2

CHAPTER 1

1.1 Base 10 : 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Octal : 12 13 14 15 16 17 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Hex :A B C D E F 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Base 12 :A B 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A

Base 10 : 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Octal : 27 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 40
Hex : 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 20
Base 12 : 1B 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

1.2 (a) 16,384

(b) 33,554,432

(c) 3,435,973,837

1.3 (a) (432)5 = 4 × 52 + 3 × 51 + 2 × 50

= 100 + 15 + 2
= (117)10

(b) (A98)12 = 10 × 122 + 9 × 121 + 8 × 120

= 1440 + 108 + 8
= (1556)10

(c) (475)8 = 4 × 82 + 7 × 81 + 5 × 80
= 256 + 56 + 5
= (317)10

(d) (2345)6 = 2 × 63 + 3 × 62 + 4 × 61 + 5 × 60
= 432 + 108 + 24 + 5
= (569)10

1.4 12-bit binary : 1111 1111 1111

Decimal : 212 − 1 = (4095)10
Hexadecimal : (FFF)16

1.5 Let b = base

(a) 12 × 4 = 52 → (b + 2) 4 = 5b + 2
4b + 8 = 5b + 2
b=6

(b) 75/3 = 26 → (7b + 5) = 3(2b + 6)

7b + 5 = 6b +18
b = 13

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(c) (2 × b + 4) + (b + 7) = 4b, so b = 11

1.6 x2 – 13x + 32 = 0
(x – 5)(x – 4) = 0
x2 – (5 + 4)x + 5 × 4 = x2 – 13x + 32
So, 5 + 4 = b + 3 5 × 4 = 3b + 2
b=6 OR b=6

1.7 (ABCD)16 = (1010 1011 1100 1101)2

= 1 010 101 111 001 101
1 2 5 7 1 5
= (125715)8

1.8 (a) Converting (512)10 to binary is by repeated division by 2.

2 512
2 256 – 0

2 128 – 0 ⇒ (1000000000)2

2 64 –0
2 32 –0
2 16 –0
2 8 –0
2 4 –0
2 2 –0
1 –0

(b) (512)10 to hexadecimal is repeated division by 16.

16 512

16 32 –0 ⇒ (200)16

2 –0 ⇓ replace each digit by binary

To binary
(200)16 = (10 0000 0000)2
2nd method is faster.

1.9 (a) (11010.0101)2 = 16 + 8 + 2 + 0.25 + 0.0625

= (26.3125)10

(b) (A6.5)16 = 10 × 16 + 6 + 5 × 0.0625

= (166.3125)10

2 4
(c) (276.24)8 = 2 × 82 + 7 × 8 + 6 + +
8 64

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= 128 + 56 + 6 + 0.25 + 0.0625

= (190.3125)10

11
(d) (BABA.B)16 = 11 × 163 + 10 × 162 + 11 × 161 + 10 +
16
= 45056 + 2560 + 176 + 10 + 0.6875
= (47802.6875)10

(e) 10110.1101 = 16 + 4 + 2 + 0.5 + 0.25 + 0.0625 = (22.8125)10

9
1.10 (a) 1.100102 = 0001.10012 = 1.916 = 1 + = 1.56310
16

(b) (1100.010)2 = (C.4)16

4
= 12 + = (12.25)10
16

Shifted to left by 3 places.

1.11 1010.1
110 | 111111
110

111 ⇒ (1010.1)2

110
110
110
0

1.12 (a) (1100)2 1100 × 110

+(110)2 0000
(10010)2 1100+
1100+
(1001000)2

(b) (AB)16 AB × 1C
+(1C)16 804
(C7)16 AB+
(12B4)16

1.13 (a) (35.125)10 = (100011.001)2

2 35
2 17 – 1 0.125 × 2 = 0.25
2 8 –1 0.25 × 2 = 0.5
2 4 –0 0.5 × 2 = 1.0
2 2 –0
1 –0

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1
(b) = 0.33333333
3

= (0.01010101)2 ⇒ (0.33203125)10

(c) (0.01010101)2 = (0.55)16

5 5
= +
16 256
= (0.33203125)10
Answer is same.

1.14 (a) 1111 0000 (b) 0000 0000 (c) 1101 1000
1’s comp:0000 1111 1’s comp: 1111 1111 1’s comp: 0010 0111
2’s comp: 0001 0000 2’s comp: 0000 0000 2’s comp: 0010 1000

(d) 0101 0101 (e) 1000 0000 (f) 1111 1111

1’s comp:1010 1010 1’s comp: 0111 1111 1’s comp: 0000 0000
2’s comp: 1010 1011 2’s comp: 1000 0000 2’s comp: 0000 0001

1.15 (a) 25,918,036 (b) 99,999,999

9’s comp : 74,081,963 9’s comp : 00,000,000
10’s comp : 74,081,964 10’s comp : 00,000,001

(c) 25,000,000 (d) 00000000

9’s comp : 74,999,999 9’s comp : 99999999
10’s comp : 75,000,000 10’s comp : 100000000

1.16 (a) (CAD9)16

16’s comp: (3527)16

(b) (CAD9)16 = (1100 1010 1101 1001)2

(c) 1100 1010 1101 1001
1’s comp: 0011 0101 0010 0110
2’s comp: 0011 0101 0010 0111

(d) 0011 0101 0010 0111

= (3527)16
(a) and (d) both are same.

