Basic Mathematics

Factorising Expressions

R Horan & M Lavelle

The aim of this document is to provide a short,

self assessment programme for students who
wish to acquire a basic competence at factoris-
ing simple algebraic expressions.

Copyright
c 2001 [email protected] , [email protected]

Last Revision Date: October 17, 2008 Version 1.1

 Table of Contents
1. Factorising Expressions (Introduction)
2. Further Expressions
3. Quadratic Expressions
4. Quiz on Factorisation
Solutions to Exercises
Solutions to Quizzes

The full range of these packages and some instructions,

should they be required, can be obtained from our web
page Mathematics Support Materials.
Section 1: Factorising Expressions (Introduction) 3

1. Factorising Expressions (Introduction)

Expressions such as (x + 5)(x − 2) were met in the package on brack-
ets. There the emphasis was on the expansion of such expressions,
which in this case would be x2 + 3x − 10 . There are many instances
when the reverse of this procedure, i.e. factorising, is required. This
section begins with some simple examples.
Example 1 Factorise the following expressions.
(a) 7x − x2 , (b) 2abx + 2ab2 + 2a2 b.
Solution

(a) This is easy since 7x − x2 = x(7 − x).

(b) In this case the largest common factor is 2ab so

2abx + 2ab2 + 2a2 b = 2ab(x + b + a).

On the next page are some exercises for you to try.

Section 1: Factorising Expressions (Introduction) 4

Exercise 1. Factorise each of the following expressions as far as pos-

sible. (Click on green letters for solutions.)
(a) x2 + 3x (b) x2 − 6x
(c) x2 y + y 3 + z 2 y (d) 2ax2 y − 4ax2 z
(e) 2a3 b + 5a2 b2 (f) ayx + yx3 − 2y 2 x2

Quiz Which of the expressions below is the full factorisation of

16a − 2a2 ?
(a) a(16 − 2a) (b) 2(8 − 2a)
(c) 2a(8 − a) (d) 2a(4 − 2a)

Quiz Which of the following is the full factorisation of the expression

ab2 c − a2 bc3 + 2abc2 ?
(a) abc(b − ac2 + 2c) (b) ab2 (c − ac3 + ac)2
(c) ac(b2 − abc2 + 2bc) (d) b2 c(a − abc2 + ac)
Section 2: Further Expressions 5

2. Further Expressions
Each of the previous expressions may be factored in a single opera-
tion. Many examples require more than one such operation. On the
following page you will find some worked examples of this type.
Example 2 Factorise the expressions below as far as possible.
(a) ax + ay + bx + by , (b) 6ax − 3bx + 2ay − by .
Solution

(a) Note that a is a factor of the first two terms, and b is a factor
of the second two. Thus
ax + ay + bx + by = a(x + y) + b(x + y) .
The expression in this form consists of a sum of two terms, each
of which has the common factor (x + y) so it may be further
factorised. Thus
ax + ay + bx + by = a(x + y) + b(x + y)
= (a + b)(x + y) .
Section 2: Further Expressions 6

(b) Here 3x is a factor of the first two terms and y is a factor of the
second two. Thus
6ax − 3bx + 2ay − by = 3x(2a − b) + y(2a − b)
= (3x + y)(2a − b) ,
taking out (2a − b) as a common factor.
Exercise 2. Factorise each of the following as fully as possible. (Click
on green letters for solution.)
(a) xb + xc + yb + yc (b) ah − ak + bh − bk
(c) hs + ht + ks + kt (d) 2mh − 2mk + nh − nk
(e) 6ax + 2bx + 3ay + by (f) ms + 2mt2 − ns − 2nt2

Quiz Which of the following is the factorisation of the expression

2ax − 6ay − bx + 3by ?
(a) (2a + b)(x + 3y) (b) (2a − b)(x − 3y)
(c) (2a + b)(x − 3y) (d) (2a − b)(x + 3y)
Section 3: Quadratic Expressions 7

3. Quadratic Expressions
A quadratic expression is one of the form ax2 + bx + c, with a, b, c
being some numbers. When faced with a quadratic expression it is
often, but not always, possible to factorise it by inspection. To get
some insight into how this is done it is worthwhile looking at how
such an expression is formed.
Suppose that a quadratic expression can be factored into two linear
terms, say (x + d) and (x + e), where d, e are two numbers. Then the
quadratic is
(x + d)(x + e) = x2 + xe + xd + de ,
= x2 + (e + d)x + de ,
= x2 + (d + e)x + de .
Notice how it is formed. The coefficient of x is (d + e), which is the
sum of the two numbers in the linear terms (x + d) and (x + e). The
final term, the one without an x, is the product of those two numbers.
This is the information which is used to factorise by inspection.
Section 3: Quadratic Expressions 8

Example 3 Factorise the following expressions.

