– 'Name' Too low value
– 'Name' Too high value
– 'Name' Underflow
– 'Name' Overflow
– 'Name' Out of service
– 'Name' OE External error;
– 'Name' OE 'PriorityCmd02Txt'
– 'Name' OE 'PriorityCmd03Txt'
– 'Name' OE 'MotorValueTxt'
– 'Name' OE Out1/Out0; FB1=1/0; FB0=1/0
The OEText functions block have open code and may be copied and changed
in a user-defined library.

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ABB Drives Control

This section describes things you have to consider when you want to control ABB
drives using process objects:
• ABB Drives Process Objects on page 270 introduces the ABB Drives Process
objects that are found in the ABB Drives Process Object library.
• More information on the behavior, configuration and operation of the ABB
Drives process objects can be found under Operation Modes on page 272,
Drive States on page 274, Drive Speed References on page 275, Drive Torque
Selector for ACStdDrive(M) on page 276, Drive Torque Selector for
DCStdDrive(M) on page 277, Drive Torque Selector for EngDrive(M) on page
277, Priority and Interlocking on page 278, and Alarm and Event Handling on
page 279.
• The function blocks DriveStatusReceive and DriveCommandSend are included
in all ABB Drives process objects. For a description of those, see
DriveStatusReceive and DriveCommandSend on page 281.
• ABB Drives Communication on page 284 shows how to configure
communication between an AC 800M controller and ABB Drives, using the
ABB Drives process objects.
• ABB Drives Interaction Windows on page 288 provides Drives-specific
information on interaction windows.

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ABB Drives Process Objects

There are three ABB Drives process objects:
• ACStdDrive(M)
Supports the control and supervision of
ABB AC Standard Drives.
It is based on UniCore for Process logic
handling, and on DriveCommandSend and
DriveStatusReceive for handling the ABB
Drive interface/communication. Blocks for
alarm handling are also included, for
display of drive trips, drive alarms and
object errors, such as communication and
feedback errors from the device.

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• DCStdDrive(M)
Supports the control and supervision of ABB
DC Standard Drives.
It is based on UniCore for process logic
handling, and on DriveCommandSend and
DriveStatusReceive for handling ABB Drive
interface/communication. Blocks for alarm
handling are also included, for display of drive
trips, drive alarms and object errors, such as
communication and feedback errors from the
device.
The function of DCStdDrive(M) and
ACStdDrive(M) is very similar.

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• EngDrive(M)
Supports the control and supervision of ABB
Engineered Drives.
EngDrive(M) is based on UniCore for process
logic handling, and on DriveCommandSend
and DriveStatusReceive for handling ABB
Drives interface/communication. Blocks for
alarm handling are also included, for display of
drive trips, drive alarms and object errors, such
as communication and feedback errors from the
device.
EngDrive(M) operation modes work the same
way as for DCStandardDrive(M).

Operation Modes
The Enable parameter is by default set to true,
meaning that the function block or control module is
executed. When Enable is False, the function block
or control module is disabled, including all internal
instances. All output signals are inactivated or set to
zero.
ABB Drives process objects are based on UniCore,
with the following operation modes.
• Manual Mode
In Manual mode, the operator controls the drive
from the operator station, or from interaction
windows in Control Builder.
Manual mode can be set via the interaction
parameter. In Manual mode, the drive can only
be started and stopped by setting the parameters InteractionPar.Manstart and
InteractionPar.ManStop.
The output parameter ManMode is true when the drive is in Manual mode. The
speed reference is set with InteractionPar.ManSpdRefInput.

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The default startup mode after a cold start is set via ManModeInit. The initial
value is set to true, which means that manual mode will be the default mode.
By writing 'false' in the actual parameter column, you can change to auto mode
instead. The parameter ManModeInit is copied to parameter ManMode at every
cold start. Manual mode is always active when the Enable signal state goes
from False to True.
• Auto Mode
Auto mode is set by setting InteractionPar.SetAuto or SetAuto to True.
In Auto mode, the status of the drive (start or stop) is controlled via the
parameters AutoStart and AutoStop. The output parameter AutoMode is True
when an object is in Auto mode. The speed reference is set using the parameter
AutoSP1.
• Panel Mode
Panel mode is set by setting InteractionPar.SetPan or SetPan to True.
In Panel mode, the drive is controlled via the parameters PanStart and PanStop.
The speed reference is set using the parameter PanSP1. The output parameter
PanMode is active when the object is in this mode.
Sometimes a panel connection is not available in the system. The displays and
control logic for PanMode must not be activated. This is prevented by setting
the parameter InteractionPar.PanelExists to False.
• Priority Mode
The drive is in Priority mode whenever a priority Start or Stop interlock is
active. See Priority and Interlocking on page 278.
• Group Start Mode
Group Start mode is set by setting the parameter InteractionPar.SetGroupStart.
In Group Start mode, the object is controlled via the parameter GroupStartIn.
The interlocking parameter GroupStartIlock prevents transfer to Group Start
mode. In this mode, the output parameter GroupStartMode is active. The speed
reference in this mode is AutoSP1.

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• Local Mode
In Local mode, the drive is controlled directly from CDP312 on the drive,
bypassing the controller. Local mode can only be set and reset at the Drive. In
Local mode, all inputs from Auto mode and Manual mode, as well as all
priority interlocks, are ignored. The object will return to the previous active
mode when Local mode is disabled. The output parameter Remote is false
when a drive is in Local mode.
• Out of Service Mode
Out of Service mode is set by setting the parameter InteractionPar.SetOos.
In Out Of Service Mode, the drive is stopped, and the operator controls the on
the machine to which the drive belongs.
To exit Out of Service mode, change the mode to Manual, Auto, Group Start or
Panel. The output parameter OutOfService is active when the object is in this
mode.

Drive States
The current state of a drive is available in the Status Word received from the drive
(see DriveStatusReceive and DriveCommandSend on page 281). The drive can be in
any one of the following states, the active state is set to true in the object output:
• ReadyToSwitchOn: The drive is ready to be switched On.
• ReadyToRun: The drive is energized and ready to run
(EngDrive(M) only).
• Run: The drive is operating with a speed reference.
• Fault: The drive has tripped on an internal error.
• Alarm: The drive is reporting an internal warning, but it is not severe enough to
stop the operation of the drive.
• AboveLimit: The actual frequency/speed is equal to or above supervision limit
set by a parameter (for example, parameter 32.02 in ACS800).

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Drive Speed References

ABB Drives objects transmit one speed reference, called SpdRef, to the drive.
There are the following input speed references:
• AutoSP1 in Auto mode & Group Start mode.
• PanSP1 in Panel mode.
• InteractionPar.ManSpdRefInput in Manual mode. This reference is set from
the operator interface.
• PrioritySP1 in Priority mode. This value is set to half of
InteractionPar.MaxSpeed, in case it is set to zero in the application. This
ensures that the motor runs when PriorityStart is true.
• AutoSP1CC, a control connection is available in the control modules. This
reference is used in AutoMode only, if this is not connected then AutoSP1 is
used as speed reference. (this reference is valid for EngDrive(M) only.)
The correct reference, depending on the active mode, is transmitted to the drive. The
speed and torque set points in the object are set in engineering units selected by the
system engineer.
The string for unit of speed is entered in InteractionPar.SpeedUnit. The string for
unit of torque is entered in InteractionPar.TorqueUnit.
The object scales the speed signal to the drive units using InteractionPar.MaxSpeed
and InteractionPar.EnableNegSpeed and torque signals using
InteractionPar.MaxTorque and InteractionPar.EnableNegTorque. See
DriveStatusReceive and DriveCommandSend on page 281.
The speed set point in Manual mode is input from the operator station in the selected
engineering units, for the convenience of the operator.
InteractionPar.ManSpdRefInput is used for this.
During a mode change, the drive maintains its previous state. It is the responsibility
of the new state to ensure 'bumpless' transfer of the speed reference, when the drive
is running.
In Manual mode, the reference is always initialized with ActualSpeed.

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Drive Torque Selector for ACStdDrive(M)

ACS800 drives have parameters for Master/Follower applications. The master and
follower drives are connected by a fiber optic channel. The Master drive controls
the start/stop of the follower drive. The object can be used to generate the desired
torque reference for the follower drive.
The object and interaction window of the follower drive only display status and
references. They do not control the drive in any manner, the master drive controls
the follower drive.
Six options are available for setting the source of torque reference. The drive
controller selects different torque references based on the input parameter
TorqueSelectorValue.
1 -> Speed Controlled
2 -> Torque Controlled
3 -> Min (minimum logic with speed error comparison)
4 -> Max (maximum logic with speed error comparison)
5 -> Window Control (Window control mode)
6 -> Zero Control
The selection of torque reference is made using parameters WindowControl and
TorqueSelectorValue. The parameters TrqSelectorOut, WindowCtrlSet and
TrqSelectorErr are the outputs of the object.
The default mode is Speed Control. In AutoMode, the drive can be run in different
torque selector modes. In other modes like ManMode and PanMode, only speed
control mode is possible.

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Drive Torque Selector for DCStdDrive(M)

The torque reference TrqRef is transmitted to the Drive.
DCS500B drive has a torque reference chain. This can be used to provide desired
torque reference for the torque regulation. Six options are available for setting the
source of torque reference. The drive controller selects different torque references
based on the input parameter TorqueSelectorValue.
0 -> Zero Control
1 -> Speed Controlled
2 -> Torque Controlled
3 -> Min (minimum logic with speed error comparison)
4 -> Max (maximum logic with speed error comparison)
5 -> Window Control (Window control mode)
The selection of torque reference is made using parameters WindowControl and
TorqueSelectorValue. The parameters TrqSelectorOut, WindowCtrlSet and
TrqSelectorErr are the outputs of the object. The default mode is Speed Control. In
Auto mode, the drive can be run in different torque selector modes. In other modes
like Manual mode and Panel mode, only speed control mode is possible.

Drive Torque Selector for EngDrive(M)

An Engineered Drive has a torque reference chain. This can be made use to provide
desired torque reference for the torque regulation. Six options are available for
setting the source of torque reference. The drive controller selects different torque
references based on the input parameter TorqueSelectorValue.
– 1 -> Zero Control
– 2 -> Speed Controlled
– 3 -> Torque Controlled
– 4 -> Min (minimum logic with speed error comparison)
– 5 -> Max (maximum logic with speed error comparison)
– 6 -> Window Control (Window control mode)

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The selection of torque reference is made using parameters WindowControl and

TorqueSelectorValue. The parameters TrqSelectorOut, WindowCtrlSet and
TrqSelectorErr are the outputs of the object.
The default mode is Speed Control. In Auto mode, the drive can be run in different
torque selector modes. In other modes like Manual mode and Panel mode, only
speed control mode is possible.

Priority and Interlocking

Interlocking is used to stop process objects from entering a certain state. Priority
parameters are used to force an object to a certain state. The following interlocking
and priority functions are available for ABB Drives process objects:
• Priority Start (On) Interlocks
The parameter PriorityStart forces the drive to start. The process interlock can
only be overridden by the priority Stop commands and the Inhibit parameter.
The speed reference when PriorityStart is active during PriorityMode is set to
PrioritySP1.
The parameter PriorityStartMan forces the drive to start and sets it to Manual
mode.
• Priority Stop (Off) Interlocks
There are three different parameters, which can be used for priority Stop (Off)
interlocks, forcing the drive to stop (stop and switch off), PriorityStop1,
PriorityStop2 and PriorityStop3 (PriorityOff1, PriorityOff2 and PriorityOff3).
The priority Stop (Off) can only be overridden by the Inhibit parameter.
The parameter PriorityStopMan (PriorityStopMan) forces the drive to stop and
sets it to Manual mode.

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• Start/Stop Interlocks
The IlockStop and IlockStart are Start/Stop interlocks that prevent the drive
from being manually forced to certain states. IlockStop blocks the drive from
being stopped in ManMode and IlockStart blocks a manual start signal.
IlockStart does not stop a drive that is already running. The Inhibit parameter
overrides these Interlocks also.
• Inhibit
The Inhibit parameter overrides all active interlocks when set to True.

Alarm and Event Handling

The following alarms are generated for ABB Drives objects:
• Warnings
Warnings are alarms from a drive that do not trip the motor. These need to be
acknowledged by operator and are time stamped in the controller.
• Faults
Faults are alarms from the drive which trip the motor. These need to be
acknowledged by the operator and are time stamped in the controller.
• Object Errors
Object errors can be any of the following, or a combination:
– Communication error from the drive.
– Feedback error from the drive.
– PriorityStop2 or PriorityStop3 interlock active.
– EmergencyStop and EmergencyStop with ramp, issued to the drive.
Details of the particular internal error that has occurred can be found in the
description field in the alarm list.
Alarms are acknowledged via the input parameter, AlarmsAck. The operator
acknowledges it in the alarm list. All alarms can be disabled by
InteractionPar.DisableAlarms.

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Both a feedback error from the drive and drive having tripped will force the object
to go to state Stop (Run is false). EngDrive(M) will switch off, that is,
ReadyToSwitchOn is False. That means that whenever the drive returns to normal
mode, a start command will never be active until the command has been reactivated.
The following parameters are associated with alarm handling:
• AEConfigX (where X is any of the alarms above), sets the behavior when there
is an active alarm.
• AESeverityX (where X is any of the alarms above), sets the severity of the
alarm.
• ALStateX (where X is any of the alarms above), displays the state of the alarm.
• AEClass, the class which all alarms belong to.
• Warnings, active output when there is a Warning alarm active.
• Trips, active output when there is a Trip alarm active.
• ObjErr, active output when there is an ObjectError alarm active.
For more information on alarm and event parameters and alarm and event
handling, see alarm and event information in the manual Basic Control Software,
Introduction and Configuration, and online help for the object in question.

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DriveStatusReceive and DriveCommandSend

The function blocks DriveStatusReceive and DriveCommandSend are included in
the drive control types ACStdDrive(M), DCStdDrive(M), and EngDrive(M).

DriveStatusReceive are used to retrieve the status from a drive, after which the
program or operator makes a decision based on this information. A command can
then be issued to the drive using DriveCommandSend.
ABB Drives process object types can also be used to build custom ABB Drives
control solutions. In this case, you should consider the following:

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• Execution Order
The execution order is always DriveStatusReceive, UniCore,
DriveCommandSend. In this way, communication delays are avoided. The start
parameter (Start) is a level signal with a hold function.
• Status and Control Word
The Command, RawSP1, RawSP2, Status, RawPV1 and RawPV2 parameters
are to be connected to the drive, independent of the media through which data
is transferred. The drive communicates with the controller though drive data
sets and the parameters are to be connected to the drive according toTable 35 .
The drive data set number may differ between different types of ABB Drives, see
ABB Drives documentation for the drive in question.

Table 35. Drive data sets and parameters.

Drive Data Set 1 Drive Data Set 2

Data Words Data Words
1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3
Command RawSP1 RawSP2 Status RawPV1 RawPV2

• Emergency Stop
There are two command parameters that can cause an emergency stop, Off2
and Off3. If the application demands an emergency stop through one of these
parameters, the drive stops according to local emergency settings on the drive.
The priority for emergency stops is controlled by the drive. The priority of
emergency stop is higher than that of the stop and start commands.
The Off2 and Off3 parameters do not have any effect on the drive, if it is not in
its remote state (locally controlled drive).

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• Controlling the Drive

There are two sets of commands that start/stop a Drive:
– On/Off:
In a DC Drive, On/Off switches on/off the main contactor/circuit breaker
and also energizes/deenergizes the field, motor fan and drive module
cooling fan. In an AC engineered Drive, the incoming DC converter
bridge is switched on, and the DC bus energized.
– Start/Stop:
Start/Stop releases/blocks the pulses to the output power bridge. On the
start command, the drive controllers release torque and speed references
and start the motor.
For an AC Standard Drive, a start/stop command is sufficient. The same
command can be connected to Switch On and Start, Switch Off and Stop.
When both start (Switch On) and stop (Switch Off) orders are given though the
input parameters, the stop (Switch Off) order has the higher priority.
In order to prepare a drive for start/switch on, the following must be fulfilled:
– The drive must be configured to receive commands from the Fieldbus.
– Communication must be running (Drive<->Controller).
– No activated emergency stop (Off2, Off3).
– After drive fault, the Drive must be reset before continuing operation.
• Scaling of Drive Values
It is possible to scale all reference and set point values according to local
settings in the drive unit. These variables are used in the Function Blocks
DriveStatusReceive and DriveCommandSend.
DriveMaxMin1 is the maximum numerical value of the first process variable,
for example speed reference and actual values in a Drive. This value for speed
is +/- 20000 for ACS800.
DriveMaxMin2 is the maximum numerical value of the second process
variable, for example torque reference and actual values in a Drive. This value
is +/-10000 for ACS800.
Pv1MaxMin is the maximum value of the first process variable (for example
speed) in engineering value. If a processing line has the speed of 1500 m/s, this
value is set to 1500. The value 1500 is then scaled using DriveMaxMin1.

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Pv2MaxMin is the maximum value of he second process variable (for example

torque) value in engineering value. Scaling is similar to Pv1MaxMin.
If the application requires only unipolar values (for example no negative
references), then both Pv1MaxMin and Pv2MaxMin have to be limited
externally. SP1MaxMin and SP2MaxMin are the corresponding set point values
for speed and torque in the DrivesCommandSend.

ABB Drives Communication

ACStdDrive(M), DCStdDrive(M), and EngDrive(M) all contain the
DriveStatusReceive and DriveCommandSend function blocks. For more
information on those function blocks, see DriveStatusReceive and
DriveCommandSend on page 281.

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Figure 116 and Figure 117 shows communication between an AC 800M Controller
and an ABB Standard Drive.

Figure 116. Overview of the connections between an ABB Standard Drive and an
AC 800M Controller, part A-B

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Figure 117. Overview of the connections between ABB Drive and AC 800M
Controller, part C-A (black arrow = fixed connection)

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To configure communication:
a. Establish the communication channels (part A in Figure 116 and
Figure 117).
The communication protocols between AC800M and ABB Drives may be:
- ModuleBus,
- PROFIBUS DP-V0,
- PROFIBUS DP-V1,
- DriveBus.
The setting must be done either in AC 800M, or in the ABB Drive, so that
they use the same protocol and define the same communication channels.
For AC 800M, the setting is defined in the Hardware Editor of the applied
communication interface. Refer to online help and the manual
Communication, Protocols and Design for further information. The
Hardware Editor for different protocols might use different names for the
same communication channel. For ABB Drive configuration, refer to ABB
Drives documentation.
b. Define the data to be sent and received in AC 800M Controller (part B in
Figure 116).
In AC 800M, this is done by making variable connections between the
ACStdDrive function block and the Hardware Editor of the applied
communication interface, using variable connections. The most important
thing is that the required process data on the Drive side must be connected
on the same communication channel used by the corresponding data in
ACStdDrive function block. For example, in Figure 116, Actual Speed in
ACStdDrive function block must be connected to DS4 ch 2, so that the
parameter can get the correct information.

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c. Define the data to be sent and received in the ABB Standard Drive (part C
in Figure 117).
For example, define the connection between parameter index 01.02
(ActSpeed) with parameter index 92.05 (DS4 word 2) in ABB Standard
Drive. How to connect those parameter indexes in the Drive is described in
ABB Drives documentation. A black arrow in Figure 116 indicates a fixed
connection that is not configurable.
The same method is also used to establish communication with EngDrive(M).
The differences are only the number of communication channels and the data
to be sent and received.

