Gallery of named graphs

with tkz-berge.sty by Alain Matthes

AlterMundus
 AlterMundus
AlterMundus

Alain Matthes
tkz-berge.sty v2.7b
NamedGraphs.pdf is not a beginner or advanced tutorial, not a study of graphs, it’s only
a gallery of undirected graphs made with the package tkz-berge.sty v2.7b. Some of graphs
have names, sometimes inspired by the graph’s topology, and sometimes after their dis-
coverer. NamedGraphs.pdf presents some of them. A lot of references can be found here
http:// mathworld.wolfram.com
[NamedGraphs v1.0 11/04/2008]

t Firstly, I would like to thank Till Tantau for the beautiful LATEX package, namely TikZ.

t I am grateful to Michel Bovani for providing the fourier font.

t I received much valuable advice and guidance on Graph Theory from Rafael Villarroel
http://graphtheoryinlatex.blogspot.com/.

t The names of graphs can be found here MathWorld by E.Weisstein

 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b

Contents

I. Andrasfai graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 4

II. Balaban graph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 7

III. Complete BiPartite Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 11

IV. Bull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 15

V. Cage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 16

VIII. Chvatal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 24

VI. Cocktail Party graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 17

VII. Coxeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 19

IX. Crown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 27

X. Cubic Symmetric Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 29

XI. Desargues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 31

XII. Doyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 35

XIII. Folkman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 39

XIV. Foster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 43

XV. Franklin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 44

XVI. Gray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 47

XVII. Groetzsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 48

XVIII. Heawood graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 51

XIX. Hypercube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 53

XX. The Seven Bridges of Königsberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 55

XXI. Levi Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 57

XXII. Mc Gee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 60

XXIII. Möbius-Kantor Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 63

XXIV. Pappus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 70

XXV. Petersen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 73

XXVI. The five Platonics Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 82

XXVII. Robertson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 97

XXVIII. Tutte-Coxeter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page103

XXIX. Wong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page104

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Andrasfai graph

I . Andrasfai graph

macro n° 1 Andrasfai graph \grAndrasfai

\grAndrasfai[〈options〉]{〈k〉}
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/AndrasfaiGraph.html
The k-Andrásfai graph is a circulant graph on 3k − 1 nodes whose indices are given by the integers
1,. . .,3k − 1 that are congruent to 1 (mod 3). MathWorld by E.Weisstein

Example n° 1 Andrásfai graph : k=7, order 20

1 \begin{tikzpicture}
2 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
3 \SetGraphArtColor{red}{olive}
4 \grAndrasfai[RA=7]{7}
5 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Andrasfai graph

Example n° 2 Andrásfai graph : k=8, order 23

6 \begin{tikzpicture}
7 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
8 \SetGraphArtColor{red}{olive}
9 \grAndrasfai[RA=7]{8}
10 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Andrasfai graph

Example n° 3 Andrásfai graph : k=9, order 26

11 \begin{tikzpicture}
12 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
13 \SetGraphArtColor{red}{olive}
14 \grAndrasfai[RA=7]{9}
15 \end{tikzpicture}
16

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Balaban

II . Balaban

macro n° 2 Balaban \grBalaban

\grBalaban[〈options〉]
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Balaban10-Cage.html
The Balaban 10-cage is one of the three(3,10)-cage graphs (Read 1998, p. 272). The Balaban (3,10)-
cage was the first known example of a 10-cage (Balaban 1973 ; Pisanski 2001). Embeddings of all three
possible (3,10)-cages (the others being the Harries graph and Harries-Wong graph) are given by Pisanski
et al. (2001). Several embeddings are illustrated below, with the three rightmost being given by Pisanski
and Randić (2000) It is a Hamiltonian graph and has Hamiltonian cycles. It has 1003 distinct LCF
notations, with four of length two (illustrated above) and 999 of length 1. MathWorld by E.Weisstein

Example n° 4 Balaban graph : first form

17 \begin{tikzpicture}
18 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
19 \SetGraphArtColor{red}{olive}
20 \grBalaban[form=1,RA=7,RB=3,RC=3]
21 \end{tikzpicture}
22

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Balaban

Example n° 5 Balaban graph : second form

23 \begin{tikzpicture}
24 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
25 \SetGraphArtColor{gray}{blue!50}
26 \grBalaban[form=2,RA=7,RB=7,RC=4,RD=2.5]
27 \end{tikzpicture}
28

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Balaban

Example n° 6 Balaban graph : third form

29 \begin{tikzpicture}
30 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
31 \SetGraphArtColor{brown}{orange}
32 \grBalaban[form=3,RA=7,RB=6.5,RC=5.6,RD=5.6,RE=4.6]
33 \end{tikzpicture}
34

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Balaban

Example n° 7 Balaban graph : Balaban 11-Cage

The Balaban 11-cage is the unique 11-cage graph, discovered by Balaban (1973) and proven unique
by McKay and Myrvold (2003). It has 112 vertices, 168 edges, girth 11 (by definition), diameter 8 and
chromatic number 3.

35 \begin{tikzpicture}
36 \renewcommand*{\VertexInnerSep}{3pt}
37 \renewcommand*{\VertexLineWidth}{0.4pt}
38 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
39 \SetGraphArtColor{red!50}{blue!50!black}
40 \grLCF[Math,RA=7]{%
41 44,26,-47,-15,35,-39,11,-27,38,-37,43,14,28,51,-29,-16,41,-11,%
42 -26,15,22,-51,-35,36,52,-14,-33,-26,-46,52,26,16,43,33,-15,%
43 17,-53,23,-42,-35,-28,30,-22, 45,-44,16,-38,-16,50,-55,20,28,%
44 -17,-43,47, 34,-26,-41,11,-36,-23,-16,41,17,-51,26,-33,47,17,%
45 -11,-20 ,-30,21,29,36,-43,-52,10,39,-28,-17,-52,51,26,37,-17,%
46 10,-10,-45,-34,17,-26,27,-21,46,53,-10,29,-50,35,15,-47,-29,-41,%
47 26,33,55,-17,42,-26,-36,16}{1}
48 \end{tikzpicture}
49

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Complete BiPartite Graph

III . Complete BiPartite Graph

macro n° 3 Complete BiPartite \grCompleteBipartite

\grCompleteBipartite[〈options〉]{〈p〉}{〈q〉}
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CompleteBipartiteGraph.html
A complete bipartite graph is a bipartite graph (i.e., a set of graph vertices decomposed into two disjoint
sets such that no two graph vertices within the same set are adjacent) such that every pair of graph
vertices in the two sets are adjacent. If there are p and q graph vertices in the two sets, the complete
bipartite graph (sometimes also called a complete bigraph) is denoted K p,q . The below figures show K 3,2
and K 3,3 . K 3,3 is also known as the utility graph (and the circulant graph Ci 1,3 (6)), and is the unique
4-cage graph. MathWorld by E.Weisstein
From Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_bipartite_graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a complete bipartite graph or biclique is a special kind of
bipartite graph where every vertex of the first set is connected to every vertex of the second set. the graph
K 1,3 is also called a claw.

