Aircraft Instruments – Page 83

Aviation Seminars

Aircraft Instruments
Airspeed Indicator (Cont)

Indicated airspeed (lAS) is the direct reading you obtain

from the airspeed indicator, uncorrected for atmospheric
density or instrument error.

Calibrated airspeed (CAS) is the indicated airspeed

corrected for installation and instrument errors.

True airspeed (TAS) is your actual speed, and is found

on a flight computer by matching pressure altitude with
temperature, then reading TAS on the outer scale
Pitot Static System opposite CAS on the middle scale.

The pitot tube provides information to the airspeed A Mach meter indicates ratio of TAS to speed of sound.
indicator only. The static vent provides information to (.90 Mach = 90% speed of sound.)
the airspeed indicator, altimeter and vertical speed
indicator. Maneuvering speed is the “rough air” speed and
maximum speed for abrupt maneuvers. It is slower than
If the pitot tube and drain hole get blocked the airspeed cruising speed so the amount of excess load that can be
indicator will react like an altimeter. In level flight, LAS imposed on the wing will be decreased.
remains the same as it was prior to blockage, and no
variation in lAS will occur. Once a climb is established,
the indicated airspeed will increase.

lf the static vent becomes blocked, the vertical speed

indicator will remain at zero. Altimeter

If you switch to an alternate static source within the

aircraft (where the pressure is less) the lower static
pressure will cause the LAS to read higher, the
altimeter to read higher, and the vertical speed indicator
(VSI) to show a momentary climb.

Airspeed Indicator

Indicated altitude is the direct reading from the altimeter,

and shows the height in relation to the pressure level set
in the barometric window. If
the current altimeter setting is in the window, the
altimeter should read the field elevation (true altitude)
while on the ground.

True altitude is your actual altitude above sea level. This

is computed on the flight computer.

Pressure altitude is indicated any time 29.92 is set in the

Kollsman window. Use 29.92 as a standard setting when
above 18,000 MSL. Pressure altitude equals true altitude
whenever standard conditions exist.
Aircraft Instruments – Page 84
Aviation Seminars

Altimeter (Cont)
Turn & Slip And Turn Coordinator
Density altitude is pressure altitude corrected for non-
standard temperature, and is used to determine aircraft
performance. Pressure altitude and density altitude are
equal at standard temperature.

The local altimeter setting should be used by all pilots in

a particular area to provide for better vertical separation
of aircraft.

If the local altimeter setting is not available before takeoff,

set the altimeter to the airport elevation. In flight, ATC will
periodically advise you of the proper altimeter setting.

If you fly from HIGH to LOW and do not set in the new The standard rate of turn is 3 degrees per second. A 360
altimeter setting, or into lower than standard degree turn will take 2 minutes. A half-standard rate turn
temperatures, look out below. Your altimeter indicates will take 4 minutes.
higher than you actually are.
Turn and slip indicators show rate of turn and
If you have the wrong altimeter setting in the Kollsman coordination.
window, your altimeter will read incorrectly at the rate of 1
inch per 1000 feet. As you increase the Kollsman window Turn coordinators show roll rate, rate of turn,
setting one inch, indicated altitude increases 1000 feet. coordination, and an indirect indication of bank.

The ball shows quality of turn, and skids to the outside of

Magnetic Compass the turn, or slips to the inside of the turn. The position of
the ball has no effect on the accuracy of the needle.
Magnetic variation is the angle between true and
magnetic north, and is found on the The horizontal component of lift (always equal to
enroute low altitude centrifugal force) causes the airplane to turn, and
charts, and also listed in the determines rate of turn. Radius of turn can be decreased,
Airport/Facility Directory. and rate of turn increased by decreasing airspeed and
increasing bank.
Deviation is the angle between
magnetic north and compass north,
caused by metals and electrical Attitude Indicator
systems within the aircraft.

Errors (caused by magnetic dip) are:

TURNING ERROR - Turning on a southerly heading (091

degrees to 269 degrees) in either direction, the compass
will lead your turn. Turning on any northerly heading (271
degrees to 089 degrees), the compass will turn in the
opposite direction then lag your turn. There are no
turning errors on headings of east and west.

ACCELERATION ERROR - On an easterly or westerly

heading, if you accelerate, the compass turns north; if
you decelerate, it turns south. There are no acceleration -
deceleration errors on headings of north or south.