ABB Drives Interaction Windows

The Drives control types in the Process Object Drives library have four interaction
Windows, the main for manual control and some supervision, one for configuring
the object, one to display Process interlock and Priority signal status and one for
Group Start mode. The main window is displayed first, the others can be displayed
by clicking the corresponding Icons on the main window.
For information on icons used in interaction windows, see Appendix C, Process
Graphics Icons.
DCStdDrive(M) has two additional parameters that can be set in Control Builder
using interaction parameters. The parameters are:
• DriveSpeedScale: Maximum speed of Motor in Drive Units (for example.
20000 for DCS500B).
• DriveTorqueScale: Nominal Torque in Drive Units (for example 4000 for
DCS500B).
All ABB Drives internally scale speed to +/-20000 and torque to +/- 10000. This
unit is different for DCS500B. However, future DC Drives can be expected to follow
ABB Drives scaling.

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INSUM Control
This section describes control INSUM devices using the process objects
InsumBreaker(M), MCUBasic(M), and MCUExtended(M):
• INSUM Process Object Types on page 290 contains a short description of each
of the INSUM process objects in the INSUM Process Object library.
• Additional information on the behavior, configuration and operation of the
INSUM process objects can be found under Operation Modes on page 293,
Circuit Breaker and MCU States on page 295, MCU Types on page 296, Motor
Starter Types on page 296, Priority and Interlocking on page 297, Priority and
Interlocking on page 297, Alarm and Event Handling on page 298, Supervision
on page 300, and Control Builder Interaction Windows on page 301.

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INSUM Process Object Types

There are three INSUM process object types:
• INSUMBreaker(M)
Used to control and supervise an
INSUM trip unit for circuit
breakers.
INSUMBreaker(M) is based on
UniCore for process logic and
INSUMRead and INSUMWrite
blocks for communication with
the device. Blocks for alarm
handling are also included, for
the display of trips, warnings
and other errors, such as
communication errors and
feedback errors from the device.

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• MCUBasic(M)
Used for control and supervise an
INSUM MCU. It supports the control of
two starter types, NR-DOL and REV-
DOL and two MCU types, MCU1 and
MCU2.
MCUBasic(M) is based on BiCore for
process logic and INSUMRead, and on
INSUMWrite blocks for the
communication with the device. Blocks
for alarm handling are also included, for
the display of trips, warnings and other
errors, that is, communication errors and
feedback errors from the device.

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• MCUExtended(M)
Used to control and supervise an INSUM
MCU. It supports the control of four
starter types, NR-DOL, REV-DOL, NR-
SD and NR-2N.
McuExtended(M) is developed for the
control of an MCU2 and has options of
reading/writing to general purpose I/Os.
It is based on BiCore for process logic,
and includes INSUMRead and
INSUMWrite blocks for communication
with the device.
Blocks for alarm handling are also
included, for the display of trips,
warnings and other errors, such as
communication errors and feedback
errors from the device.

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Operation Modes
The Enable parameter is by default set to True, meaning that the object is executed.
When Enable is False, the object is disabled, including all internal types. All output
parameters are inactivated or set to 0.
All three INSUM process objects have the same modes (with the exception of Soft
Local mode, which is not valid for circuit breakers). There are only minor
differences, which are pointed out below.
• Manual Mode
The input parameter ManModeInit sets the default startup mode after a cold
start. If this parameter is True, control will be manual (Manual mode),
otherwise it will be automatic (Auto mode). When an object returns from being
disabled, it is always in Manual mode.
Manual mode is activated via InterationPar.SetMan. In Manual mode, the
parameter ManMode is True.
Open and Close commands to circuit breakers in manual mode are sent via the
InteractionPar variables InteractionPar.ManOpen and
InteractionPar.ManClose.
Manual control of MCUs is possible via the parameters
InteractionPar.ManStartRun1, InteractionPar.ManStartRun2 and
InteractionPar.ManStop.
In Manual mode, the operator can switch to Auto, Soft Local (McuBasic(M)
and MCUExtended(M) only), Out of Service, and Group Start mode. The
operator is also able to reset trips from a circuit breaker or MCU
(InteractionPar.Reset) and activate TOL bypass for MCUs (set
InteractionPar.TOLBypassActive to True).
• Auto Mode
Auto mode is activated via the parameter SetAuto or the interaction parameter
InteractionPar.SetAuto. In Auto mode, the status of a circuit breaker (open or
closed) is controlled by the parameters AutoOpen and AutoClose, while the
status of an MCU is controlled by the parameters AutoStartRun1,
AutoStartRun2, and AutoStartStop.

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In Auto mode, active trips can be reset and it is possible to override the
parameters in InteractionPar. The output parameter AutoMode is True as long
as the object is in Auto mode.
• Priority Mode
Priority mode is active when any of the process interlock or priority interlock
parameters described in Priority and Interlocking on page 278 are True.
Priority mode can be overridden by the Inhibit parameter, by manual
commands, or by setting the circuit breaker or MCU in Local mode.
• Group Start Mode
Group Start mode is activated via the InteractionPar.SetGroupStart parameter.
In Group Start mode, the object is controlled by the parameter GroupStartIn
(circuit breakers), or by the parameters GroupStartIn1 and GroupStartIn2
(MCUs). The parameter GroupStartIlock prevents changes to Group Start
mode. In Group Start mode, the output parameter GroupStartMode is True.
For more information about the Group Start library, see Section 6,
Synchronized Control.
• Local Mode
Local mode means that the circuit breaker or MCU is not controlled from the
process object, but via direct input, bypassing the controller. Local mode can
only be set or reset directly at the circuit breaker or MCU. In this mode, all
input from Auto mode and Manual mode is ignored.
When local mode is disabled, the object will return to its previous mode. The
output parameter LocMode is True when in Local mode.
Priority mode and priority manual commands cannot be executed in this mode.
• External Mode
If you activate External mode it will provide other objects like the MMI all
rights reserved of sending commands to a MCU. Thus, preventing a user (via
faceplates) to interfere with an action given from the MMI. Although, an Insum
object in External mode cannot send commands to a MCU, it can still read the
MCU status.
External mode is activated via the InteractionPar.SetExternal and is indicated
in the parameter External mode.

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• Soft Local Mode (MCU control only)

Soft Local mode works as Local mode, but with the difference that Soft Local
mode is activated from a remote point of control, for example, an interaction
window. Remote control is also reset directly from the interaction window.
When an MCU is in Soft Local mode, an indication is shown on the interaction
window (the same indication as for Local mode, but the difference is that the
push button for setting the MCU to remote control is active).
• Out of Service Mode
Out of service mode is entered using the command
InteractionPar.SetOutOfService. It is only possible to enter this mode when the
status of a circuit breaker is Open (when the status of an MCU is Stopped). In
this mode, it is not possible to maneuver the circuit breaker or MCU, but it is
possible to change modes and exit Out of service mode. The output parameter
OutOfServiceMode is active when in this mode.

Circuit Breaker and MCU States

The current state of a circuit breaker, Open or Closed, is shown by the output
parameters Open and Closed, respectively. More detailed information is displayed
at the interaction window.
The current state of the MCU is shown by the output parameters Runs1, Runs2 and
Stopped. Runs1 and Runs2 basically mean that the MCU is in any of its running
states, and Stopped that the MCU is stopped. Changing states for an MCU is
handled via its associated commands. More detailed information is displayed in the
interaction window.
MCUExtended(M) has two additional states: Star and Delta. The Star and Delta
output parameters have different meaning depending on the motor starter type used,
see Motor Starter Types on page 296.

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MCU Types
As McuBasic(M) supports the use of both MCU1 and MCU2, the configuration in
the object must indicate which one is being used (via InteractionPar.MCU) as some
functionality provided by McuBasic only is available for MCU2 types. This is not
necessary for McuExtended(M), since this type is intended for use with MCU2
only.
McuBasic(M) supports the object is made via InteractionPar.StarterType (0 = NR-
DOL, 1=REV-DOL). As NR-DOL is a starter type that only activates two states
(Runs1 and Stopped), all commands and input parameters associated with output
parameter Runs2 do not have any function for this starter type, that is, if the
InteractionPar.StarterType is set to 0, activating AutoStartRun2 will not affect the
object in any way.

Motor Starter Types

Table 36 shows supported motor starter types.

Table 36. Supported motor starter types. X=supported, -=not supported.

NR-DOL REV-DOL NR-SD NR-2N

MCUBasic(M) X X - -
MCUExtended(M) X X X X

The motor starter type is selected via InteractionPar.StarterType (0 = NR-DOL,

1=REV-DOL, 2=NR-SD and 3=NR-2N):
• NR-DOL only activates two states (Runs1 and Stopped). Parameters associated
with Runs2 do not have any effect for this motor starter type.
• For NR-SD, all commands and input parameters associated with Runs2 have
no function (as for NR-DOL). For this starter type, output Star means that the
starter is star connected and, accordingly, output Delta means that the starter is
delta connected.
• For NR-2N, the commands and input parameters associated with Runs2, that is,
AutoStartRun2, PriorityStartRun2, GroupStartIn2 etc., puts the starter in its
high-speed state. However, Runs2 itself has no function for this configuration.

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Instead, an active output Runs1 indicates that the MCU is in its running state
and the speed is indicated via the outputs Star and Delta, where Star is the low-
speed and Delta the high-speed indication.

Priority and Interlocking

Interlocking is used to stop process objects from entering a certain state. Priority
parameters are used to force an object to a certain state. The following interlocking
and priority functions are available for INSUM process objects:
• Process Interlocks
Setting the parameter PriorityClose to True forces a circuit breaker to close.
For MCUs, the parameters PriorityStartRun1 and PriorityStartRun2 forces the
MCU to go to state Runs1 and Runs2, respectively.
Process interlocks can only be overridden by Priority interlocks, the Inhibit
parameter and by manual commands.
• Priority Interlocks
For circuit breakers, the parameters PriorityOpen1, PriorityOpen2 and
PriorityOpen3 can be used to force the circuit breaker to open. For MCUs, the
parameters PriorityStop1, PriorityStop2 and PriorityStop3 can be used to force
the MCU to stop.
PriorityOpen2, PriorityOpen3, PriorityStop2 and PriorityStop3 all generate an
alarm (ObjectError) when activated.
Priority Interlocks can only be overridden by the Inhibit parameter and manual
commands.
• Priority Manual Commands
For circuit breakers, PriorityCloseMan and PriorityOpenMan force the circuit
breaker into the corresponding state (Closed or Open), and sets the process
object in Manual mode. For MCUs, PriorityStartRun1Man,
PriorityStartRun2Man and PriorityStopMan force the MCU into the
corresponding state and then sets the process object in Manual mode.
PriorityCloseMan and PriorityStopMan also generate an alarm.
Priority manual commands have no function when a circuit breaker or MCU is
in Local mode or Priority mode.

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If priority manual commands are executed while in Priority mode, an MCU

will change to the corresponding state, but the change to Manual mode will not
take place until Priority mode is left (that is, all Priority commands are
inactivated or a possible feedback error is acknowledged).
• Open/Close and Start/Stop Interlocks
For circuit breakers, IlockClose and IlockOpen are prevent circuit breakers
from being transferred to certain states manually. IlockClose blocks the circuit
breaker from manual closure and IlockOpen blocks manual open signals.
IlockClose does not open an already closed circuit breaker.
For MCUs, IlockStartRun1, IlockStartRun2 and IlockStop prevent the MCU
from being transferred to certain states manually. IlockStartRun1 blocks the
MCU from manual start to Run1 state, IlockStartRun2 blocks manual start to
Run2 state, and IlockStop blocks a manual stop command. IlockStartRun1 and
IlockStartRun2 do not stop MCUs that are already in a running state.
• Inhibit
Setting the Inhibit parameter to True overrides all active interlocks. Ilock
parameters prevent both manual control and control in Auto mode.

Alarm and Event Handling

The following alarms can be generated for INSUM objects:
• Warnings
Alarms from a circuit breaker or MCU can be warnings, for example, alarms
that do not trip the breaker or MCU. Warnings are acknowledged by the
operator in the operator workplace alarm list, or by activating the parameter
WarningsAck at the object. This alarm is time-stamped in the controller.
• Trips
Trips are alarms that indicate that a circuit breaker or motor has tripped. If the
parameter ExtErrTimeStamp is True, trips might also be a warning with an
external time stamp from the breaker or MCU. Which type of alarm a trip is
can be seen in the description field in the operator workplace alarm list, where
all warning and trip details are displayed. A trip is acknowledged by the
operator in the alarm list, or by activating the parameter TripsAck at the object.

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• Object Errors
Object errors can be any of the following, or a combination:
– Communication read error in an INSUMRead function block.
– Communication write error in an INSUMWrite function block.
– Feedback error from the circuit breaker or MCU.
– Any of PriorityOpen2 or PriorityOpen3 is True.
– PriorityCloseMan or PriorityStopMan generates an alarm
More information about which ObjectError has occurred is displayed in the
description field in the alarm list. As with other alarms, ObjectError can be
acknowledged from the alarm list or from the object (via ObjErrAck).
Both a feedback error from the device and the circuit breaker having tripped will
force the breaker/MCU to go to state Open/Stopped and the object will go to
Priority mode. That means that whenever the circuit breaker or MCU returns to
normal mode, a start command will not become active until the command has been
re-activated.
Whether alarms should be time-stamped in the circuit breaker or MCU, or not, is
controlled by the parameter ExtErrTimeStamp. If ExtErrTimeStamp is True, the
inputs CIPos and GWPos must be set in order to get the alarms from the correct
circuit breaker or MCU. Setting this parameter disables the Warning alarm, since
both warnings and trips will be included in the alarm Trip, as described above.
It is possible to acknowledge alarms from Control Builder interaction windows. To
open an interaction window, click on the relevant alarm triangle icon in the
interaction window.
The following parameters are associated with alarm handling:
• AEConfigX (where X is any of the alarms above), sets the behavior when there
is an active alarm,
• AESeverityX (where X is any of the alarms above), sets the severity of the
alarm,
• ALStateX (where X is any of the alarms above), displays the state of the alarm,
• AEClass, sets the class to which an alarm belongs,
• Warnings, active output when there is a Warning alarm active,
• Trips, active output when there is a Trip alarm active,

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• ObjErr, active output when there is an ObjectError alarm active.

For more information on alarm and event parameters and alarm and event
handling, see alarm and event information in the manual Basic Control Software,
Introduction and Configuration, and online help for the object in question.
All alarms can be disabled by activating the configuration parameter
InteractionPar.DisableAlarms.

Supervision
The following NVs are read to the object from InsumBreaker(M):
• NV NodeStatus,
• NV CurrentReport,
• NV AlarmReport.
NodeStatus and AlarmReport are read every execution cycle, while CurrentReport
is read with a cyclic interval that is set by the parameter
InteractionPar.ProcessDataScanTime.
The following MCU NVs are read to the object from McuBasic(M):
• NV CurrentReport
• NV CalcProcValue
• NV TimeToReset
• NV TimeToTrip
• NV CumRunT
• NV OpCount1
• NV OpCount2
• NV OpCount3
• NV AlarmReport
• NV MotorStateExt
• NV ActualCA1
MotorStateExt, AlarmReport and ActualCA1 are read every execution cycle, while
the others are updated with a cyclic time interval set by the parameter
InteractionPar.ProcessDataScanTime.

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• The following MCU NVs are read to the McuExtended(M) object:

– NV CurrentReport
– NV VoltageReport (optional)
– NV PowerReport
– NV CalcProcValue
– NV TimeToReset
– NV TimeToTrip
– NV CumRunT
– NV OpCount1
– NV OpCount2
– NV OpCount3
– NV GpIn1
– NV GpIn2
– NV GpOut1Fb
– NV GpOut2Fb
– NV AlarmReport
– NV MotorStateExt
– NV ActualCA1
MotorStateExt, AlarmReport, ActualCA1, GpIn1, GpIn2, GpOut1Fb and
GpOut2Fb are read every execution cycle, while the others are updated with a
cyclic time interval set by the InteractionPar.ProcessDataScanTime parameter.

Control Builder Interaction Windows

All three types in the Process Object INSUM library has four interaction windows: a
main window for manual control and some supervision, one for extended
supervision, one for configuring the object, and one for group start. The main
interaction window is displayed first, and the others are displayed by clicking the
corresponding icons at the top of the main INSUM Control window.
For information on icons used in interaction windows, see Appendix C, Process
Graphics Icons.

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Introduction
Group Start library can be used to build procedures for starting and stopping
processes. The library is intended to be used together with objects from the Process
Object Basic and Process Object Extended libraries.
The Group Start library is based on a control module philosophy. The stop sequence
is always the reverse of the start sequence. This makes the Group Start library
suitable for creating start and stop procedures for machines. Group Start support
several initial head control modules.

Group Start Library

The group start library contains objects to control and supervise a sequential startup
of process objects as well as other units that may be seen as process objects.
The GroupStartLib standard library organizes the control modules needed to build
Group start applications. One exception is the GroupStartObjConn control module
which is placed in BasicLib in order to avoid unnecessary dependencies between the
process object libraries and the GroupStartLib.

Group Start Concept

It is easy to use the Group Start functionality in the Control Builder. Configuring
complex configurations to handle start and stop objects in group start is made with
control modules connected by graphical connections. The user gets an overview of
the connected object and object status and control are centralized to the head of the
Group Start. Information is given about the present starting object as well as the
next object to be started. Group Starts may be build in a hierarchal way that
complete group starts may be looked upon as objects. The hierarchy may be made in
several levels and may be connected in any object position.

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The connected objects may be standard process objects from the ProcessObj
libraries, but may also be of some other kind like complete control loops that can
have an on/off situation associated. In a control loop the on/off switch may consist
of for example a set point change from one value to another.

Group Start Objects

In the following you can find the objects for GroupStartLib and a short description
of each object:
• GroupStartHead
GroupStartHead supervises the entire group, keeps track of the alarms
generated in the group and detects the connected objects not ready for start in
group start mode.
• GroupStartStep
GroupStartStep is used to define a step in a Group Start sequence
• GroupStartAnd
GroupStartAnd can be used when two or more Group Start groups need to be
synchronized before a Group Start object/sub-group is started.
• GroupStartOr
GroupStartOr can be used when a Group Start object/sub-group is started from
two or more Group Start groups.
• GroupStartObjectTemplate
GroupStartObjectTemplate is used to connect a generic process object to the
group start, using the structured data type ProcObjConnection.
• GroupStartTestObject
GroupStartTestObject can be used during design / commissioning to test the
Group Start before all process objects are in place.
• GroupStartStandby4, 8, 12
These modules shall be used for standby purposes and to be able to activate a
desired number of objects all working together in the process.
• IfoParGroupStartObjectTemplate
This control module type contains the graphics of the interaction window of the
GroupStartObjectTemplate type

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Introduction
This section presents a short description about the signal and vote loop concept in
the SignalLib.

Signal and Vote Loop Concept

Vote control module types may be connected to objects with vote logic (control
module types with a voting parameter). The vote control module types are used to
define different rules that make it possible to control the process to predetermined
states. This means that the process can behave differently, depending on valid rule,
for example shutdown the process.

Overview
The SignalLib library consists of control modules for signal input, voting and output
signals and the ProcessObjLib libraries consist of control modules for process
control. The ControlLib libraries consist of control modules for control loops and
calculation.
A typical usage for vote control modules are applications that are divided into signal
loops, where voting with signal status diagnostics and communication to external
applications is an essential and integrated part of the application. Each loop contains
input signal control modules, vote control modules and output control modules. The
output signals in the vote control modules are latched and can be reset from the
process output signal control module or from any connected vote control module in
the loop. The latched command signals are sent via MMS to a separate (non-SIL)
application in addition to a local alarm/event.