Example n° 8 Complete bipartite graphs K 3,2 and K 3,3

50 \begin{tikzpicture}
51 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
52 \grCompleteBipartite[RA=2,RB=2,RS=3]{3}{2}
53 \end{tikzpicture}\hspace*{2cm}
54 \begin{tikzpicture}
55 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
56 \grCompleteBipartite[RA=2,RB=2,RS=3]{3}{3}
57 \end{tikzpicture}
58

Example n° 9 Complete bipartite graphs K 3,5

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Complete BiPartite Graph

Example n° 10 Complete bipartite graph : K 18,18

The complete bipartite graph illustrated below plays an important role in the novel Foucault’s Pen-
dulum by Umberto Eco.
MathWorld by E.Weisstein

59 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90,scale=1.4]
60 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
61 \grCompleteBipartite[RA=0.5,RB=0.5,RS=9]{18}{18}
62 \end{tikzpicture}

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Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Complete BiPartite Graph

A complete bipartite graph K n,n is a circulant graph (if the order is equal to 2n then L = 1, 3, . . . , n). The
code is on the next page

A. Matthes World of Tikz Page 13/104

 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Complete BiPartite Graph

63 \begin{tikzpicture}
64 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
65 \grCirculant[RA=3]{6}{1,3}
66 \end{tikzpicture}\hspace*{12pt}
67 \begin{tikzpicture}
68 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
69 \grCirculant[RA=3]{8}{1,3}
70 \end{tikzpicture}
71
72 \vspace*{12pt}
73 \begin{tikzpicture}
74 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
75 \grCirculant[RA=3]{10}{1,3,5}
76 \end{tikzpicture}\hspace*{12pt}
77 \begin{tikzpicture}
78 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
79 \grCirculant[RA=3]{12}{1,3,5}
80 \end{tikzpicture}
81
82 \vspace*{12pt}
83 \begin{tikzpicture}
84 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
85 \grCirculant[RA=3]{14}{1,3,5,7}
86 \end{tikzpicture}\hspace*{12pt}
87 \begin{tikzpicture}
88 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
89 \grCirculant[RA=3]{16}{1,3,5,7}
90 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Bull

IV . Bull
The bull graph, 5 vertices, 5 edges, resembles to the head of a bull if drawn properly. The bull graph
is a simple graph on 5 nodes and 5 edges whose name derives from its resemblance to a schematic
illustration of a bull

a3 a4

a1 a2

a0

91 \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=4cm]
92 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
93 \Vertex{a0}
94 \NOEA(a0){a2}
95 \NOEA(a2){a4}
96 \NOWE(a0){a1}
97 \NOWE(a1){a3}
98 \Edges(a0,a1,a3)
99 \Edges(a0,a2,a4)
100 \Edge(a1)(a2)
101 \end{tikzpicture}

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Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Cage

V . Cage

Cage Graphs

From Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_(graph_theory)

In the mathematical area of graph theory, a cage is a regular graph that has as few vertices as possible
for its girth.
Formally, an (r, g )-graph is defined to be a graph in which each vertex has exactly r neighbors, and in
which the shortest cycle has length exactly g . It is known that an (r, g )-graph exists for any combination
of r Ê 2 and g Ê 3. An (r, g )-cage is an (r, g )-graph with the fewest possible number of vertices, among
all (r, g )-graphs.
From MathWorld http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CageGraph.html
A (r, g )-cage graph is a v-regular graph of girth g having the minimum possible number of nodes. When
v is not explicitly stated, the term "g -cage" generally refers to a (3, g )-cage. MathWorld by E.Weisstein
Examples :
(r, g ) Names
(3, 3) complete graph K 4
(3, 4) complete bipartite graph K 3,3 Utility GraphIII
(3, 5) Petersen graph XXV
(3, 6) Heawood graph XVIII
(3, 7) McGee graph XXII
(3, 8) Levi graph XXI
(3, 10) Balaban 10-cage II
(3, 11) Balaban 11-cage II
(3, 12) Tutte 12-cage
(4, 3) complete graph K 5
(4, 4) complete bipartite graph K 4,4 III
(4, 5) Robertson graphXXVII
(4, 6) Wong (1982)XXIX

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Cocktail Party graph

VI . Cocktail Party graph

macro n° 4 Cocktail Party graph \grCocktailParty

\grCocktailParty[〈options〉]{〈integer 〉}
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CocktailPartyGraph.html
The cocktail party graph of order , also called the hyperoctahedral graph (Biggs 1993, p. 17) is the graph
consisting of two rows of paired nodes in which all nodes but the paired ones are connected with a graph
edge. It is the graph complement of the ladder graph , and the dual graph of the hypercube graph.
This graph arises in the handshake problem. It is a complete n-partite graph that is denoted by Brouwer
et al. (1989, pp. 222-223), and is distance-transitive, and hence also distance-regular.
The cocktail party graph of order is isomorphic to the circulant graph. MathWorld by E.Weisstein
The Chvátal graph is implemented in tkz-berge as \grCocktailParty with two forms.

Example n° 11 Cocktail Party graph form 1

b0 b1 b2 b3

a0 a1 a2 a3

102 \begin{tikzpicture}
103 \grCocktailParty[RA=3,RS=5]{4}
104 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Cocktail Party graph

Example n° 12 Cocktail Party graph form 2

a3 b3

a2 b2

a1 b1

a0 b0

105 \begin{tikzpicture}
106 \grCocktailParty[form=2,RA=4,RS=6]{4}
107 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Coxeter

VII . Coxeter
From MathWorld : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CoxeterGraph.html
The Coxeter graph is a nonhamiltonian cubic symmetric graph on 28 vertices and 42 edges.
Example n° 13 Coxeter graph I

108 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90,scale=1.5]
109 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
110 \SetGraphArtColor{magenta}{gray}
111 \grCycle[RA=5,prefix=a]{7}
112 \begin{scope}[rotate=-20]\grEmptyCycle[RA=4,prefix=b]{7}\end{scope}
113 \grCirculant[RA=3,prefix=c]{7}{2}
114 \grCirculant[RA=1.4,prefix=d]{7}{3}
115 \EdgeIdentity{a}{b}{7}
116 \EdgeIdentity{b}{c}{7}
117 \EdgeIdentity{b}{d}{7}
118 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Coxeter

Example n° 14 Coxeter graph II

119 \begin{tikzpicture}
120 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
121 \SetGraphArtColor{magenta}{gray}
122 \grCycle[RA=7,prefix=b]{24}
123 \grEmptyStar[RA=3,prefix=a]{4}
124 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{3}{0}{1}{b}{24}{0}{8}{2}
125 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{3}{0}{1}{b}{24}{7}{8}{2}
126 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{3}{0}{1}{b}{24}{18}{8}{2}
127 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{4}{3}{0}{b}{24}{22}{8}{2}
128 \EdgeInGraphMod*{b}{24}{6}{5}{8}
129 \EdgeInGraphMod*{b}{24}{11}{1}{8}
130 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Coxeter

Example n° 15 Coxeter graph III

131 \begin{tikzpicture}
132 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
133 \SetGraphArtColor{magenta}{gray}
134 \grCycle[RA=7,prefix=c]{7}
135 \grEmptyCycle[RA=6,prefix=b]{7}
136 \begin{scope}[rotate=12.85]\grEmptyCycle[RA=5,prefix=a]{14}\end{scope}
137 \EdgeIdentity{b}{c}{7}
138 \EdgeDoubleMod{b}{7}{0}{1}{a}{14}{0}{2}{6}
139 \EdgeDoubleMod{b}{7}{0}{1}{a}{14}{13}{2}{6}
140 \EdgeInGraphModLoop{a}{14}{4}{0}{0}
141 \EdgeInGraphModLoop{a}{14}{6}{1}{1}
142 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Coxeter

Example n° 16 Tutte-Coxeter graph I

143 \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=3]
144 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
145 \SetGraphArtColor{blue}{cyan}
146 \begin{scope}[rotate=5]\grCycle[RA=2.5,prefix=a]{10}\end{scope}
147 \begin{scope}[rotate=-10]\grCirculant[RA=1.8,prefix=b]{10}{5}\end{scope}
148 \begin{scope}[rotate=36]\grCirculant[RA=1.1,prefix=c]{10}{3}\end{scope}
149 \EdgeIdentity{a}{b}{10}
150 \EdgeIdentity{b}{c}{10}
151 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Coxeter

Example n° 17 Tutte-Coxeter graph II

152 \begin{tikzpicture}
153 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
154 \SetGraphArtColor{blue}{darkgray}
155 \grLCF[RA=7]{-13,-9,7,-7,9,13}{5}
156 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Chvatal

VIII . Chvatal

macro n° 5 Chvatal graph \grChvatal

\grChvatal[〈options〉]
From Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Václav_Chvátal
Chvátal first learned of graph theory in 1964, on finding a book by Claude Berge in a Pilsen bookstore,
and his first mathematical publication, at the age of 19, concerned directed graphs that cannot be map-
ped to themselves by any nontrivial graph homomorphism.
Gallery Theorem—which determines the number of guards required to survey the walls of a polygonal
art gallery (and has prompted much research), and constructed the smallest triangle-free 4-chromatic
4-regular graph, a beautiful graph now known as the Chvatal graph.
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChvatalGraph.html
The Chvátal graph is a quartic graph on 12 nodes and 24 edges. It has chromatic number 4, and girth
4. MathWorld by E.Weisstein
The Chvátal graph is implemented in tkz-berge as \grChvatal with three forms.

