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By
V. Harsha vardhan
15381a0104
DESIGN OF CANTILIVER RETAINING WALL
 Question?

Design a cantilever retaining wall to retain an earth embankment a horizontal top 4m above
ground level density of earth =18kn/m³ angle of friction between Ø=30° SBC of oil =
200kn/m²coefficient of friction between soil and concrete =0.5 adopt M15 grade concrete and
grade Ι mild steel.

Draw the following views

 c/s of retaining wall showing reinforcement details

 Longitudinal section showing curtailment

Solution:

STEP 1: DIMENSIONS OF RETAINIG WALL

 Minimum depth of foundation (d) = p/d[1—sinØ/1+sinØ]²

P = safe bearing capacity of soil

W = density of soil

Ø = angle of internal friction (or) repose

Where,

P = 200kn/m², W= 18kn/m³ , Ø=30°

d = 200/18[1—sin30 °/1+sin30 °]²

» d = 1.2 m

 Thickness of base slab = H/12

where,

H = H’ + d

H’ = height of the retaining wall above ground level

d = depth of foundation

H = over all depth of wall

H = H’ + d » 4+1.2 =5.2m
 » t = H/12 » 5.2/12 = 5200/12 = 433mm

Adopt thickness of base slab = 450mm = 0.45m

Height of stem (h) = H—t = 5.2 – 0.45 = 4.75m

Width of base slab (b) = 0.5H to 0.6 H with out surcharge

b = 0.7 H with surcharge

b = 0.5 H » 0.5 * 5.2 = 2.6m

b = 0.6 H » 0.6 * 5.2 = 3.13m

adopt b = 3m

STEP 2: DIMENSIONS OF STEM

Maximum BM at base

M = ką * wh²/2 * h/3

M = ką * wh³/6

Where,

ką = 1—sin Ø/1+sinØ

M = [1- sin Ø/1+sinØ] * wh³/6

= [1- sin30°/1+sin30°] * 18(4.75)³/6

= 1/3 * 18(4.75)³/6

= 107.17 KN m

Factored bending moment Mu = 1.5 * M

Mu = 1.5 107.17

= 161 KN m

Effective depth required for balanced section is

d = √[Mu/0.138 * Fck * b ]

d = √[161 * 10³*²/ 0.138 * 20 * 10³]

d = 242mm < 450 mm

 Adopt ,

effective depth (d) = 400 mm,

overall depth (D) = 450 mm

top width of stem = 200 mm

Assume effective cover = 50 mm

Mu = 0.87 Fy *Ast *d[1—Fy * Ast/Fck* b*d]

161*10³*² = 0.87* 415* Ast* 400[1—415 * Ast/20 * 1000*400]

161*10³*² = 144420Ast—7.49Ast²

7.49Ast² - 144420Ast + 161*10³*² = 0

»» Ast = 1188mm²

STEP 3: STABILITY CALCULATION

Pressure distribution at the base is computed by calculating the various forces acting and taking
moments of all forces about heel point a.

S.no Loads Magnitude at Distance from “ a” Moment about

load KN (m) “a”(m)

1 W1 = Area of rectangle + Area of 22.80 1.55+0.2/1=1.65 37.62

triangle + 1.55+0.2= 0.15/2 26.07
=(b*d*γc) +(1/2b*d*γc) 1425 1.823≈1.8
(0.2*4.75*24)+(1/2*0.35*
4.75*24)

2 W2=b*d*γc = 5*0.45*24 32.4 3/2=1.50 48.60

3 W3=b*d*γc = 1.55*4.75*18 132.50 1.55/2 = 0.175 103.35

≈0.18

4 Moment of earth pressure — — 107.15

Ka*wh³/6=1/3*18*4.75³/6

Total €M=201.95 €W=322.81

Distance of the point of application of the resultant from end “a” = Z

Z = €M/€W

Z = 322.81/201.95

Z = 1.6m

eccentricity (e) = z-b/2

= 1.6 – 3/2 = 0.1 m

* b/6 3/6 0.5

e < b/6 (0.1<0.5) hence tension.

Maximum and minimum pressures at the base given by

max or ( min ) = €N/b[ 1±6e/b]

max at the tip of the toe = €N/b[ 1+6e/b]

max = 201.95/3[1+6*0.1/3]

max = 80.76 KN/m²

min at the tip of the heel = €N/b[ 1-6e/b]

min = 01.95/3[1-6*0.1/3]

min = 57.84 KN/m²

The maximum side is width the permissible limits of SBC of soil = 200 KN /m².The pressure
distribution at the base is trapezoid and maximum or minimum pressure are shown in fig

Soil pressure at the base

1. Pressure at the junction at stem and toe slab

min + [ max - min / b ] * distance from a to b

3.84+[ 30.76- 153.84/3] *3 = 71.78 KN/m²

2. Pressure at the junction at stem and heal slab

min + [ max - min / b ] * distance from a to b

3.84+[ 30.76- 153.84/3] * 1.55 = 67.74 KN/m²

STEP 4: STABILITY CALCULATION
The maximum BM acting on the heal slab is calculate by taking moment of all forces about point
b. The computations are shown in below.