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Figure 118 shows the principal voting data flow for a SIF (Safety Instrumented
Functions) loop and Figure 120 shows some combination possibilities between SIF
loop logic and common programmer calculation code, using the input signals from
signal objects real as well as boolean types. The vote control modules have a
possibility to combine the action together with a command number inside the
structured component VotedConnection. Then, the receiving object as e.g. a process
object like a motor or a valve may decode this command into different actions inside
the process object like PriorityCmd0 or/and perhaps ILock1. PriorityCmd0 or/and
ILock1 are defined by an input parameter (xxxConfig) for each possible action
where xxx is representing the specific action, for example PriorityCmd0Config. This
gives the possibility for different Vote control modules to take different (or equal)
actions in the process object.
The selections in xxxConfig are displayed in the faceplate of the process object and
the signal output control modules.
The voted commands are numbered from 1 to 32 to define a corresponding bit in the
xxxConfig word.

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The Command number is a parameter integer

value defining a bit in a word to be compared
with the xxxConfig pararmeters.
Ex: Command number=4
Command
Out number 1-4
Command may change if
number <>0 PriorityCmd0Config
The lowest command
number of the activated PriorityCmd1Config
inputs are sent on the output
ILock1Config

Process Object
defines actions

The number of xxxConfig are

dependent on the process object
type and may vary.

The xxxConfig values are defined by an dword

value that may be entered as a parameter 2#1000

Figure 118. Configuration example of vote logic. (SIR=Signal In Real, and

SIB=Signal In Bool)
The output from a vote control module may also be connected to other objects
defined in Table 38, for example, an output signal object that defines the action of
the output signal when the voted signal is activated.
The coding method of the xxxConfig parameters is based upon which state the
process is to enter when the command is received. To enter a specific process state,
the process object has to give one or several commands. The different commands
may be individual for different output control modules types, as listed in Table 38.

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The square color changes when the bit

pattern match the received command
number..
Red color is used when both Cmd and
LatchedCmd are true.
Gren color is used when Cmd component
has return to false state.
White squares indicate the value of the
received command number.
Black squares indicate the configured
behavour of hte different actions.

Figure 119. Example of Voted commands indications in a faceplate of a process

object (MotorUniM).
The process object in the example has three different command types that are
affecting the process object in three different ways:
• PriorityManCmd 0 and 1
• PriorityCmd 0, and 1
• Lock0 and 1
The corresponding config parameters contains a bit pattern that is compared to the
command bit position and if they match the command is given to the process object.
These commands are or-ed with the corresponding parameters and finally the
process object priorities what actually shall be performed. If for example the
PriorityCmdMan0 command is given from the voting logic and the input parameter
PriorityCmdMan1 also is true, the PriorityCmdMan0 will be the result. The
xxxConfig parameters together with the command bit pattern is displayed in the
faceplate.

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Example

Figure 120. Configuration example of vote logic.

As a result of the upper vote control module in the control module diagram above,
the process is to shut down completely, and as a result of the second vote control
module the process is to be placed in a stand by mode.

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Example Section 7 Surveillance

Solution
Start to define the behavior of the different process objects or connected outputs at
shutdown and standby, according to following:

Behavior Action
Shutdown The upper process object shall run (use PriorityCmd)
The middle process object shall prevent the automation
program to transfer the object into the stopped position
(use ILock0)
The lower process object shall stop and when the vote
condition has been released be placed in manual mode
(use PriorityManCmd0)
Standby The upper process object shall run (Use PriorityCmd1)
The middle process object shall not be affected.
The lower process object shall prevent the automation
program to transfer the object into the started position
(Use ILock1)

This gives the following settings on the objects:

Object Setting
Upper vote OutCommandNumber: 1
Lower vote OutCommandNumber: 2
Upper process PriorityCmd0Config: 2#1
object PriorityCmd0Config: 2#10
Middle process ILock0Config: 2#1
object
Lower process PriorityManCmd0Config: 2#1
object ILock1Config: 2#10

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Section 7 Surveillance Standard Object Types that Support Voting Logic

Standard Object Types that Support Voting Logic

There are two types of objects that support Voting logic:
• Objects determining specified situations like too high values, sending it to the
voting objects (sending objects).
• Objects receives voted commands and are responding to them (receiving
objects).

Sending Objects
Sending objects send the detected information into a node of VoteConnection. The
table below displays sending objects and also describes the possible detected
situations related to the InxLevelConfig parameter of the voting objects. Values of
InxLevelConfig outside the described range or on objects where the value is marked
with a “x” gives ParError in ParError detecting objects.

Table 37. Sending VoteConnection standard objects

InxLevelConfig = -3 = -2 = -1 =0 =1 =2 =3
in Voting object

Real
Object Value
Out(1)
SignalInBoolM x x x x DiffNormal x x x
SignalBoolCalcInM x x x x DiffNormal x x x
SignalInRealM Yes LLL LL L x H HH HHH
SignalSimpleInRealM Yes x x L x H x x
SignalRealCalcInM Yes LLL LL L x H HH HHH
PidCC Yes x x DevNeg x DevPos x x
PidAdvancedCC Yes x x DevNeg x DevPos Oscillation Sluggish
detected control
detected

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Standard Object Types that Support Voting Logic Section 7 Surveillance

Table 37. Sending VoteConnection standard objects (Continued)

InxLevelConfig = -3 = -2 = -1 =0 =1 =2 =3
in Voting object

Real
Object Value
Out(1)
Level2CC Yes x x L x H x x
Level4CC Yes x LL L x H HH x
Level6CC Yes LLL LL L x H HH HHH
BiM x x x Object Off On Pos On Pos 2 x
error 1
UniM x x x Object Off On x x
error
ValveUniM x x x Object Closed Opened x x
error
MotorBiM x x x Object Stopped Runs Runs x
error Pos1 Pos2
MotorUniM x x x Object Stopped Runs x x
error
InsumBreakerM x Trip Warn Object Opened Closed x x
ing error
McuBasicM x Trip Warn Object Stopped Runs Runs x
ing error Pos1 Pos2
McuExtendedM x Trip Warn Object Stopped Runs Runs x
ing error Pos1 Pos2
ACStdDriveM x Trip Warn Object Stopped Runs Stopped Runs
ing error

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 Section 7 Surveillance Standard Object Types that Support Voting Logic

Table 37. Sending VoteConnection standard objects (Continued)

InxLevelConfig = -3 = -2 = -1 =0 =1 =2 =3
in Voting object

Real
Object Value
Out(1)
DCStdDriveM x Trip Warn Object Stopped Runs Current Current
ing error Off On
EngDriveM x Trip Warn Object Stopped Runs Current Current
ing error Off On
(1) Sends a real value to be used in the statistic calculation of the vote object (highest, lowest, median and average value).

Receiving Objects
The sending objects receive the voted information and reacts on it, dependent of the
nature and possibilities of the individual object. The table below displays the
sending objects and also describes the possible different behavior.

Table 38. Receiving VotedConnection standard objects

Object Voting Action

SignalBoolCalcOutM Freeze Predetermined Value
SignalOutBoolM Freeze Predetermined Value
SignalRealCalcOutM Freeze Predetermined Value
SignalOutRealM Freeze Predetermined Value
SignalSimpleOutRealM Freeze Predetermined Value
PidCC ->Auto mode -> External setpoint -> Tracking
mode

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Standard Object Types that Support Voting Logic Section 7 Surveillance

Table 38. Receiving VotedConnection standard objects (Continued)

Object Voting Action

PidAdvancedCC ->Auto mode -> External setpoint -> Tracking
mode
SelectorCC Select predefined input
channel
Selector4CC Select predefined input
channel also in chained
configuration
ManualAutoCC -> Auto mode
SignalSupervisionCC Freeze Predetermined Value
BiM PriorityMan 0, 1, 2 Priority 0, 1, 2 Interlock 0, 1, 2
UniM PriorityMan 0, 1 Priority 0, 1, Interlock 0.1
ValveUniM PriorityMan 0, 1 PriorityMan 0, 1 Interlock 0, 1
MotorBiM PriorityMan 0, 1, 2 PriorityMan 0, 1, 2 Interlock 0, 1, 2
MotorUniM PriorityMan 0, 1 PriorityMan 0, 1 Interlock 0, 1
InsumBreakerM PriorityMan 0, 1 PriorityMan 0, 1 Interlock 0, 1
McuBasicM PriorityMan 0, 1, 2 PriorityMan 0, 1, 2 Interlock 0, 1, 2
McuExtendedM PriorityMan 0, 1, 2 PriorityMan 0, 1, 2 Interlock 0, 1, 2
ACStdDriveM PriorityMan 0, 1 PriorityMan 0, 1 Interlock 0, 1
DCStdDriveM PriorityMan 0, 1 PriorityMan 0, 1 Interlock 0, 1
EngDriveM PriorityMan 0, 1 PriorityMan 0, 1 Interlock 0, 1
Mimo22CC Selects a specified
equation

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Table 38. Receiving VotedConnection standard objects (Continued)

Object Voting Action

Mimo41CC Selects a specified
equation
Mimo44CC Selects a specified
equation

Vote Control Module Types

Type Name Library Description

Vote1oo1Q SignalLib Performs voting of one input signal, where the
signal quality is considered together with the
activation signal from the input module, for
example from SignalInRealM. The vote output is
set if the input signal if either activated or have
bad quality.
VoteXoo3Q SignalLib Performs voting of up to three input signals, where
the signal quality is considered together with the
activation signal from the input modules, for
example from SignalInRealM. The vote output is
set if X (X parameter) number of input signals are
either activated or have bad quality.

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Vote Structure Control Module Types Section 7 Surveillance

Type Name Library Description

VoteXoo2D SignalLib Performs voting of up to two input signals, where
the signal quality is diagnosed together with the
activation signal from the input modules, for
example from SignalInRealM. If X parameter =1;
the vote output is set if any input signal is
activated and quality is good, or if all connected
signals have bad quality. If X parameter =2; the
vote output is set if both input signals are
activated and quality is good, or if one input signal
is activated and quality is good and the other input
signal have bad quality, or if all connected signals
have bad quality.
VoteXoo8 SignalLib Performs voting of up to eight input signals from
input modules, for example from SignalInRealM.
The vote output is set if X (X parameter) number
of input signals are activated. The signal quality is
not considered.

Vote Structure Control Module Types

Type Name Library Description

VotedAnd4 SignalLib Makes an AND function between four signal of
VotedConnection from a vote control module.
VotedOr4 SignalLib Makes an OR function between four signals of
VotedConnection from vote control modules.
VoteBranch4 SignalLib Branches a signal of VoteConnection, for example
an output from a signal object control module, into
four signals of the same data type.
VotedBranch4 SignalLib Branches a signal of VotedConnection, from a
vote control module, into four signals of the same
data type

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 Appendix A Customized Online Help

In this section you will find requirements on customized help for self-defined
libraries, applications and components of externally added applications, as well as
for non-standard hardware. Customized help can be produced using any online help
authoring tool.
How to add customized help for user-defined libraries with hardware and non-
standard hardware types, differ from how to add customized help for user-defined
libraries (with data types, function block types and control module types) and
applications.

Online Help Files for User-defined Libraries and

Applications
The following requirements must be fulfilled on customized online help for user-
defined libraries (with data types, function block types and control module types)
and applications.
1. Any online help authoring tool that produces Microsoft HTML Help 1.3 can be
used when producing the external help files.
2. Your help files should be placed in the UserHelp folder, which is located in the
standard help file folder of the Control Builder product, ABB Industrial
IT\...Help\UserHelp. (For example, c:\Program files\ABB Industrial
IT\Engineer IT\Compact Control Builder 5.0\Help\UserHelp).
3. The help file should be of the Microsoft HTML help file type, and should have
the same name as the library or application (for example, MyLib.chm).

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4. Context-sensitive help (F1 help) must always use A keywords that are based on
the Project Explorer object name.The name of the library or application in
Project Explorer is used by Control Builder, when calling the online help file.
See External Help Files via F1 on page 320.,
Only Microsoft HTML Help files (*.chm) of version 1.3 are supported.

Online Help Files for User-defined Libraries with Hardware

and Non-standard hardware
The following requirements must be fulfilled on customized online help for user-
defined libraries (with hardware types) and non-standard hardware.
1. Any online help authoring tool that produces Microsoft HTML Help or
WinHelp can be used when producing the external help files.
2. The help file can be of HTML (*.chm) or WinHelp (*.hlp) type.
3. The external help file should be added to the library with hardware or to the
hardware type in Project Explorer. How to add a help file to a library with non-
standard hardware (with, for example, I/O units) and a specific hardware type
in a library, see Basic Control Software, Introduction and Configuration
(3BSE035980Rxxxx).
Context-sensitive help (F1) works with any help file name of the added help file,
as long as it is a HTML or WinHelp help file. F1 on a hardware type without any
added help file calls the help file added (if any) to the user-defined library (with
the hardware type).

Access Customized Online Help from Control Builder

There are three ways to access online help from Control Builder. You can use the
menu option Help..., you can select an item in Project Explorer and press F1, or you
could click the Help button on the tool bar, or in a dialog.

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Help Menu
The Show Help About dialog provides access to help files that have been added by
the user (if such files exist in the UserHelp folder). Use this dialog box to access
external, inserted help files. The dialog box is opened from the Project Explorer:
Help > Show Help About..., as illustrated in Figure 121.

Figure 121. Help menu in the Project Explorer window.

All externally added *.chm files residing in the predefined help file folder,
...Help\UserHelp, are listed in the Show Help About dialog box. See Figure 122.

Figure 122. The Show Help About dialog box

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To open a file from the dialog box, select (or double-click) a file from the list, or
type the name in the File name field, and click Open.
Help files displayed in the Show Help About dialog box are not a part of Control
Builder online help. This means that if a project is transferred to a new computer,
you manually will have to copy these help files from the UserHelp folder on the old
computer to the UserHelp folder on the new computer. This also means that these
help files are not included when a system backup is performed.

Context-Sensitive Help (F1)

If you select an item in Project Explorer and then press the F1 key, help on the
selected item will be displayed. The F1 key can be used on all items in applications,
libraries, user-defined libraries, hardware, and externally added hardware. It is also
possible to get F1 help on error messages in the editor message pane, or in the
project explorer pane.

External Help Files via F1

Control Builder supports context-sensitive help on user-defined library (with data
types, function block types and control module types) and components of externally
added applications, provided that the corresponding help file is placed in the
UserHelp folder.
Context-sensitive help on user-defined libraries with hardware and non-standard
hardware is available if a help file (HTML or WinHelp file with any file name) is
added to the library or to the hardware type. See Basic Control Software,
Introduction and Configuration (3BSE035980Rxxxx).
External help files for user-defined library (with data types, function block types
and control module types), and components of externally added applications,
must have exactly the same name as the corresponding component file, as it
appears in the Control Builder tree, with the extension chm (refer to Table 39).
Otherwise, context-sensitive help will not work.

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Table 39. Control Builder files and corresponding help files (examples)

Object Type Control Builder File Help File

Library Foocos.lbr Foocos.chm
Application Application_1.app Application_1.chm

Context-Sensitive Linking
Context-sensitive linking between the help project topics and user-defined libraries
(with data types, function block types and control module types), and components
of externally added applications, in Project Explorer is done by A keyword linking.
Project Explorer objects should have their exact names specified as an A keyword in
the corresponding topic. An A keyword is a non-language-dependent text string,
sent from Control Builder (at an F1 call) to the online help system.
You must add the name of the object as an A keyword to the help topic describing
the object. Control Builder uses the name of the currently selected item and tries to
find a corresponding A keyword in the help system. If a call fails, the Control
Builder keyword is displayed under the Index Tab in the HTML Help Viewer.

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 Appendix B Library Objects Overview

This section gives an overview of all library objects, such as data types, functions,
function block types, and control module types that can be used in applications
created using the Control Builder engineering tool. Refer to the appropriate manuals
and Control Builder online help for detailed descriptions of the libraries.
Almost all library types are protected. This means that the types cannot be copied to
your own library and then modified. To determine if a library object is protected,
select the object in the Project Explorer and then try to copy it. If the object is
dimmed, it is protected.

In the following tables, the columns named “TC” (time-critical) and “SIL” (Safety
Integrity Level), shall be interpreted as follows:
“Y” (Yes) in column “TC” means that the function block / control module type can
be used in time-critical tasks. If not, there is an “N” (No) in the column.
“1-2” in column “SIL” means that the function block / control module type is SIL 1-
2 classified and can be used in SIL 1-2 applications. Otherwise, there is an “N” (No)
in the column.
Note that time-critical tasks are not allowed in SIL classified applications.

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System Appendix B Library Objects Overview

System
The System contains IEC 61131-3 data types and functions, as well as data types
and functions with extended functionality designed by ABB.

IEC 61131-3 Standard Functions

Table 40. IEC 61131-3 standard functions

Function TC SIL Description

Type conversion functions
*_TO_** Y(1) 1-2 Type conversion from * to **
The following type conversions are implicit
(that is, a call to a type conversion function
is not needed):
bool -> word, bool -> dword
word -> dword
int -> dint, int -> real
uint -> dint, uint -> real
dint -> real
explicit conversion functions:
<bool, int, dint, uint, words, dwords, time,
string>_to_real
<bool, int, dint, uint, word, dword, real, time,
date_and_time>_to_string
<dint, real, string>_to_time
<string>_to_date_and_time
<int, dint, uint, word, dword, real,
string>_to_bool
<bool, uint, dint, word, dword, real,
string>_to_int
<bool, int, uint, word, dword, real, time,
string>_to_dint

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Table 40. IEC 61131-3 standard functions (Continued)

Function TC SIL Description

<bool, int, dint, word, dword, real,
string>_to_uint
<bool, int, dint, uint, real, dword,
string>_to_word
<bool, int, dint, uint, real, word,
string>_to_dword
General functions
ABS Y 1-2 Absolute value
SQRT Y 1-2 Square root
Logarithmic functions
LN Y N Natural logarithm
LOG Y N Logarithm to base 10
EXP Y N Natural exponential
Trigonometric functions
SIN Y N Sine of input in radians
COS Y N Cosine in radians
TAN Y N Tangent in radians
ASIN Y N Principal arc sine
ACOS Y N Principal arc cosine
ATAN Y N Principal arc tangent
Extensible arithmetic functions
ADD Y 1-2 Addition (OUT:= IN1 + IN2 + … + Inn)
MUL Y 1-2 Multiplication (OUT:= IN1 * IN2 * … * INn)

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System Appendix B Library Objects Overview

Table 40. IEC 61131-3 standard functions (Continued)

Function TC SIL Description

Non-extensible arithmetic functions
SUB Y 1-2 Subtraction (OUT := IN1 – IN12)
DIV Y 1-2 Division (OUT := IN1 / IN2)
MOD Y 1-2 Modulus (OUT := IN1 modulo IN2)
EXPT Y 1-2 Exponentiation (OUT := IN1 raised to IN2)
MOVE Y 1-2 Move (OUT := IN)
Standard bit shift functions
SHL Y 1-2 Shift bits left (OUT := IN left-shifted by N
bits, zero-filled on right)
SHR Y 1-2 Shift bits right (OUT := IN right-shifted by N
bits, zero-filled on left)
ROR Y 1-2 Rotate bits right (OUT := IN right-rotated by
N bits, circular)
ROL Y 1-2 Rotate bits left (OUT := IN left-rotated by N
bits, circular)
Standard bit-wise Boolean functions
AND Y 1-2 Boolean AND (OUT := IN1 AND IN2 AND
… AND INn)
OR Y 1-2 Boolean OR (OUT := IN1 OR IN2 OR …
OR INn)
XOR Y 1-2 Boolean Exclusive OR (OUT := IN1 XOR
IN2 XOR … XOR INn)
NOT Y 1-2 Boolean negation (OUT := NOT IN1)

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Table 40. IEC 61131-3 standard functions (Continued)

Function TC SIL Description

Standard selection functions
SEL Y 1-2 Binary selection (non-extensible)
MIN Y(2) 1-2 Select the smallest of the input variables
(extensible)
MAX Y(2) 1-2 Select the largest of the input variables
(extensible)
LIMIT Y(2) 1-2 Delimiter between a minimum, min, variable
value and a maximum, max, variable value
(non-extensible).
MUX Y(2) 1-2 Multiplexer which selects the variable
pointed out by the input variable
(extensible)
Standard comparison functions
GT (>) Y 1-2 Decreasing sequence
GE (>=) Y 1-2 Monotonic decreasing sequence
EQ (=) Y 1-2 Equality
LE (<=) Y 1-2 Monotonic increasing sequence
LT (<) Y 1-2 Increasing sequence
NE (<>) Y 1-2 Inequality (non-extensible)

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System Appendix B Library Objects Overview

Table 40. IEC 61131-3 standard functions (Continued)

Function TC SIL Description

Standard character string functions
LEN Y 1-2 String length function
LEFT N N Left-most L characters of IN
RIGHT N N Right-most L characters of IN
MID N N L characters of IN beginning at the Pth
character position
CONCAT N N Extensible concatenation
INSERT N N Insert IN2 into IN1 after the Pth character
position
DELETE N N Delete L characters of IN, beginning at the
Pth character position
REPLACE N N Replace L characters of IN1 by IN2, starting
at the Pth character position
FIND Y N Find the character position of the beginning
of the first occurrence of IN2 in IN1. If no
occurrence of IN2 is found, then OUT := 0.
Functions of time data types
ADD Y 1-2 Add time variables
SUB Y 1-2 Subtract time variables
(1) Conversion functions can be used in time-critical tasks, except for the functions: <bool, int, dint,
uint, word, dword, real, time, date_and_time>_to_string, real_to_uint, and string_to_bool.
(2) This function can be used in time-critical tasks, except for string variables.