Example n° 18 Chvatal graph I

157 \begin{tikzpicture}
158 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
159 \SetVertexNoLabel
160 \SetGraphShadeColor{blue!50!black}{blue}{gray}
161 \grChvatal[RA=6,RB=2]
162 \end{tikzpicture}
163

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Chvatal

Example n° 19 Chvatal graph II

164 \begin{tikzpicture}
165 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
166 \SetGraphArtColor{blue!50!black}{gray}
167 \grChvatal[form=2,RA=7,RB=4,RC=1.4]
168 \end{tikzpicture}
169

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Chvatal

Example n° 20 Chvatal graph III

170 \begin{tikzpicture}
171 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
172 \SetGraphArtColor{blue!50!black}{gray}
173 \grChvatal[form=3,RA=7]
174 \end{tikzpicture}
175

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Crown

IX . Crown

macro n° 6 Crown graph \grCrown

\grCrown[〈options〉]{〈integer 〉}
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CrownGraph.html
The Crown graph for an integer is the graph with vertex set {x 0 , x 1 , . . . , x n−1 , y 0 , y 1 , . . . , y n−1 }
and edge set
{(x i , x j ) : 0 É i , j É n − 1, i 6= j }. MathWorld by E.Weisstein
The Crown graph is implemented in tkz-berge as \grCrown with two forms.

Example n° 21 Crown graph form 1

b0 b1 b2 b3

a0 a1 a2 a3

176 \begin{tikzpicture}
177 \tikzstyle{VertexStyle} = [shape = circle,
178 shading = ball,
179 ball color = green,
180 minimum size = 24pt,
181 draw]
182 \tikzstyle{EdgeStyle} = [thick,
183 double = orange,
184 double distance = 1pt]
185 \SetVertexLabel\SetVertexMath
186 \grCrown[RA=3,RS=9]{4}
187 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Crown

Example n° 22 Crown graph form 2

a3 b3

a2 b2

a1 b1

a0 b0

188 \begin{tikzpicture}
189 \grCrown[form=2,RA=4,RS=6]{4}
190 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Cubic Symmetric Graphs

X . Cubic Symmetric Graphs

A cubic symmetric graph is a symmetric cubic (i.e., regular of order 3). Such graphs were first studied
by Foster (1932). They have since been the subject of much interest and study. Since cubic graphs
must have an even number of vertices, so must cubic symmetric graphs.
The circulant graph , is illustrated below.
Example n° 23 Cubic Symmetric Graph form 1

191 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
192 \SetVertexNoLabel
193 \grLCF[RA=6]{3,-3}{4}
194 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Cubic Symmetric Graphs

Example n° 24 Cubic Symmetric Graph form 2

a0

a1 a7

a2 a6

a3 a5

a4

195 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
196 \tikzstyle{VertexStyle} = [shape = circle,%
197 color = white,
198 fill = black,
199 very thin,
200 inner sep = 0pt,%
201 minimum size = 18pt,
202 draw]
203 \tikzstyle{EdgeStyle} = [thick,%
204 double = brown,%
205 double distance = 1pt]
206 \grLCF[Math,RA=6]{3,-3}{4}
207 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Desargues

XI . Desargues

macro n° 7 Crown graph \grDesargues

\grDesargues[〈options〉]
From Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desargues_graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Desargues graph is a 3-regular graph with 20 vertices
and 30 edges, formed as the Levi graph of the Desargues configuration.The Desargues graph can also
be formed as a double cover of the Petersen graph, as the generalized Petersen graph G(10,3), or as the
bipartite Kneser graph H5,2 .
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DesarguesGraph.html
The Desargues graph is a cubic symmetric graph distance-regular graph on 20 vertices and 30 edges,
illustrated above in several embeddings. It can be represented in LCF notation as (Frucht 1976) and
is isomorphic to the bipartite Kneser graph . It is the incidence graph of the Desargues configuration.
MathWorld by E.Weisstein
The Desargues graph is implemented in tkz-berge as \grDesargues with two forms.

Example n° 25 The Desargues graph : form 1

a5
a6 a4

a7 a3

a8 a2

a9 a1

a 10 a0

a 11 a 19

a 12 a 18

a 13 a 17

a 14 a 16
a 15

208 \begin{tikzpicture}
209 \grDesargues[Math,RA=6]
210 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Desargues

Example n° 26 The Desargues graph : form 2

a3 a2

a4 a1

b3 b2

b4 b1

a5 b5 b0 a0

b6 b9

b7 b8

a6 a9

a7 a8

211 \begin{tikzpicture}
212 \grDesargues[form=2,Math,RA=7]
213 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Desargues

Example n° 27 The Desargues graph wth LCF notation

a0
a1 a 19

a2 a 18

a3 a 17

a4 a 16

a5 a 15

a6 a 14

a7 a 13

a8 a 12

a9 a 11
a 10

214 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
215 \grLCF[Math,RA=6]{5,-5,9,-9}{5}
216 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Desargues

Example n° 28 The Desargues graph with \grGeneralizedPetersen

a0

a1 a9

b0
b1 b9
a2 a8

b2 b8

b3 b7

a3 a7
b4 b6
b5

a4 a6

a5

217 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
218 \tikzstyle{VertexStyle} = [shape = circle,%
219 color = white,
220 fill = black,
221 very thin,
222 inner sep = 0pt,%
223 minimum size = 18pt,
224 draw]
225 \tikzstyle{EdgeStyle} = [thick,%
226 double = brown,%
227 double distance = 1pt]
228 \grGeneralizedPetersen[Math,RA=6]{10}{3}
229 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Doyle

XII . Doyle

macro n° 8 Doyle graph \grDoyle

\grDoyle[〈options〉]
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DoyleGraph.html
The Doyle graph, sometimes also known as the Holt graph (Marušič et al. 2005), is the symmetric quartic
graph on 27 nodes illustrated above in seven embeddings. It is is symmetricSymmetric Graph. Several
embeddings are illustrated below. MathWorld by E.Weisstein
The Doyle graph is implemented in tkz-berge as \grDoyle with three forms.

Example n° 29 The Doyle graph : form 1

230 \begin{tikzpicture}
231 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
232 \SetGraphShadeColor{red}{Magenta}{white}
233 \SetVertexNoLabel
234 \grDoyle[RA=7,RB=4,RC=2]
235 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Doyle

Example n° 30 The Doyle graph : form 2

236 \begin{tikzpicture}
237 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
238 \SetGraphShadeColor{red}{Magenta}{white}
239 \SetVertexNoLabel
240 \grDoyle[form=2,RA=7]
241 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Doyle

Example n° 31 The Doyle graph : form 3

242 \begin{tikzpicture}
243 \SetGraphArtColor{red}{Magenta}{red}
244 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
245 \SetVertexNoLabel
246 \grDoyle[form=3,RA=7,RB=2]
247 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Doyle

Example n° 32 The Doyle graph : another embedding

248 \begin{tikzpicture}
249 \tikzstyle{VertexStyle} = [shape = circle,
250 ball color = gray!60,%
251 minimum size = 16pt,draw]
252 \tikzstyle{EdgeStyle} = [thick,color=black,%
253 double = orange,%
254 double distance = 1pt]
255 \SetVertexNoLabel
256 \grCycle[RA=7.5]{9}
257 \grEmptyCycle[prefix=b,RA=5.5]{9}
258 \grCirculant[prefix=c,RA=3.5]{9}{4}
259 \EdgeIdentity{b}{c}{9}
260 \EdgeMod{a}{c}{9}{1}
261 \EdgeMod{a}{b}{9}{1}
262 \EdgeInGraphMod{b}{9}{2}
263 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Folkman

XIII . Folkman

macro n° 9 Folkman graph \grFolkman

\grFolkman[〈options〉]
From MathWorld : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/FolkmanGraph.html
The Folkman graph is a semisymmetric graph that has the minimum possible number of nodes 20.
MathWorld by E.Weisstein

Example n° 33 Folkman Graph LCF embedding

The code is
264 \grLCF[RA=7]{5,-7,-7,5}{5}

265 \begin{tikzpicture}
266 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
267 \SetGraphArtColor{blue}{darkgray}
268 \grFolkman[RA=6]
269 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Folkman

