Agile Scrum Model:

Introduction:
 This is the guide for software developers and testers to understand and start working on
the very famous Agile SCRUM methodology for software development and testing.
Learn the basic but important terminologies used in Agile Scrum process along with a
real example of the complete process.
 SCRUM is a process in agile methodology which is a combination of Iterative model and
incremental model.
 One of the major handicaps of the traditional water-fall model was that – until first
phase is complete, the application does not move to the other phase. And if by chance
there are some changes in the later stage of the cycle, it becomes very challenging to
implement those changes, as it would involve revisiting the earlier phases and redoing
the changes.

Some of the key characteristics of SCRUM include:

 Self-organized and focused team
 No huge requirement documents, rather have very precise and to the point stories.
 Cross functional team works together as a single unit.
 Close communication with the user representative to understand the features.
 Has definite time line of max 1 month.
 Instead of doing the entire “thing” at a time, Scrum does a little of everything at a given
interval
 Resources capability and availability are considered before committing anything.

Key Terminology:
To understand this methodology well, it’s important to understand the key terminologies in
SCRUM.
1. Scrum Team:
Scrum team is a team comprising of 7 with + or – two members. These members are a mixture
of competencies and comprise of developers, testers, data base people, support people etc.
along with the product owner and a scrum master. All these members work together in close
collaboration for a recursive and definite interval, to develop and implement the said features.
2. Sprint:
Sprint is a predefined interval or the time frame in which the work has to be completed and
make it ready for review or ready for production deployment. This time box usually lies
between 2 weeks to 1 month. In our day to day life when we say that we follow 1 month Sprint
cycle, it simply means that we work for one month on the tasks and make it ready for review by
the end of that month.
3. Product Owner:

 Product owner is the key stakeholder or the lead user of the application to be
developed.
 Product owner is the person who represents the customer side. He / she have the final
authority and should always be available for the team. He / she should be reachable in
case any one has any doubts that need clarification. It is important for the product
owner to understand and not to assign any new requirement in the middle of the sprint
or when the sprint has already started.
4. Scrum Master

 Scrum Master is the facilitator of the scrum team. He / she make sure that the scrum
team is productive and progressive. In case of any impediments, scrum master follows
up and resolves them for the team.
 Recommended read => How To Be a Good Team Mentor, Coach and a True Team-
Defender in an Agile Testing World?
5. User Story:
User stories are nothing but the requirements or feature which has to be implemented. In
scrum, we don’t have those huge requirements documents, rather the requirements are
defined in a single paragraph, typically having the format as:
As a <User / type of user>
I want to <Some achievable goal / target>
To achieve <some result or reason of doing the thing>

For example:

 As an Admin I want to have a password lock in case user enters incorrect password for
consecutive 3 times to restrict unauthorized access.
 There are some characteristics of user stories which should be adhered. The user stories
should be short, realistic, could be estimated, complete, negotiable and testable.
 Every user story has an acceptance criterion which should be well defined and
understood by the team. Acceptance criteria details down the user story, provides the
supported documents. It helps to further refine the user story. Anybody from the team
can write down the acceptance criteria. Testing team base their test cases / conditions
on these acceptance criteria.
6. Epics:

 Epics are equivocal user stories or we can say these are the user stories which are not
defined and are kept for future sprints. Just try to relate it with life, imagine you are
going for a vacation. Since you are going next week, you have everything in place like
your hotel bookings, sightseeing, travelers check etc. But what about your vacation plan
for next year? You have only a vague idea that you may go to XYZ place, but you have no
detailed plan.
 An Epic is just like you next year’s vacation plan, where you just know that you may
want to go , but where, when, with whom, all these details you have no idea at this
point of time.
 In a similar way there are features which required to be implemented in future whose
details are not yet known. Mostly feature begins with an Epic and then broken down to
stories which could be implemented.
7. Product Backlog:
Product backlog is a kind of bucket or source where all the user stories are kept. This is
maintained by Product owner. Product backlog can be imagined as a wish list of the product
owner who prioritizes it as per business needs. During planning meeting (see next section), one
user story is taken from the product backlog, team does the brainstorming, understands it and
refine it and collectively decides which user stories to take, with the intervention of the product
owner.
8. Sprint Backlog:
Based on the priority, user stories are taken from the Product Backlog one at a time. The Scrum
team brainstorms on it, determines the feasibility and decides on the stories to work on a
particular sprint. The collective list of all the user stories which the scrum team works on a
particular sprint is called s Sprint backlog.
Sprint Backlog:

9. Story Points:

 Story points are quantitative indication of the complexity of a user story. Based on the
story point, estimation and efforts for a story is determined. Story point is relative and is
not absolute. To make sure that our estimate and efforts are correct, it’s important to
check that the user stories are not big. Precise and smaller is the user story, accurate
will be the estimation.
 Each and every user story is assigned a story point based on the Fibonacci series (1, 2, 3,
5, 8, 13&21). Higher is the number, complex is the story.
 To be precise
 If you give 1 / 2 / 3 story point it means the story is small and of low complexity.
 If you give points as 5 / 8, it is a medium complex and
 13 and 21 are highly complex.
 Here complexity consists of both development plus testing effort
 To decide a story point, brainstorming happens with in the scrum team and the team
collectively decides a story point. It may happen that development team gives a story
point of 3 to a particular story, because for them it may be 3 lines of code change, but
testing team gives 8 story point because they feel this code change will affect larger
modules so testing effort would be larger. Whatever story point you are giving, you have
to justify it. So in this situation, brainstorming happens and the team collectively agrees
to one story point.
  Whenever you are deciding on a story point, keep the below factors in mind:
o Dependency of the story with other application / module,
o Skill set of the resource
o Complexity of the story
o Historical learning,
o Acceptance criteria of the user story
 If you are not aware of a particular story, don’t size it.
 If you see that the story point is very high, further decompose it to smaller stories.

10. Burn down chart:

 Burn down chart is a graph which shows the estimated v/s actual effort of the scrum
tasks.
 It is a tracking mechanism by which for a particular sprint; day to day tasks are tracked
to check whether the stories are progressing towards the completion of the committed
story points or not.
Example: To understand this, check the below figure:

 I have assumed:
o 2 weeks Sprint ( 10 days)
o 2 resources actual working on the sprint.
 “Story”-> Column shows the user stories taken for the sprint.
 “Task” -> Column shows the list of task associated to the user story.
 “Effort” -> Column shows the effort. Now; this measure is the total effort to complete
the task. It does not depict the effort put in by any specific individual.
 “Day 1 – Day 10” -> – Column(s) shows the hours which are left to complete the story.
Please see that the hour is NOT the hour which is already done BUT the hours which are
still left.
  “Estimated Effort” -> is the total of the effort. For the “Start” it is simply the sum of the
entire individual task: SUM (C5: C15)
 Total number of effort that has to be completed in 1 day is 70 / 10 = 7. So at the end of
day 1, the effort should reduce to 70 – 7 = 63. In a similar way it is calculated for all the
days till day 10, when estimated effort should be 0 (Row 16)
 “Actual Effort Left” -> as the name suggests, is the effort actually left to complete the
story. It may also happen that the actual efforts increases or decreases than the
estimated one.
 You can use the in build functions and Chart in Excel to create this burn down chart.
 Burn Down Chart steps would be:
1. Enter all the stories ( Column A5 – A15)
2. Enter all the Tasks ( Column B5 – B15)
3. Enter the Days ( Day 1 – Day 10 )
4. Enter the starting efforts (Sum the tasks C5 – C15 )
5. Apply formula to calculate the “Estimated Efforts” for each day (Day 1 to Day 10).
Enter the formula at D15 (C16-$C$16/10) and drag it for all the days.
6. For each day, enter the actual efforts. Enter the formula at D17 (SUM (D5:D15)) for
summing up the actual efforts left, and drag it for all the other days.
7. Select it and create the chart as follows:

11. Velocity:
Total number of story point which a scrum team archives in a sprint, is called Velocity. The
Scrum team is judged or referenced by its velocity. Having said that, it should be kept in mind
that the objective here is NOT achieving the maximum story points, but to have quality
deliverable, respecting scrum team’s comfort level.
 For example: For a particular sprint total number of user stories are 8 having story points as

So here the velocity will be the sum of the story points = 30

12. Definition of Done:
A story is DONE in Scrum, only when it is development and QA complete and the feature is
eligible to be shipped to production.