(a) x2 + 8x + 7 , (b) y 2 + 2y − 15 .
Solution
(a) The only possible factors of 7 are 1 and 7, and these do add up
to 8, so
x2 + 8x + 7 = (x + 7)(x + 1) .
Checking this (see the package on Brackets for FOIL):
F O I L
(x + 7)(x + 1) = x2 + x.1 + x.7 + 7.1
= x2 + 8x + 7 .
(b) Here the term independent of x (i.e. the one without an x) is
negative, so the two numbers must be opposite in sign. The
obvious contenders are 3 and −5, or −3 and 5. The first pair
can be ruled out as their sum is −2. The second pair sum to +2,
which is the correct coefficient for x. Thus
y 2 + 2y − 15 = (y − 3)(y + 5) .
Section 3: Quadratic Expressions 9

Here are some examples for you to try.

Exercise 3. Factorise the following into linear factors. (Click on
green letters for solution.)
(a) x2 + 7x + 10 (b) x2 + 7x + 12
(c) y 2 + 11y + 24 (d) y 2 − 10y + 24
(e) z 2 − 3z − 10 (f) a2 − 8a + 16

Quiz Which of the following is the factorisation of the expression

z 2 − 6z + 8 ?

(a) (z − 1)(z + 8) (b) (z − 1)(z − 8)

(c) (z − 2)(z + 4) (d) (z − 2)(z − 4)
Section 4: Quiz on Factorisation 10

4. Quiz on Factorisation
Begin Quiz Factorise each of the following and choose the solution
from the options given.
1. 2a2 e − 5ae2 + a3 e2
(a) ae(2a − 5e + a2 e) (b) a2 e(2a − 5e + ae)
(c) ae(2a − 5e2 + a2 e2 ) (d) a2 e(2 − 5e + a2 e2 )
2. 6ax − 3bx + 2ay − by
(a) (3x − y)(2a + b) (b) (3x + y)(2a − b)
(c) (3x − y)(2a − b) (d) (3x + y)(2a + b)
3. z 2 − 26z + 165
(a) (z + 11)(z + 15) (b) (z − 11)(z − 15)
(c) (z − 55)(z − 3) (d) (z + 55)(z − 3)

End Quiz
Solutions to Exercises 11

Solutions to Exercises
Exercise 1(a) The only common factor of the two terms is x so
x2 + 3x = x(x + 3) .
Click on green square to return

Solutions to Exercises 12

Exercise 1(b) Again the two terms in the expression have only the
common factor x, so
x2 − 6x = x(x − 6) .
Click on green square to return

Solutions to Exercises 13

Exercise 1(c) Here the only common factor is y so

x2 y + y 3 + z 2 y = y(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) .
Click on green square to return 
Solutions to Exercises 14

Exercise 1(d) In this case the largest common factor is 2ax2 , so

2ax2 y − 4ax2 z = 2ax2 (y − 2z) .
Click on green square to return 
Solutions to Exercises 15

Exercise 1(e)
Here the largest common factor is a2 b, so this factorises as
2a3 b + 5a2 b2 = a2 b(2a + 5b) .
Click on green square to return 
Solutions to Exercises 16

Exercise 1(f ) The largest common factor is xy so

ayx + yx3 − 2y 2 x2 = xy(a + x2 − 2xy) .
Click on green square to return 
Solutions to Exercises 17

Exercise 2(a) We proceed as follows:

xb + xc + yb + yc = x(b + c) + y(b + c)
= (x + y)(b + c) .
Click on green square to return