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Non-IEC 61131-3 Conversion Functions

Table 41. Non-IEC 61131-3 conversion functions

Function TC SIL Description

Type conversion functions
ASCIIStructToString N 1-2 The ASCIIStructToString function takes a
struct of dints, which contains the codes for
an ASCII string, and reconstructs the string
from the values in the components of the
struct. The component values of the
integer, DintStruct, are read and translated
into the value of the destination string,
String.
BCDToDint Y N BCDToDint converts a BCD value into an
integer value (dint).
Bool16ToDint Y 1-2 Bool16ToDint converts a Boolean struct
BoolStruct with 16 items into a dint.
Bool32ToDint Y 1-2 Bool32ToDint converts a Boolean struct
BoolStruct with 32 items into a dint.
CalendarStructTo Y N This function converts a CalendarStruct to
Date_and_time a date_and_time value.
Date_and_timeTo Y N This function converts a date_and_time
CalendarStruct value to a CalendarStruct.

DIntToBCD Y N DintToBCD converts an integer value into a

BCD value.
DIntToBool16 and Y N The DIntToBool16 and DIntToBool32
DIntToBool32 functions convert a dint into a Boolean
struct BoolStruct with 16 or 32 items,
respectively.
DIntToGraycode Y N This function converts a dint value to a
Graycoded value.

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Table 41. Non-IEC 61131-3 conversion functions (Continued)

Function TC SIL Description

GraycodeToDInt Y N This function converts a Graycoded value
to a dint value.
MaxStringLength N N The MaxStringLength function returns the
maximum length of a string; that is, the
allocated size of the string variable, as an
integer value.
StringToASCIIStruct N N This function converts a string to an
ASCIIStruct.

Other Functions

Table 42. Other functions

Function TC SIL Description

CheckSum N N The CheckSum function calculates
checksums used for ASCII protocols written
in the programming language.
EqAnyType N N The EqAnyType function compares two
variables of any type.
ExecuteControlModules Y 1-2 This function is used in function blocks that
contain control modules. When the function
is called from the function block, all control
modules in that function block are
executed.
GetDTQuality N N Returns the quality of the system time. It
may be GOOD, UNCERTAIN or BAD.
GetStructComponent N N This function reads (copies) values from a
struct component.
GetSystemDT Y 1-2 Returns the system time when current task
was started.

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Table 42. Other functions (Continued)

Function TC SIL Description

InitAnyType N N The InitAnyType function initiates all
components of a structured data type
variable.
LocalDTToSystemDT N N Returns the system time for the specified
local time.
Match Y 1-2 The Match function returns the position of a
string within another string. Unlike the Find
function, a wildcard can be used with the
Match function.
Modp Y N The Modp function returns the remainder
after integer division and is related to the
Mod function. The functions differ on
negative values.
Mod follows the IEC 61131 standard and
Modp follows the behavior in SattLine
version 2.2 or earlier.
MoveAnyType N N The MoveAnyType function copies the
Source parameter of any type into the
Destination parameter.
NationalLowerCase N N The NationalLowerCase function sets
upper-case letters to lower-case letters.
NationalUpperCase N N The NationalUpperCase function sets
lower-case letters to upper-case letters.
PutStructComponent N N This function writes (copies) values into a
struct component.
RandomNorm Y N The RandomNorm function returns a
normally distributed random number.
RandomRect Y N The RandomRect function returns a
random number uniformly distributed
between 0.0 and 1.0.

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Table 42. Other functions (Continued)

Function TC SIL Description

RandomSeed Y N The RandomSeed function initializes the
RandomGenerator to a random value.
ReadStatusZeroDivInt Y 1-2 The ReadStatusZeroDivInt function checks
for zero division exceptions for integer
values.
ReadStatusZeroDiv Y 1-2 The ReadStatusZeroDivReal function
Real checks for zero division exceptions for real
values.
Round Y N The Round function rounds a real value to
the nearest integer.
SetFalse Y N The Boolean operator will be set to false.
SetSeed Y N The SetSeed function initializes a random
generator using a specific start value.
SetTrue Y N The Boolean operator will be set to true.
SystemDTToLocalDT N 1-2 Returns the local time for the specified
system time.
Timer Y 1-2 The Timer function controls a timer.
TimerElapsed Y 1-2 The TimerElapsed function returns the
elapsed time of a timer as a time value.
TimerElapsedMS Y 1-2 The TimerElapsedMS function returns the
elapsed time of a timer in milliseconds as a
dint value.
TimerHold Y 1-2 The TimerHold function stops a timer.
TimerReset Y 1-2 The TimerReset function stops and resets a
timer.
TimerStart Y 1-2 The TimerStart function starts a timer.

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Table 42. Other functions (Continued)

Function TC SIL Description

Trunc Y N The Trunc function truncates a real value to
an integer.
WriteVar N N Enables a system to write to a variable in a
controller, or to transfer variables between
controllers, without owning the variable.

Array and Queue Functions

Table 43. Array and queue functions

Function TC SIL Description

Arrays
CreateArray N N Creates an array of elements of the same
type as ArrayElement.
PutArray N N Puts the contents of ArrayElement into the
data type at position Index in the array.
GetArray N N Gets the contents of the data type at
position Index in the array Array into
ArrayElement.
InsertArray N N Inserts a new element in an array. All
successive elements are moved one step,
and the last element is overwritten.
SearchArray N N Searches the array ArrayName for a certain
component in an array element.
SearchStructComponent N N A boolean function which searches for a
specific part in a structured component.
DeleteArray N N Deletes the array Array and deletes the
whole tree structure of arrays.

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Table 43. Array and queue functions (Continued)

Function TC SIL Description

Queues
CreateQueue N N Creates a queue of elements of the same
type as QueueElement.
PutFirstQueue N N Puts the contents of QueueElement into the
first element of the queue.
GetFirstQueue N N Puts the contents of the first element from
the queue into QueueElement.
PutLastQueue N N Puts the contents of QueueElement into the
last record element of the queue.
GetLastQueue N N Puts the contents of the last element from
the queue into QueueElement.
ReadQueue N N Reads the contents of the specified element
number from the queue and puts them into
QueueElement.
ClearQueue N N This procedure clears the queue Queue.
CurrentQueueSize N N This integer function returns the current
number of elements in the queue.
DeleteQueue N N This procedure deletes the queue.

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Task Control Functions

Table 44. Task control functions

Function TC SIL Description

FirstScanAfter Y 1-2 The FirstScanAfterApplicationStart function
ApplicationStart checks if the current scan/execution is the
first one performed by the current task.
FirstScanAfterPowerUp Y 1-2 The FirstScanAfterPowerUp function
checks if the controller has been warm
started.
GetPriority Y N Use the GetPriority function to obtain the
priority of the current task.
SetPriority N N Use the SetPriority function to set the
priority of the current task.
Note that even if SetPriority exists for
IEC 61131 code in High Integrity controller,
it does not have any affect.
GetIntervalTime Y 1-2 Use the GetIntervalTime function to get the
requested interval time of the current task.
GetActualIntervalTime Y 1-2 Use the GetActualIntervalTime function to
get the actual interval time of the current
task.
SetIntervalTime Y N Use the SetIntervalTime function to set the
requested interval time of the current task.

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Basic Library
The BasicLib is the basic library for the Control Builder M software. It contains data
types, function block types and control module types with extended functionality
designed by ABB.

IEC 61131-3 Function Block Types

Table 45. IEC 61131-3 function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

Standard bistable function block types
SR Y 1-2 Bistable function block (set dominant)
RS Y 1-2 Bistable function block (reset dominant)
Standard edge detection function block types
R_TRIG Y 1-2 Rising edge detector
F_TRIG Y 1-2 Falling edge detector
Standard counter function block types
CTU Y 1-2 Up-counter
CTD Y 1-2 Down-counter
CTUD Y 1-2 Up-down counter
Standard timer function blocks type
TP Y 1-2 Pulse timer
TON Y 1-2 On-delay timer
TOF Y 1-2 Off-delay timer
RTC Y N The RTC (Real-Time-Clock) function block
performs display and date and time setting.
SEMA Y N SEMA, the semaphore function block, is
designed to allow competing tasks to share
a particular resource.

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Process Object Function Block Types

Use the ACOF (Automatic Check Of Feedback) functions primarily for supervision
of process objects. ACOF function blocks can monitor up to three output signals and
up to three feedback signals.
Use ACOF when a feedback signal is expected within a certain time after an output
to the process object has been activated or deactivated. If the feedback signal is not
detected, an alarm signal is given.

Table 46. Process object function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

ACOFAct N 1-2 Object control with two limit switches and
automatic return. This object has one stable
position.
ACOFActDeact N 1-2 Object control with two limit switches. This
object has two stable positions.
ACOFAct 3P N 1-2 Object control with three limit switches and
automatic return. This object has one stable
position.
ACOFActDeact 3P N 1-2 Object control with three limit switches. This
object has three stable positions.

Other Function Block Types

Table 47. Other function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

Conversion function block types
BcToDint Y N BcToDint converts data from an optional
number of binary coded bool inputs and a
sign input into a dint.

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Table 47. Other function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

DintToBc Y N DintToBc converts data from dint to an
optional number of bool outputs, using
binary coded conversion, and a sign output.
DintToFirstOfN Y N DintToFirstOfN converts data from dint to
an optional number of bool outputs using 1-
of-N conversion, and a sign output.
DintToNBcd Y N DintToBcd converts from dint to an optional
number of bool (in groups of four coded as
BCD) and a sign output.
FirstOfNToDint Y N FirstOfNToDint converts data from 1-of-N
format with an optional number of bool
inputs and a sign input into a dint.
GrayToDint Y N GrayToDint converts data from gray code
with an optional number of bool inputs and
a sign input into a dint.
IntegerToRealIO Y N IntegerToRealIO converts a raw integer
value to a scaled RealIO value with a
measuring range, units and decimals. It can
be treated as a physical RealIO value in the
application.
NBcdToDint Y N NBcdToDint converts data from an optional
number of bool inputs (in groups of four
coded as BCD) and a sign input into a dint.
RealIOToInteger Y N The RealIOToInteger function block
converts a scaled RealIO value to a raw
integer value.

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Table 47. Other function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

Diagnostics function block types
PowerFailureInfos N N PowerFailureInfos provides information on
power failure status, such as number and
duration. In addition, the total number of
power failures since the last reset and the
duration of these can also be presented.
SystemDiagnostics N N SystemDiagnostics can be used to
measure and display the following:
1. Stop time and memory usage during a
controller download
2. Current memory in use
3. Maximum memory used since the last
cold start
4. Alarm and Event statistics
5. Ethernet statistics
System time function block types
GetDT N N GetDT retrieves the system time from the
controller at which the current task was
started. The function block converts the
system time to local time so that both are
available as parameters.
GetTimeZoneInfo N N GetTimeZoneInfo retrieves the currently
used time-zone settings.

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Table 47. Other function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

SetDT N N SetDT sets the system time on the
controller. It is possible to set the time
directly as system time or indirectly as local
time and the function block will perform the
conversion to system time. The time can be
set as relative or as absolute time. This
functionality is available through
parameters and an Interaction window. The
Interaction window also shows the current
system time and local time.
SetTimeZoneInfo N N SetTimeZoneInfo sets the time-zone
information. StandardDT and DaylightDT
can be specified with the absolute or the
day-in-month format. This functionality is
available through parameters and an
Interaction window.
This function overwrites the time-zone
information downloaded by the ACB.
Timer function block types
TimerD Y 1-2 TimerD measures the elapsed time in the
negative direction and indicates when a
specified level has been exceeded.
TimerOffHold Y 1-2 TimerOffHold is an Off-delay timer function
block with a hold input function.
TimerOnHold Y 1-2 TimerOnHold is an On-delay timer function,
with a hold input function.
TimerOnOffHold Y 1-2 TimerOnOffHold is an On-delay and Off-
delay timer function block type with a hold
input function.
TimerPulseHold Y 1-2 TimerPulseHold is a pulse timer with a hold
function.

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Table 47. Other function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

TimerPulseHoldDel Y 1-2 TimerPulseHoldDel is a pulse timer with a
hold input function and a delayed start to
generate Q output pulses.
TimerU Y 1-2 TimerU measures the elapsed time in
positive direction and gives indication when
a specified level is past.
Level detector function block types
LevelHigh Y N LevelHigh is used to compare a real value
with an optional number of high limits with
the possibility of specifying hysteresis.
A high-level detector is a trip for supervising
an analog signal. A high-level trip indicates
when the input signal exceeds the selected
high-detect level. The detector has
hysteresis on the input signal, which
prevents the level detector output signal
from repeatedly changing state when the
supervised input signal varies near the
detection level.
LevelLow Y N LevelLow is used to compare a real value
with an optional number of low limits with
the possibility of specifying hysteresis.
A low-level detector is a trip for supervising
an analog signal. A low-level trip indicates
when the input signal drops below the
preset low-detect level. The detector has a
hysteresis on the input signal, which
prevents the level detector output signal
from repeatedly changing state when the
supervised input signal varies near the
detection level.

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Table 47. Other function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

Threshold Y N Threshold is used to determine when more
than, or equal to, a given number of
Boolean values are true.
Calculator function block types
Median Y N Median is used to calculate the median
value of an optional number of input values.
The function block supports real and dint:
MedianReal and MedianDint.
MajorityReal Y N Used to calculate the mean value of a
number of real numbers.
Selector function block types
DeMux Y N DeMux can handle the data types real, dint
and bool: DeMuxReal, DeMuxDint and
DeMuxBool.
Max Y N Max is used to select the largest value of an
optional number of inputs. The Max
function block exists for real and dint:
MaxReal and MaxDint.
Min Y N Min is used to select the lowest value of an
optional number of inputs. The function
block exists for real and dint: MinReal and
MinDint.
Bistable function block types
RSD Y N RSD is used as a memory for bool
variables. Besides the RS function, it can
also override this function with a write
function.
Generator function block types
PulseGenerator Y 1-2 PulseGenerator is a pulse generator used
to create a continual pulse signal.

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Table 47. Other function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

PulseGeneratorAcc Y N PulseGeneratorAcc is a pulse generator
used to create a continual pulse signal with
high long term accuracy.
SinGen Y N SinGen is used to generate a sinus signal.
The frequency and amplitude are controlled
by inputs.
SqGen Y N SqGen is used to generate a square wave
with an optional number of amplitudes.
Each amplitude is determined by an input
and for each amplitude the time during
which it is to be maintained is specified.
TimePulses Y N The pulse generator creates a pulse on the
outputs every hour on the Hour output and
every new day on the Day output,
synchronized to the real-time clock.
Register function block types
Fifo N N Fifo is a queue register of First-In-First-Out
type. Fifo can handle the data types real,
dint and bool: FifoReal, FifoDint and
FifoBool
FifoRW N N FifoRW is a queue register of First-In-First-
Out type. In addition, data can be changed
and deleted at any position in the queue.
FifoRW can handle the data types real, dint
and bool: FifoRWReal, FifoRWDint and
FifoRWBool.
Register Y N Register is used as a memory function
block with an optional number of positions.
The function block exists for data types real,
dint and bool: RegisterReal, RegisterDint
and RegisterBool.

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Table 47. Other function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

Shift N N Shift is used as a shift register of optional
length. The function block exists for data
types real, dint and bool: ShiftReal,
ShiftDint and ShiftBool.
ShiftL Y N ShiftL is used as a shift register of optional
length. All positions can be written and
read. The function block exists for data
types real, dint and bool: ShiftLReal,
ShiftLDint and ShiftLBool.
Controller interaction function block types
SaveColdRetain N N This function block copies cold-retain
variables from RAM to backup media. This
is done in order to make the cold-retain
values survive a restart of the controller.
The function block processes all the
applications that are executing in the
controller.
ErrorHandler Y 1-2 This function block is used to report
detected errors from the application code to
the system internal error handler.
ForcedSignals Y 1-2 This function block is used to supervise and
reset forced I/O signals in SIL applications,
running in a High Integrity controller.
Various function block types
ApplicationInfo N N ApplicationInfo gives information about the
application where it executes in e.g. name
and state.
EvalRestartInhibit N N EvalRestartInhibit may inhibit restart of
application in evaluation mode.
PrintLines N N PrintLines prints text lines on a printer.

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Table 47. Other function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

RedundantIn Y N When the system switches from ordinary to
redundant I/O there may be a jump in the
signal which may not be good for the
algorithms used. This function block type
prevents this by ramping the signal using a
real value as the change of the signal per
second.
SampleTime Y 1-2 SampleTime is a function block to measure
the sampling period and to acquire the
requested sampling period.
Trigger Y 1-2 Trigger provides a combined time and event
trigger functionality.

Control Module Type

Table 48. Control Module Types

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

ErrorHandlerM Y 1-2 This control module is used to report
detected errors from the application code to
the system internal error handler. This is
the control module equivalent of the
function block type ErrorHandler, described
above.
ForcedSignalsM Y 1-2 This control module is used to supervise
and reset forced I/O signals in SIL
applications, running in a High Integrity
controller. This is the control module
equivalent of the function block type
ForcedSignals, described above.

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Table 48. Control Module Types (Continued)

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

GroupStartObjectConn N 1-2 This is the connection module between a
group start sequence and object to be
started or stopped in the sequence.
CCInputGate Y 1-2 The CCInputGate makes sure that the
ControlConnection specification if fulfilled
on the input otherwise ParError will be true.
This module should be used inside of a
control module together with the
CCOutputGate control module.
CCOutputGate Y 1-2 The CCOutputGate makes sure that the
ControlConnection specification if fulfilled
on the output otherwise ParError will be
true. This module should be used inside of
a control module together with the
CCInputGate control module.
CCInputGateExtended N N Same as the CCInputGate control module
but with additional functionality. This
module should be used inside of a control
module together with either the
CCOutputGateExtended or CCOutputGate.
CCOutputGateExtended N N Same as the CCOutputGate control module
but with additional functionality. This
module should be used inside of a control
module together with either the
CCInputGateExtended or CCInputGate.

