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TRIANGLES (IMPORTANT THEOREMS)

Chapter -6
THEOREM 1: (Basic Proportionality Theorem) If a line is parallel to one side of a triangle to
intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other two side are divided in the same ratio.

GIVEN: ∆ABC, DE ║ BC A

TO PROVE: AD AE
------ = -------
DB EC
F G
CONSTRUCTION: EF AB and DG AC, join BE & CD.

D E
PROOF : area(∆ADE) ½ AD× EF
----------------------- = --------------------
area(∆BDE) ½ DB× EF

area(∆ADE) AD
---------------------- = ------- (1)
area(∆BDE) DB B C

area(∆ADE) ½ AE× DG
---------------------- = ---------------------
area(∆CDE) ½ EC× DG

area(∆ADE) AE
---------------------- = ------- (2)
area(∆CDE) EC

area(∆BDE) = area(∆CDE) (3) Triangles from same base & between

same parallel lines are equal in area

from equations (1), (2) & (3)

area(∆ADE) area(∆ADE)
----------------------- = -----------------------
area(∆BDE) area(∆CDE)

AD AE
------ = ------ (Hence proved)
DB EC

Note: (Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem) If a line divides any two side of a triangle
in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side.

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THEOREM 2: The ratio of areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of
their corresponding sides.

GIVEN: ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR A

AB BC AC
-------- = ------- = ------- P
PQ QR PR

A = P
B = Q
C = R B C
Q R
D
S
TO PROVE: area(∆ABC) AB2 BC2 AC2
---------------------- = ------- = ------- = -------
area(∆PQR) PQ2 QR2 PR2

CONSTRUCTION: AD BC and PS QR.

PROOF: area(∆ABC) ½ BC× AD BC× AD

----------------------- = -------------------- = ----------------- (1)
area(∆PQR) ½ QR× PS QR× PS

In ∆ADB & ∆PSQ

B = Q (given)
ADB = PSQ (each 900)
∆ADB ~ ∆PSQ (A A corollary)

AB AD
So, ------- = ------- (2)
PQ PS
AB BC
Also, ------- = ------- (3)
PQ QR

AD BC
From (2) & (3) ------- = ------- (4)
PS QR

area(∆ABC) BC× BC BC2

From (1) & (4) ----------------------- = ----------------- = ---------
area(∆PQR) QR× QR QR2

area(∆ABC) AB2 BC2 AC2

---------------------- = ------- = ------- = ------- (Hence proved)
area(∆PQR) PQ2 QR2 PR2

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THEOREM 3: (Pythagoras Theorem)In a right triangle, the square of hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the squares of the other two sides.
B
GIVEN: ∆ABC, B=900

TO PROVE: AC2 = AB2 + BC2

CONSTRUCTION: BD AC

PROOF: In ∆ADB & ∆ABC A C

D
A = A (common)

ADB = B (each 900)

∆ADB ~ ∆ABC (A A corollary)

AD AB
So, ------- = ------
AB AC

AC × AD = AB2 (1)

Similarly, ∆BDC ~ ∆ABC

DC BC
------ = ------
BC AC

AC × DC = BC2 (2)

Adding equations (1) & (2)

AC × AD + AC × DC = AB2 + BC2

AC × (AD + DC) = AB2 + BC2

AC × AC = AB2 + BC2

AC2 = AB2 + BC2

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THEOREM 4: (Converse of Pythagoras Theorem) In a right triangle, if the square of one side is
equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then the angle opposite to the first side
is a right angle.

A
P
GIVEN: AC2 = AB2 + BC2

TO PROVE: B=900

C R
B Q
CONSTRUCTION: : Construct a ∆PQR right angled at Q such that PQ = AB & QR = BC

PROOF: PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 (Pythagoras theorem)

PR2 = AB2 + BC2 (PQ = AB & QR = BC) (1)

AC2 = AB2 + BC2 (given) (2)

From equations (1) & (2)

AC2 = PR2
AC = PR

In ∆ABC & ∆ PQR

AB = PQ
BC = QR
AC = PR
~
∆ABC = ∆ PQR (SSS)

B = Q (CPCT)

Q = 900
B = 900 (hence proved)

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