Centrifugal force during turns, especially skidding turns,

will cause errors of 5 degrees bank and slight nose-up
pitch after 180 degrees of turn. After a 180 degree turn to
the right, if the airplane is rolled out to straight-and-level
by visual references, the miniature aircraft will show a
slight climb and a turn to the left.
 Aircraft Instruments– Page 85
Aviation Seminars

Attitude Indicator (Cont) Primary And Supporting instruments

Acceleration will cause some attitude indicators to Pitch instruments consist of attitude indicator, altimeter,
precess and incorrectly indicate a climb, and airspeed indicator and VSI.
deceleration will indicate a descent. Bank instruments consist of attitude indicator, heading
indicator, and turn coordinator. (Notice-magnetic
compass not listed.)
Preflight Engine And Instrument Indications
Prior to electrical power being turned on: Power instruments consist of manifold pressure or
tachometer, and airspeed indicator.
- Turn and Slip - make sure the needle is centered and
the tube full of fluid. A PRIMARY instrument is one that defines the quality of
- Magnetic Compass - check the approximate magnetic each maneuver, in terms of pitch, bank and power. The
heading and the amount of fluid. primary instruments for pitch, bank and power tell you if
you are doing exactly what you mean to do.
Listen for any unusual or irregular mechanical noises
when electrical power first is turned on. SUPPORTING instruments confirm the information
shown on the primary instruments, but it is the primary
Pre-takeoff indications should be: instruments that tell you if you are being successful.

- VSI - if the needle is not zeroed (100FPM), use this as Example: While attempting to maintain straight and level,
your zero indication. constant airspeed flight, the altimeter is primary pitch,
- Altimeter - with correct altimeter setting, it should telling you that you are exactly on the desired altitude.
show within 75 feet of airport elevation. The heading indicator is primary bank, showing heading.
- Magnetic Compass - card should swing freely. The airspeed indicator is primary power, indicating
- Turn and Slip - the ball moves freely opposite the turn, whether or not you are at your desired airspeed.
and the needle deflects in the direction of the turn.
- Heading indicator - set the indicator and check for Wind Shear On The Glideslope
proper alignment after taxi turns.
- Attitude Indicator - the horizon bar (not miniature If a headwind shears to a calm or tailwind, aircraft pitch
aircraft) should be erect and stable within 5 minutes. decreases, lAS decreases then increases, VSI
increases, and you must first add thrust then reduce it.
There is a tendency to go below the glideslope.
Attitude Instrument Flying
If a tailwind shears to a calm or headwind, pitch
The three skills used in instrument flying are (given in increases, LAS increases then decreases, VSI
the correct sequence): cross-check, instrument decreases, and you must decrease thrust then increase
interpretation, and aircraft control. it. There is a tendency to go above the glideslope.

To level-off from a descent, lead the desired Unusual Attitudes

altitude by 10% of the vertical speed, or about
50 feet. Addition of power should be made While recovering from any unusual attitudes, first adjust
1 00-1 50 feet above the desired altitude. power; then, if you are nose-high, adjust pitch then bank.
if nose-low, adjust bank, then pitch.
if you wish to establish a climb at a slower speed,
increase back elevator pressure until the attitude If recovering without the aid of your attitude indicator,
indicator shows the approximate pitch attitude for the determine pitch recovery by noting altitude, rate of climb,
climb airspeed. and airspeed indications. As the rate of movement of
altimeter and airspeed indicator decreases, the attitude
is approaching level flight. When the needles stop and
reverse direction, the aircraft is passing through level
flight.
Aircraft Instruments – Page 86
Aviation Seminars
4056. H814 IRA 4110. I22 IRA
You check the flight instruments while taxiing and find Which of the following defines the type of altitude used
that the vertical speed indicator (VSI) indicates a when maintaining FL 210?
descent of 100 feet per minute. In this case, you
A) Indicated.
A) must return to the parking area and have the B) Pressure.
instrument corrected by an authorized instrument C) Calibrated.
repairman.
B) may take off and use 100 feet descent as the zero 4111. H808 IRA
indication. Altimeter setting is the value to which the scale of the
C) may not take off until the instrument is corrected pressure altimeter is set so the altimeter indicates
by either the pilot or a mechanic.
A) true altitude at field elevation.
4089. I22 IRA B) pressure altitude at field elevation.
Under what condition is pressure altitude and density C) pressure altitude at sea level.
altitude the same value?
4444. J26 IRA
A) At standard temperature. What is the procedure for setting the altimeter when
B) When the altimeter setting is 29.92” Hg. assigned an IFR altitude of 18,000 feet or higher on a
C) When indicated, and pressure altitudes are the same direct flight off airways?
value on the altimeter.
A) Set the altimeter to 29.92” Hg before takeoff.
4090. I22 IRA B) Set the altimeter to the current • altimeter
Under which condition will pressure altitude be equal to setting until reaching the assigned altitude, then set to
true altitude? 29.92” Hg.
C) Set the altimeter to the current reported setting
A) When the atmospheric pressure is 29.92” Hg. for climbout and 29.92” Hg upon reaching 18,000
B) When standard atmospheric conditions exist. feet.
C) When indicated altitude is equal to the pressure
altitude. 4445. J26 IRA
En route at FL 290, the altimeter is set
4091. correctly, but not reset to the local altimeter setting
Which condition would cause the altimeter to indicate a of 30.57” Hg during descent. If the field elevation is
lower altitude than actually flown (true altitude)? 650 feet and the altimeter is functioning properly,
what is the approximate indication upon landing?
A) Air temperature lower than standard.
B) Atmospheric pressure lower than standard. A) 715 feet.
C) Air temperature warmer than standard. B) 1,300 feet.
C) Sea level.
4093.
When an altimeter is changed from 30.11” Hg to 29.96” 4446. J26 IRA
Hg, in which direction will the indicated altitude change While you are flying at FL 250, you hear ATC give an
and by what value? altimeter setting of 28.92” Hg in your area. At what
pressure altitude are you flying?
A) Altimeter will indicate 15 feet lower.
B) Altimeter will indicate 150 feet lower. A) 24,000 feet.
C) Altimeter will indicate 150 feet higher. B) 25,000 feet.
C) 26,000 feet.
4109.
Under what condition will true altitude be lower than 4477. H808 IRA
indicated altitude with an altimeter setting of 29.92” Hg? How can you obtain the pressure altitude on flights
below 18,000 feet?
A) In warmer than standard air temperature.
B) In colder than standard air temperature. A) Set your altimeter to 29.92” Hg.
C) When density altitude is higher than indicated B) Use your computer to change the indicated altitude to
altitude. pressure altitude.
C) Contact an FSS and ask for the pressure
altitude.

