Calculus 1 Solution of HW5 Fall 2013

1. An earth satellite moves in a path that can be described by

x2 y2
+ =1
72.5 71.5
where x and y are in thousands of kilometres. If dx/dt = 12900 km/h for x = 3200 km and
y > 0, find dy/dt.

Solution
Differentiate with respect to t both sides the equation that describes the satellite trajectory we
obtain:
2x dx 2y dy
+ =0
72.5 dt 71.5 dt
dy 71.5 x dx
=−
dt 72.5 y dt
For x = 3.2 (in thousands of km), we have y = 7.836 (in thousands of km), thus
dy
= −5263 (km/h).
dt
2. A paper cup has the shape of a cone with height 10 cm and L radius 3 cm (at the top). If
water is poured into the cup at a rate of 2cm3 /s, how fast is the water level rising when the
water is 5 cm deep?

Solution
Let V , r, and h be the volume of the water, the radius of the surface, and the height of the
water at time t (in seconds). The quantities V and h are related by the equation:
π 2
V = r h
3
In order to eliminate r, we use the similar triangles:
r R 3 3h
= = ⇒r= . Thus
h H 10 10
 2
π 2 π 3h 3πh3
V = r h= h=
3 3 10 100
Differentiate both sides w.r.t t to get dh/dt:
dV 9π 2 dh dh 8
= h ⇒ = ' 0.283 (cm/s)
dt 100 dt dt 9π
3. Suppose that the demand equation for a monopolist is p = 100 − .01x and the cost function
is C(x) = 50x + 10, 000.
(a) Find the marginal cost.
(b) Find the value of x that maximizes the profit and determine the corresponding price and
total profit for this level of production.
(Answer: Produce 2500 units and sell them at $75 per unit. The profit will be $52,500).

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Calculus 1 Solution of HW5 Fall 2013

Solution
(a) The marginal cost: C 0 (x) = 50.
(b) We maximize the profit which is defined by

P (x) = R(x) − C(x) = x(100 − .01x) − 50x − 10, 000

By the basic principle of Economics, the profit attains maximum where

P 0 (x) = 0, or R0 (x) = C 0 (x)

⇔ −0.002x + 50 = 0 ⇔ x = 2, 500
Profit at x = 2, 500: P (2500) = 52, 5000. Thus, the profit attains maximum when we produce
2500 units and sell them at $75 per unit.

4.
(a) Find the extreme values on [−1, 1] of h(x) = x3 − 6x + 1.
2
(b) Find the extreme values on [−1, 4] of p (x) = xe−x /8 .
Solution
Note that h(x) is continuous on [−1, 1] thus by the Closed Interval Method h(x) attains its
absolute maximum and absolute minimum on this interval. We first find the critical points:
√
h0 (x) = 3x2 − 6 = 3 x2 − 2 = 0 ⇔ x = ± 2 ∈ [−1; 1].

The values of h(x) at the endpoint are h(−1) = 6 and h(1) = −4. Thus, h(x) attains its
absolute maximum at x = −1 (Max=6) and attains its absolute minimum at x = 1 (Min=-4).
x2
(b) Similarly, p(x) = xe− 8 is continuous on the closed interval [−1; 4], thus we can use the
Closed Interval Method.

x2
  
0 − x8
2
x = 2 ∈ [−1; 4]
p (x) = e 1− =0⇔
4 x = −2 ∈/ [−1; 4]
Compare the values of p(x) at the endpoints and at the critical value in [−1; 4]: p(−1) =
−e1/8 , p(4) = 4/e2 , p(2) = 2e−1/2 .
Thus, the extreme values are: Abs. M in = p(−1) = −e1/8 ; Abs. M ax = p(2) = 2e−1/2 .

5. Given f (x) = x3 − 12x + 1

Solution
(a) f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 12 = 3(x2 − 4). Critical values: x = −2 or x = 2.

f 0 (x) is positive on (−∞, −2) and (2, ∞); f 0 (x) is negative on (−2, 2).

Thus, f (x) is increasing on (−∞, −2) and (2, ∞); and f (x) is decreasing on (−2, 2).

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Calculus 1 Solution of HW5 Fall 2013

(b) By the first derivative test, local maximum is f (−2) = 17 and local minimum is f (2) = −15.

