Information Search and

Visualization

Information Search and

Visualization

• Who earns > $50,000 among the residents

of Eugene, Oregon?

Stages of Action in Human-

Computer Interaction

Earns >
$50,000?

1
 Introduction
• Information activities: Makes the world go around!
– Information gathering
• Knowing where to look and availability
• Searching versus Browsing
• A know-item-search versus making sense and
discovering
• Filtering
– Information evaluation
• Is this what I want?
– Information analysis and interpretation
• Summarizing information
• Comparing information
• Information activities are on-going, iterative tasks
– Interruption and resumption
– Trace of the information gathering tasks
– Archiving and annotating

Introduction
• Problem: Huge volumes of computer-stored data available:
– Databases
• Textual document libraries
– Structured Relational Databases
» contains relations and a schema to describe relations
» relations have records
» records have fields, and fields have values
» set of items (10 to 100,000)
• Multimedia document librairies
– Contains images, sound, video, animations, etc
– Digital archives are more loosely organized
– Directories contain metadata
– Websites
– Contains network of websites with network of web pages
– Gigantic information resource
– Contents include text, sound, graphics, video, programs
– Websites and Databases: Data mining
– Data warehouses and data marts
– Knowledge networks or semantic webs

Introduction
BUT searching and discovering is difficult:

• Traditional interfaces have been difficult for novice users

– Command Languages
• Complex commands
• Boolean operators
• Unwieldy concept
• EXAMPLE: SQL query language to relational
databases

• Traditional interfaces have been inadequate for expert

users
– Difficulty in repeating searches across multiple databases
– Weak methods for discovering where to narrow broad
searches
– Poor integration with other tools

2
 Introduction
• Solution: Developing more powerful search and visualization
methods, integration of technology with task
– Searching in Textual Documents and Database Querying
• Form fillin in HTML instead of SQL query language
• Customizable search options and displays using control
panels
• Natural language integration into text searching
– Google uses statistical frequency of co-occurrence of
words to determine meaning

– Multimedia Document Searches

• Pattern recognition for picture searching

– Advanced Filtering and Search Interfaces

– Designers are just learning how to present large amounts of data

in orderly and user-controlled ways
• “Information Visualization”

Searching in textual documents

and database querying
• Traditional information finding resources
– Finding aides
• Table of contents, Indexes, Description introductions, Subject
classification, Key-Word-In-Context (KWIC)
– Preview and overview surrogates

• Searching in structured relational database systems well established

task using SQL command language
– Users write queries that specify matches on attribute levels
– Example of SQL command
• SELECT DOCUMENT#
• FROM JOURNAL-DB
• WHERE (Date >= and Date<= 1998)
• and (Language = English or French)
• and (publisher = ASIST or HFES or ACM).
– SQL has powerful features, but it requires 2 to 20 hours training 
– While SQL is a standard form-fillin queries have simplified query
formulation
– Finding a way not to overwhelm novice users is a challenge

Searching in textual documents

and database querying
• New searching and querying interfaces
– WWW search engines
• Google, Yahoo, etc.
• Natural language integration into text searching
– Google uses statistical frequency of co-occurrence of
words to determine meaning
• World Wide Web search engines have greatly improved their
performance by using statistical ranks and the information in
the web’s hyperlink structure

– WWW to Database interfaces

• Form fillin in HTML instead of SQL query language
• Customizable search options and displays using control
panels

• Evidence shows that users perform better and have higher

satisfaction when they can view and control the search

3
 Searching in textual documents
and database querying
• Ethical
problems

Searching in textual documents

and database querying
• Searching & Querying User Interfaces: Basic tasks
– Overview
• Gain an overview of the entire collection
• Adjoining detail view
• The overview might contain a movable field-of-view box to
control the contents of the detail view
– allowing zoom factors of 3 to 30
• Fisheye view
– Zoom
• Zoom in on items of interest
• Allows a more detailed view
• Need to maintain context
• Particularly important for small displays
– Filter
• Filter out uninteresting items
• Allows user to reduce size of search

Searching in textual documents

and database querying
• User Interfaces: Basic tasks (cont.)
– Details-on-Demand
• Select an item or group and get details when needed
• Useful to pinpoint a good item
• Usually click on an item and review details in a separate or pop-up
window
– Relate
• View relationships among items
• Use human perceptual ability – proximity, containment, connected
line, color coding
• Example: Set director’s name, and view all movies with that director
– History
• Keep a history to allow undo, replay, and progressive refinement
• Allows a mistake to be undone, or a series of steps to be replayed
– Extract
• Extract the items or data
• Save to file, print, or drag to another application

