International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 7, Issue 5, May 2017 458

ISSN 2250-3153

Effect of Two Different Movement Patterns of Isotonic

Muscle Work on Fatigue Index, Power, Strength and
Endurance of Lower Limb
Vashi Payal1, M.Vijayakumar2, Lakshmi pavani P.3, Ghare Shuaa4

Physiotherapy, Dr.D.Y.Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune

Abstract- Background: Traditional exercise protocol emphasis outcome measures for Pre and post assessment were Squat Test
towards terminal range of motion. This typically consists of a (ST) for strength, Fatigue Index (FI) to measure power and
large braking phase. This occurs because of the ‘sticking region’ fatigue level and Beep Test (BT) to decide endurance level.
of microsecond while exchange from eccentric load to concentric Results: Inferential statistical analysis showed significant
and vice-versa. Activities of daily living did not include abrupt difference in strength and endurance level in both the groups
full range of motion. There is smooth and continuous change in between pre and post training values (p=<0.001) with in group.
muscle length. This mechanism of direct exchange without Fatigue index which shows level of fatigue and power was
breaking down was ignored during fitness trainings. Aim: To insignificant (p=>0.001) for both the groups. Comparison of both
update traditional isotonic exercise pattern and improve the groups didn’t indicate any statistical significant difference
performance of fitness training of lower extremity by discovering between two groups but clinical significance showed that nearly
the effect of full range abrupt movement training and near to full full range, sinusoidal movement (ST-14.49%, BT-7.94%,FI-
range, sinusoidal training. Method: Untrained males and females 12.16%) will be more beneficial than full range abrupt movement
(n=51) as per homogeneous inclusion criteria were selected for (ST-8.03%,BT-7.33%,FI-2.12%).Conclusion: The inclusion of
study .Participants randomly separated into groups. Group- near to full range sinusoidal training pattern will not provide any
A(n=22) had performed Full range abrupt movement with resting improvement in fitness status in comparison with full range
period of micro second and group-B(n=22) was asked to perform abrupt training pattern. Both the method of training appears to be
nearly full range, sinusoidal movement on metronome rhythm to an equally beneficial.
maintain small difference of amplitude and velocity between two
groups .Both the groups had perform progressive resisted Index Terms- Abrupt movement, Endurance, Fatigue index,
exercises on Mcqueen’s training protocol for 4 weeks. The Near to full range movement, Strength

Studies done by (Ross Clark et. al, 2011) 1 on the

1. INTRODUCTION influence of variable range of motion training on neuromuscular
performance and control of external loads and found that Various

Activities of daily living, it is very evident that they require

relatively small percentage of their full active range of
ROM training improves terminal and midrange performance
gains, resulting in the athlete possessing an improved ability to
motion. However traditional resistance training is focused to control external loading and produce dynamic force for upper
increase strength and power with movement patterns limb. Mookerjee S.et al 19993 mentioned that the comparison of
concentrated on the terminal range of movement.1 strength differences and joint action durations between full and
Many activities of daily living demand a greater range partial range-of-motion bench press exercise suggested that
of motion but maximum mechanical advantage of muscle is seen dynamic partial range of motion training is an advanced strength-
in middle range activities as more force is produced by mid range training technique frequently utilized by athletes in many sports.
muscle work.2 This is because full ROM exercises typically But as per our knowledge, there was no study which focused on
consist of a large braking phase/deceleration phase. This large mechanisms of the exchange from eccentric load braking to
deceleration phase occurs because of the ‘sticking region’, i.e. concentric force for lower limb.
switch from eccentric load braking to concentric force.
Figure: 2Near to full range, sinusoidal movement
Figure: 1Full range abrupt movement

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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 459
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In resistance exercise, the mechanisms of the exchange of isotonic movement pattern (Hypothesis H0) Because both
from eccentric load braking to concentric are being ignored. This movement pattern involve same frequency and duration. Small
may reduce the effect of strength adaptations from resistance difference of amplitude and velocity, so there is less possibility
exercise because a countermovement is required in the midrange of difference and there will be difference in the fitness status
of the movement or near to full range of movement, resulting in a following 4 weeks of training program (Hypothesis H1) although
suboptimal ability to control external loading in this region and a both muscle works involve same Intensity, volume, duration and
resulting in increased risk of injury To overcome these similar muscle work, the pattern of work will be different. To
limitations, a resistance training program that requires near- update traditional isotonic exercise pattern and improve
maximal countermovement performance. performance of fitness training of lower extremity by discovering
We hypothesized that there will be no difference in the the effect of full range abrupt movement training and near to full
fitness status following 4 weeks of training program of two types range sinusoidal training.