(c) Inflection point:

6. (a) Given f (x) = x (x2 − 1) (x2 − 3), prove that the equation f 0 (x) = 0 has four distinct
real roots.
Hint: Use the Rolle’s Theorem.
(b) Use the Mean Value Theorem to prove the inequality |sin a − sin b| 6 |a − b| for all a and b.
Solution √
(a) Note that f (x) is√continuous on R and f (− 3) = f (−1) = 0, f (−1) = f (0) = 0,√f (0) =

f (1) = 0, f (1) = f ( 3) = 0. Thus, by Rolle’s theorem, there exist a, b, c, d in − 3, −1 ,
√

(−1; 0), (0; 1) , and 1, 3 , respectively such that f 0 (a) = f 0 (b) = f 0 (c) = f 0 (d) = 0.

(b) For any value of a and b (suppose that a < b), by applying MVT, there exists a value of c
in (a,b) such that:
sin b − sin a
= f 0 (c)
b−a
This implies | sin(b) − sin(a)| = | cos(c)||b − a|. Note that | cos(c)| ≤ 1 for any value of c.
Therefore, | sin(b) − sin(a)| ≤ |b − a|.

7. A box has a square base of side x and height y.

Solution
These are optimization problems.
(a) We need to minimize the material for making a box of square base of side x and height y
where its volume is a constant number (12).
Given the volume: V = x2 y = 12. We need to minimize the surface area which is A = 2x2 +4xy
(note that this box has a total of 6 faces: two bases of area x2 and four side-faces of area xy).
Substitute y = x122 into A to obtain A(x) = 2x2 + 48 x
where x > 0. Differentiate to find the
critical values:
48 √
A0 (x) = 4x − 2 = 0 ⇔ x3 = 12 ⇔ x = 12
3

x
and √ 
A00
3
12 = 12 > 0
√
3
Thus, by the second derivative√test for the unique √critical value
√ x = 12, we have the surface
3 3 3
area is smallest when x = y = 12 and Amin = A( 12) = 6 144.

(b) Motivation: with a given amount of material, we need to find the dimensions for making a
box which can contain as large as possible.

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Calculus 1 Solution of HW5 Fall 2013

Given the surface area A = 2x2 + 4xy = 20 (1). We want to maximize V = x2 y. Substitute
2
y = 10−x
2x
obtained from the equation (1) into V and maximize the function:
x2 (10−x2 )
√
V (x) = 2x
= 21 x(10 − x2 ) for 0 <√ x < 10. √
We have V 0 (x) = 5 − 32 x2 = 0 ⇒ x = 310 (omit x = − 310 ); and
√ !
10 √
V 00 = − 30 < 0
3
√ √
Thus, VM ax = 10 9 30 ⇔ x = y = 330 .
8. Using the l’Hospital’s rule to find the limits
2x ex −1−x− 12 x2
(a) lim e x3−1 , (b) lim ln(ln
x
x) sin 4x
, (c) lim tan 5x
, (d) lim x3
.
x→0 x→∞ x→0 x→0
Hint:
(a) ∞, (b) 0, (c) 4/5, (d) 1/6.

9. Use Newton’s method to find the root of the equation x5 − x4 + 3x2 − 3x − 2 = 0 in the
interval [1,2] correct to six decimal places.
Solution
Let f (x) = x5 − x4 + 3x2 − 3x − 2, then
f 0 (x) = 5x4 − 4x3 + 6x − 3
Choose x0 = 1.5. By Newton’s method, we have
x5n − x4n + 3x2n − 3xn − 2
xn+1 = xn − , n = 0, 1, 2, 3...
5x4n − 4x3n + 6xx − 3
Therefore, we obtain:
x1 = 1.343859649, x2 = 1.300320165, x3 = 1.297395799, x4 = 1.29738340, x5 = 1.29738340
In conclusion, x∗ = 1.297383 is the desired root.
10. A farmer wants to fence an area of 2 million square feet in a rectangular field and then
divide it into three equal parts with two fences parallel to one of the sides of the rectangle
(see the below figure). Find the dimensions of the rectangular field to minimize the cost of the
fence?

Solution
Denote x and y the dimensions of the rectangular field as the above figure. We want to max-
imize 4x + 2y given that xy = 2 × 106 ft2 . Substitute y = 2 × 106 /x into 4x + 2y and thus
minimize the function:
f (x) := 4x + 4 × 106 /x, so f 0 (x) = 4 (1 − 106 /x2 ). The only critical value is x = 1, 000 (ft)
and f 00 (1, 000) > 0. Therefore, by the second derivative test, f (x) attains it minimum value at
x = 1, 000 feet and thus y = 2, 000 feet.