Example n° 34 Folkman Graph embedding 1

270 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=45,scale=1.4]%
271 \tikzstyle{VertexStyle} = [shape = circle,
272 shading = ball,
273 ball color = gray!60,
274 inner sep = 3pt,
275 draw]
276 \tikzstyle{EdgeStyle} = [thick,orange]
277 \SetVertexNoLabel
278 \grCycle[prefix=a,RA=3]{4}%
279 \grCycle[prefix=b,RA=4]{4}%
280 \grCycle[prefix=c,RA=5]{4}%
281 \grCycle[prefix=d,RA=6]{4}%
282 \grCycle[prefix=e,RA=7]{4}%
283 \foreach \r/\s/\t in {a/d/e,b/e/a,c/a/b,d/b/c,e/c/d}{%
284 \Edges(\r0,\s1,\r2,\t3,\r0)
285 }
286 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Folkman

Example n° 35 Folkman Graph embedding 1 new code

b4 a4

b3 a3

b2 a2

b1 a1

b0 a0

c0 d0

c1 d1

c2 d2

c3 d3

c4 d4

287 \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.5]
288 \begin{scope}[shift={(1,1)},rotate=45]\grEmptyPath[prefix=a,RA=1]{5}
289 \end{scope}
290 \begin{scope}[shift={(-1,1)},rotate=135]\grEmptyPath[prefix=b,RA=1]{5}
291 \end{scope}
292 \begin{scope}[shift={(-1,-1)},rotate=225]\grEmptyPath[prefix=c,RA=1]{5}
293 \end{scope}
294 \begin{scope}[shift={(1,-1)},rotate=315]\grEmptyPath[prefix=d,RA=1]{5}
295 \end{scope}
296 \EdgeIdentity*{a}{b}{0,...,4}
297 \EdgeIdentity*{b}{c}{0,...,4}
298 \EdgeIdentity*{c}{d}{0,...,4}
299 \EdgeIdentity*{d}{a}{0,...,4}
300 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{5}{0}{1}{b}{5}{3}{1}{1}
301 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{5}{2}{1}{b}{5}{0}{1}{2}
302 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{5}{1}{1}{d}{5}{0}{1}{3}
303 \EdgeDoubleMod{c}{5}{2}{1}{b}{5}{0}{1}{2}
304 \EdgeDoubleMod{c}{5}{0}{1}{b}{5}{3}{1}{1}
305 \EdgeDoubleMod{c}{5}{1}{1}{d}{5}{0}{1}{3}
306 \Edges(a0,d4,c0)
307 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Folkman

Example n° 36 Folkman Graph embedding 3

308 \begin{tikzpicture}
309 \SetVertexNoLabel
310 \tikzstyle{VertexStyle} = [shape = circle,
311 shading = ball,
312 ball color = gray!60,
313 inner sep = 3pt,
314 draw]
315 \tikzstyle{EdgeStyle} = [thick,orange]
316 \grEmptyCycle[prefix=a,RA=1.85]{5}%
317 \grEmptyCycle[prefix=b,RA=3.7]{5}%
318 \grCycle[prefix=c,RA=6]{10}%
319 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{5}{0}{1}%
320 {b}{5}{1}{1}{4}
321 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{5}{0}{1}%
322 {b}{5}{4}{1}{4}
323 \EdgeDoubleMod{b}{5}{0}{1}%
324 {c}{10}{9}{2}{4}
325 \EdgeDoubleMod{b}{5}{0}{1}%
326 {c}{10}{1}{2}{4}
327 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{5}{0}{1}%
328 {c}{10}{8}{2}{4}
329 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{5}{0}{1}%
330 {c}{10}{2}{2}{4}
331 \end{tikzpicture}
332

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Foster

XIV . Foster

macro n° 10 Foster graph \grFoster

\grFoster[〈options〉]
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/FosterGraph.html
The Foster graph is a graph on 90 vertices and 135 arcs. It has a unique order-15 LCF notations.

Example n° 37 Foster graph

The macros is based on
333 \grLCF[Math,RA=7]{17, -9, 37, -37, 9, -17}{15}

334 \begin{tikzpicture}
335 \renewcommand*{\VertexInnerSep}{2pt}
336 \renewcommand*{\EdgeLineWidth}{0.5pt}
337 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
338 \SetGraphColor{red}{blue}
339 \grLCF[Math,RA=6]{17, -9, 37, -37, 9, -17}{15}
340 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Franklin

XV . Franklin

macro n° 11 Franklin graph \grFranklin

\grFranklin[〈options〉]
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/FranklinGraph.html
The Franklin graph is the 12-vertex cubic graph shown above whose embedding on the Klein bottle di-
vides it into regions having a minimal coloring using six colors, thus providing the sole counterexample
to the Heawood conjecture. MathWorld by E.Weisstein
The Franklin graph is implemented in tkz-berge as \grFranklin.

Example n° 38 The Franklin graph : embedding 1

a3

a4 a2

a5 a1

a6 a0

a7 a 11

a8 a 10

a9

341 \begin{tikzpicture}
342 \grFranklin[Math,RA=7]
343 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Franklin

Example n° 39 The Franklin graph : embedding 2

b2 b1

a2 a1

b3 a3 a0 b0

a4 a5

b4 b5

344 \begin{tikzpicture}
345 \grCycle[Math,RA=4,prefix=a]{6}
346 \grCycle[Math,RA=6,prefix=b]{6}
347 \foreach \x in {0,...,5}{%
348 \ifthenelse{\isodd{\x}}{%
349 \pgfmathsetcounter{tempi}{\x-1}}{%
350 \pgfmathsetcounter{tempi}{\x+1}}
351 \Edge(a\x)(b\thetempi)
352 }
353 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Franklin

Example n° 40 The Franklin graph : with LCF notation embedding 3

*2cm
a3

a4 a2

a5 a1

a6 a0

a7 a 11

a8 a 10

a9

354 \begin{tikzpicture}
355 \grLCF[Math,RA=7]{-5,-3,3,5}{3}
356 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Gray

XVI . Gray

From MathWorld :http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GrayGraph.html

The Gray graph is a cubic semisymmetric graph on 54 vertices. It was discovered by Marion C. Gray
in 1932, and was first published by Bouwer (1968). Malnic et al. (2004) showed that the Gray graph is
indeed the smallest possible cubic semisymmetric graph.
It is the incidence graph of the Gray configuration.
The Gray graph has a single order-9 LCF Notation and five distinct order-1 LCF notations.
The Gray graph has girth 8, graph diameter 6

357 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
358 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
359 \SetGraphArtColor{gray}{red}
360 \grLCF[Math,RA=6]{-25,7,-7,13,-13,25}{9}
361 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Groetzsch

XVII . Groetzsch

macro n° 12 Grötzsch graph \grGrotzsch

\grGrotzsch[〈options〉]{〈k〉}
From Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grötzsch_graph
The Grötzsch graph is a triangle-free graph with 11 vertices, 20 edges, and chromatic number 4. It is na-
med after German mathematician Herbert Grötzsch, and its existence demonstrates that the assump-
tion of planarity is necessary in Grötzsch’s theorem (Grötzsch 1959) that every triangle-free planar graph
is 3-colorable.
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GroetzschGraph.html
The Grötzsch graph is smallest triangle-free graph with chromatic number four. It is identical to the
Mycielski Graph of order four. MathWorld by E.Weisstein

Example n° 41 Grotzsch Graph : first form

362 \begin{tikzpicture}
363 \grGrotzsch[RA=3,RB=6]{6}%
364 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Groetzsch

Example n° 42 Grotzsch Graph : second form

a1

b2 b1
a2 a0

a5

b3 b0

b4

a3 a4

365 \begin{tikzpicture}
366 \grGrotzsch[form=2,RA=6,RB=3]{6}%
367 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Groetzsch

Example n° 43 Grotzsch Graph : third form

From Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_bipartite_graph

368 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=-18]
369 \draw[scale=.5,samples at={-6.4,-6.3,...,6.4},
370 smooth,thick,
371 variable=\t,
372 double= red,
373 double distance = 1pt]
374 plot ({3*(1.5*cos(\t r) +3*cos(1.5*\t r))},%
375 {3*(1.5*sin(\t r) -3*sin(1.5*\t r))});
376 \begin{scope}[rotate=36]
377 \grStar[prefix=a,RA=2.2]{6}%
378 \grEmptyCycle[prefix=b,RA=4.4]{5}%
379 \end{scope}
380 \end{tikzpicture}
381