4
 Searching in textual documents
and database querying
• Example: ZFIN database
– WWW Genetics database for zebrafish
– Used by international research scientists
– Developed at UO by S.Douglas (CS) and Monte
Westerfield (Neuroscience Institute), 1994-2005

<http://zfin.org>
Search for gene “cox”
Search for mutant “cyclops”

Multimedia document searches

• Searches for databases and textual documents are

good, but multimedia searches are in a primitive stage

• Current multimedia searches require descriptive

documents or metadata searches

• Search by date, text captions, or media is possible

• Useful to have computers perform some filtering

• New systems will incorporate powerful annotation and

indexing, with better search algorithms and browsing

Multimedia document searches

• Image Search:
– Finding photos with images such as the Statue of Liberty is a
challenge
• Query-by-Image-Content (QBIC) is difficult
• Search by profile (shape of lady), distinctive features
(torch), colors (green copper)
– Use simple drawing tools to build templates or profiles to
search with
– More success is attainable by searching restricted collections
• Search a vase collection
• Find a vase with a long neck by drawing a profile of it
– Critical searches such as fingerprint matching requires a
minimum of 20 distinct features
– For small collections of personal photos effective browsing
and lightweight annotation are important

5
 Multimedia document searches
• Map Search
– On-line maps are plentiful
– Search by latitude/longitude is the structured-
database solution
– Today's maps allow utilizing structured aspects and
multiple layers
• City, state, and site searches
• Flight information searches
• Weather information searches
• Example: www.mapquest.com
– Mobile devices can allow “here” as a point of
reference

Multimedia document searches

• Design/Diagram Searches
– Some computer-assisted design packages support search of designs
– Allows searches of diagrams, blueprints, newspapers, etc.
• E.g. search for a red circle in a blue square or a piston in an
engine
– Document-structure recognition for searching newspapers
• Sound Search
– MIR supports audio input
– Search for phone conversations may be possible in future on
speaker independent basis
• Video Search
– Provide an overview
– Segmentation into scenes and frames
– Support multiple search methods
– Infomedia project
• Animation Search
– Prevalence increased with the popularity of Flash
– Possible to search for specific animations like a spinning globe
– Search for moving text on a black background

Advanced filtering
and search interfaces
For advanced uses there are alternatives to form fillin query interfaces:

• Filtering with complex boolean queries

– Problem with informal English, e.g. use of ‘and’ and ‘or’
– Venn diagrams, decision tables, and metaphor of water flowing
have not worked for complex queries
• Dynamic Queries - Adjusting sliders, buttons, etc and getting
immediate feedback
– “direct-manipulation” queries
– Use sliders and other related controls to adjust the query
– Get immediate (less than 100 msec) feedback with data
– Dynamic HomeFinder and Blue Nile
– Hard to update fast with large databases
• Query previews present an overview to give users information and
the distribution of data and thereby eliminate undesired items
• Faceted metadata search
– Integrates category browsing with keyword searching
– Flameco

6
 Interactive Graphics

Advanced filtering
and search interfaces
• Collaborative Filtering
– Groups of users combine evaluations to help in finding items in a
large database
– User "votes" and her/his info is used for rating the item of interest
– E.g. a user rating sex restaurants highly is given a list of
restaurants also rated highly by those who agree the six are
good
• Multilingual searches
– Current systems provide rudimentary translation searches
– Prototypes of systems with specific dictionaries and more
sophisticated translation
• Visual searches
– Specialized visual representations of the possible values
– E.g. dates on a calendar or seats on a plane
– On a map the location may be more important than the name
– Implicit initiation and immediate feedback

Information visualization

• Information visualization Definition

– Use of interactive visual representations of abstract data to
amplify cognition
– categorical variables and the discovery of patterns, trends,
clusters, outliers, and gaps
– Innovative ways of visualizing the data

• Compare to Scientific visualization

– continuous variables, volumes and surfaces

7
 3D Histogram

Who earns > $50,000?

Tree Map Visualization

How a Tree Map Works

8
 Summary
Problem: Huge volumes of computer-stored data available
– Databases
• Structured relational Databases
• Multimedia document libraries
– Websites
– Websites and Databases: Data mining

BUT searching and discovering is difficult:

• Traditional interfaces have been difficult for novice users
• Command Languages

– Traditional interfaces have been inadequate for expert users

• Difficulty in repeating searches across multiple databases
• Weak methods for discovering where to narrow broad
searches
• Poor integration with other tools

Summary
Solution:
Developing more powerful search and visualization
methods, integration of technology with task

– Searching in Textual Documents and Database Querying

– Multimedia Document Searches

– Advanced Filtering and Search Interfaces

– Designers are just learning how to present large amounts

of data in orderly and user-controlled ways
• “Information Visualization”