NOTE: CORRECT ANSWER IN BOLD ITALICS

 Aircraft Instruments– Page 87
Aviation Seminars

4478. 4481. J26 IRA

How can you determine the pressure altitude at an En route at FL 290, your altimeter is set correctly, but
airport without a tower of FSS? you fail to reset it to the local altimeter setting of 30.26”
Hg during descent. If the field elevation is 134 feet and
A) Set the altimeter to 29.92” Hg and read the altitude your altimeter is functioning properly, what will it indicate
indicated. after landing?
B) Set the altimeter to the current altimeter setting of a
station within 100 miles and correct this indicated A) 100 feet MSL.
altitude with local temperature. B) 474 feet MSL.
C) Use your computer and correct the field elevation for C) 206 feet below MSL.
temperature.
4482. J26 IRA
4479. How does a pilot normally obtain the current altimeter
Which altitude is indicated when the altimeter is set to setting during an IFR flight in Class E airspace below
29.92” Hg? 18,000 feet?

A) Density. A) The pilot should contact ARTCC at least every

B) Pressure. 100 NM and request the altimeter setting.
C) Standard. B) FSS’s along the route broadcast the weather
information at 15 minutes past the hour.
4480. J26 IRA C) ATC periodically advises the pilot of the proper
If you are departing from an airport where you cannot altimeter setting.
obtain an altimeter setting, you should set your altimeter
4483. H808 IRA
A) on 29.92” Hg. (Refer to figure 83.) Which altimeter depicts
B) on the current airport barometric pressure, if 12,000 feet?
known.
C) the airport elevation. A) 2.
B) 3.
C) 4.

4484. H808 IRA

NOTE: CORRECT ANSWER IN BOLD ITALICS (Refer to figure 84.) Which altimeter depicts
8,000 feet?

A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 3.
Aircraft Instruments – Page 88
Aviation Seminars
4720. K04 IRA 4755. K04 IRA
When passing through an abrupt wind shear which While flying a 3° glide slope, a headwind shears to a
involves a shift from a tailwind to a headwind, what tailwind. Which conditions should the pilot expect on the
power management would normally be required to glide slope?
maintain a constant indicated airspeed and ILS glide
slope? A) Airspeed and pitch attitude decrease and there is a
tendency to go below glide slope.
A) Higher than normal power initially, followed by a B) Airspeed and pitch attitude increase and there is a
further increase as the wind shear is encountered, then tendency to go above glide slope.
a decrease. C) Airspeed and pitch attitude decrease and there is a
B) Lower than normal power initially, followed by a tendency to remain on the glide slope.
further decrease as the wind shear is encountered, then
an increase. 4756.
C) Higher than normal power initially, followed by a The glide slope and localizer are centered, but the
decrease as the shear is encountered, then an increase. airspeed is too fast. Which should be adjusted initially?