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Communication Libraries
The libraries MMSCommLib, ModemCommLib, COMLICommLib,
ModBusCommLib, MB300CommLib, S3964RCommlib, SattBusCommLib,
SerialCommLib, InsumComLib, FFHSECommLib and FFH1CommLib contain a
number function block types and control modules that provide external variable
communication with protocols such as MMS, FOUNDATION Fieldbus, SattBus,
COMLI, Siemens 3964R MasterBus 300 and INSUM devices. There are also
function blocks for modem connection.

MMSCommLib
The library MMSCommLib uses the MMS function block types and control
modules to establish communication with a system supporting the MMS protocol.
When transferring variables it is important to use data types with the same range on
the client as on the server. It is, however, possible to connect variables with different
ranges, such as a dint variable on the server and an Int variable on the client. This
will only work as long as the variable values are within the range of the Int variable.

Table 49. MMS function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

MMSConnect N 1-2 Initiates a communication channel and
establishes a connection with a remote
system.
MMSRead N N Reads one or several variables.
MMSReadCyc N N Reads one or several variables cyclically.
MMSWrite N N Writes to one or several variables.
MMSWriteDT N N Transmits date and time.
MMSDefAccVar N N This function block is used to create an
access variable, which is connected to a
defined variable in the executing system.
The defined variable is then accessible for
both reading and writing from a remote
system and also within its own system.

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Table 49. MMS function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

MMSDef4Bool N 1-2 Used for safe communication of data
between SIL applications. MMSDef4Bool
operates in a pair with MMSRead4Bool,
and is used to transfer the values of four
different Boolean variables. MMSDef4Bool
is used in the server application, while
MMSRead4Bool is used in the client
application.
MMSDef4BoolIO N 1-2 Used for safe communication of data
between SIL applications. MMSDef4BoolIO
operates in a pair with MMSRead4BoolIO,
and is used to transfer the values of four
different Boolean IO variables.
MMSDef4BoolIO is used in the server
application, while MMSRead4BoolIO is
used in the client application.
MMSDef4Dint N 1-2 Used for safe communication of data
between SIL applications. MMSDef4Dint
operates in a pair with MMSRead4Dint, and
is used to transfer the values of four
different Double Integer variables.
MMSDef4Dint is used in the server
application, while MMSRead4Dint is used
in the client application.
MMSDef4DintIO N 1-2 Used for safe communication of data
between SIL applications. MMSDef4DintIO
operates in a pair with MMSRead4DintIO,
and is used to transfer the values of four
different Double Integer IO variables.
MMSDef4DintIO is used in the server
application, while MMSRead4DintIO is
used in the client application.

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Table 49. MMS function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

MMSDef4Real N 1-2 Used for safe communication of data
between SIL applications. MMSDef4Real
operates in a pair with MMSRead4Real,
and is used to transfer the values of four
different Real variables. MMSDef4Real is
used in the server application, while
MMSRead4Real is used in the client
application.
MMSDef4RealIO N 1-2 Used for safe communication of data
between SIL applications. MMSDef4RealIO
operates in a pair with MMSRead4RealIO,
and is used to transfer the values of four
different Real IO variables.
MMSDef4RealIO is used in the server
application, while MMSRead4RealIO is
used in the client application.
MMSRead4Bool N 1-2 Forms a pair for safe communication of
data between SIL applications, together
with MMSDef4Bool. See the above
description of MMSDef4Bool.
MMSRead4BoolIO N 1-2 Forms a pair for safe communication of
data between SIL applications, together
with MMSDef4BoolIO. See the above
description of MMSDef4BoolIO.
MMSRead4Dint N 1-2 Forms a pair for safe communication of
data between SIL applications, together
with MMSDef4Dint. See the above
description of MMSDef4Dint.
MMSRead4DintIO N 1-2 Forms a pair for safe communication of
data between SIL applications, together
with MMSDef4DintIO. See the above
description of MMSDef4DintIO.

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Table 49. MMS function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

MMSRead4Real N 1-2 Forms a pair for safe communication of
data between SIL applications, together
with MMSDef4Real. See the above
description of MMSDef4Real.
MMSRead4RealIO N 1-2 Forms a pair for safe communication of
data between SIL applications, together
with MMSDef4RealIO. See the above
description of MMSDef4RealIO.

Table 50. MMS control module types

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

MMSToCC N N The communication protocol is MMS. The
forward and the backward structure of
ControlConnection is handled separately in
MMS variable groups.
CCToMMS N N CCToMMS is used together with
MMSToCC. The communication protocol is
MMS. The forward and the backward
structures of ControlConnection are
handled separately in MMS variable
groups.

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ModemCommLib
The library ModemCommLib library contains function block types used to establish
communication with a modem.

Table 51. Modem function blocks

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

ModemConnStat N N ModemConnStat is used to obtain the
current status of a modem connected to a
selected channel. The current status is
given by the Status parameter.
ModemDialUp N N ModemDialUp is used to connect a modem
via a defined communication channel.
ModemHangUp N N ModemHangUp is used to disconnect a
modem via a defined communication
channel.

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COMLICommLib
The library COMLICommLib contains the function block types to establish
communication with a system supporting the COMLI protocol.
Function block types with the COMLI prefix support both the address-oriented
COMLI and SattBus protocols. When a SattBus channel is used, the COMLI
messages are packed within SattBus messages. The protocol to be used (COMLI or
SattBus) is defined by the Channel parameter of the COMLIConnect function block.
Communication via a TCP/IP network is also supported.

Table 52. COMLI function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

COMLIConnect N N Connects to a defined communication
channel.
COMLIRead N N Reads one or several variables.
COMLIReadCyc N N Reads variable data cyclically.
COMLIReadPhys N N Requests physical values from a
SattConXX system.
COMLIWrite N N Writes to one or several variables.
COMLIWriteDT N N Transmits date and time of master to the
slave.

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ModBusCommLib
The library ModBusCommLib contains the function block types to establish
communication with a system supporting the MODBUS protocol.

Table 53. MODBUS functions

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

MBConnect N N Initiates a communication channel and
establishes a connection with a remote
system.
MBRead N N Reads one or several variables.
MBWrite N N Writes to one or several variables.
MBException N N Reads the ModBus exception coils.

MB300CommLib
The library MB300CommLib contains objects that can be used for set up
communication with MasterBus 300 (MB300). MB300 can be used with AC 400
and AC 800M. A CI855 communication unit for AC 800M provides connectivity to
AC 400 via MB300. Refer to the relevant manuals regarding the process interface
that can be used with legacy controller AC 400.

Table 54. MB300 function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

MB300Connect N N MB300Connect is used to establish
connection between the calling
communication partner and the remote
communication partner.
MB300DSSend N N The MB300Send function block is used to
send a DataSet to a node on MB300.
MB300DSReceive N N The MB300Receive function block is used
for reception of a DataSet sent by a node
on MB300.

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S3964RCommLib
The library S3964RCommlib contains the function block types to establish
communication with a system supporting the Siemens 3964R protocol.

Table 55. Siemens 3964R function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

S3964RConnect N N Connects to a defined communication
channel.
S3964RRead N N Reads one or several variables.
S3964RReadCyc N N Reads variable data cyclically.
S3964RWrite N N Writes to one or several variables.

SattBusCommLib
The library SattBusCommlib contains the function block types supporting SattBus.
They are used to communicate through a SattBus channel using the SattBus name-
oriented model. To communicate through a SattBus channel using the address-
oriented model, COMLI function block types are used. Communication via a
TCP/IP network is also supported.

Table 56. SattBus function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

SBConnect N N Connects to a defined communication
channel.
SBRead N N Reads one variable value.
SBReadCyc N N Reads variable data cyclically.
SBWrite N N Writes one variable value.
ComliSB These following (ComliSB) Function Blocks
ONLY support communication over a
TCP/IP network, thus cannot work when
running on a physical COMLI- port.

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Table 56. SattBus function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

ComliSBConnect N N Use the ComliSBConnect function block
type to initiate a communication channel
and establish a connection to a slave
system with a unique node/slave address
on a TCP/IP network.
ComliSBRead N N The ComliSBRead function block supports
the address- oriented transfer model.
Use it to request variable data from a
remote system on a TCP/IP network.
ComliSBReadCyc N N The ComliSBReadCyc function block
supports the address-oriented transfer
model.
Use it to cyclically read one or several
variables from a slave system on a TCP/IP
network.
ComliSBReadPhys N N Use the ComliSBReadPhys function block
to request physical measuring ranges
(that is, scaling factors) of registers or
analog signals from a slave system on a
TCP/IP network.
ComliSBWrite N N The ComliSBWrite function block supports
the address-oriented transfer model.
Use it to write to one or several variables in
a slave system on a TCP/IP network.
ComliSBWriteDT N N Use the COMLIWriteDT function block to
transmit date and time from the local
system to a remote SattCon system on a
TCP/IP network. (Or a system supporting
COMLI) and to update the system time.
The function block uses the local time.

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SerialCommLib
The library SerialCommLib library contains function block types for
communication with external devices via serial channels with user-defined
protocols; for example, printers, terminals, scanner pens, etc.

Table 57. Serial channel function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

SerialConnect N N Opens and closes a defined serial
communication channel.
SerialSetup N N Changes serial communication settings.
SerialWriteWait N N Writes a string and waits for a reply.
SerialListenReply N N Listens for a string and sends a reply.
SerialWrite N N Writes a string.
SerialListen N N Listens for a string.

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INSUMCommLib
The library InsumCommLib library contains function block types for
communication with INSUM devices. INSUM (Integrated System for User-
optimized Motor control) is a system for protection and control of motors and
switch gear. The communication interface CI857 provides communication for the
AC 800M controller with the INSUM system via TCP/IP.
The INSUM system consists of devices that are connected via a LonWorks network.

Table 58. INSUM function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

INSUMConnect N N The INSUMConnect function block
establishes a connection to an INSUM
TCP/IP Gateway. INSUMConnect is
needed by the other IEC 61131 function
blocks in order to access Network Variables
in devices connected via the selected
INSUM Gateway. INSUMConnect must be
used with a Hardware Unit that represents
an INSUM Gateway. INSUMConnect
provides status information about the
connected Gateway, which can be used for
supervision of the Gateway in an IEC
61131 application.
INSUMReceive N N Subscribes to measurement or status
information updates from a Network
Variable in an INSUM device.
INSUMWrite N N Writes to a Network Variable in an INSUM
device.

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FFH1CommLib
The library FFH1CommLib library contains function block types and control
module types for communication with FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 devices. These
function blocks are used to access data belonging to function blocks in FF device(s)
on the (FF) H1 bus (including the custom function blocks on the FF communication
interface). All function block types, except those with the extension Cyc, follow the
IEC 61131-5 standard. Some control module types are also supplied for accessing
FF devices.

Table 59. FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

FFConnect N N Connects to a defined FF H1 device.
FFRead N N Reads one parameter from an FF H1
function block.
FFWrite N N Writes one parameter to an FF H1 function
block.
FFReadCyc N N Reads one parameter from an FF H1
function block, cyclically.
FFWriteCyc N N Writes one parameter to an FF H1 function
block, cyclically.

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Table 60. FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 control module types

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

FFToCC N N This control module is intended to be used
when continuously reading an FF value of a
floating point structure; that is, value and
status (the scaling is not included in the
read operation). The read value is
converted to an OUT parameter of the data
type ControlConnection.
CCToFF N N This control module is intended to be used
when converting an IN parameter of the
data type ControlConnection to a value of a
floating point structure and continuously
writing it to an FF device.

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Alarm and Event Library

The library AlarmEventLib contains function block types and control module types
for alarm and event handling, which include detection and notification. Alarm state
handling and alarm acknowledgement are also included.
An alarm data model based on OPC Alarms and Events is used.

Table 61. Function block types in AlarmEventLib

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

AlarmCondBasic Y 1-2 This function block should be used to
monitor a boolean signal for which changes
need to be acknowledged to ensure that
attention is paid to a problem. The function
block support only internal conditions and it
is not possible to invert the signal.
AlarmCond Y 1-2 Defines an alarm condition that follows a
condition state diagram.
It monitors the changes in an input
parameter (boolean type) to detect an
abnormal condition. Other inputs include
acknowledge, disable and enable. A
condition state output parameter presents
the state of the alarm. The parameter
AckRule (integer) defines the properties for
acknowledgement handling. The source
name SrcName identifies the name of the
object in which the alarm occurred. Class
and Severity are inputs that can be used to
categorize the event that occurs when the
alarm changes state.
It is possible to monitor a signal on an I/O
device which reads the time stamp of the
I/O changes on the device.
AttachSystemAlarm Y N Makes it possible to present the current
condition state of a specified system alarm.

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Table 61. Function block types in AlarmEventLib (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

PrintAlarms N N Prints alarm conditions.
On request, this function block prints a list
of the alarms currently defined in the con-
trol system where the block executes.
The printer should be connected directly to
a serial port, on the control system,
corresponding to the Channel parameter,
and should support the 8-bit character set.
PrintEvents N N Prints events continuously.
This function block prints both simple
events and condition-related events to a
printer connected locally to the control
system. This means that as soon as an
AlarmCond changes state (for example,
from inactive to active) this information can
be sent to the printer. However, only events
generated in the system to which the printer
is connected can be printed.
The printer should be connected to the port
corresponding to the Channel parameter,
and should support the 8-bit character set.

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Table 61. Function block types in AlarmEventLib (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

SimpleEventDetector Y 1-2 Generates a simple event on a Boolean
type condition.
This function block supervises a Boolean
type signal. When the signal changes
value, a simple event is generated. You can
use this function block to detect, for
example, the start and stop of process
objects. There is no acknowledgement
handling; otherwise the function block
resembles AlarmCond.
Severity and Class are inputs that can be
used for sorting the events.
It is possible to monitor a signal on an I/O
device which reads the time stamp of the
I/O changes on the device.
DataToSimpleEvent N N This function block type generates a simple
event with additional data that is user-
defined. It is possible to subscribe to simple
events using OPC Alarm and Event. You
can also print out the simple events on a
locally connected printer, but the user-
defined data is not printed out.
If the function block is used in a Batch
object, its recipe parameters can be logged
together with user-defined data.
SystemAlarmCond Y 1-2 Internal monitored Signal.

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Table 62. Control module types in AlarmEventLib

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

AlarmCondBasicM Y 1-2 Defines an alarm condition and detects
condition state changes.
AlarmCondBasicM has reduced
functionality compared to AlarmCondM. In
return, it consumes less memory.
This is the control module equivalent of the
function block type AlarmCondBasic,
described above.
AlarmCondM Y 1-2 Defines an alarm condition that follows a
condition state diagram.
This is the control module equivalent of the
function block type AlarmCond, described
above.

Control Libraries
The libraries ControlBasicLib, ControlSimpleLib, ControlStandardLib,
ControlObjectLib, ControlExtendedLib, ControlAdvancedLib and ControlFuzzyLib
contain predefined function block types and control module types. The library
ControlSupportLib contains invisible objects and is used by the objects in other
Control libraries.

ControlBasicLib
The library ControlBasicLib contains predefined function block types. These are
complete working modules that can be used as-is. Therefore, you should not use
these modules to create new ones. The PID functions have feedforward, Tracking,
3-position output and Autotuner control functions. Function blocks have been used
to construct this library.

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PID type Function Blocks

Table 63. PID type function blocks

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

PidLoop N N This function block type defines a simple
control loop with a PID controller and a
filter. The function block is to be connected
directly to I/O via structured variables of the
predefined data type RealIO.
The PID controller of the control loop has
feedforward and Tracking functions and an
Autotuner. The Autotuner calculates the
controller gain, integration time and
derivation time based on a simple relay
experiment.
The PID controller has integrator wind-up
prevention and bumpless transfer between
modes. It also has built-in deviation alarm
limits.
PidLoop3P Y N This function block type defines a simple
control loop with a three-position controller.
It is identical to PidLoop except that the
analog output has been replaced by two
binary outputs, to increase or decrease the
actuator position, or to keep it constant.

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Table 63. PID type function blocks (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

PidCascadeLoop N N This function block type defines a cascade
control loop with two PID controllers. The
function block is to be connected directly to
I/O via structured variables of the
predefined data type RealIO.
The PID controller is identical to that in
PidLoop. The integrator wind-up prevention
is extended to also prevent wind-up in the
master controller when the output of the
slave controller is limited.
PidCascadeLoop3P Y N This function block type defines a cascade
control loop with a three-position controller
as a slave controller. It is identical to
PidCascadeLoop except that the analog
output from the slave controller has been
replaced by two binary outputs, to increase
or decrease the actuator position, or to
keep it constant.

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ControlSimpleLib
The library ControlSimpleLib contains a number of function blocks that are
intended to be used for designing simple control loops. All function blocks in this
library can be used in time-critical tasks.

Table 64. Simple Control function blocks

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

PidSimpleReal Y N This function block is a simple PID
controller with less functionality than the
PidLoop function blocks and the PidCC
module. PidSimpleReal is, however, less
time and memory consuming. This
controller supports backtracking, tracking,
manual control and output limiting. All
transitions from limiting, tracking and
manual mode are bumpless. Interactive
graphics facilitate set-up and maintenance
of the controller.
LeadLagReal Y N This function block is used either as a Lead
or Lag function; that is, as a derivative or
integrating limiter. The actual function
(Lead/Lag) is determined by the relation
between the two input time constants,
LeadT and LagT. The function block can be
forced to track an external signal. Transition
from tracking is bumpless.
FilterReal Y N This function block is a single-pole, low-
pass filter. The functionality obtained is
mainly the same as with the control module
FilterCC. The output can be forced to track
an external signal. Transition from tracking
is bumpless. This function block can be
used in a time-critical task.

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Table 64. Simple Control function blocks (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

Filter2PReal Y N This function block is a low-pass filter with
one zero and two complex poles. The
output can be forced to track an external
signal. Transition from tracking is bumpless.
PiecewiseLinearReal Y N This function block is a look-up table with a
number of predefined input-output pairs.
Values between these pairs are calculated
by linear interpolation. The function block
can be used to define a non-linear function
y = f(x). The maximum number of data
points is 21 and an Interaction window
facilitates data input. The only restriction on
the data points is that the x-values must be
increasing. It is also possible to calculate
the pseudo-inverse of the defined function
for a given input, InInverse. The
functionality of this function block is the
same as that of the Control module
PiecewiseLinearCC.
PiecewiseLinear2DReal N N This function block is an extension of the
PiecewiseLinearReal function block. It
accepts two inputs, which means that a
non-linear surface, z = f(x,y) can be
specified. The restriction on the x-, and the
y-values is that they must be increasing. A
maximum of 21 x-values and 11 y-values
can be specified; that is, as 231 data points.
An Interaction window can be used to edit
the data.
VelocityLimiterReal Y N This function block is a ramp function used
to limit the velocity of the change of a
signal. The output can be forced to track an
external signal. Transition from tracking is
bumpless.

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Table 64. Simple Control function blocks (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

AccelerationLimReal Y N This function block is a ramp function used
to limit the velocity of the change of a
signal. The output can be forced to track an
external signal. Transition from tracking is
bumpless. It limits both the velocity and
acceleration.
IntegratorReal Y N This function block is a regular integrator
with the same functionality as the control
module IntegratorCC. The output is limited
and may be forced to track an external
signal. All transitions from tracking and
limiting are bumpless.
DerivativeReal Y N This function block is a combined first-order
low-pass filter and a differentiator. The filter
is used to smooth the derivative action. The
functionality is similar to the existing control
module DerivativeCC. The output may be
forced to track an external signal. Transition
from tracking is bumpless.
ThreePosReal Y N This function block is a three-position
converter from a real input to two Boolean
outputs (increase/decrease). It can be used
with or without feedback from the actuator.
It is similar to the existing control module
ThreePosCC.

