0% found this document useful (0 votes)
639 views3 pages

Traffic Engineering

1. Traffic engineering pertains to the analysis and design of facilities for the smooth, safe, and economical operation of traffic. 2. Key terms include time mean speed, space mean speed, flow, density, and their relationships. Time mean speed is the average speed over a time period. Space mean speed is the harmonic mean speed over a distance. Flow increases with density until reaching a maximum, then decreases as density reaches a jam density where flow is zero. 3. Different types of traffic flow measurements are used, including average annual daily traffic, average daily traffic, and peak hour factor, which is the hourly volume divided by the maximum 15-minute flow rate in the peak hour.

Uploaded by

hulyodies
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
639 views3 pages

Traffic Engineering

1. Traffic engineering pertains to the analysis and design of facilities for the smooth, safe, and economical operation of traffic. 2. Key terms include time mean speed, space mean speed, flow, density, and their relationships. Time mean speed is the average speed over a time period. Space mean speed is the harmonic mean speed over a distance. Flow increases with density until reaching a maximum, then decreases as density reaches a jam density where flow is zero. 3. Different types of traffic flow measurements are used, including average annual daily traffic, average daily traffic, and peak hour factor, which is the hourly volume divided by the maximum 15-minute flow rate in the peak hour.

Uploaded by

hulyodies
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING | Traffic Engineering

Traffic Engineering pertains to the analysis of the behavior TIME MEAN SPEED AND SPACE MEAN SPEED
of traffic and to design the facilities for the smooth, safe and
economical operation of traffic.  Time mean speed is defined as the average or the
arithmetic mean speed of all the vehicles passing a
FLOW, SPEED AND DENSITY point on a highway over some specified time period.

Speed it is defined as the rate of motion in distance per unit ∑𝑈𝑖


of time. Considered as a quality measurement of travel as the 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 µ𝑡 =
𝑛
drivers and passengers will be concerned more about the 𝑈𝑖 = observed speed of ith vehicle
speed of the journey than the design aspects of the traffic. n = time mean speed

Density is the number of vehicles per unit distance occupying  Space mean speed is the harmonic mean of speed
a section of roadway at a given instant time and is usually of all the vehicles occupying a given section of a
measured in vehicles per mile or per kilometer highway over some specified time period.

Traffic flow in a road is expressed as number of vehicles 𝑛


Space mean speed µs = 1, in terms of speed
using the particular road per unit duration of one hour. It is ∑
𝑉𝑖
measured using traffic counts made for a particular duration
at one point on the lane stretch. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Space mean speed µs= , in terms of time
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑛
Flow (q)= ∑𝑆
𝑡 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑠 = , in terms of distance
n = no of vehicles 𝑛𝑡
t = time unit (hr,day, etc) ∑𝑆 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛
‘t’ seconds

FLOW-DENSITY RELATION  Variance of the space distribution of speed


𝜎𝑠2
µ𝑡 = µ𝑠 +
µ𝑠
EXAMPLE 1.
In 200 m apart along highway spot speeds are 50, 40, 60, 54
and 45 kph. Find the time mean speed and space mean speed.
∑𝑈𝑖
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑛
50+40+60+54+45 249
= = = 49.800
5 5
𝑛
Space mean speed µs = 1

𝑉𝑖
5
1. When the density is zero, flow will also be zero, since there = 1 1 1 1 1 = 48.8246
+ + + +
50 40 60 54 45
is no vehicles on the road.
2. When the number of vehicles gradually increases the
EXAMPLE 2.
density as well as flow increases.
The following data are conducted in a freeway surveillance,
3. When more and more vehicles are added, it reaches a
5 vehicles are under observation and the following distances
situation where vehicles can't move. This is referred
are the distance each vehicle had traveled 24.4m, 25.8m,
to as the jam density or the maximum density. At jam density,
24.7m, 26.9m, 22.9m. The distance each vehicle had traveled
flow will be zero because the vehicles are
observed every 2 seconds. Compute for space mean speed.
not moving.
4. There will be some density between zero density and jam ∑𝑆 24.4+25.8+24.7+26.9+22.9
density, when the flow is maximum. The relationship is 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 µ𝑠 = =
𝑛𝑡 5(2)
normally represented by a parabolic curve as shown = 12.47 m/s
5. It can also be noted that points D and E correspond to same
flow but has two different densities. EXAMPLE 3.
Compute for space mean speed of the 5 vehicles traveling
SPEED-DENSITY RELATION 1.5km of highway taken 1.2minutes, 1.0minute, 1.4minutes,
1.3minutes, 1.1minutes.
Similar to the flow-density relationship, speed will be
maximum, referred to as the free flow speed, and when 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Space mean speed µs=
the density is maximum, the speed will be zero. 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
1.2+1.0+1.4+1.3+1.1
Corresponding to the zero density, vehicles will Average Time= =1.2min
5
be flowing with their desire speed, or free flow speed. When 1.5𝑘𝑚
µs= = 1.25 km/min = 25kph
the density is jam density, the speed of the vehicles 1.2𝑚𝑖𝑛
becomes zero