S.no Load Magnitude Distance Moment about

of load from(b) m “b” KN m
(KN)

1 W3=b*d*γc 132.5 1.55/2=0.775 102.68

= 1.55*4.75*18

2 Self weight of the healn 16.74 1.55/2=0.775 12.94

slab
= b*d*γs= 1.55*0.45*24

TOTAL = 115.62
3 Deduct for upward 83.45 1.55/2=0.775 64.67
pressure =
= min *distance from a
to b
=53.84*1.5

4 Upward pressure 10.77 1/3*1.55=0.516 5.55

½*b*h=1/2*1.55*1.39

TOTAL = 70.23

Maximum BM in heal slab at b = 115.62-70.23

Mu = 45.40 KN m

Mu= 0.87 Fy *Ast *d[ 1- Fy*Ast/Fck*b*d]

45.40 * 10 ³ * ² = 0.87*415 * Ast * 400[ 1 - 415 * Ast / 20 * 1000 * 400 ]

45.4 0* 10 ³ * ² = 144420 Ast - 7.491 Ast ²

7.49 Ast ² - 144420 Ast + 45.40 * 10 ³ * ² = 0

As t= 319.66mm²

Spacing of bars:

Provide 16 mm diameter bars

Spacing = [ IJ * d ² / 4 ] * [1 / 937 ] * 1000

= 201 / 937 * 1000 = 214mm

Adopt 16 mm diameter bars at 200 mm c/c

Area of distribution bars = 0.15% of gross area which is same as in the stem in the base

Adopt 10mm diameter bars at 220mm c/con both forces.

STEP 5: DESIGN OF TOE SLAB

The maximum BM the toe slab is determination by taking moments of the forces about the point
c. The moment calculations are shown in the table below moments in toe slab

S.No Loads Magnitude of Distance Moment about c

loads (KN) from c (m) (KN m)

1 Upward pressure “cdjf” 71.78 ½=0.5 35.89

Pressure at “c * distance mm c
to d
=71.78*1

2 Upward pressure “jfe” 4.49 2/3*1=0.67 3.0

½*b*h=1/2*8.9*1

TOTAL = 38.89
3 Deduct self weight of toe slab 10.8 ½=0.5 5.40
b**d*t*γ= 1*0.45*1*24

4 Dead weight at soil over the 13.5 ½=0.5 6.75

slab =
= Dead weight*t*γc
= b0.75*1*18

TOTAL = 12.15
Maximum in toe slab = 38.89 – 12.15 = 16.74 KNm

Ast = Mu/ st * m * d = [ 26.74 * 10 ³ * ² / 140 * 0.865 * 400 ]

= 552 mm²

Spacing of bars

provide 12 mm diameter bars

spacing = [IJ*d²] * [1/552]* 1000

= [113*1000/552]

= 204 mm

Adopt 12 mm diameter base at 200 mm c/c

Distribution reinforcement bis then, same as im the heal slab comprising 10 mm diameter bars at
220 mm c/c both forces

STEP 6: CHECK FOR SAFTY AGAINEST SLIDING

Total horizontal earth pressure

P = Ka [w*h²/2] = 1/3[1.8* 5.2²/2] = 81.12 KN

Assuming coefficient of friction µ = 0.5

Maximum possible horizontal forces is µW = 0.5*201.95

= 100.975 KN

Factor of safety against sliding

[µW/h] < 1.5 »»100.975/81.12 = 1.25 <1.5

Si9nce the wall is unsate against sliding, a shear key is to be designed below the stem.

STEP 7: DEISGN OF SHEAR KEY

If Pp = intensity of pressure developed just in front of the shear key, then

Pp = Kp * P

where,

Kp = [1+sinØ/1- sin Ø] = 1/Ka = 3

Where, p = soil pressure just in front of the shear key = 71.78 KN/m²

Pp = 3* 71.78 = 215.34 KN/m²

If a = depth shear key = 450 mm

Total passive force Pp = Pp * a = 215.84 * 0.45 * 1

= 97 KN

Factory of safety against sliding = [µ*W + Pp/P]

= 100.975+97/81.12

= 2.4 > 1.5

Minimum percentage of reinfo0rcement in shear key = 0.3 % gross area

= [0.3/100] * 450 * 1000 = 1350 mm²

Provide 16 mm diameter bars at 140 mm c/c

STEP 8: SHEAR STRESS AT JUNCTIONS

Net shear force = ( 1.5*€p - µ W )

= ( 1.5* 81.12 – 100.975 )

= 20.7 KN

Factored shear force Vu = 1.5 * 20.7 = 31.05 KN

Nominal shear force = v = Vu/b*d

v = 31.05 * 10³/ 1000 * 400

= 0.077 N/mm²

Design shear strength of concrete c

as per IS 456 : 2000 table 1a

c = 100 * Ast/bd = 100* 1350/ 1000*400 = 0.3375

c = 0.4 N/mm² > 0.05 N/mm²

Hence shear stress is within safe permissible limits