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ControlStandardLib
The library ControlStandardLib contains control module types that can be used
when designing your own standard control loops. They are used for continuous
control; for example, PID loops. They can be used for stand-alone or cascade
control in master/slave configurations. The PID functions have Feedforward,
Tracking, Backtracking, Three-position output, Hand/Auto and Autotuner control
functions. Control modules have been used to create this library, and they have
associated engineering and operator graphics.
The control modules can be connected to other control modules in
ControlExtendedLib, ControlAdvancedLib, or ControlFuzzyLib, in order to
construct more advanced control loops. The control modules are connected using
graphical connections. Information is sent forwards as well as backwards in the
control loop. The automatic code sorting is used to obtain good performance related
to bumpless transfer and integrator wind-up in the entire control loop.

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PID Control Modules

Table 65. PID control modules

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

PidCC N N This is a standard PID controller. It has all
the functions of the PID controllers of the
function blocks described above. But since
it is a control module, it can be connected
to other control modules in order to create
more advanced control loops than those
that can be obtained with the function
blocks described above.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending and receiving object).
See also Signal and Vote Loop Concept on
page 305.
PidSimpleCC Y N This control module is a low-functionality
PID-controller compared to the already-
existing PID modules, PidCC and
PidAdvancedCC. The PidSimpleCC
module, however, consumes less time and
memory. Interactive graphics facilitate set-
up and maintenance of the controller. The
main inputs and the output are of
ControlConnection type, which means that
backtracking and limiting are handled
automatically.

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Process I/O Control Modules

Most of the process I/O modules used for continuous control operate with the data
type Control Connection (“CC”).

Table 66. Process I/O control modules

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

AnalogInCC Y N Analog Input
AnalogOutCC N N Analog Output
ThreePosCC Y N This control module is used as the end of a
three-point control loop with digital outputs.
The control module input is an analog
signal that is compared with a feedback
signal from the valve position, or is
generated internally.
PulseWidthCC N N This control module is used as the
graphical end of a control loop with pulse-
modulated digital output. The control
module input is an analog signal that
generates the duty cycle of the output
signal. The cycle time is defined via the
parameter interface.

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Manual Control Modules

Table 67. Manual control modules

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

ManualAutoCC N N With this control module it is possible to
enter values into a control loop manually,
and supervise the control values
graphically in histograms.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a receiving object). See also
Signal and Vote Loop Concept on page
305.

Conversion Control Modules

Table 68. Conversion control modules

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

RealToCC Y N This control module is designed to collect
each component to form a data type
ControlConnection.
CCToReal Y N This control module functions as an adapter
from a signal of data type
ControlConnection. It divides the
ControlConnection into its components to
give a signal of data type real.
CCToInteger Y N This control module functions as an adapter
from a signal of data type
ControlConnection. It divides up
ControlConnection into its components, to
give a signal of data type integer.
The real value of the parameter In is
converted to the integer parameter Out. At
conversion the hysteresis specified by the
parameter Hysteresis is used.

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Branch Control Modules

Table 69. Branch control modules

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

BranchCC Y N This control module divides the control loop
connection structure into two equal
branches.
Branch4CC Y N This control module divides the control loop
connection structure into four equal
branches.
SplitRangeCC Y N This control module divides the control loop
connection structure into two branches in
relation to their ranges.
MidRangeCC Y N This control module is a ControlConnection
with two branches, one fast and one slower
branch. The fast branch acts more equal to
changes in the signal, and then it is forced
to work around the mid-point of its
operating range, as the slower branch takes
over control. This control module can be
used in cases where, for example, two
valves are acting on the same flow. One of
the valves is a smaller, but faster valve,
used to control small disturbances in the
flow. The other valve is a larger valve that
cannot work quickly, but has a wider
operating range.
CommonRangeCC Y N This control module divides the control loop
connection structure into two branches with
a specified ratio between the signal levels.

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Table 69. Branch control modules (Continued)

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

TapCC Y N This control module divides the control loop
connection structure into two branches, one
in which backtracking is possible, and the
other in which it is not.
TapRealCC Y N This control module extracts the value
component from the control loop
connection structure to produce a real
value.

Supervisory Control Modules

Table 70. Supervisory control modules

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

Level2CC N N This control module type is for level
detection and alarm purposes and has two
detection levels, H (High), and L (Low).
Supervision may be absolute or relative to a
reference signal.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending object). See also Signal
and Vote Loop Concept on page 305.
Level4CC N N This control module type is for level
detection and alarm purposes and has four
detection levels, H (High), HH, and L (Low),
LL,. Supervision may be absolute or
relative to a reference signal.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending object). See also Signal
and Vote Loop Concept on page 305.

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Table 70. Supervisory control modules (Continued)

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

Level6CC N N This control module is used for level
detection purposes. It has six detection
levels (LLL, LL, L, H, HH, HHH). L = Low, H
= High
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending object). See also Signal
and Vote Loop Concept on page 305.
SignalSupervisionCC N N This control module is used to manage
erroneous signal status collected from the
transmitters or from the interface system.
Three different modes are available: allow
the signal to pass through without any
interference, freeze the output, or switch
over linearly to a predetermined value. The
latter two cause an alarm condition to be
sent, if configured.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a receiving object). See also
Signal and Vote Loop Concept on page
305.

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Selector Control Modules

Table 71. Selector control modules

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

SelectorCC Y N This control module selects one of two
inputs of data type ControlConnection.
Selection is made based on a Boolean
signal.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a receiving object). See also
Signal and Vote Loop Concept on page
305.
Selector4CC Y N This control module selects one out of four
inputs of data type ControlConnection.
Selection is based on an integer signal.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a receiving object). See also
Signal and Vote Loop Concept on page
305.
SelectGoodCC Y N The first detected valid signal of type
ControlConnection is selected. If no valid
signal is detected, Out is a copy of In1
structure.
SelectGood4CC Y N The first detected valid signal of type
ControlConnection is selected. If no valid
signal is detected, Out is a copy of In1
structure.
MaxCC Y N The control module MaxCC computes the
larger (maximum) value of two input signals
of data type ControlConnection and writes
it to the output signal.
Max4CC Y N The control module Max4CC computes the
largest (maximum) value of four input
signals of data type ControlConnection and
writes it to the output signal.

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Table 71. Selector control modules (Continued)

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

MinCC Y N The control module MinCC computes the
smaller (minimum) value of two input
signals of data type ControlConnection and
writes it to the output signal.
Min4CC Y N The control module Min4CC computes the
smallest (minimum) value of four input
signals of data type ControlConnection and
writes it to the output signal.

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Limiter Control Modules

Table 72. Limiter control modules

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

LimiterCC Y N LimiterCC limits the signal so that it does
not increase above the upper limit, or
decrease below the lower limit.
LimiterHighCC Y N LimiterHighCC limits the signal so that it
does not increase above the upper limit.
LimiterLowCC Y N LimiterLowCC limits the signal so that it
does not decrease below the lower limit.
VelocityLimiterCC N N VelocityLimiterCC limits the velocity of the
signal. It can be used, for example, to
create a linear movement function between
a starting point and a target. This will slow
down changes in the output signal to avoid
rapid steps.
AccelerationLimCC Y N AccelerationLimCC limits the velocity of the
signal. It can be used, for example, to
create a linear movement function between
a starting point and a target. This will slow
down changes in the output signal to avoid
rapid steps. It limits both the velocity and
acceleration.

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ControlObjectLib
The Control Object Library (ControlObjectLib) provides function blocks and
control modules to define the following three control modules Mimo22CC,
Mimo41CC and Mimo44CC (MimoXYCC).
All the control modules inside the ControlObjectLib should work as templates. The
MimoXYCC handle multiple inputs and multiple outputs in both forward and
backward communication direction.

Control Object Function Blocks

l

Table 73. Control Object Function Blocks

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

AddRangeWithGain Y N This function is used when the user wishes
to calculate the output-range if the inputs
added are affected by gains, i.e.
Out = a*In1 + b*In2, in this case the Out-
Range is:
OutMax = a*In1Max + b*In2Max and
OutMin = a*In1Min + b*In2Min
AssignBTInputs2 Y N This function checks if the input is
backtracking or not recursively.
AssignBTInputs4 Y N This function block assigns which input is
backtracking.
CalcBackValue Y N The Relative value of the backtracked value
is passed to this function block to calculate
the backward value of the input. If the input
is used for backtracking then InUsedForBT
is set to 'true'.
LevelHL Y N Produces a warning if Output reaches a
certain High or Low value.

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Table 73. Control Object Function Blocks (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

Out21BackwardFunction Y N For every user defined function block in the
forward direction a corresponding function
block in the backward direction is needed.
In this case Out21BackwardFunction is the
corresponding function block for
Out21Function.
Out21Function Y N This is an example of a user defined
function. In this example the function is
linear.
Out1 := a1*In1 + b1*In2
Out41BackwardFunction Y N For every user defined function block in the
forward direction a corresponding function
block in the backward direction is needed.
In this case Out41BackwardFunction is the
corresponding function block for
Out41Function.
Out41Function Y N This is an example of a user defined
function. In this example the function is
linear.
Out1 := a1*In1 + b1*In2 + c1*In3 + d*In4
OutVotedBackwardFunction Y N The corresponding backward function block
to OutVotedFunction.
OutVotedFunction Y N This user defined function block is executed
if Voted.

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Table 73. Control Object Function Blocks (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

PrepareBacktrack Y N The equation in backward direction is
adjusted. All the inputs which cannot be
used for backtracking will affect the
backtracked value for the remaining Inputs.
Out := a*In1 + b*In2, If In2 cannot be used
then the new Out := Out - b*In2; so that the
remaining system is Out := a*In1;
VotedCmdHandler Y N This function block shall take care of the
voted actions.

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Control Object Control Modules

Table 74. Object control modules

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

Mimo22CC N N The Mimo22CC control module is a module
that can handle 2 inputs and 2 outputs in
both forward direction and partially in
backward direction. The Mimo22CC control
module can be run under time critical
condition.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a receiving object). See also
Signal and Vote Loop Concept on page
305.
Mimo41CC N N The Mimo41CC control module is a module
that can handle 4 inputs and 1 output in
both forward direction and in backward
direction. The Mimo41CC control module
can be run under time critical condition.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a receiving object). See also
Signal and Vote Loop Concept on page
305.
Mimo44CC N N The Mimo44CC control module is a module
that can handle 4 inputs and 4 outputs in
both forward direction and partially in
backward direction. The Mimo44CC control
module can be run under time critical
condition.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a receiving object). See also
Signal and Vote Loop Concept on page
305.

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ControlSolutionLib
All the control module types in Control Solution library (ControlSolutionLib)
provide a complete control solution, intended to be used directly in an application.
The user requires only to connect the control module to I/Os and in some cases set
some configuration parameters.
The control module types are ready-to-use solutions for frequently occurring control
processes found at customers. They consists of a control solution with basic control
module types, alarm handling, process graphics, preconfigured trend displays with
logging, group displays, and an overview display.
The users may use the solutions directly as they are, or create own types by making
copies and change these to fit an intended usage, which may be level control, flow
control, etc. These new types can then be preconfigured with specific default values
for controller tuning, alarm limits, data collection settings etc.
l

Table 75. Control Solution control module types

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

CascadeLoop N N This control module provides a complete
cascade loop control solution for
connection to I/O. The control module
provides master and slave PID control with
signal supervision, velocity limiter, alarm
handling, trending, and operator graphics.
FeedforwardLoop N N This control module provides a complete
feedforward loop control solution for
connection to I/O. The control module
provides PID feedback control and
dynamical feedforward control. The loop
comes with signal supervision, velocity
limiter, alarm handling, trending, and
operator graphics.

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Table 75. Control Solution control module types

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

MidrangeLoop N N This control module provides a complete
midrange loop control solution for
connection to I/O. The control module
provides single PID control of two outputs in
parallel.
The loop comes with signal supervision,
velocity limiter, stiction compensation,
alarm handling, trending, and operator
graphics.
OverrideLoop N N This control module provides a complete
override loop control solution for connection
to I/O. The control module provides a
minimum selector with four controllers; one
master PID controller and three override
controllers. The loop comes with signal
supervision, velocity limiter, alarm handling,
trending, and operator graphics.
SingleLoop N N This control module provides a complete
single loop control solution for connection
to I/O. The control module provides PID
control with signal supervision, velocity
limiter, stiction compensation, alarm
handling, trending, and operator graphics.

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ControlExtendedLib
The library ControlExtendedLib contains control modules for arithmetic and signal
processing for continuous control; for example, PID loops. The control functions
are available as control modules, and they also have associated engineering and
operator graphics.
The control modules can be connected to other control modules in
ControlStandardLib, ControlAdvancedLib or ControlFuzzyLib in order to construct
more advanced control loops. The control modules are connected via graphical
connections. Information is sent forward as well as backward in the control loop.
The automatic code sorting is used to obtain good performance related to bumpless
transfer and integrator wind-up in the entire control loop.
Using the control modules in ControlExtendedLib together with those in
ControlStandardLib and ControlAdvancedLib, it is possible to construct control
loops with high functionality. Arithmetic operations can be performed on the
control signals. The control signals can also be processed in several ways; for
example, filtered or integrated.

Arithmetic Control Modules

Table 76. Arithmetic control modules

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

AddCC Y N Addition, two inputs
SubCC Y N Subtraction, two inputs
MultCC N N Multiplication, two inputs
DivCC N N Division, two inputs
BiasCC N N Addition, two inputs
RatioCC N N Multiplication, two inputs
SqrtCC Y N Square root, one input
XRaisedToYCC Y N Calculates the value In1 raised to In2.

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Signal Handling Control Modules

Table 77. Signal handling control modules

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

DerivativeCC Y N Derivation.
IntegratorCC Y N Integration with reset and hold function.
FlowCC Y N This control module calculates the mass
flow from a differential pressure (orifice
plate) compensated by actual temperature
and pressure.
Mean4ExcludeBadCC Y N This control module calculates the mean
value of the inputs where extreme values
are excluded.
Mean8ExcludeBadCC Y N This control module has the same
functionality as Mean4ExcludeBadCC
above. The only difference is the number of
inputs.
Mean12ExcludeBadCC Y N This control module has the same
functionality as Mean4ExcludeBadCC
above. The only difference is the number of
inputs.
FilterCC Y N This is a first-order, low-pass filter.
Filter2PCC Y N This control module is a low-pass filter with
one zero and two complex poles.
LeadLagCC Y N This control module is used either as a
Lead or Lag function; that is, as a derivative
or integrating limiter. The actual function
(Lead/Lag) is determined by the relation
between two input time constants.

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Table 77. Signal handling control modules (Continued)

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

DelayCC N N This is a delay control module for the
ControlConnection structure.
StateCC Y N This control module delays the forward and
backward components by one cycle to
avoid program loops.

Signal Conditioning Control Module

Table 78. Signal conditioning control module

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

PiecewiseLinearCC Y N Piece-wise linear transformation of the
input signal.
PiecewiseLinear2DCC N N This control module is a look-up table with a
number of predefined input-output data
pairs. It takes two inputs, which means that
a nonlinear surface, z = f(x,y) can be
specified. A maximum of 21 x-values and
11 y-values can be specified; that is, 231
data points. An Interaction window can be
used to edit the data.
PiecewiseLinear- Y N This control module is used as an add-in
Extension module to the PiecewiseLinearCC module.
The latter is only able to handle 21 data
points. This control module makes it
possible to add another 20 data points. It is
also possible to connect a control module to
an existing control module of the same
type. Thus, the number of points is
unlimited.

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ControlAdvancedLib
The library ControlAdvancedLib contains control module types for advanced,
continuous control; for example, PID loops. The control functions are available as
control modules, and they also have associated engineering and operator graphics.
The control modules can be connected to other control modules in
ControlStandardLib, ControlExtendedLib or ControlFuzzyLib in order to construct
more advanced control loops. The control modules are connected via graphical
connections. Information is sent forward as well as backward in the control loop.
The automatic code sorting is used to obtain good performance related to bumpless
transfer and integrator wind-up in the entire control loop.
The advanced PID controller has all the functionality of the previously described
PID controllers. In addition, it can be configured for continuous adaptation of the
controller parameters. It can also be configured as a predictive PI; that is, as a PPI,
controller and it has a gain scheduler (also called a parameter scheduler).

PID Control Modules

Table 79. PID control modules

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

PidAdvancedCC N N In addition to the standard functions, this
control module type contains a gain
scheduler and an adaptive controller. It has
a PPI (predictive PI) controller for
processes with long dead times. The loop
assessment tools can detect oscillatory or
sluggish behavior of the control loop. The
Autotuner is more advanced than that in the
other PID controllers.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending and receiving object).
See also Signal and Vote Loop Concept on
page 305.

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Additional Control Modules

Table 80. Additional control modules

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

StictionCompensator Y N An optional extension to the AnalogOutCC
control module to add pulses to the output
of the AO to avoid the effects of sticky
pneumatic valves.
Add-on to the AnalogOnCC. The faceplate
(OD) for StictionCompensator is found
under the tabs in the extended faceplate of
AnalogOutCC.
DecoupleFilterCC N N A filter introduced to decouple the process
dynamics so that the total system behaves
as two independent systems.

ControlFuzzyLib
The library ControlFuzzyLib contains control module types, which are building
blocks for fuzzy controllers. A fuzzy controller is constructed by connecting control
modules from ControlFuzzyLib. No programming is necessary. ControlFuzzyLib
also has three templates (not protected), which consist of three different fuzzy
controllers. The control module types can be copied to your own library and then
modified.

Table 81. Control module types in ControlFuzzyLib

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

FuzzyController1CC N N This control module contains a very small
configuration of a fuzzy controller.
FuzzyController2CC N N This control module has the same structure
as that of FuzzyController1CC, but contains
a much larger configuration.
FuzzyController3CC N N This control module is the same as
FuzzyController1CC, but with no setpoint.

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Table 81. Control module types in ControlFuzzyLib (Continued)

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

FuzzySpPvIn N N This control module computes the control
deviation EOut (Setpoint Process value)
and its first and second derivatives. These
signals are inputs to the InputMembership
control modules.
This control module can switch between an
external and an internal setpoint. The
process value can be filtered in a low-pass
filter. Three Pv alarm levels and one
deviation alarm can be displayed in the
history and bar graphs. The control module
also has an optional facility for Process
value tracking.
The outputs from the control module, the
control deviation and its two first derivatives
can be simulated by the operator. This
facility can be used to test the fuzzy logic
part of the controller.
FuzzyPvIn N N This control module makes the process
value and its derivative available to the
InputMembership control modules.
The process value can be filtered in a low-
pass filter. Three absolute alarm levels can
be displayed in the history and bar graphs.
The outputs from the control module, the
process value, and its derivative, can be
simulated by the operator. This facility can
be used to test the fuzzy logic part of the
controller.

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Table 81. Control module types in ControlFuzzyLib (Continued)

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

FuzzyOut N N This control module takes a defuzzyfied
output from the fuzzy logic part of the
controller and computes the output to the
process.
The signal can be integrated or not. It can
also be set in Manual or Automatic mode or
it can track an external value. A feedforward
signal can be added, and an anti-reset
wind-up function is provided.
InputMembership N N This control module defines an input
membership function for the fuzzy logic part
of the controller. For every value of the input
it computes the degree of membership to
the corresponding fuzzy set.
The control module is also used, together
with the FuzzyCondition control module, to
define the fuzzy conditions.
OutputMembership N N This control module defines an output
membership function for a fuzzy rule. It
computes the current membership function,
which is equal to the defined membership
function, multiplied by the degree of
satisfaction of the rule.
The current membership functions for a
number of rules can then be combined into
a membership function for the output of the
controller. This is done by computing the
envelope; that is, the maximum of all the
current membership functions at every
point. This is done in the Defuzzyfication
control module.