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING | Traffic Engineering


TYPE OF TRAFFIC FLOW MEASUREMENT 7:30 – 7:45 600
7:45 – 8:00 280
1. Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) n/365
1. Determine the peak hour volume
2. Average Annual Weekday Traffic (AAWT) n/260
2. Determine the peak hour factor
3. Average Daily Traffic (ADT) n/no. of days the traffic is
observe
3. Determine the design hourly volume
4. Average Weekday Traffic (AWT)

Peak Hour Factor (PHF) is the hourly volume during the


maximum-volume hour of the day divided by the peak 15- SITUATION 2:
minute flow rate within the peak hour and it represents the 1. A certain intersection has an annual average daily
most critical time period. traffic (AADT) of 504 vehicles. If there are 4,160
collision incidents per million entering vehicle, find
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 the number of accidents for 5 years.
From, PHF = 2. In a certain intersection of a highway, the number
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤
of accident recorded for 4-year period is 2,270. If
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
PHF = 60 the accident rate is 2,600 per million entering
𝑥 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 15 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
15 vehicles, find the annual average daily traffic.
Note: no of 15 min in 1 hr = 60/15 = 4 3. Compute for Severity Ratio of 20 km stretch of a
highway with the following reported accident:
Design Hourly Volume (DHV) is the number of vehicles Year Property Injury Fatal
that travel a segment of roadway during the design hour. It is Damage
used for making roadway structural and capacity design 1995 110 42 4
decisions. 1996 210 54 2
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
DHV = 1997 182 60 5
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
1998 240 74 7
HIGHWAY SAFETY AND ACCIDENT ANALYSIS 1999 175 94 6

 Accident rates for 100 million vehicle mile of


travel (HMVM) for a segment of a highway SITUATION 3: The travel times for five vehicles
travelling a 200-m segment of a highway were observed
𝐴(100,000,000) as follows: 12.07s, 10.84 s, 11.97 s, 9.75 s, 12.11 s.
R= 1. Compute the density of traffic
𝐴𝐷𝑇 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥 365 𝑥 𝐿
R= the accident rate for million vehicle mile 2. Compute the time mean speed.
A= the number of accidents during period of analysis 3. Compute the space mean space.
ADT = average daily traffic 4. Compute for the flow of traffic
N = time period of year
L = length of segment in miles
SITUATION 4: In a certain portion of a highway, the
 Accident rates for million entering vehicle (MEV) recorded Peak Hour Factor (PHF) during rush hour is
for an intersection 0.90. the highest 5-minute volume is 250 vehicles and the
space mean speed is 90 kph.
𝐴(100,000,000)
R= 1. Find the volume of traffic in veh/hr
𝐴𝐷𝑇 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥 365
2. Find the density of traffic in veh/hr
R= the accident rate for one million entering vehicles
A= the number of accidents during period of analysis 3. Find the spacing of vehicles in meter.
ADT = average daily traffic entering the intersection from all
legs
N = time period of year SITUATION 5: A 20-mile section of Maharlika Road
had the following reported accidents for a period of 10
years from 2005. It is required to compute the severity
ratio and the accident rates of all the accident
 Severity Ratio
𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡
Severity Ratio = Year Fatal Injury Property Ave. Daily
𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡+𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
Damage Traffic
2005 4 42 120 12,000
PROBLEM 1: Compute the peak hour factor if the hourly 2006 2 50 200 12,500
volume of traffic is 1800 vehicles/ hour and the highest 15min 2007 8 42 190 13,000
volume is 750. 2008 6 35 145 14,000
2009 5 70 150 14,200
SITUATION 1: The table shows the following traffic counts 2010 6 45 250 13,000
made during a period of one hour. 2011 5 54 240 15,000
2012 12 32 280 15,500
Time Period Volume of Traffic 2013 6 52 140 16,500
7:00 – 7:15 500 2014 8 75 120 18,000
7:15 – 7:30 545 Data is not reliable and for sample use only

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING | Traffic Engineering

You might also like