Magnetic Field and Magnetic Induction

Michael Mabini, Christ Joseph P. Rallos, Klein S. Tayo

STEM Track – Senior High School Department, University of San Carlos, Cebu City
[email protected], [email protected] and [email protected]

Abstract
This study presents a student lab experiment focusing on Magnetic Field and Magnetic
Induction to measure voltage generated by the movement of magnet through a coil and
investigate how speed, reversing magnet, and magnets of different strength affect the
induced voltage; determine the magnetic field at varying points surrounding a bar
magnet; and to confirm the existence and establish the characteristics of the current
generated by the motion of the magnet. The students carried out the study through the
use of magnet, coil and magnetic probe. The concept of Electromagnetic Induction
summarized in Faraday’s Law allowed the students to come up with the study.
I. Introduction

Michael Faraday’s discovery of producing electrical current in circuits through

the use of force produced by magnetic field has been used to operate electrical devices
commonly used today. This discovery shows the relationship between electricity and
magnets which was later on called as Faraday’s Law of Electrical Induction. The
generation of electrical voltage is done through the movement either by magnet in and
out of a coil or vice versa. The motion allows the simultaneous production of magnetic
flux and electromotive force. The faster the speed of the movement, the greater magnetic
flux and electromotive force there are.
Two essential materials that enable the production of electromotive force are
magnet and coil. Through the manipulation of these two materials, the entire idea of this
study can be proven true. Therefore, the investigation of a permanent magnet’s magnetic
field strength as well as a current-carrying coil is the main objective of this study.

Theory:
Faraday and Henry both discovered that a potential difference could be produced
across the ends of a wire by moving a magnet in or out of a coil. This is called
electromagnetic induction. This phenomenon is summarized by Faraday’s Law which
states that the induced voltage in a coil is proportional to the product of the number of
turns in the coil and the rate at which the magnetic flux changes within the coil.
II. Methodology

Part A. Magnetic Induction

The coil of wire was connected to the yellow and black sockets of channel 3 of coach lab
II panel (the yellow socket was for the signal and the black socket was the ground. To be able to
measure positive and negative voltage signals, the voltmeter that has to be used in the coach lab
6 program must be CMA -10V to + 10V). The “voltmeter icon” was right clicked and “display
as a meter” was chosen, then upper right empty pane was clicked to display as meter. The
voltmeter icon was right clicked again then the display as diagram was used then the lower right
empty pane was clicked to display a diagram, the diagram was right clicked again and the
diagram setting was adjusted to minimum of -1.5V and maximum of 1.5V and the measurement
of frequency was adjusted to 30/sec and so as the measurement of Frequency: 2 and Time: 10
The magnet was inserted at the center of the coil, and the magnet remained at rest at the center
and along the axis of the coil and the start button was clicked to see measurements. Next, the
magnet was placed 5 cm away from the edge of the coil and let it stayed at rest in its position
and the start button was clicked to measure. The magnet was slowly moved going in and out of
the coil and the length of the magnet parallel to the axis of the coil and the start button was
clicked to see measurements. Lastly, the magnet was moved fastly going in and out of the coil
while keeping the length of the magnet parallel to the axis of the coil and the start button was
clicked to see measurements. As we finish each procedure, we recorded each data for analysis.

Part B. Measurement of Magnetic Field at different points around a Bar Magnet

The magnetic field of a permanent magnet was measured through the use of magnetic
probe. A permanent magnet was placed on a space provided in our lab journal. In the lower left
of the coach 6 window, the “magnetic field sensor icon” was dragged to channel 1 of Coachlab
II panel. Next, the “magnetic Field sensor icon” was right clicked and the “display a meter” was
chosen. The same procedure was done to display a table to the lower right empty plane. Then,
the magnetic probe was placed at point A in the illustration in the worksheet. The magnetic
probe was positioned perpendicular to the magnetic field lines and the meter reading of the
magnetic field was observed. The start button was clicked and the measurements were observed.
Afterwards, on our worksheet, the reading that has the maximum value was recorded and we
repeated the steps for points B, C, D and E.

Part C. Measurement of Magnetic Field of an Electromagnet ( a current-carrying coil )

Similar procedures in part B was obtained in the magnetic field at these points, but the
permanent magnet in part B was not used in this part of the experiment. The power supply was
switched on and 2.5V was set, then the power supply was switched off. Next, the coil of wire
was connected to the power supply, then the power supply was switched on. The current that was
indicated in the power supply was recorded in the worksheet. The tip of the magnetic probe was
placed at the center of the coil using the same coach 6 setting that was used in part B, then the
start button was clicked to start the measurement. The maximum reading of the magnetic probe
was used as the values for recording, the signs (+ or -) was also included in the reading upon
getting its maximum reading. The same procedures was repeated with different positions; at one
end of the coil, and at 15 cm away from the center of the coil along the axis of the coil. All the
measurements was deleted after getting the maximum readings. Next, the voltage knob was
adjusted to double the value of the current displayed in the power supply. Then the procedures
was repeated from clicking the start button up to different positions. Lastly, the results was
recorded in the worksheet, and all the measurements was deleted.