Solutions to Exercises 18

Exercise 2(b)
ah − ak + bh − bk = a(h − k) + b(h − k)
= (a + b)(h − k) .
Click on green square to return

Solutions to Exercises 19

Exercise 2(c)
hs + ht + ks + kt = h(s + t) + k(s + t)
= (h + k)(s + t) .
Click on green square to return 
Solutions to Exercises 20

Exercise 2(d)
2mh − 2mk + nh − nk = 2m(h − k) + n(h − k)
= (2m + n)(h − k) .
Click on green square to return 
Solutions to Exercises 21

Exercise 2(e)
6ax + 2bx + 3ay + by = 2x(3a + b) + y(3a + b)
= (2x + y)(3a + b)
Click on green square to return 
Solutions to Exercises 22

Exercise 2(f )
ms + 2mt2 − ns − 2nt2 = m(s + 2t2 ) − n(s + 2t2 )
= (m − n)(s + 2t2 )
Click on green square to return 
Solutions to Exercises 23

Exercise 3(a)
Since 10 has the factors 5 and 2, and their sum is 7,
(x + 5)(x + 2) = x2 + 2x + 5x + 10
= x2 + 7x + 10 .

Click on green square to return


Solutions to Exercises 24

Exercise 3(b)
Here there are several ways of factorising 12 but on closer inspection
the only factors that work are 4 and 3. This leads to the following
(x + 4)(x + 3) = x2 + 3x + 4x + 12
= x2 + 7x + 12 .

Click on green square to return


Solutions to Exercises 25

Exercise 3(c)
There are several different possible factors for 24 but only one pair, 8
and 3 add up to 11. Thus
(y + 8)(y + 3) = y 2 + 3y + 8y + 24
= y 2 + 11y + 24 .

Click on green square to return 

Solutions to Exercises 26

Exercise 3(d)
There are several different possible factors for 24 but only one pair,
6 and 4 add up to 10. Since the coefficient of y is negative, and the
constant term is positive, the required numbers this time are −6 and
−4. Thus
(y − 6)(y − 4) = y 2 − 4y − 6y + (−6)(−4)
= y 2 − 10y + 24 .

Click on green square to return 

Solutions to Exercises 27

Exercise 3(e) The constant term in this case is negative. Since this
is the product of the numbers required, they must have opposite signs,
i.e. one is positive and one negative. In that case, the number in front
of the x must be the difference of these two numbers. On inspection, 5
and 2 have product 10 and difference 3. Since the x term is negative,
the larger number must be negative.
(z − 5)(z + 2) = z 2 + 2z − 5z + (−5 × 2)
= z 2 − 3z − 10 .

Click on green square to return 

Solutions to Exercises 28

Exercise 3(f )
This is an example of a perfect square. These are mentioned in the
package on Brackets. The factors of 16 in this case are -4 and -4.
(a − 4)2 = (a − 4)(a − 4)
= a2 − 4a − 4a + (−4) × (−4)
= a2 − 8a + 16 .

Click on green square to return 

Solutions to Quizzes 29

Solutions to Quizzes
Solution to Quiz: Here 2 is a factor of both terms, but so is a, so
the largest common factor is 2a. Thus
16a − 2a2 = 2a(8 − a) .
End Quiz
Solutions to Quizzes 30

Solution to Quiz:
The largest common factor in this case is a × b × c = abc. Thus
ab2 c − a2 bc3 + 2abc2 = (abc × b) − (abc × ac2 ) + (abc × 2c)
= abc(b − ac2 + 2c)
End Quiz
Solutions to Quizzes 31

Solution to Quiz: Noting that 2a is a factor of the first two terms

and −b is a factor of the second two, we have
2ax − 6ay − bx + 3by = 2a(x − 3y) − b(x − 3y)
= (2a − b)(x − 3y)
End Quiz
Solutions to Quizzes 32

Solution to Quiz: Here the two numbers have product 8, so a pos-

sible choice is 2 and 4. However their sum in this case is 6, whereas
the sum required is −6. Taking the pair to be −2 and −4 will give
the same product, +8, but with the correct sum. Thus
z 2 − 6z + 8 = (z − 4)(z − 2) ,
and this can be checked by expanding the brackets.
End Quiz