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Table 81. Control module types in ControlFuzzyLib (Continued)

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

Defuzzyfication N N This control module computes the envelope
of all the connected output membership
functions. It also computes the center of
gravity of the envelope curve. The center of
gravity is regarded as the defuzzyfied
output from the fuzzy logic part of the
controller.
FuzzyCondition6, -12 N N The control modules FuzzyCondition6,
and -18 FuzzyCondition12 and FuzzyCondition18
define and evaluate a fuzzy condition. The
condition is defined as a fuzzy AND
condition between a number of selected
input membership functions. The input
membership functions may, or may not, be
inverted before the condition is formed.
Together with other fuzzy conditions, the
defined fuzzy condition is used in one or
more fuzzy rules.
The fuzzy AND condition is defined as the
minimum value of the fuzzy variables
included.

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Table 81. Control module types in ControlFuzzyLib (Continued)

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

FuzzyRule5, -10, -15, - N N The control modules FuzzyRule5,
20, -25 and -30 FuzzyRule10, FuzzyRule15, FuzzyRule20,
FuzzyRule25, and FuzzyRule30 define and
evaluate a fuzzy rule. The condition of the
rule is defined as a fuzzy OR expression
between a number of fuzzy conditions
defined in FuzzyCondition control modules.
The conditions from the FuzzyCondition
control modules may, or may not, be
inverted before the condition of the
FuzzyRule control module is formed.
The result of the rule is the degree of
satisfaction of the rule. The degree of
satisfaction is used to compute the output
membership function for the rule. The fuzzy
OR condition is defined as the maximum
value of the fuzzy variables included.
FuzzyProgramControl N N This control module is used to toggle the
Edit mode of the fuzzy logic part of the
controller on and off. The fuzzy controller is
fully operational in both modes.
FuzzyPres N N This control module is an icon for the
controller. It is intended to be built into the
controller and displayed in the Control
Module diagram via a control module
selector.
FuzzyControlIcon N N This control module type is the symbol for a
controller that contains fuzzy logics.
FuzzyIcon N N This control module type is the symbol for
fuzzy logics.

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Batch Library
The library BatchLib contains control module types for batch control and for control
of other discontinuous processes. It can be used together with any batch system
which communicates via OPC Data Access and which supports the S88 state model
for procedural elements.
The control modules described here are used for the interaction between the control
application for an Equipment Procedure Element (for example, a phase or an
operation) and the Batch Manager.

Table 82. Equipment procedure element control module types

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

EquipProcedure N N A template control module for designing
Template Equipment Procedure Elements; that is, the
control logic for phases, operations, and so
on. It handles the interaction with the Batch
Manager.
EquipProcedureCore N N Handles the standard ISA/S88-based
states and modes of an Equipment
Procedure Element.
EquipProcedureIcon N N This control module type is an icon for
EquipProcedureTemplate and
EquipProcedureCore.
InfoEquipProcedure N N This control module type defines the pop-
Template up interaction window for the procedural
element.

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Process Object Libraries

The libraries ProcessObjBasicLib, ProcessObjExtLib, ProcessObjDriveLib and
ProcessObjInsumLib contain function block types and control module types for
controlling motors, valves, ABB Drives and Insum Devices in a process application.
The types in these libraries are not protected, which means that you can copy any
type to your library, and then modify the unprotected code in the type and use it.

Function block or control module

Protected code
Core function
Unprotected code

Added function Unprotected function block or

control module

Figure 123. The function blocks and the control modules in this library are
unprotected; that is, they can be used and modified in your own library.

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ProcessObjBasicLib
The library ProcessObjBasicLib contains basic core function block types for valve
and motor control functions. They are to be used when designing your own function
block types. The core function block types should be encapsulated in your own
function block type. These core function block types are protected and cannot be
changed.

Table 83. ProcessObjBasicLib function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

UniCore N 1-2 Uni-directional object:
Basic function block with one or two outputs
and 0, 1, or 2 feedback signals. This
function block can be used to represent a
valve, for example.
Parameters are available for the connection
of an external panel for manual operation of
the object, and interlock and force signals
for connection of different safety
interlocking. It is also possible to connect
an external fault signal.
BiCore N 1-2 Bi-directional object:
Basic function block with two or three
outputs and 0, 2 or 3 feedback signals. This
function block can be used to represent a
two-speed motor or a forward-backward
motor, for example.
Parameters are available for the connection
of an external panel for manual operation of
the object, and interlock and force signals
for connection of different safety
interlocking. It is also possible to connect
an external fault signal.

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Table 83. ProcessObjBasicLib function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

UniSimple N 1-2 This function block type is suitable for
graphical control and supervision of a
unidirectional (one activated and one
deactivated position) process object. An
extension to the basic UniCore type is the
graphics functionality.
BiSimple N 1-2 This function block type is suitable for
graphical control and supervision of a
bidirectional (two activated and one
deactivated position) process object. For
greater flexibility, graphics functionality is
given to the extensions to the basic BiCore
type.
DetectOverrideBi Y 1-2 Detects override commands like Priority
and Ilock.
DetectOverrideUni Y 1-2 Detects override commands like Priority
and Ilock.
DetectOverrideVoteBi Y 1-2 Detects override commands like Priority
and Ilock.
DetectOverrideVoteUni Y 1-2 Detects override commands like Priority
and Ilock.
Jog Y 1-2 This function block handles the Jog
functionality implemented in motor objects.
Jog is a functionality that starts the motor
object in a specified direction during a
specified period of time. The Jog function
only is applicable in manual mode of the
motor object.

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Table 83. ProcessObjBasicLib function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

UniDelayOfCmd Y 1-2 This function block type is used to avoid
spurious commands in auto mode. For
example, if a level detector causes the
object to start, a disturbance pulse will not
be able to start the object.
BiDelayOfCmd Y 1-2 This function block type is used to avoid
spurious commands in auto mode. For
example, if a level detector causes the
object to start, a disturbance pulse will not
be able to start the object.
PrioritySup Y 1-2 This function block type supervises the
priority commands and sets the mode to
PriorityMode if any of the inputs are active.
Alarm situations are also supervised and, if
active, an automatic priority to zero is
performed.

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Table 83. ProcessObjBasicLib function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

DriveCommandSend N N This function block type sends command
data to the connected drive. It can be used
as a base for control of ABB Drives
ACS800, ACS600 and ACS400 and their
corresponding DC drives. The function
block can easily be used together with other
function blocks to create more complex
objects that handle functionality such as
modes and HSI. See also the UniCore and
BiCore function block descriptions.
DriveStatusReceive N N This function block type can be used as a
base for control of ABB Drives ACS600 and
ACS400, and their corresponding DC
drives. The function block can easily be
used together with other function blocks to
create more complex objects that handle
functionality such as modes and HSI.
This function block provides the user with
the ability to start and stop a drive with a
chosen setpoint according to the local state
matching in the drive.

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Table 84. ProcessObjBasicLib control module types

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

UniSimpleM N 1-2 This control module type is suitable for
graphical control and supervision of a
unidirectional (one activated position and
one deactivated position) process object.
The extensions to the basic UniCore type
include control module graphics and
Interaction windows.
BiSimpleM N 1-2 This control module type is suitable for
graphical control and supervision of a
bidirectional (two activated positions and
one deactivated position) process object.
The extensions to the basic BiCore type
include control module graphics and
Interaction windows.

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ProcessObjExtendedLib
The library ProcessObjExtLib contains types that are based on the protected core
functions available in the ProcessObjBasicLib. Unprotected code is then added to
the core.

Table 85. ProcessObjExtLib function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

Uni N 1-2 Uni-directional object with alarm and
graphics:
This function block type is based on the
UniCore object. Extensions include alarm
handling and a faceplate.
Bi N 1-2 Bi-directional object with alarm and
graphics:
This function block type is based on the
BiCore object. Extensions include alarm
handling and a faceplate.
ValveUni N 1-2 Valve uni-directional object with alarm and
graphics:
This function block type is based on the
UniCore object. Extensions include alarm
handling and a faceplate.
Some parameters from the UniCore object
are not used, and this block serves as a
more basic example for a normal valve.
MotorUni N 1-2 Motor uni-directional object with alarm and
graphics:
This function block type is based on the
UniCore object. Extensions include alarm
handling and a faceplate.
This function block has additional
interlocks, safety commands, and output
delay timers.

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Table 85. ProcessObjExtLib function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

MotorBi N 1-2 Motor bi-directional object with alarm and
graphics:
This function block type is based on the
BiCore object. Extensions include alarm
handling and a faceplate.
This function block has additional
interlocks, safety commands, and output
delay timers.
LevelDetection N 1-2 Supervises the level of an input signal to an
object.
OETextBi Y 1-2 This function block concatenates text
strings for the alarm printouts for Bi type
objects.
OETextUni Y 1-2 This function block generates error-text
strings. Calls of the respective types are
included in the open code of the
corresponding extended process objects.
OETextValveUni Y 1-2 This function block concatenates text
strings for the alarm printouts for ValveUni
type objects.

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Table 86. ProcessObjExtLib control module types

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

UniM N 1-2 Uni-directional object with alarm and
graphics:
This control module type is based on the
UniCore object. Extensions include alarm
handling and a faceplate.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending and receiving object).
See also Signal and Vote Loop Concept on
page 305.
BiM N 1-2 Bi-directional object with alarm and
graphics:
This control module type is based on the
BiCore object. Extensions include alarm
handling and a faceplate.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending and receiving object).
See also Signal and Vote Loop Concept on
page 305.
ValveUniM N 1-2 Valve uni-directional object with alarm and
graphics:
This control module type is based on the
UniCore object. Extensions include alarm
handling and a faceplate.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending and receiving object).
See also Signal and Vote Loop Concept on
page 305.

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Table 86. ProcessObjExtLib control module types (Continued)

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

MotorUniM N 1-2 Motor uni-directional object with alarm and
graphics:
This control module is based on the
UniCore object. Extensions include alarm
handling and a faceplate.
This control module has additional
interlocks, safety commands, and output
delay timers.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending and receiving object).
See also Signal and Vote Loop Concept on
page 305.
MotorBiM N 1-2 Motor bi-directional object with alarm and
graphics:
This control module is based on the BiCore
object. Extensions include alarm handling
and a faceplate.
This control module has additional
interlocks, safety commands, and output
delay timers.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending and receiving object).
See also Signal and Vote Loop Concept on
page 305.

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ProcessObjDriveLib
The library ProcessObjDriveLib contains function block types and control module
types which can be used to control and supervise ABB Standard and Engineered
Drives.

Table 87. ProcessObjDriveLib function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

ACStdDrive N N This function block type can be used to
control and supervise ABB Standard AC
Drives. This function block type includes
Interaction windows implemented in Control
Builder M, and faceplates and display
elements implemented in Process Portal.
DCStdDrive N N This function block type can be used to
control and supervise ABB Standard DC
Drives. This function block type includes
Interaction windows implemented in Control
Builder M, and faceplates and display
elements implemented in Process Portal.
EngDrive N N This function block type can be used to
control and supervise ABB Engineered AC
and DC Drives. This function block type
includes Interaction windows implemented
in Control Builder M, and faceplates and
display elements implemented in Process
Portal.

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Table 88. ProcessObjDriveLib control module types

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

ACStdDriveM N N This control module type can be used to
control and supervise ABB Standard AC
Drives. This control module type includes
Interaction windows implemented in Control
Builder M, and faceplates and display
elements implemented in Process Portal.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending and receiving object).
See also Signal and Vote Loop Concept on
page 305.
DCStdDriveM N N This control module type can be used to
control and supervise ABB Standard DC
Drives. This control module type includes
Interaction windows implemented in Control
Builder M, and faceplates and display
elements implemented in Process Portal.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending and receiving object).
See also Signal and Vote Loop Concept on
page 305.
EngDriveM N N This control module type can be used to
control and supervise ABB Engineered AC
and DC Drives. This control module type
includes Interaction windows implemented
in Control Builder M, and faceplates and
display elements implemented in Process
Portal.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending and receiving object).
See also Signal and Vote Loop Concept on
page 305.

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ProcessObjInsumLib
The library ProcessObjInsumLib library contains function block types and control
module types to control and supervise the standard INSUM (INtegrated System for
User optimized Motor management) devices MCU (Motor Control Unit) and trip
unit for Circuit Breakers. The INSUM devices are connected via an INSUM
Gateway and a CI857 Interface module to the AC800M.

Table 89. ProcessObjInsumLib function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

InsumBreaker N N This function block type is used to control
and supervise an INSUM trip unit for circuit
breakers. It is based on the UniCore object
for process logic, and INSUMRead and
INSUMWrite blocks for the communication
with the device. Function blocks for alarm
handling are also included for the display of
trips, warnings and other errors; that is,
communication errors and feedback errors
from the device.

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Table 89. ProcessObjInsumLib function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

McuBasic N N This function block type is used to control
and supervise an INSUM MCU. It is based
on the BiCore object for process logic, and
INSUMRead and INSUMWrite blocks for
the communication with the device.
Function blocks for alarm handling are also
included for the display of trips, warnings
and other errors; that is, communication
errors and feedback errors from the device.
McuExtended N N This function block type is used to control
and supervise an INSUM MCU. It is based
on the BiCore object for process logic, and
INSUMRead and INSUMWrite blocks for
the communication with the device.
Function blocks for alarm handling are also
included for the display of trips, warnings
and other errors; that is, communication
errors and feedback errors from the device.

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Table 90. ProcessObjInsumLib control module types

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

InsumBreakerM N N This control module type is used to control
and supervise an INSUM trip unit for circuit
breakers. It is based on the UniCore object
for process logic, and INSUMRead and
INSUMWrite blocks for the communication
with the device. Function blocks for alarm
handling are also included for the display of
trips, warnings and other errors; that is,
communication errors and feedback errors
from the device.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending and receiving object).
See also Signal and Vote Loop Concept on
page 305.

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Table 90. ProcessObjInsumLib control module types (Continued)

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

McuBasicM N N This control module type is used to control
and supervise an INSUM MCU. It is based
on the BiCore object for process logic, and
INSUMRead and INSUMWrite blocks for
the communication with the device.
Function blocks for alarm handling are also
included for the display of trips, warnings
and other errors; that is, communication
errors and feedback errors from the device.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending and receiving object).
See also Signal and Vote Loop Concept on
page 305.
McuExtendedM N N This control module type is used to control
and supervise an INSUM MCU. It is based
on the BiCore object for process logic, and
INSUMRead and INSUMWrite blocks for
the communication with the device.
Function blocks for alarm handling are also
included for the display of trips, warnings
and other errors; that is, communication
errors and feedback errors from the device.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending and receiving object).
See also Signal and Vote Loop Concept on
page 305.

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Signal Library
The library SignalLib contains function block types for analog and digital inputs
and outputs. They extend the functionality of I/O signals and application variables
with alarm and event handling. The function blocks also provide filtering and error
handling. In the faceplates it is possible to force the objects, view trim curves,
configure and enable/disable alarms and events, and view/modify parameters.

Table 91. SignalLib function block types

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

SignalInReal Y 1-2 SignalInReal extends the functionality of an
analog input signal of data type RealIO with
alarm/event handling for three high levels,
three low levels and error handling.
SignalOutReal Y N SignalOutReal extends the functionality of
an analog output signal of data type RealIO
with alarm/event handling for three high
levels, three low levels and error handling.
SignalReal Y 1-2 SignalReal is used to achieve alarm/event
handling for an application variable of data
type real with up to three high and three low
levels.
SignalInBool Y 1-2 SignalInBool extends the functionality for a
Digital Input signal of data type BoolIO with
alarm/event handling, when the input value
is different from Normal value.
In corresponding faceplates it is possible to
force the object, view trim curves, and
configure and enable/disable alarms and
events.

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Table 91. SignalLib function block types (Continued)

Function Block Type TC SIL Description

SignalOutBool Y 1-2 SignalOutBool extends the functionality of a
digital output signal of data type BoolIO
with alarm/event handling when the input
value is different from Normal value.
In corresponding faceplates it is possible to
force the object, view trim curves, and
configure and enable/disable alarms and
events.
SignalBool Y 1-2 SignalBool extends the functionality of an
application variable of data type bool with
alarm/event handling when the input value
is different from Normal value.
In corresponding faceplates it is possible to
force the object, view trim curves, and
configure and enable/disable alarms and
events.
SignalSimpleInReal N 1-2 An analog input signal, of RealIO data type,
extended with alarm and event handling for
errors. Filtering and error handling is also
provided.
SignalSimpleOutReal Y N An analog output signal, of RealIO data
type, extended with alarm and event
handling for errors.

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Table 92. SignalLib control module types

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

SignalBoolCalcInM Y 1-2 Monitors an application variable, of bool
data type. To be used when it requires
connections to a Vote control module type.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending object). See also Signal
and Vote Loop Concept on page 305.
SignalBoolCalcOutM Y 1-2 Monitors an application variable, of bool
data type. To be used when it requires input
connections from a Vote control module
type.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a receiving object). See also
Signal and Vote Loop Concept on page
305.
SignalInBoolM Y 1-2 Monitors a digital input signal, of BoolIO
data type.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending object). See also Signal
and Vote Loop Concept on page 305.
SignalInRealM Y 1-2 Monitors up to three high levels and up to
three low levels and errors for an analog
input signal, of RealIO data type.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending object). See also Signal
and Vote Loop Concept on page 305.
SignalOutBoolM Y 1-2 Monitors a digital output signal, of BoolIO
data type.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a receiving object). See also
Signal and Vote Loop Concept on page
305.

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Table 92. SignalLib control module types (Continued)

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

SignalOutRealM Y N Monitors up to three high levels and up to
three low levels and errors for an analog
output signal, of RealIO data type.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a receiving object). See also
Signal and Vote Loop Concept on page
305.
SignalRealCalcInM Y 1-2 Monitors up to three high levels and up to
three low levels and errors for an
application variable, of real data type. To be
used when it requires connections to a Vote
control module type.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending object). See also Signal
and Vote Loop Concept on page 305.
SignalRealCalcOutM Y 1-2 Monitors up to three high levels and up to
three low levels and errors for an
application variable, of real data type. To be
used when it requires input connections
from a Vote control module type.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a receiving object). See also
Signal and Vote Loop Concept on page
305.

414 3BSE041488R101
Appendix B Library Objects Overview Signal Library

Table 92. SignalLib control module types (Continued)

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

SignalSimpleInRealM Y 1-2 Monitors an analog input signal, of RealIO
data type.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a sending object). See also Signal
and Vote Loop Concept on page 305.
SignalSimpleOutRealM Y N Monitors an analog output signal, of RealIO
data type.
This object is a member of the voting logic
concept (a receiving object). See also
Signal and Vote Loop Concept on page
305.

3BSE041488R101 415
Signal Library Appendix B Library Objects Overview

Table 93. SignalLib Vote control module types

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

Vote1oo1Q Y 1-2 The Vote1oo1Q Control Module performs
voting of one input signal, where the signal
quality is considered together with the
activation signal from the input module, e.g.
SignalInRealM. The Vote Output is set if
the input signal if either activated or have
bad quality. The signal quality is considered
according to the QualityConfig parameter.
VoteXoo2D Y 1-2 The VoteXoo2D Control Module performs
voting of up to two input signals, where the
signal quality is diagnosed together with the
activation signal from the input modules,
e.g. SignalInRealM. If X parameter =1; the
Vote Output is set if any input signal is
activated and quality is good, or if all
connected signals have bad quality. If X
parameter =2; the Vote Output is set if both
input signals are activated and quality is
good, or if one input signal is activated and
quality is good and the other input signal
have bad quality, or if all connected signals
have bad quality. The signal quality is
considered according to the QualityConfig
parameter.
VoteXoo3Q Y 1-2 The VoteXoo3Q Control Module performs
voting of up to three input signals, where
the signal quality is considered together
with the activation signal from the input
modules, e.g. SignalInRealM. The Vote
Output is set if X (X parameter) number of
input signals are either activated or have
bad quality. The signal quality is considered
according to the QualityConfig parameter.