III. Results and Discussions

Part A. Magnetic induction

When the magnet was placed inside the coil with no movement, the voltmeter reading
was zero. This explains Faraday’s Law on Electrical Induction stating that movement causes
magnetic flux in the magnetic field which induces electrical energy. The same reading was
observed when the magnet was placed 5 cm away from the coil. From this we can imply that the
distance of the magnet had no effect on the magnetic field as motion is what causes magnetic
flux on the magnetic field. On the contrary, when the magnet was slowly moved in and outside
of the coil, the voltmeter had read changes in voltage. The movement of the magnet induced
electromotive force, though the voltage reading reading was low. When the magnet was moved
faster, the voltmeter had a higher reading compared to when the magnet was moved in a slow
manner. This is due to the fact that an increase in the motion of a magnet causes stronger force of
magnetic lines on the free electron present on the conductor, generating a stronger current. How
powerful the flow of an electron is, can be solved using the equation: e= B*l*v where “l” is the
length of the conductor, “B” as the strength of the electromagnetic field and “v” as the velocity
of the conductor. This equation supports our claim that an increase in the velocity produces
higher electromotive force or EMF.
Part B. Measurement of Magnetic Field at different points around a Bar Magnet

Figure1, Five different locations where to measure the magnetic field.

Magnetic Probe Position Magnetic Field

(mT)

At point A 24.3

At point B -4.0

At point C 8.9

At point D 8.9

At point E 4.5

The magnetic field surrounding the magnet was measured at different magnetic field
vectors for us to locate the direction of the magnetic field and in which direction the magnetic
field is most intense. This also tells us something about its effect on the electrical particle passing
in these points. Upon placing the magnetic probe at point A, we observed that it has the densest
or strongest magnetic field which was 24.3mT as it is closest to the magnet. Moreover, the
positive sign that was observed indicates that the magnetic field that was measured was near the
north pole. Conversely, when the magnetic probe was placed at point B, it showed the least
dense magnetic field which was -4.0mT and showed a negative sign indicating that it is near the
south pole. At points C and D, we observed the same intensity in their respective magnetic field,
both 8.9mT. This similar result could be due to the similarity of their this distance and angle
away from the bar of magnet. Their decrease in intensity compared to point A has to do with
their distance from the magnet. Since they were placed farther, the intensity of the magnetic field
decreased. This also suggests that at this point, there is lesser magnetic lines that penetrated the
area. In other words, there is lesser magnetic flux. Lastly, at point E, the magnetic field was
observed to be the least dense among points A, C and D since it is farthest from the magnet.
Magnetic flux density diminishes with increasing distance. Point E, therefore has the least dense
magnetic flux.
Part C. Measurement of Magnetic Field of an Electromagnet ( a current-carrying coil )

Voltage: 2.5 V Voltage: 4.9 V

Current: 0.207 A Current: 0.414 A

Magnetic Field (mT) Magnetic Field (mT)

At the center of the coil 8.9 mT 13.6 mT

At one end of the coil 6.2 mT 8.4 mT

15.0 cm away from the center of the coil 4.8 mT 4.8 mT

The strength of the magnetic field will vary from the distance of the magnet to the coil. The
further it is from the coil the strength of the magnetic field will be weaker. Upon observation
when the current was doubled, the different distances also increases its value. The magnetic field
strength of the electromagnet also depends upon the type of core material being used as the main
purpose of the core is to concentrate the magnetic flux in a well defined and predictable path.

IV. Conclusions

When the magnet is command stationary at that position, the meter returns to zero position.
currently once the magnet moves removed from the coil, there's some deflection within the
voltmeter however other way, and once more once the magnet becomes stationary, at that time
relevancy the coil, the meter returns to the zero position. Similarly, if the magnet is command
stationary and therefore the coil moves away, and towards the magnet, the meter equally shows
deflection. it's conjointly seen that the quicker the amendment within the force field, the bigger
are the induced voltage or voltage within the coil.

We also noticed that the magnetic field of a permanent magnet is not uniform.The strength of the
field varies looking on its location around the magnet. The field of a magnet is strongest at either
pole of the magnet. it is equally strong at the north pole compared with the south pole. The force
is weaker within the middle of the magnet and halfway between the pole and the center.The field
lines are closely packed at either pole of the magnet, widening as they get beyond the pole and
connecting to the other pole of the magnet. The field of force lines emerge from the pole and
enter the South Pole. The field of force gets weaker the more you get from either pole

At the end we presume that the investigation has worked out quite well and we gathered the
expected results. The strength of the magnetic field is dependent on the voltage produced by the
electric current. When the magnetic probe was slowly moving away from the coil the magnetic
field decreases and if the electric current is doubled the magnetic field doubles as well because
they are directly proportional to each other.

The results were in truth adequate enough to bring us to a firm conclusion. however even
supposing my prediction was right we tend to still received results that weren't quite expected.
this can be because of the errors that were created in recording the results. we tend to failed to
record the results properly as a result of there have been either pins hanging off or joined along.
We can improve the investigation by acting every experiment two or three times rather than
simply once to form it even fairer. still as being honest the investigation can gain us very
accurate results to point out. we have a tendency to might additionally improve the investigation
by using numerous sorts of conducting wires.

References

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