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Heawood graph

XVIII . Heawood graph

macro n° 13 Heawood graph : \grHeawood

\grHeawood[〈options〉]
From Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heawood_graph
The Heawood graph is an undirected graph with 14 vertices and 21 edges. Each vertex is adjacent to
exactly three edges (that is, it is a cubic graph), and all cycles in the graph have six or more edges.
Percy John Heawood (1861-1955) was an English mathematician who spent a large amount of time on
questions related to the four colour theorem.
From MathWorld http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HeawoodGraph.html
The Heawood graph is the unique (3, 6)-cage graph and Moore graph and is graph illustrated below in
one of his embeddings. MathWorld by E.Weisstein

Example n° 44 Heawood graph

382 \begin{tikzpicture}%
383 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
384 \grHeawood[RA=7]
385 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Heawood graph

£ ¤7
It can be represented in LCF notation as 5, −5
\grLCF[RA=5]{5,9}{7} gives the result because −5 = 9 mod 14.
Example n° 45 Heawood graph with LCF notation

386 \begin{tikzpicture}%
387 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
388 \grLCF[RA=7]{5,9}{7}%
389 \end{tikzpicture}

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Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Hypercube

XIX . Hypercube

From Wikipedia :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercube_graph

In the mathematical field of graph theory, the hypercube graph Qn is a special regular graph with 2n
vertices, which correspond to the subsets of a set with n elements. Two vertices labelled by subsets
S and T are joined by an edge if and only if S can be obtained from T by adding or removing a single
element. Each vertex of Qn is incident to exactly n edges (that is, Qn is n-regular), so the total number
of edges is 2n−1 n. The name comes from the fact that the hypercube graph is the one-dimensional
skeleton of the geometric hypercube. Hypercube graphs should not be confused with cubic graphs,
which are graphs that are 3-regular. The only hypercube that is a cubic graph is Q3 .

Example n° 46 The hypercube graph Q4

The code is on the next page.

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Hypercube

390 \begin{tikzpicture}
391 \grCycle[RA=8]{8}
392 \pgfmathparse{8*(1-4*sin(22.5)*sin(22.5))}
393 \let\tkzbradius\pgfmathresult
394 \grCirculant[prefix=b,RA=\tkzbradius]{8}{3}
395 \makeatletter
396 \foreach \vx in {0,...,7}{%
397 \pgfmathsetcounter{tkzb@next}{mod(\vx+1,8)}
398 \pgfmathsetcounter{tkzb@ca}{mod(\vx+7,8)}
399 \pgfmathsetcounter{tkzb@cb}{mod(\thetkzb@next+1,8)}
400 \Edge(a\thetkzb@next)(b\thetkzb@cb)
401 \Edge(b\thetkzb@ca)(a\vx)
402 }
403 \makeatother
404 \end{tikzpicture}
405

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b The Seven Bridges of Königsberg

XX . The Seven Bridges of Königsberg

macro n° 14 Königsberg graph \grKonisberg

\grKonisberg[〈options〉]{〈k〉}
From MathWorld : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/KoenigsbergBridgeProblem.html
The Königsberg bridge problem asks if the seven bridges of the city of Königsberg (left figure ; Kraitchik
1942), formerly in Germany but now known as Kaliningrad and part of Russia, over the river Preger can
all be traversed in a single trip without doubling back, with the additional requirement that the trip
ends in the same place it began. This is equivalent to asking if the multigraph on four nodes and seven
edges (right figure) has an Eulerian circuit. This problem was answered in the negative by Euler (1736),
and represented the beginning of graph theory. MathWorld by E.Weisstein
From Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Bridges_of_Königsberg
The paper written by Leonhard Euler on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg and published in 1736 is re-
garded as the first paper in the history of graph theory.
The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is a famous solved mathematics problem inspired by an actual place
and situation. The city of Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) is set on the Pregel River, and
included two large islands which were connected to each other and the mainland by seven bridges. The
problem is to decide whether it is possible to walk a route that crosses each bridge exactly once.
In 1736, Leonhard Euler proved that it was not possible. In proving the result, Euler formulated the pro-
blem in terms of graph theory, by abstracting the case of Königsberg — first, by eliminating all features
except the landmasses and the bridges connecting them ; second, by replacing each landmass with a dot,
called a vertex or node, and each bridge with a line, called an edge or link. The resulting mathematical
structure is called a graph.

Example n° 47 Königsberg graph with \grKonisberg

406 \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=4cm]

407 \grKonisberg
408 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b The Seven Bridges of Königsberg

Example n° 48 Königsberg graph : fine embedding

2 3
1

4 6

5 7

409 \begin{tikzpicture}
410 \renewcommand*{\VertexBallColor}{orange!50!red}
411 \renewcommand*{\EdgeDoubleDistance}{2pt}
412 \tikzset{node distance = 4 cm}
413 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
414 \tikzset{LabelStyle/.style = {draw,
415 fill = yellow,
416 text = red}}
417 \Vertex{A}
418 \EA(A){B}
419 \EA(B){C}
420 {\tikzset{node distance = 8 cm}
421 \NO(B){D}}
422 \Edge[label=1](B)(D)
423 \tikzset{EdgeStyle/.append style = {bend left}}
424 \Edge[label=4](A)(B)
425 \Edge[label=5](B)(A)
426 \Edge[label=6](B)(C)
427 \Edge[label=7](C)(B)
428 \Edge[label=2](A)(D)
429 \Edge[label=3](D)(C)
430 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Levi Graph

XXI . Levi Graph

macro n° 15 Levy graph \grLevi

\grLevi[〈options〉]
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LeviGraph.html
It has 30 nodes and 45 edges. It has girth 8, diameter 4, chromatic number 2. The Levi graph is a ge-
neralized polygon which is the point/line incidence graph of the generalized quadrangle . The graph
was first discovered by Tutte (1947), and is also called the Tutte-Coxeter graph , Tutte’s cage or "Tutte’s
(3,8)-cage".The Levi graph is the unique (3,8)-cage graph.
The incidence graph of a generic configuration is sometimes known as a Levi graph (Coxeter 1950).
From Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_graph
In combinatorics a Levi graph or incidence graph is a bipartite graph associated with an incidence
structure. From a collection of points and lines in an incidence geometry or a projective configuration,
we form a graph with one vertex per point, one vertex per line, and an edge for every incidence between
a point and a line.
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Tutte–Coxeter graph or Tutte eight-cage is a 3-regular
graph with 30 vertices and 45 edges. As the unique smallest cubic graph of girth 8 it is a cage and a
Moore graph. It is bipartite, and can be constructed as the Levi graph of the generalized quadrangle.
Some examples of Levi Graphs with this definition are :
• Desargues graph
• Heawood graph
• Heawood graph
• Pappus graph
• Gray graph
• Tutte eight-cage

The two forms can be draw with :

431 \grLevi[RA=7]
and
432 \grLevi[form=2,RA=7,RB=5,RC=3]
You can see on the next pages, the two forms.

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Levi Graph

Now I show you how to code this graph.