1.17 (a) 2579 3699

9’s comp : 7420 +7421
10’s comp : 7421 1 1120 Ans: 1120
drop

(b) 1800 974

9’s comp : 8199 +8200

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10’s comp : 8200 9174 ⇒ –826

(c) 4361 2943

9’s comp : 5638 +5639

10’s comp : 5639 8582 ⇒ − 1418

(d) 0745 7631

9’s comp : 9254 +9255
10’s comp : 9255 1 6886 Ans: 6886
drop

1.18
(a) 10010 10101
1’s comp : 01101 +01110
2’s comp : 01110 1 00011 Ans: 00011
drop

(b) 100110 010010

1’s comp : 011001 +011010

2’s comp : 011010 101100 ⇒ −010100

(c) 110101 010011

1’s comp : 001010 +001011

2’s comp : 001011 011110 ⇒ −100010

(d) 101101 101000

1’s comp : 010010 +010011

2’s comp : 010011 111011 ⇒ −000101

1.19 +9081 → 009081 +954 → 000954

–9081 → 990918 (9’s comp) –954 → 999045 (9’s comp)
–9081 → 990919 (10’s comp) –954 → 999046 (10’s comp)

(a) (+9081) + (954) = 009081 + 000954

= 010035
(b) (+9081) + (–954) = 009081 + 999046

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= 008127
drop 1

(c) (–9081) + (+954) = 990919 + 000954

= 991873 ⇒ –8127

(d) (–9081) + (–954) = 990919 + 999046

= 989965 ⇒ –10035

1
drop

1.20 +56 → 0 111000 +35 → 0 100011

–56 → 1 001000 −35 → 1 011101

(a) (+56) + (+35) ⇒ 0 111000

+0 100011
1 011011 (overflow)
1011011 → 91

(b) (+56) + (–35) ⇒ 0 111000

+1 011101

0010101 ⇒ +21

drop

(c) (–56) + (+35) ⇒ 1 001000

+0 100011

1 101011 ⇒ –21

1 101011 is the 2’s complement of –21.

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1.21 +9542 → 009542 +641 → 000641

–9542 → 990458 –641 → 999359

(a) (+9542) + (+641) ⇒ 009542

+ 000641
010183

(b) (+9542) + (–641) ⇒ 009542

1 +999359
008901
drop

(c) (−9542) + (+641) ⇒ 990458

+000641

991099 ⇒ −8901

(d) (–9542) + (–641) = 990458

+ 999359

989817 ⇒ −10183

drop

1.22 (7654)10
BCD: 0111 0110 0101 0100
ASCII: 0 0110111 0110110 0110101 0110100
7 6 5 4

1.23
694 0110 1001 0100

+538 ⇒ + 0101 0011 1000

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1232 1011 1100 1100

0110 0110 0110
0001 0010 0011 0010
1 2 3 2

1.24 Octal Digit 6311 6421

0 0000 0000
1 0001/0010 0001
2 0011 0010
3 0100 0011
4 0110/0101 0100
5 0111 0101
6 1000 0110/1000
7 1001/1010 1001/0111

1.25 (6514)10
(a) BCD : 0110 0101 0001 0100
(b) Excess 3 : 1001 1000 0100 0111
(c) 2421 : 1100 1011 0001 0100
(d) 6311 : 1000 0111 0001 0101

1.26 6514
9’s comp : 3485
2421 : 0011 0100 1110 1011 → ①

1’s comp of : 1100 1011 0001 0100 is

0011 0100 1110 1011 → ②

Hence ① and ② are some → self complementing.

1.27 For a deck with 52 cards, we need 6 bits (25 = 32 < 52 < 64 = 26). Let the msb's select the suit (e.g.,
diamonds, hearts, clubs, spades are encoded respectively as 00, 01, 10, and 11. The remaining four bits
select the "number" of the card. Example: 0001 (ace) through 1011 (9), plus 101 through 1100 (jack,
queen, king). This a jack of spades might be coded as 11 1010. (Note: only 52 out of 64 patterns are
used.)

1.28 G e o r g e
(space) 1100 0111 1110 0101 1110 1111 1111 0010 0110 0111
1110 0101 0010 0000 B
1100 0010 1010 1110

1.29 Digital Systems

1.30 (a) C9: 1 100 1001 I

EE: 1 110 1110 n
F3: 1 111 0011 s
74: 0 111 0100 t
69: 0 110 1001 i
74: 0 111 0100 t
F5: 1 111 0101 u
74: 0 111 0100 t
65: 0 110 0101 e

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(b) Even parity.

1.31 62 + 32 = 94 printing characters

1.32 bit 6 from the right

1.33 0101 0110 0100

(a) BCD 5 6 4

(b) Excess-3 2 3 1

(c) 84-2-1 3 2 4

(d) Binary no. (1380)10

1.34 ASCII for decimal digits with even parity:

0 → 1 011 0000
1 → 0 011 0001
2 → 0 011 0010
3 → 1 011 0011
4 → 0 011 0100
5 → 1 011 0101
6 → 1 011 0110
7 → 0 011 0111

1.35 (a)
a b c
a
f
b

c
g
f

1.36
a b
a
f
b

g
f

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