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PDC Laplace Transforms

This document discusses Laplace transforms, which are used to solve differential equations. It defines the Laplace transform and provides examples of finding the Laplace transform of various functions, including derivatives, step functions, and composites. It also describes using partial fractions to find transforms and discusses the initial and final value theorems. The document concludes with examples of using MATLAB to calculate Laplace transforms and their inverses.

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G SHREYAS
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© © All Rights Reserved
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
146 views

PDC Laplace Transforms

This document discusses Laplace transforms, which are used to solve differential equations. It defines the Laplace transform and provides examples of finding the Laplace transform of various functions, including derivatives, step functions, and composites. It also describes using partial fractions to find transforms and discusses the initial and final value theorems. The document concludes with examples of using MATLAB to calculate Laplace transforms and their inverses.

Uploaded by

G SHREYAS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Process Dynamics and

Control
Hare Krishna Mohanta
BITS Pilani Department of Chemical Engineering
B.I.T.S-Pilani, Pilani Campus
Pilani Campus
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
BITS Pilani CHE F342: PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL
Pilani Campus
App A: Laplace Transforms (Mathematical Tools
for Modeling)

• Definition of the Laplace Transform


The Laplace transform of a function f( t) is defined to be F( s)
according to the equation

L is a linear operator:
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Examples: LT of Simple Functions

Find the Laplace transform of the function


f (t) = 1

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Laplace Transforms of Various Time-
Domain Functions

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Laplace Transforms of Derivatives

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Solution of Differential Equations by LT
Techniques

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Cases of Partial Fractions: Repeated
factors
Method 1: Substitution
Ex 1.

Putting s = -1, we get 1 = - 1/4

Method 2: Differentiation

Two methods are possible for 𝛼 1

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Cases of Partial Fractions: Quadratic
Terms
Ex. 2.

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Cases of Partial Fractions

Ex. 3

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Cases of Partial Fractions

Ex.4. Solve the following differential equation using Laplace Transforms:

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Cases of Partial Fractions: Complex
conjugate roots
Ex. 5. Solve the following differential equation using Laplace Transforms:

Applying Laplace transform

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Avoiding complex conjugate

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Step function and Shifted step function

0 t< 0 t<
S (t- )= f (t)=
1 t  h t 
f(t)
f(t) f(t)
1
1 h
0
0 0 0
t 0  0
t t

Step function of magnitude h


Unit step function
Shifted unit step function
f(t) = S(t) f(t) = hS(t)
f(t) = S(t-)
1 ℎ
𝐿 𝑆 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝐿 ℎ𝑆 𝑡 =
𝑠
𝑠 𝐿 𝑆 𝑡− =
𝑠

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LT of various other functions

• The Rectangular Pulse Function

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Rectangular Pulse function
f(t) f(t)
f(t)

h h
h
+ 0
=
0
0 tw 0
0 0 tw
t t
t

hS(t) -hS(t-tw) f(t)=hS(t) -hS(t-tw)

ℎ ℎ𝑒 −𝑡𝑤 𝑠 ℎ
𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = − = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡𝑤 𝑠
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

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Double Pulse Function
xDP(t)

t
0 tw 2tw

-h

xDP(t) = S(t) – 2h S(t–tw) + h S(t–2tw)

L{xDP(t)} = (1/s) – (2h/s) exp(-tws) + (h/s) exp(–2tws)

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Impulse Function (Dirac Delta Function)

(t)
1
𝑡𝑤

0 𝑡𝑤

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Ramp Function

R(t) = at
L{R(t)} = a/s2

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Composite Functions

f(t)

0
0 t
2 4 6

f(t) =0.5t-0.5(t-2)S(t-2) - 0.5(t-4)S(t-4) - 0.5(t-6)S(t-6)

F(s) = 0.5/s2 – 0.5 e-2s/s2 - 0.5 e-4s/s2 - 0.5 e-6s/s2

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Example

Find the inverse transform of

Solution:

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Transform of an Integral

1
= 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑠

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Initial and Final Value Theorems

• Initial Value Theorem

• Final Value Theorem

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Laplace Transforms with MATLAB

• Calculating the Laplace F(s) transform of a function f(t) is quite simple in


Matlab . First you need to specify that the variable t and s are symbolic
ones. This is done with the command
>> syms t s

• The actual command to calculate the transform is


>> F = laplace (f , t , s)

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Example

>> syms t s
>> f=-1.25+3.5*t*exp(-2*t)+1.25*exp(-2*t);
>> F = laplace ( f , t , s)
F = -5/4/s+7/2/(s+2)^2+5/4/(s+2)
>> simplify(F)
ans = (s-5)/s/(s+2)^2
>> pretty (ans)

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Inverse Laplace Transform using
MATLAB
• The command one uses now is ilaplace .

>> syms t s
>> F=(s-5)/(s*(s+2)^2);
>> ilaplace(F)
ans = -5/4+(7/2*t+5/4)*exp(-2*t)
>> simplify(ans)
ans = -5/4+7/2*t*exp(-2*t)+5/4*exp(-2*t)
>> pretty(ans)
- 5/4 + 7/2 t exp(-2 t) + 5/4 exp(-2 t)

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