Example n° 49 Levy graph :form 1

433 \begin{tikzpicture}
434 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
435 \grLCF[prefix=a,RA=6]{-13,-9,7,-7,9,13}{5}
436 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Levi Graph

Example n° 50 Levy graph :form 2

437 \begin{tikzpicture}
438 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
439 \grCycle[prefix=a,RA=7]{10}
440 \EdgeInGraphMod{a}{10}{5}
441 \grEmptyCycle[prefix=b,RA=5]{10}
442 \grEmptyCycle[prefix=c,RA=3]{10}
443 \EdgeInGraphMod{c}{10}{4}
444 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Mc Gee

XXII . Mc Gee

macro n° 16 McGee \grMcGee

\grMcGee[〈options〉]
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/McGeeGraph.html
The McGee graph is the unique 7-cage graph. It has 24 nodes, 36 edges, girth 7, diameter 4, and is a
cubic graph. It has chromatic number 3. MathWorld by E.Weisstein

Example n° 51 McGee graph with \grMcGee

The same result is obtained with

445 \grLCF[Math,RA=6]{-12,7,-7}{8}

446 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
447 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
448 \grMcGee[Math,RA=6]
449 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Mc Gee

Others embeddings
Example n° 52 McGee graph with \grLCF

450 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
451 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
452 \grLCF[Math,RA=6]{-12,-6,6,-12,7,-7,-12,6,-6,-12,7,-7}{2}
453 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Mc Gee

Example n° 53 McGee graph with \grLCF

454 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
455 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
456 \grLCF[Math,RA=6]{-12,6,-7,-12,7,-8,11,-6,6,-11,8,%
457 -7,-12,7,-6,-12,7,-11,-8,7,-7,8,11,-7}{1}
458 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Möbius-Kantor Graph

XXIII . Möbius-Kantor Graph

macro n° 17 Mobius-Kantor \grMobiusKantor

\grMobiusKantor[〈options〉]
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Moebius-KantorGraph.html
The unique cubic symmetric graph on 16 nodes, illustrated above in several embeddings. It is 24 edges,
girth 6, diameter 4, chromatic number 2, and is nonplanar but Hamiltonian. It can be represented in
LCF notation and is identical to a generalized Petersen graph . MathWorld by E.Weisstein

Example n° 54 Möbius Graph : form I

459 \begin{tikzpicture}
460 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
461 \SetGraphArtColor{red}{olive}
462 \SetVertexNoLabel
463 \grMobiusKantor[RA=7]
464 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Möbius-Kantor Graph

Example n° 55 Möbius Graph : form II

465 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=22.5]
466 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
467 \SetGraphArtColor{red!50}{brown!50}
468 \SetVertexNoLabel
469 \grMobiusKantor[form=2,RA=7,RB=3]
470 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Möbius-Kantor Graph

Example n° 56 Möbius Graph : form III

471 \begin{tikzpicture}
472 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
473 \SetVertexNoLabel
474 \grMobiusKantor[form=3,RA=7,RB=2]
475 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Möbius-Kantor Graph

Example n° 57 Möbius Graph with LCF notation

476 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
477 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
478 \SetVertexNoLabel
479 \grLCF[RA=7]{5,-5}{8}
480 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Möbius-Kantor Graph

Example n° 58 Möbius Graph with \grGeneralizedPetersen

481 \begin{tikzpicture}
482 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
483 \SetVertexNoLabel
484 \grGeneralizedPetersen[RA=7,RB=4]{8}{3}
485 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Möbius-Kantor Graph

A Möbius ladder of order 2n is a simple graph obtained by introducing a twist in a prism graph of
order 2n that is isomorphic to the circulant graph with order 2n and L = {1, n}
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MoebiusLadder.html
Example n° 59 Möbius Ladder Graph

486 \begin{tikzpicture}
487 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
488 \grMobiusLadder[RA=7,RB=2]{8}%
489 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Möbius-Kantor Graph

Example n° 60 Circulant Graph isomorphic to the last graph

490 \begin{tikzpicture}
491 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
492 \grCirculant[RA=7]{16}{1,8}%
493 \end{tikzpicture}
494

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Pappus

XXIV . Pappus

macro n° 18 Pappus Graph \grPappus

\grPappus[〈options〉]
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PappusGraph.html
A cubic symmetric distance-regular graph on 18 vertices, illustrated below in three embeddings. It can
be represented in LCF notation [5, 7, −7, 7, −7, −5]3 (Frucht 1976). MathWorld by E.Weisstein
From Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus_graph In the mathematical field of graph
theory, the Pappus graph is a 3-regular graph with 18 vertices and 27 edges, formed as the Levi graph of
the Pappus configuration. It is a distance-regular graph, one of only 14 such cubic graphs according to
Cubic symmetric graphs.
This macro can be used with three different forms.

Example n° 61 pappus Graph : form 1

495 \begin{tikzpicture}
496 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
497 \grPappus[RA=7]
498 \end{tikzpicture}
499

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Pappus

Example n° 62 pappus Graph : form 2

500 \begin{tikzpicture}
501 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
502 \SetGraphArtColor{red}{olive}
503 \grPappus[form=2,RA=7,RB=5,RC=3]
504 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Pappus

Example n° 63 pappus Graph : form 3

505 \begin{tikzpicture}
506 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
507 \SetGraphArtColor{gray}{blue}
508 \grPappus[form=3,RA=7,RB=5,RC=2.5]
509 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Petersen

XXV . Petersen

macro n° 19 Petersen Graph \grPetersen

\grPetersen[〈options〉]
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PetersenGraph.html
The Petersen graph is the graph , illustrated below in several embeddings, possessing 10 nodes, all of
whose nodes have degree three. The Petersen graph is implemented in tkz-berge as \grPetersen.
The Petersen graph has girth 5, diameter 2, edge chromatic number 4, chromatic number 3.
MathWorld by E.Weisstein
From Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_graph
In graph theory, the Petersen graph is an undirected graph with 10 vertices and 15 edges. It is a small
graph that serves as a useful example and counterexample for many problems in graph theory. The
Petersen graph is named for Julius Petersen, who in 1898 constructed it to be the smallest bridgeless
cubic graph with no three-edge-coloring. Although the graph is generally credited to Petersen, it had in
fact first appeared 12 years earlier, in 1886.
This macro can be used with three different forms.

Example n° 64 Petersen graph : form 1

510 \begin{tikzpicture}%
511 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
512 \SetGraphArtColor{red}{olive}
513 \grPetersen[form=1,RA=5,RB=3]%
514 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Petersen

Example n° 65 Petersen graph : form 2

515 \begin{tikzpicture}%
516 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
517 \SetGraphArtColor{red}{olive}
518 \grPetersen[form=2,RA=7,RB=3]%
519 \end{tikzpicture}
520

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Petersen

Example n° 66 Petersen graph : form 3

521 \begin{tikzpicture}%
522 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
523 \SetGraphArtColor{red}{olive}
524 \grPetersen[form=3,RA=7]%
525 \end{tikzpicture}
526

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Petersen

Example n° 67 The line graph of the Petersen graph

527 \begin{tikzpicture}
528 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]\SetGraphArtColor{white}{blue}
529 \begin{scope}[rotate=-90] \grCirculant[RA=1.5,prefix=a]{5}{2}\end{scope}
530 \begin{scope}[rotate=-18] \grEmptyCycle[RA=4,prefix=b]{5}{2} \end{scope}
531 \begin{scope}[rotate=18] \grCycle[RA=7,prefix=c]{5} \end{scope}
532 \EdgeIdentity{a}{b}{5}
533 \EdgeIdentity{b}{c}{5}
534 \EdgeDoubleMod{b}{5}{0}{1}{a}{5}{2}{1}{5}
535 \EdgeDoubleMod{c}{5}{0}{1}{b}{5}{1}{1}{5}
536 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Petersen

macro n° 20 Generalized Petersen graphs\grGeneralizedPetersen

\grGeneralizedPetersen[RA=〈Number 〉,RB=〈Number 〉]{〈integer 〉}{〈integer 〉}

From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GeneralizedPetersenGraph.html
The generalized Petersen graph , also denoted GP(n, k) , for n Ê 3 and 1 É k É b(n − 1)/2c is a graph
consisting of an inner star polygon (circulant graph ) and an outer regular polygon (cycle graph ) with
corresponding vertices in the inner and outer polygons connected with edges. has nodes and edges. The
Petersen graph is implemented in tkz-berge as \grGeneralizedPetersen. MathWorld by E.Weisstein
From Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_graph In 1950 H. S. M. Coxeter introdu-
ced a family of graphs generalizing the Petersen graph. These graphs are now called generalized Petersen
graphs, a name given to them in 1969 by Mark Watkins. In Watkins’ notation, G(n, k) is a graph with
vertex set
u 0 , u 1 , . . . , u n−1 , v 0 , v 1 , . . . , v n−1
and edge set
u i u i +1 , u i v i , v i u i +k : i = 0, . . . , n − 1
where subscripts are to be read modulo n and k < n/2. Coxeter’s notation for the same graph would be
{n} + {n/k}. The Petersen Graph itself is G(5, 2) or {5} + {5/2}.
This macro can be used with three different forms.

