Applied Fluid Mechanics

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
ACU

Course Instructor

Dr. Ashraf I. Sayed

Email: [email protected]
 Relative
Equilibrium
 1 Fluid under linear motion

If a container of liquid is given a uniform acceleration, this will be

transmitted to the fluid and affect the pressure distribution in it.
Since the fluid remains at rest relative to the container, there is no
relative motion of the particles of the fluid and therefore, no shear
stress. The fluid pressure being normal to the surface on which it
acts.
Z P
az Pz  dz
z Py
ax
P
Px  dx
Px x
X P
Y Py  dy mg
y
Pz
 P
Pz  dz
z Py

F ex  ma
Px 
P
dx
Px x
In X-D
m  dxdydz P
Py  dy
y mg
Pz
P
p x dydz  ( p x  dx)dydz  dxdydz a x
x
P
We get   a x
x
In Z-D
P
p z dxdy  ( p z  dz )dxdy  dxdydzg  dxdydzaz
z
P
We get    (a z  g )
z
In Y-D there is no acceleration
P
0
y
The total pressure variation is :

P P P
dp  dx  dy  dz
x y z
dp   a x dx   (a z  g ) dz
By integration between two points :
p2  p1   a x ( x2  x1 )   (a z  g )( z2  z1 )
We can make point 1 as reference at free surface
where the gage pressure is zero
p g   a x x   ( a z  g ) z (1)
Const. pressure line equation
The free surface equation where the gage pressure is equal to
zero

0   a x dx   (a z  g )dz
 dz ax ( 2)
tan    z
dx g  az
x

This angle is positive counter clockwise

All constant pressure lines will be parallel to the free surface

 2 Fluid under uniform rotation
about vertical axis
If a container of liquid is given a uniform rotation, this will be
transmitted to the fluid as radial acceleration and affect the pressure
distribution in it. This motion also called a forced vortex motion.

P
Pz  dz
z
Zo  z  2r 2 b
Z P
2 2g
r Pr Pr 
r
dr

Radial acceleration
mg
 r 2
Pz
F ex  ma
m  drdzb
In Z-D
P
p z drb  ( p z  dz )drb  drdzbg  0
z
P
  g (A)
z
In r-D
P
pr dzb  ( pr  dr )dzb  drdzb *  r
2

r
 P (B)
  r
2

r
The total pressure variation is :
P P
dp  dr  dz
r z
dp   rdr  gdz
2

By integration between two points :

(r  r )
2 2
p2  p1   2 2
 g ( z 2  z1 )
1
2
 (r2  r1 )
2 2 2
if p2  p1 z2  z1  Free surface equation:
2g
 We can make point 1 as reference at free surface
where the gage pressure is zero
2
r
p g   2
 gz (1)
2
r and z are measured from point on the free surface

Free surface equation at pg  0

 r 2 2
Z ( 2)
2g
 1

Prob. (1) Free surface

For the tank shown in the figure which at rest
is a rectangular parallelepiped shape
determine the gage pressure at A, B, C
when:
a) at rest;
b) ax = 9.8 m/s2 & az = 0;
c) ) ax = 4.9 m/s2 & az = 4.9 m/s2

a) at rest

p Ag  0 kpa No liquid

pBg  ghB  10 * 9.8 *1  9.8 kpa

3
 2

L2
pCg  pBg  9.8 kpa
0.65
b) ax = 9.8 m/s2 & az = 0 m/s2 
dz ax
tan     1 0.65
dx g  az L1
  45 °

The liquid will touch the top surface of the tank as shown

Since no spilling of water

  const.
1.3  L1
tan   L1  L2  L
1.3  L2
 3

before  1.3 *1*W

 1 
after   L1 *1.3  L2 (1.3  L1 )  (1.3  L2 ) * (1.3  L1 )W
 2 
Where w is the tank depth normal to the paper

2 L  0.7692 * L  0.7  0
2 L  2.6 * L  0.91  0
2

2.6  ( 2.6) 2  4 * 0.91

L
2
L  2.18 m or L  0.4168 m accepted
 4

z
x
p Ag   a x x A   (a z  g ) z A A 0.4168
0

p Ag  103 * 9.8 * (0.4168)  4.084 kpa

p Bg   a x xB   (a z  g ) z B
B C
pBg  103 * 9.8 * (0.4168)  103 * 9.8 * (1.3)  16.824 kpa
pCg   a x xC   (a z  g ) zC
pCg  103 * 9.8 * (1.3  0.4168)  103 * 9.8 * (1.3)  4.084 kpa
Not that the pressure at A is equal to the pressure at C

The line between A and C is parallel to the free surface

 5

C) ax = 4.9 m/s2 & az = 4.9 m/s2

dz ax  4.9
tan       0.333 L
dx g  a z 9.8  4.9
  18.435 °

L
tan   L  0.2166 kpa
0.65
The liquid will not touch the top surface of the tank
 6

Prob. (2)
For what uniform rotation rate in
revolutions per minute about axis C
will the U-tube in the figure take the
configuration shown? The fluid is
mercury of specific gravity 13.6.

( r 2
 r 2
B)
p A  pB   2 A
 g ( z A  z B )
2
p A  pB  0
 7

 (r  r )
2 2 2
( z A  zB )  A B
2g
 2 ((0.1) 2  (0.05) 2 )
0.08 
2(9.81)
  14.5 rad / sec
  138 R.P.M
 8

Prob. (3)
The U-tube in the figure is open at A and
closed at D. If accelerated to the right at
ax
uniform , what acceleration
will cause the pressure at point C to be
atmospheric? The fluid is water.

If pressures at A and C are the same, the “free surface” must

join these points:

dz ax a x  g  9.81 m / sec 2
tan     1
dx g  az
 9

Prob. (4)
A closed, 0.4-m-diameter cylindrical tank is
completely filled with oil (S.G = 0.9) and rotates
about its vertical longitudinal axis with an angular
velocity of 40 rad/sec. Determine the difference in
pressure just under the vessel cover between a
point on the circumference and a point on the axis.

0
(r  r ) 2 2
pB  p A   2 B
 g ( z B  z A )
A
2
2 ( 0 .2 )  0
2
pB  p A  0.9 *1000 * (40)  28.8 kpa
2