416 3BSE041488R101
Appendix B Library Objects Overview Signal Library

Table 93. SignalLib Vote control module types (Continued)

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

VoteXoo8 Y 1-2 The VoteXoo8 Control Module performs
voting of up to eight input signals from input
modules, e.g. SignalInRealM. The Vote
Output is set if X (X parameter) number of
input signals are activated. The signal
quality is not considered.
VoteBranch4 Y 1-2 This control module branches a signal of
VoteConnection that contains the output
from a signal object control module into four
signals of the same data type.
VotedBranch4 Y 1-2 This control module branches a signal of
VotedConnection that contains a result
from a vote control module into four signals
of the same data type.
VotedAnd4 Y 1-2 This control module makes an AND
function between four signals of Voted
Connection that contains a result from a
vote control module.
VotedOr4 Y 1-2 This control module makes an OR function
between four signals of Voted Connection
that contains a result from a vote control
module.

3BSE041488R101 417
Group Start Library Appendix B Library Objects Overview

Group Start Library

The GroupStartLib contains control module types used to the control and supervise
of process objects in a controller.

Table 94. GroupStartLib control module types

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

GroupStartAnd N N This control module type executes a logical
AND between the connected input signals
of type GroupStartStepConnection
GroupStartHead N N This control module type supervises the
entire group, keeps track of the alarms
generated in the group and detects the
connected objects not ready for start in
group start mode. The behavior of the
group at alarms is also a task for this
control module. A process object may be
connected to the bottom output node.
GroupStartObject N N This control module type encapsulates a
Template standard control loop to be connected into
the group start environment and is
equipped with simulated feedback signals.
GroupStartOr N N This control module type executes a logical
OR between the connected input signals of
type GroupStartStepConnection.
GroupStartStep N N This control module type has four in- and
four output nodes to configure the group
start preferably by using graphical
connections. A process object may be
connected to the bottom output node.
GroupStartTestObject N N This control module type is used to connect
in the group start to test the start up
configuration and to simulate alarm
situations.

418 3BSE041488R101
Appendix B Library Objects Overview Group Start Library

Table 94. GroupStartLib control module types (Continued)

Control Module Type TC SIL Description

GroupStartStandby4, 8, 12 Y N This control module shall be used for
standby purposes and to be able to activate
a desired number (maximum the number of
connected objects on the output terminals)
of objects all working together in the
process.
InfoParGroupStart N N This control module type contains the
ObjectTemplate graphics of the interaction window of the
GroupStartObjectTemplate control module
type.

3BSE041488R101 419
Group Start Library Appendix B Library Objects Overview

420 3BSE041488R101
 INDEX
A Auto mode 92
ABB Drives Core 224
DriveCore 283 InsumBreaker 293
AccelerationLimCC 188 Autotuner
AccelerationLimReal 186 process oscillation time 140
access autotuning 133
help from Control Builder 318
adaptation 140 B
adaptive control 140 backtracking 69, 72
adaptive controller calculation 69
feedback 142 information 70
feedforward 143 mode 69
AddCC 166 Backtracking mode 92
afw file Basic library 44, 190
import 201 BasicLib 336
Alarm and Event library 42 Batch library 44
AlarmEventLib 360 BatchLib 394
alarms BcToDint 189
relative 85, 102 beta factor 81
algorithms 78 bias 77
P controller 78 offset 77
PD controller 78 BiCore 220
PI controller 78 bi-stable function blocks (standard), see function
PID controller 78 blocks
PPI controller 78 bit shift functions (standard), see functions
amplification factor 77 bit-wise Boolean functions (standard), see functions
AnalogInCC 157 branch control modules 373
AnalogOutCC 159 Branch4CC 176
anti-integrator wind-up 126 BranchCC 176
arithmetic control modules, see control modules build
arithmetic functions (extensible), see functions complex solutions 27
arithmetic functions (non-extensible), see functions bumpless transfer 72, 127
array and queue functions 333
array and queue functions, see functions
arrays 333

3BSE041488R101 421
Index

C control loops
calculation design 93
control module types 166 graphical connection 69
function block types 166 control module types
calculations AccelerationLimCC 188
backtracking 69 AddCC 166
cascade controller 104 AnalogInCC 157
tuning 207 AnalogOutCC 159
cascade loop Branch4CC 176
example 192 BranchCC 176
CCToInteger 188 calculation 166
CCToReal 188 CCToInteger 188
character string functions (standard), see functions CCToReal 188
code blocks CommonRangeCC 177
sorting 67 DelayCC 175
code sorting 67 Filter2PCC 175
COMLI 352 FilterCC 174
COMLICommLib 352 FlowCC 170
commands LeadLagRealCC 175
libraries 34 LimiterCC 187
CommonRangeCC 177 LimiterHighCC 187
Communication libraries 45 LimiterLowCC 187
communication libraries ManualAutoCC 161, 189
library 347, 351 to 354, 356 to 358 Max4CC 183
comparison functions (standard), see functions MaxCC 183
complex solutions 27 Mean12ExcludeBadCC 167
complex types Mean4ExcludeBadCC 167
execution 55 Mean8ExcludeBadCC 167
connections MidRangeCC 177
graphical 69 Min4CC 183
context-sensitive help 320 MinCC 183
context-sensitive linking 320 MultCC 166
Control Connection 371 PidCC 101
control deviation 77, 80, 85, 131, 136 PiecewiseLinear2DCC 172
Control libraries 44, 74 PiecewiseLinearCC 172
concept 62 PiecewiseLinearExtension 172
libraries 44 PulseWidthCC 160
control library 363, 366, 369, 385, 388 to 389 RealToCC 189
SelectGood4CC 181
SelectGoodCC 181

422 3BSE041488R101
 Index

control module types control modules

Selector4CC 181 process I/O 371
SelectorCC 181 selector 376
SignalBoolCalcInM 163 signal conditioning 387
SignalBoolCalcOutM 163 signal flow 66
SignalInBoolM 156 signal handling 386
SignalInRealM 156 supervisory 374
SignalOutBoolM 158 control strategies 96
SignalOutRealM 158 control word
SignalRealCalcInM 162 DriveCore 282
SignalRealCalcOutM 162 ControlAdvancedLib 388
SignalSimpleInRealM 156 ControlBasicLib 363
SignalSimpleOutRealM 158 ControlConnection 65, 68, 95
SignalSupervision 165 status component 70
SplitRangeCC 176 ControlExtendedLib 385
SqrtCC 166 ControlFuzzyLib 389
StateCC 191 controller algorithms 78
SubCC 166 controller modes 92
TapCC 178 controllers
TapRealCC 178 adaptive feedback 142
ThreePosCC 160 adaptive feedforward 143
VelocityLimiterCC 187 fuzzy 75, 103
Vote1oo1Q 315 industrial 104
VoteBranch4 316 master 104
VotedAnd4 316 PPI 75, 138
VotedBranch4 316 pulse 105
VotedOr4 316 ratio 105
VoteXoo2D 316 slave 104
VoteXoo3Q 315 split range 106
VoteXoo8 316 three-position 105
XRaisedToYCC 166 ControlSimpleLib 366
control modules ControlStandardLib 369
additional 389 conversion 188
arithmetic 385 conversion control modules 372
branch 373 copy
conversion 372 templates 51
DerivativeCC 168
limiter 378
manual 372
PID 370, 388

3BSE041488R101 423
Index

Core derivative time 79

Auto mode 224 DerivativeCC 168
effective feedback 230 DerivativeReal 168
feedback error 229 design
feedback signals 227 control loops 93
forced action 230 deviation 77, 80
Group Start mode 225 limit 131
Ilock 228 deviation alarms 131
inhibit 229 DintToBc 189
interlock 230 DintToFirstOfN 190
interlocking 221, 228 DintToNBcd 190
Local mode 225 DivCC 166
Manual mode 224 DriveCore
operation 221 control word 282
operation parameters 221 controlling a Drive 283
Out of Service mode 226 emergency stop 282
output IOLevel 230 scale Drive values 283
output settings 227 status 282
Panel mode 225 dynamic parameters 133
priority command 228
Priority mode 225 E
core algorithms 74 effective feedback
counter function blocks (standard), see function Core 230
blocks emergency stop
DriveCore 282
D examples
data types cascade loop 192
ControlConnection 65, 95 control loops 107
dead time 96 to 97 import 201
dead-time 75 execution
decrement 148 complex types 55
delay time 131 formal instances 55
DelayCC 175 sub-objects 55
delays 175 execution time 98
demultiplexors 179 external setpoint 104
DeMuxBool 179 changes 129
DeMuxDint 179
DeMuxReal 179
derivative objects 168
derivative part 78

424 3BSE041488R101
 Index

F function block types

F1 DintToNBcd 190
online help 320 DivCC 166
feedback 142 Filter2Real 174
feedback error FilterReal 174
Core 229 FirstOfNToDint 189
feedback signals GrayToDint 190
Core 227 IntegerToRealIO 189
feedforward 132, 143 LeadLagReal 174
FFH1CommLib 358 Level6CC 164
filter LevelHigh 162
high-pass 168 LevelLow 162
Filter2PCC 175 MajorityReal 166
Filter2Real 174 MaxDint 182
FilterCC 174 MaxReal 182
FilterOf 79 MedianDint 166
FilterReal 174 MedianReal 166
filters 174 MinDint 182
low-pass 78 to 79, 156, 174 MinReal 182
FirstOfNToDint 189 MultCC 166
flow calculation 170 NBcdToDint 190
FlowCC 170 PidCascadeLoop 101
forced action PidLoop 101
Core 230 PiecewiseLinear2DReal 171
formal instances PiecewiseLinearReal 171
execution 55 RealIOToInteger 189
FOUNDATION Fieldbus 352 SignalBool 163
friction SignalInBool 156
reduce 152 SignalInReal 156
static 149 SignalOutBool 158
function block types SignalOutReal 158
AccelerationLimReal 186 SignalReal 162
BcToDint 189 SignalSimpleInReal 156
calculation 166 SignalSimpleOutReal 158
DeMuxBool 179 ThreePosReal 160
DeMuxDint 179 Threshold 191
DeMuxReal 179 VelocityLimiterReal 185
DerivativeReal 168
DintToBc 189
DintToFirstOfN 190

3BSE041488R101 425
Index

function blocks fuzzy logic

bi-stable (standard) 336 controller 75
counter (standard) 336 defuzzyfication 86, 88
timer (standard) 336 degree of membership 87
function blocks vs control modules 239 linear part 85
functions logic part 85 to 86
adaptation 140 operator 87
anti-integrator wind-up 126 output membership 86
arithmetic (extensible) 325 rules 86 to 87
arithmetic (non-extensible) 326
array and queue 333 G
autotuning 133 G 79
bit shift (standard) 326 gain 79
bit-wise Boolean (standard) 326 direct 139
bumpless transfer 127 reverse 139
character string (standard) 328 gain factor 77
comparison (standard) 327 gain scheduling 144
deviation alarms 131 graphical connection 69
feedforward 132 GrayToDint 190
gain scheduling 144 Group Start
general 325 library 303
limit 185 Group Start library 44
logarithmic 325 Group Start mode
max 182 Core 225
min 182 InsumBreaker 294
mux 180 GroupStartLib 418
oscillation detector 150
Pv Tracking 129 H
sel 180 help
selection (standard) 327 access from Control Builder 318
sluggish control detection 153 help files
stiction compensator 149 requirements 317
task control 335 high-pass filter 168
trigonometric 325 hysteresis 131, 135, 145, 149
type conversion 324, 329 relay 136
Fuzzy controller 389
fuzzy controller 103

426 3BSE041488R101
 Index

I K
ideal PID controller 80 keywords
IEC 61131-3 libraries 33
function block types 336 parameters 33
standard functions 324
Ilock L
Core 228 LeadLagReal 174
import LeadLagRealCC 175
examples 201 Level6CC 164
increment 148 LevelHigh 162
index LevelLow 162
online help 321 libraries 20
industrial controller types 104 advantages of using 25
inhibit Alarm and Event library 42
Core 229 AlarmEventLib 360
instances 20 Basic 190
InsumBreaker Basic library 44
Auto mode 293 BasicLib 336
Group Start mode 294 Batch library 44
Local mode 294 BatchLib 394
Manual mode 293 COMLICommLib 352
Out of Service mode 295 commands 34
Priority mode 294 Communication libraries 45
InsumCommLib 357 Control library 62
IntegerToRealIO 189 ControlAdvancedLib 388
integrator objects 169 ControlBasicLib 363
integrator wind-up 72, 126 ControlExtendedLib 385
prevent 67 ControlFuzzyLib 389
interaction windows ControlSimpleLib 366
McuExtended 301 ControlStandardLib 369
interlock FFH1CommLib 358
Core 230 Group Start library 44, 303
interlocking GroupStartLib 418
Core 221, 228 InsumCommLib 357
internal state 69, 129 management 30
inverse function 173 MB300CommLib 353
MMSCommLib 347
ModBusCommLib 353
ModemCommLib 351
parameter keywords 33

3BSE041488R101 427
Index

libraries 20 Manual mode 92

ProcessObjBasicLib 396 Core 224
ProcessObjDriveLib 405 InsumBreaker 293
ProcessObjExtLib 401 Manual-Auto 161
ProcessObjInsumLib 407 ManualAutoCC 161, 189
reserved names 33 master 104
S3964RCommLib 354 max 182
SattBusCommLib 354 Max4CC 183
SerialCommLib 356 MaxCC 183
Signal library 47 MaxDint 182
SignalLib 411 maximum sampling time 140
standard libraries 39 MaxReal 182
System 324 MB300CommLib 353
template objects 38 McuBasic
templates 51 Soft Local mode 295
limit 185 McuExtended
output 71 interaction window 301
limiter control modules 378 Mean12ExcludeBadCC 167
limiter objects 185 Mean4ExcludeBadCC 167
LimiterCC 187 Mean8ExcludeBadCC 167
LimiterHighCC 187 MedianDint 166
LimiterLowCC 187 MedianReal 166
linear part 85 MidRangeCC 177
load disturbance 142, 153 min 182
Local mode Min4CC 183
Core 225 MinCC 183
InsumBreaker 294 MinDint 182
logarithmic functions, see functions MinReal 182
logic part 85 MMS 354
loop assessment tool 153 MMSCommLib 347
low-pass filter 78 to 79, 156 MODBUS 353
low-pass filters 174 ModBusCommLib 353
ModemCommLib 351
M modes
MajorityReal 166 Auto 92
manage Backtracking 92
libraries 30 backtracking 69
manual control modules 372 Manual 92
Tracking 92
Tuning 92

428 3BSE041488R101
 Index

MultCC 166 P
multivariable process 104 P controller 77
mux 180 algorithm 78
Panel mode
N Core 225
NBcdToDint 190 parameter keywords
noise libraries 33
in signals 174 parameters
measurement 135 ControlConnection 68
non-linearities 104 Pstart 128
Reset 139
O tuning 145
objects 20 PD controller
offset 78 algorithm 78
bias 77 PI controller
online help algorithm 78
context-sensitive 320 PID control modules 370, 388
context-sensitive linking 320 PID controller
F1 320 algorithm 78
index 321 ideal 80
open PidCascadeLoop 101
online help files 318 PidCC 101
operation PidLoop 101
Core 221 piecewise linear 171
operation parameters PiecewiseLinear2DCC 172
Core 221 PiecewiseLinear2DReal 171
oscillation detector 150 PiecewiseLinearCC 172
Out of Service mode PiecewiseLinearExtension 172
Core 226 PiecewiseLinearReal 171
InsumBreaker 295 position feedback 148
output PPI controller 75, 138
change rate 129 algorithm 78
limit 71 predictive PI controller 75
range 71 prevent
three-position 148 integrator wind-up 67
output IOLevel priority commands
Core 230 Core 228
output settings Priority mode
Core 227 Core 225
InsumBreaker 294

3BSE041488R101 429
Index

process gain relative alarms 85, 102

direct 139 relay hysteresis 136
reverse 139 requirements
process I/O control modules 371 on customized help files 317
process object reserved names
function block types 337 libraries 33
Process object Function Block types 337, 345 reshape
process objects signals 171
library 396, 401, 405, 407, 411, 418
select 213 S
process value 85 S3964RCommlib 354
tracking 129 sample 78
process value (Pv) 77 sampling time 78
processes maximum 140
long dead time 97 task cycle time 136
no dead time 96 SattBus 354
short dead time 96 SattbusCommlib 354
special demands 97 scale
ProcessObjBasicLib 360, 396 Drive values 283
ProcessObjDriveLib 405 sel 180
ProcessObjExtLib 401 select
ProcessObjInsumLib 407 process objects 213
Pstart 128 SelectGood4CC 181
pulse controller 105 SelectGoodCC 181
PulseWidthCC 160 selection functions (standard), see functions
Pv 79 selector control modules 376
selector objects 180
Q Selector4CC 181
queues 334 SelectorCC 181
SerialCommLib 356
R SerialLib 354
ramp speed 92 setpoint 85
ramping speed 127 external 104
range 70 setpoint (Sp) 77
output 71 setpoint changes 81
ratio controller 105 setpoint weight 79, 81
RealIOToInteger 189 Show Help About 319
RealToCC 189 Siemens 3964R 354
reduce signal conditioning control module 387
friction 152

430 3BSE041488R101
 Index

signal handling 168 states

input and output 154 internal 69, 129
signal handling control modules 386 static friction 149
Signal library 47 Status 70
signal quality 165 status 70, 161
signal reshaping 171 DriveCore 282
signal tapping 178 stiction compensator 149
SignalBool 163 SubCC 166
SignalBoolCalcInM 163 supervision
SignalBoolCalcOutM 163 control module types 162
SignalInBool 156 function block types 162
SignalInBoolM 156 supervisory control modules 374
SignalInReal 156 System 324
SignalInRealM 156
SignalLib 411 T
SignalOutBool 158 TapCC 178
SignalOutBoolM 158 tapping 178
SignalOutReal 158 TapRealCC 178
SignalOutRealM 158 task control functions, see functions
SignalReal 162 task cycle time 78, 136
SignalRealCalcInM 162 Td 79
SignalRealCalcOutM 162 templates 38, 51
signals copy 51
select 180 Tfil 79
SignalSimpleInReal 156 ThreePosCC 160
SignalSimpleInRealM 156 three-position controller 105
SignalSimpleOutReal 158 three-position output 148
SignalSimpleOutRealM 158 ThreePosReal 160
SignalSupervision 165 Threshold 191
slave 104 Ti 79
sluggish control detection 153 time functions 328
Soft Local mode timer function blocks (standard), see function
McuBasic 295 blocks
Sp 79 tracking
split range controller 106 process value 129
SplitRangeCC 176 ramp speed 92
SqrtCC 166 Tracking mode 92
standard libraries 39 trigonometric functions, see functions
StateCC 191

3BSE041488R101 431
 Index

tuning 145
cascade controllers 207
parameter sets 145
Tuning mode 92
type conversion functions, see functions
type solutions 25
types
in libraries 20
templates 51

U
UniCore 220

V
VelocityLimiterCC 187
VelocityLimiterReal 185
Vote1oo1Q 315
VoteBranch4 316
VotedAnd4 316
VotedBranch4 316
VotedOr4 316
VoteXoo2D 316
VoteXoo3Q 315
VoteXoo8 316

X
XRaisedToYCC 166

3BSE041488R101 432
3BSE041488R101. Printed in Sweden June 2006
Copyright © 2003-2006 by ABB. All Rights Reserved
® Registered Trademark of ABB.
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