Example n° 68 Generalized Petersen graph GP(5,1)

537 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
538 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]\SetGraphArtColor{red}{olive}
539 \renewcommand*{\VertexInnerSep}{8pt}
540 \grGeneralizedPetersen[RA=5,RB=2]{5}{1}
541 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Petersen

Example n° 69 The Petersen graph GP(5,2)

542 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
543 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]\SetGraphArtColor{red}{olive}
544 \renewcommand*{\VertexInnerSep}{8pt}
545 \grGeneralizedPetersen[RA=7,RB=4]{5}{2}
546 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Petersen

Example n° 70 Generalized Petersen graph GP(6,2)

547 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
548 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]\SetGraphArtColor{red}{olive}
549 \renewcommand*{\VertexInnerSep}{8pt}
550 \grGeneralizedPetersen[RA=7,RB=4]{6}{2}
551 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Petersen

Example n° 71 Generalized Petersen graph GP(7,3)

552 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
553 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]\SetGraphArtColor{red}{olive}
554 \renewcommand*{\VertexInnerSep}{8pt}
555 \grGeneralizedPetersen[RA=7,RB=4]{7}{3}
556 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Petersen

Example n° 72 Generalized Petersen graph GP(11,5)

557 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
558 \renewcommand*{\VertexInnerSep}{8pt}
559 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]\SetGraphArtColor{red}{olive}
560 \grGeneralizedPetersen[RA=7,RB=4]{11}{5}
561 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b The five Platonics Graphs

XXVI . The five Platonics Graphs

The Platonic Graphs are the graphs formed by the edges and vertices of the five regular Platonic solids
The five platonic graphs, the tetrahedral graph, cubical graph, octahedral graph, dodecahedral graph,
and icosahedral graph, are illustrated below.
The five Platonics Graphs
1/ tetrahedral
2/ octahedral
3/ cube
4/ icosahedral
5/ dodecahedral
I. Tetrahedral
macro n° 21 Tetrahedral Graph \grTetrahedral

\grTetrahedral[〈RA=Number 〉]
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/TetrahedralGraph.html
Tetrahedral Graph is the unique polyhedral graph on four nodes which is also the complete graph
and therefore also the wheel graph . It is implemented as \grTetrahedral MathWorld by E.Weisstein
It has :
1/ 4 nodes,
2/ 6 edges,
3/ graph diameter 1.
The Tetrahedral Graph is 3-Regular

Example n° 73 Tetrahedral

562 \begin{tikzpicture}
563 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
564 \renewcommand*{\VertexInnerSep}{8pt}
565 \SetVertexNoLabel\SetGraphShadeColor{red!50}{black}{red}
566 \grTetrahedral[RA=5]
567 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b The five Platonics Graphs

Example n° 74 Tetrahedral LCF embedding

568 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=18]
569 \renewcommand*{\VertexInnerSep}{8pt}
570 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
571 \SetGraphArtColor{red!50}{orange}
572 \grLCF[RA=7]{2,-2}{2}
573 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b The five Platonics Graphs

II. Octahedral

macro n° 22 Octahedral Graph \grOctahedral

\grOctahedral[RA=〈Number 〉,RB=〈Number 〉]
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/OctahedralGraph.html
Octahedral Graph is isomorphic to the circulant graph CI[1,2] (6) . Two embeddings of this graph are
illustrated below. It is implemented as \grOctahedral or as \grSQCycle{6}. MathWorld by E.Weisstein
It has :
1/ 6 nodes,
2/ 12 edges,
3/ graph diameter 2.
The Octahedral Graph is 4-Regular.

Example n° 75 Octahedral

574 \begin{tikzpicture}
575 \grOctahedral[RA=6,RB=2]
576 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b The five Platonics Graphs

577 \begin{tikzpicture}
578 \grSQCycle[RA=5]{6}
579 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b The five Platonics Graphs

III. Cubical graph

macro n° 23 Cubical Graph \grCubicalGraph

\grCubicalGraph[RA=〈Number 〉,RB=〈Number 〉]
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CubicalGraph.html
Cubical Graph is isomorphic to a generalized Petersen graph PG[4,1] , to a bipartite Kneser graph , to a
crown graph and it is equivalent to the Cycle Ladder CL(4). Two embeddings of this graph are illustrated
below. It is implemented as \grCubicalGraph or \grPrism{4}. MathWorld by E.Weisstein
It has :
1/ 8 nodes,
2/ 12 edges,
3/ graph diameter 3.
The Cubical Graph is 3-Regular.

Example n° 76 Cubical Graph : form 1

580 \begin{tikzpicture}
581 \grCubicalGraph[RA=5,RB=2]
582 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b The five Platonics Graphs

Example n° 77 Cubical Graph : form 2

583 \begin{tikzpicture}
584 \grCubicalGraph[form=2,RA=7,RB=4]
585 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b The five Platonics Graphs

Example n° 78 Cubical LCF embedding

586 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=18]
587 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]\renewcommand*{\VertexInnerSep}{8pt}
588 \SetGraphArtColor{red!50}{orange}
589 \grLCF[RA=7]{3,-3}{4}
590 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b The five Platonics Graphs

IV. Icosahedral

macro n° 24 Icosahedral Graph \grIcosahedral

\grIcosahedral[RA=〈Number 〉,RB=〈Number 〉,RC=〈Number 〉]

From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/IcosahedralGraph.html
The Icosahedral Graph is the Platonic graph whose nodes have the connectivity of the icosahedron,
illustrated above in a number of embeddings. The icosahedral graph has 12 vertices and 30 edges. Since
the icosahedral graph is regular and Hamiltonian, it has a generalized LCF notation. MathWorld by
E.Weisstein
It has :
1/ 12 nodes,
2/ 30 edges,
3/ graph diameter 3.
The Icosahedral Graph is 5-Regular.

Example n° 79 Icosahedral forme 1

591 \begin{tikzpicture}
592 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]\renewcommand*{\VertexInnerSep}{8pt}
593 \SetGraphArtColor{red}{orange}
594 \grIcosahedral[RA=5,RB=1]
595 \end{tikzpicture}

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Example n° 80 Icosahedral forme 2

596 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=-30]
597 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art] \renewcommand*{\VertexInnerSep}{8pt}
598 \SetGraphArtColor{red!50}{orange}
599 \grIcosahedral[form=2,RA=8,RB=2,RC=.8]
600 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b The five Platonics Graphs

Example n° 81 Icosahedral RA=1 et RB=7

601 \begin{tikzpicture}
602 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art] \renewcommand*{\VertexInnerSep}{8pt}
603 \SetGraphArtColor{red!50}{orange}
604 \grIcosahedral[RA=1,RB=7]
605 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b The five Platonics Graphs

Example n° 82 Icosahedral LCF embedding 1

606 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=18]
607 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art] \renewcommand*{\VertexInnerSep}{8pt}
608 \SetGraphArtColor{red!50}{orange}
609 \grLCF[RA=7]{-4,-3,4}{6}
610 \end{tikzpicture}

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Example n° 83 Icosahedral LCF embedding 2

611 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=18]
612 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
613 \SetGraphArtColor{red!50}{orange}
614 \grLCF[RA=7]{-2,2,3}{6}
615 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b The five Platonics Graphs

V. Dodecahedral

macro n° 25 Dodecahedral Graph \grDodecahedral

\grDodecahedral[RA=〈Number 〉,RB=〈Number 〉,RC=〈Number 〉,RD=〈Number 〉]

From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DodecahedralGraph.html
The Icosahedral Graph is the Platonic graph corresponding to the connectivity of the vertices of a
dodecahedron, illustrated above in four embeddings. The left embedding shows a stereographic projec-
tion of the dodecahedron, the second an orthographic projection, the third is from Read and Wilson,
and the fourth is derived from LCF notation. MathWorld by E.Weisstein
It has :
1/ 20 nodes,
2/ 30 edges,
3/ graph diameter 5.
The Dodecahedral Graph is 3-Regular.