2. MATERIAL AND METHOD rest in between each exercise. One of the close chain exercise
was leg press performed on leg press machine and another close
51 participants with age between 20 to 24years, Height chain exercise was deep squat. Deep squats were performed with
among 145 to 165 cm, weight between 50 to 70 kg were taken different weights of dumbbells as per individual’s difference of
Deep squat test and leg press test were performed as a primary 10RM. Open chain exercise protocol includes quadriceps and
screening. Participants with any history of severe muscular- hamstring training. These exercises were done by pre decided
skeletal, cardio-respiratory or neurological disorders before or elastic band, color equivalent to 70-80% of 10RM.Angle of pull
during 1 year which required immobilization or hospitalization for all the participants were same. Group A performed full range
for more than 72 hours and Individual who is instructed to avoid abrupt movement with microsecond hold from eccentric to
strenuous physical activity were excluded. concentric transfer and vice-versa and Group B performed nearly
Ethical clearance was obtained from ethical committee. full range, sinusoidal movements without hold for microseconds
Written consent was obtained after explaining the procedure to during transfer of eccentric to concentric and vice-versa on
the subjects. 44 participants were pre assessed by Squat Test rhythmic manor with metronome.
(ST) for strength, Fatigue Index (FI) to measure power and After completion of two weeks 10RM were evaluated to
fatigue level and Beep Test (BT). decide progression of their protocol .Same training protocol was
As per Mcqueen exercise protocol of progressive continued for next two weeks with increased or same amount of
Resisted exercise program of 4 week (i.e.3 alternate days/week) weight. To identify the effectiveness of two different exercise
were explained to all subjects. Training protocol for first two protocols, strength, endurance and fatigue index were checked
weeks was decided by evaluating 10RM. Initiation of training again after 4 week.3 participants from group-A and 1 from
protocol is based on 70-80% of 10RM. For open chain exercise group-B were terminated from study. 3 participants from group-
training, elastic band color equivalent to 70-80% of 10RM was A and 4 participants from group-B were willingly dropped out of
decided. Training protocol for both the groups involve10 study because of inconveniency with training timings and
repetitions with 70% to 80% of 10RM weight with 3 minutes of training protocol.
.

3. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Table: 1 Pre and Post training values of Squat test:
Descriptive and Inferential statistical analysis were
comprehended by non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed Rank test
within the group and comparisons between the groups for Post
training were done using the Mann-Whitney U test.
A significant change between pre-testing session and
post testing session were obtained for strength and endurance
within same group after training of 4 weeks.(Table: 1,2) Fatigue
index shows the level of fatigue and results for power, which
needs to be decrease for positive training effects ,but it increased
in both the groups(Table: 3).

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International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 460
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Table: 2 Pre and Post training values of Beep test:

Graph: 2 shows means of Group-A and Group-B increased

significantly in pre to post training values of Beep Test

Graph: 1 shows means of Group-A and Group-B increased

significantly in pre to post training values of Squat test.

Graph: 3 shows means of Group-A and Group-B increased

which needs to be decrease and even there is no significant
changed from pre to post training values of Fatigue Index.

Table: 3 Pre and Post training values of Fatigue Index:

Table: 4comparison of post training difference of group-A

and Group-B

significance showed that nearly full range, sinusoidal movement

Comparison of both the groups didn’t indicate any statistical (ST-14.49%,BT-7.94%,FI-12.16%) will be more beneficial than
significant difference between two groups but clinical full range abrupt movement (ST-8.03%,BT-7.33%,FI-2.12%).

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4. DISCUSSION movement does not complete its full range and therefore, there is
no rest period as it involves a continuous change in muscle
These strength improvements within the group may length followed by returning back to its starting position without
have occurred due to motor learning and coordination. As it is a pause. This method of training appears to be beneficial
believed that strength gain is a combination of factors such as component in comparison with strictly full range training. 4In line
volition, motor neuron activity, and the coordinated activation of of this, the dramatic increase in clinical significance for strength
the supporting musculature. in near to full range movement pattern is 15.79% higher than
As there was no difference in the fitness status abrupt training pattern i.e. 8.27%. This clearly explains why
following 4 weeks of training program of two types of isotonic there is a recommendation for a minimum difference of
movement pattern. The apparent reason for this is that, when amplitude and velocity during training which would be expected
fatigue level and power of both the groups were compared with to improve fitness status. But the overall results were statistically
its pre and post data using the Fatigue Index, minimal changes insignificant for between group comparisons. The possible
were observed. As per our anticipation, in both the groups, explanation for such statistically insignificant but clinically
fatigue level was expected to increase, rather than decrease. But significant results can be that the success of different
the reverse happened i.e. the lactate threshold had decreased as conditioning programs often is based on individual
seen in the Fatigue Index as there was no anaerobic training achievements. As a general rule, training- induced physiologic
protocol given to the subjects. This supports the theory that changes depend primarily on the intensity of the
anaerobic training will only lead to an adaptation of increase in overload.1Present study follows Macqueen’s exercise protocol
the capacity for generating high level of blood lactate i.e. that has moderate intensity of overload. This improved aerobic
increase the Lactate Threshold and improve pain tolerance to capacity of an individual but less supportive to improve
fatiguing exercise.5 anaerobic performance. Additional factors, responsible for less
The muscle works in the activities performed in both the significant results of fatigue and power can be the brain has an
patterns of movement involve same intensity, volume, duration extraordinary capacity for modifying its structure and function
and similar muscle groups with only change in the pattern of according to the influences of the environment and experience. In
movement caused by the differences in the level of contraction of present study, the second testing for 10RM after 2 weeks of
muscle fibers The resting period of a microsecond between exercise showed better results than the first testing session which
eccentric and concentric work is seen in the full Range of would have psychologically affected the subject’s confidence
movement performed by Group A whereas, there is a transfer of level which was depicted as an increased sprint velocity in the
muscle contraction from concentric form to eccentric form and first few laps of fatigue Index which abruptly decreased on the
vice-versa in the work performed by Group B. However, next laps. And this could be considered as a false positive finding
as per literature, in near to full range sinusoidal movement, the from the subject’s point of view.