Activities done in SCRUM Methodology:

1. Planning meeting:

 Planning meeting is the starting point of SCRUM. It is the meeting where the entire
scrum team gather, the product owner selects a user story based on the priority from
the product back log and the team brain storms on it. Based on the discussion, the
scrum team decides the complexity of the story and sizes it as per the Fibonacci series.
Team identifies the tasks along with the efforts (in hours) which would be done to
complete the implementation the user story.
 Many a time planning meeting is preceded by a “Pre-Planning meeting”. It’s just like a
home work which the scrum team does before they sit for the formal planning meet.
Team tries to write down the dependencies or other factors which they would like to
discuss in the planning meet.
2. Execution of sprint tasks:
As the name suggests, these are the actual work done by the scrum team to accomplish their
task and take the user story into the “Done” state.
3. Daily scrum meeting (call):
During the sprint cycle, every day the scrum team meets for, not more than 15 minutes (could
be a stand up call, recommended to have during the beginning of the day) and state 3 points:
 What did the team member did yesterday
 What did the team member plan to do today
 Any impediments (roadblocks)
It is the Scrum master who facilitates this meeting. In case, any team member is facing any kind
of difficulties, the scrum master follows up to get it resolved.
4. Review meeting:
At the end of every sprint cycle, the SCRUM team meets again and demonstrates implemented
user stories to the product owner. The product owner may cross verify the stories as per its
acceptance criteria. It’s again the responsibility of the Scrum master to preside over this
meeting.
5. Retrospective meeting:
Retrospective meeting happens after the review meeting. The SCRUM team meets and
discusses & document the following points:

 What went well during the Sprint (Best practices)

 What did not went well in the Sprint
 Lessons learnt
 Action Items.
The Scrum team should continue to follow the best practice, ignore the “not best practices”
and implement the lessons learnt during the consequent sprints. The retrospective meeting
helps to implement the continuous improvement of the SCRUM process.

REAL TIME EXAMPLE:

 Let’s have a SCRUM team of 9 people comprising of 1 product owner, 1 Scrum master, 2
testers, 4 developers and 1 DBA.
 The Sprint is decided to follow 4 weeks cycle. So we have 1 month Sprint starting 5th
June to 4th of July.
 The Product owner has the prioritized list of user stories in the product backlog.
 The team decides to meet on 4th June for the “Pre Planning” meeting.
o The product owner takes 1 story from the product backlog, describes it and leaves it
to the team to brainstorm on it.
o The entire team discusses and communicates directly to the product owner to have
clear understood of the user story.
o In a similar way various other user stories are taken. If possible team can go ahead
and size the stories as well.
o After all the discussion, Individual team member go back to their work stations and
identify their individual tasks for each story.
o Calculate the exact number of hours on which they will be working. How the
member concludes these hours; let’s check that
  Total number of working hours = 9
 Minus 1 hour for break, minus 1 hour for meetings, minus 1 hour for mails,
discussions, troubleshooting etc.
 So the actual working hours = 6
 Total number of working days during the Sprint = 21 days.
 Total number of hours available = 21*6 = 126
 The member is on leave for 2 days = 12 hours (This varies for each member,
some may take leave and some may not.)
 Number of actual hours = 126 – 12 = 114 hours.

o This means that the member will actually available for 114 hours for this sprint. So
he will break down his individual sprint task in such a way that total of 114 hours is
reached.

 On 5th of June the entire Scrum team meets for the “Planning Meeting”.

o Final verdict of the user story from the product backlog is done and the story is
moved to the Sprint back log.
o For each story, each team member declares their identified tasks, if required can
have a discussion on those tasks, can size or resize it (remember the Fibonacci
series!!).
o The Scrum master or the team enter their individual tasks along with their hours
for each story in a tool.
o After all the stories are completed, Scrum master notes the initial Velocity and
formally starts the Sprint.
 Once the Sprint has started, based on the tasks assigned, each team member starts
working on those tasks.
 The team meets daily for 15 minutes and discusses 3 things:
 What did they do yesterday?
 What they plan to do today
 Any impediments (roadblocks)?

 The scrum master tracks the progress on daily basis with the help of “Burn down chart”
 In case of any impediments, the Scrum master follows up to resolve those.
 On 4th July, the team meets again for the review meeting. A member demonstrates the
implemented user story to the product owner.
  On 5th July, Team meets again for the Retrospective, where they discuss
 What went well?
 What did not went well
 Action Items.
 On 6th July, Team again meets for the pre-planning meeting for the next sprint and the
cycle continues.

Tools that can be used for SCRUM activities:

 Jira
 XPlanner
 VersionOne
 Sprintometer
 ScrumNinja

Conclusion:
 In the beginning, people may face some difficulty to adopt this methodology, but
through practice you will see SCRUM doing wonders. It keeps the resources very
focused and you can actually see your application growing.
 Many a time’s organization encourages team to have few hours as self-study and
development as a scrum task and allocate few hours. During the review, team members
also demonstrate what they have studied, and sometimes present any tool or
application which they have developed. I personally appreciate this approach as it gives
the people a chance to enhance their knowledge and also present their skills.