Example n° 84 Dodecahedral

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b The five Platonics Graphs

616 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=18]
617 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
618 \SetGraphArtColor{red!50}{orange}
619 \grDodecahedral[RA=7,RB=4,RC=2,RD=1]
620 \end{tikzpicture}

Example n° 85 Dodecahedral other embedding

621 \begin{tikzpicture}
622 \grCycle[RA=7,prefix=a]{10}
623 \grSQCycle[RA=4,prefix=b]{10}
624 \foreach \v in {0,...,9}
625 {\Edge(a\v)(b\v)}
626 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b The five Platonics Graphs

Example n° 86 Dodecahedral LCF embedding

627 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=18]
628 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
629 \SetGraphArtColor{red!50}{orange}
630 \grLCF[RA=7]{10,7,4,-4,-7,10,-4,7,-7,4}{2}
631 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Robertson

XXVII . Robertson

macro n° 26 Robertson Graph \grRobertson

\grRobertson[〈options〉]{〈k〉}
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RobertsonGraph.html
The Robertson graph is the unique (4,5)-cage graph, illustrated below. It has 19 vertices and 38 edges. It
has girth 5, diameter 3, chromatic number 3, and is a quartic graph. MathWorld by E.Weisstein

Example n° 87 Robertson graph with \grRobertson

The cage

632 \begin{tikzpicture}
633 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
634 \SetGraphArtColor{black}{gray}
635 \grRobertson[RA=7]
636 \end{tikzpicture}

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Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Robertson

Example n° 88 Fine embedding of the Robertson graph from RV

The code is on the next page.

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Robertson

Code for the Robertson Graph

637 \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.9]
638 \tikzstyle{TempEdgeStyle}= [thick,black,%
639 double = gray,%
640 double distance = 1.5pt]%
641 \SetVertexNoLabel
642 \renewcommand*{\VertexBigMinSize}{14pt}
643 \GraphInit[vstyle=Shade]
644 \SetVertexNoLabel
645 \SetUpEdge[style = {thick,%
646 double = orange,%
647 double distance = 1pt}]
648
649 \SetGraphShadeColor{gray}{black}{gray}
650 \tikzstyle{EdgeStyle} = [TempEdgeStyle]
651 \begin{scope}[rotate=-30]
652 \grEmptyCycle[RA=5.4]{3}
653 \end{scope}
654 \tikzstyle{EdgeStyle}= [TempEdgeStyle,bend right=10]
655 \grCycle[prefix=b,RA=4]{12}
656 \tikzstyle{EdgeStyle}= [TempEdgeStyle]
657 \grCirculant[prefix=c,RA=2]{4}{2}
658 \tikzstyle{EdgeStyle}= [TempEdgeStyle,bend left]
659 \EdgeDoubleMod{c}{4}{0}{1}%
660 {b}{12}{4}{3}{4}
661 \tikzstyle{EdgeStyle}= [TempEdgeStyle,bend right]
662 \EdgeDoubleMod{c}{4}{0}{1}
663 {b}{12}{8}{3}{4}
664 \tikzstyle{EdgeStyle}= [TempEdgeStyle]
665 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{3}{0}{1}%
666 {b}{12}{11}{4}{3}
667 \EdgeDoubleMod{c}{4}{0}{1}%
668 {b}{12}{0}{3}{4}
669 \tikzstyle{EdgeStyle}= [TempEdgeStyle,bend left=60]
670 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{3}{0}{1}%
671 {b}{12}{8}{4}{3}
672 \tikzstyle{EdgeStyle}= [TempEdgeStyle,bend right=60]
673 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{3}{0}{1}%
674 {b}{12}{2}{4}{3}
675 \tikzstyle{EdgeStyle}=[TempEdgeStyle,in=-50,out=-120,
676 relative,looseness=2.5]
677 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{3}{0}{1}%
678 {b}{12}{5}{4}{3}
679 \end{tikzpicture}

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Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Robertson

Example n° 89 Robertson graph avec une utilisation différente des styles

The code is on the next page.

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Robertson

The code for the last graph with new styles.

680 \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
681 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
682 \SetGraphArtColor{gray}{red}
683 \begin{scope}[rotate=-30]
684 \grEmptyCycle[RA=5]{3}
685 \end{scope}
686 {\tikzset{EdgeStyle/.append style = {bend right=10}}
687 \grCycle[prefix=b,RA=3.5]{12}}
688 \grCirculant[prefix=c,RA=2]{4}{2}
689 {\tikzset{EdgeStyle/.append style = {bend left}}
690 \EdgeDoubleMod{c}{4}{0}{1}%
691 {b}{12}{4}{3}{4}}
692 {\tikzset{EdgeStyle/.append style = {bend right}}
693 \EdgeDoubleMod{c}{4}{0}{1}
694 {b}{12}{8}{3}{4}}
695 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{3}{0}{1}%
696 {b}{12}{11}{4}{3}
697 \EdgeDoubleMod{c}{4}{0}{1}%
698 {b}{12}{0}{3}{4}
699 {\tikzset{EdgeStyle/.append style = {bend left=60}}
700 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{3}{0}{1}%
701 {b}{12}{8}{4}{3}}
702 {\tikzset{EdgeStyle/.append style = {bend right=60}}
703 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{3}{0}{1}%
704 {b}{12}{2}{4}{3}}
705 {\tikzset{EdgeStyle/.append style = {in=-50,out=-120,%
706 relative,looseness=2.5}}
707 \EdgeDoubleMod{a}{3}{0}{1}%
708 {b}{12}{5}{4}{3}}
709 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Robertson

macro n° 27 Robertson-Wegner Graph \grRobertsonWegner

\grRobertsonWegner[〈options〉]{〈k〉}
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Robertson-WegnerGraph.html
he Robertson-Wegner graph is of the four (5,5)-cage graphs, also called Robertson’s cage . Like the other
(5,5)-cages, the Robertson-Wegner graph has 30 nodes. It has 75 edges, girth 5, diameter 3, and chro-
matic number 4. MathWorld by E.Weisstein

Example n° 90 Robertson-Wegner graph

710 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
711 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
712 \grRobertsonWegner[RA=6]
713 \end{tikzpicture}
The next code gives the same result

714 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
715 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
716 \grLCF[RA=6]{6,12}{15}
717 \EdgeInGraphMod{a}{30}{9}{1}{6}
718 \EdgeInGraphMod*{a}{30}{15}{2}{6}
719 \EdgeInGraphMod*{a}{30}{9}{3}{6}
720 \end{tikzpicture}

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Tutte-Coxeter

XXVIII . Tutte-Coxeter

macro n° 28 Tutte–Coxeter graph \grTutteCoxeter

\grTutteCoxeter[〈options〉]
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LeviGraph.html
The Levi graph is the unique (3,8)-cage graph and Moore graph. It is also distance-regular and is also
called the Tutte-Coxeter graph or Tutte’s 8-cage.
From Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutte\T1\textendashCoxeter_graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Tutte–Coxeter graph or Tutte eight-cage is a 3-regular
graph with 30 vertices and 45 edges. As the unique smallest cubic graph of girth 8 it is a cage and a
Moore graph. It is bipartite, and can be constructed as the Levi graph of the generalized quadrangle.
The graph is named after William Thomas Tutte and H. S. M. Coxeter ; it was discovered by Tutte (1947)
but its connection to geometric configurations was investigated by both authors in a pair of jointly
published papers (Tutte 1958 ; Coxeter 1958a).

Example n° 91 Tutte-Coxeter graph (3,8)-cage or Levi graph

An other method to get the same result is :

721 \grLCF[RA=7]{-13,-9,7,-7,9,13}{5}

722 \begin{tikzpicture}
723 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
724 \SetGraphArtColor{blue}{darkgray}
725 \grTutteCoxeter
726 \end{tikzpicture}
727

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 Named Graphs tkz-berge.sty v2.7b Wong

XXIX . Wong

macro n° 29 Wong graph \grWong

\grWong[〈options〉]
From MathWord : http://mathworld.wolfram.com/WongGraph.html
The Wong graph is one of the four (5, 5)-cage graphs. Like the other -cages, the Wong graph has 30 nodes.
It has 75 edges, girth 5, diameter 3, chromatic number 4. MathWorld by E.Weisstein

Example n° 92 Wong graph

You can see the cage definition here : V

728 \begin{tikzpicture}[rotate=90]
729 \GraphInit[vstyle=Art]
730 \SetGraphArtColor{red}{blue}
731 \grWong[RA=7]
732 \end{tikzpicture}

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