5. CONCLUSIONS method of training appears to be an equally beneficial component

The inclusion of near to full range sinusoidal training of training. However, both training pattern involve same
pattern will not provide any improvement in fitness status in frequency and duration some small difference of amplitude and
comparison with full range abrupt training pattern. Both the velocity didn’t indicate enhance large difference.

cannot be possible. I am sincerely thankful and grateful to Dr.

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Tushar J. Palekar, Ph.D. for giving me opportunity to carry out
I am highly indebted to my guide Dr.M.Vijayakumar (PT), and a my dissertation in Dr.D.Y.Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune
teacher for his cordial support, valuable information, constant
supervision and guidance. Without their co-operation this study

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REFERENCES
[1] Clark, R. A., Humphries, B., Hohmann, E., & Bryant, A. L.
(2011). The influence of variable range of motion training on AUTHORS
neuromuscular performance and control of external loads. The First Author – Vashi Payal, Student, Masters of
Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(3), 704-71 Physiotherapy, Dr.D.Y.Patil Vidyapeeth,
[2]Katch, V. L., McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & McArdle, W. [email protected]
D. (2011). Essentials of exercise physiology. Philadelphia: Second Author –
Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. M.Vijayakumar,Proffesor,Physiotherapy,Dr.D.Y.Patil
[3] Faigenbaum, A. D., Westcott, W. L., Loud, R. L., & Long, Vidyapeeth,Pune,[email protected]
C. (1999). The effects of different resistance training protocols Third Author –LakshmiPavani P.,Student Masters of
on muscular strength and endurance development Physiotherapy, Dr.D.Y.Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune,
children. Pediatrics, 104(1), e5-e5. [email protected]
[4] Hughes, C. J., Hurd, K., Jones, A., & Sprigle, S. (1999).
Forth Author-Ghare Shuaa,Student Masters of
Resistance properties of Thera-Band® tubing during shoulder Physiotherapy, Dr.D.Y.Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune,
abduction exercise. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical [email protected]
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[5] Sakanoue, N., & Katayama, K. (2007). The resistance
quantity in knee extension movement of exercise bands Correspondence Author –Vashi Payal, Student, Masters of
(Thera-Band®). Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 19(4), Physiotherapy, Dr.D.Y.Patil Vidyapeeth,
287-291 [email protected], +91 760058700
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mechanical properties. The Journal of physiology, 240(2), 331.

APPENDIX

EXERCISE PROTOCOL
MacQueen exercise protocol
Progressive Resisted Exercise program: 4 week (i.e.3 alternate days/week) for both the groups.
Training protocol: 10 repetitions with 70% to 80% of 10RM weight following exercises with 3 minutes of rest in between
each exercise.
 Close chain exercise: leg press and deep  Open chain exercise: quadriceps and hamstring
squatting. training
Pre -evaluation to decide protocol [1/2 week]: Evaluation of 10RM for all the exercise.
Elastic band colour equivalent to 70-80% of 10RM for open chain exercise was decided.
Difference between two groups exercise performance:
 Group: 1 Full range abrupt movement - There is eccentric to concentric change and vice-versa.-
resting period of micro second from eccentric to participants follow metronome rhythm to
concentric change and vice-versa. maintain same amplitude and velocity of
 Group: 2 nearly full range, sinusoidal movement exercise.
- No resting period of micro second from
Re -evaluation to decide protocol [3/4 week] :After completion of two weeks 10RM were evaluated again for all the participants, to
decide progression of their protocol.
Progression: Same training protocol was continued for next two weeks with increased or same amount of weight. (Depend upon
progression of their 10RM).

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