4721. I10 IRA A) Pitch and power.

What effect will a change in wind direction have B) Power only.
upon maintaining a 3° glide slope at a constant true C) Pitch only.
airspeed?
4820. H814 IRA
A) When groundspeed decreases, rate of descent roust As a rule of thumb, altitude corrections of less than 100
increase. feet should be corrected by using a
B) When groundspeed increases, rate of descent must
increase. A) full bar width on the attitude indicator.
C) Rate of descent must be constant to remain on the B) half bar width on the attitude indicator.
glide slope. C) two bar width on the attitude indicator.

4727. K04 IRA 4821. L57 IRA

While flying a 3° glide slope, a constant tailwind shears If both the ram air input and drain hole of the pitot
to a calm wind. Which conditions should the pilot system are blocked, what airspeed indication can be
expect? expected?

A) Airspeed and pitch attitude decrease and there is a A) No variation of indicated airspeed in level flight even
tendency to go below glide slope. if large power changes are made.
B) Airspeed and pitch attitude increase and there is a B) Decrease of indicated airspeed during a climb.
tendency to go below glide slope. C) Constant indicated airspeed during a descent.
C) Airspeed and pitch attitude increase and there is a
tendency to go above glide slope.

4739.
Thrust is managed to maintain lAS, and
glide slope is being flown. What characteristics
should be observed when a headwind shears to be
a constant tailwind?

A) PITCH ATTITUDE: Increases; REQUIRED THRUST:

Increased, then reduced; VERTICAL SPEED:
Increases; lAS: Increases, then decreases to approach
speed.
B) PITCH ATTITUDE: Decreases; REQUIRED
THRUST: Increased, then reduced; VERTICAL
SPEED: Increases; lAS: Decreases, then increases to
approach speed.
C) PITCH ATTITUDE: Increases; REQUIRED
THRUST: Reduced, then increased;
VERTICAL SPEED: Decreases; lAS:
Decreases, then increases to approach speed.

NOTE: CORRECT ANSWER IN BOLD ITALICS

 Aircraft Instruments– Page 89
Aviation Seminars

4827. H809 IRA 4832. H810 IRA

(Refer to figure 143. Previous Page) The heading on a The gyroscopic heading indicator is inoperative. What is
remote indicating compass is 120° and the magnetic the primary bank instrument in unaccelerated straight-
compass indicates 110°. What action is required to and-level flight?
correctly align the heading indicator with the magnetic
compass? A) Magnetic compass.
B) Attitude indicator.
A) Select the free gyro mode and depress the counter- C) Miniature aircraft of turn coordinator.
clockwise heading drive button.
B) Select the slaved gyro mode and depress the 4833. H816 IRA
clockwise heading drive button. When airspeed is decreased in a turn, what must be
C) Select the free gyro mode and depress the clockwise done to maintain level flight?
heading drive button.
A) Decrease the angle of bank and/or increase the
4828. H809 IRA angle of attack.
(Refer to figure 143.) When the system is in the free B) Increase the angle of bank and/or decrease the angle
gyro mode, depressing the clockwise manual heading of attack.
drive button will rotate the remote indicating compass C) Increase the angle of attack.
card to the
4834. H816 IRA
A) right to eliminate left compass card error. On the taxi check, the magnetic compass
B) right to eliminate right compass card error. should
C) left to eliminate left compass card error.
A) swing opposite to the direction of turn when
4829. H809 IRA turning from north.
(Refer to figure 143.) The heading on a remote B) exhibit the same number of degrees of dip as the
indicating compass is 5° to the left of that desired. What latitude.
action is required to move the desired heading under the C) swing freely and indicate known headings.
heading reference?
4835. H812 IRA
A) Select the free gyro mode and depress the clockwise Which condition during taxi is an indication that an
heading drive button. attitude indicator is unreliable?
B) Select the slaved gyro mode and depress the
clockwise heading drive button. A) The horizon bar tilts more than 5° while making taxi
C) Select the free gyro mode and depress the counter- turns.
clockwise heading drive button. B) The horizon bar vibrates during warmup.
C) The horizon bar does not align itself with the
4830. L57 IRA miniature airplane after warmup.
If both the ram air input and the drain hole of the pitot
system are blocked, what reaction should you observe 4836. H815 IRA
on the airspeed indicator when power is applied and a What instruments are considered supporting bank
climb is initiated out of severe icing conditions? instruments during a straight, stabilized climb at a
constant rate?
A) The indicated airspeed would show . a continuous
deceleration while climbing. A) Attitude indicator and turn coordinator.
B) The airspeed would drop to, and remain at, zero. B) Heading indicator and attitude indicator.
C) No change until an actual climb rate is C) Heading indicator and turn coordinator.
established, then indicated airspeed will increase.
4837. H823 IRA
4831. H812 IRA What instruments are primary for pitch, bank, and
What indication should be observed on a turn power, respectively, when transitioning into a constant
coordinator during a left turn while taxiing? airspeed climb from straight-and-level flight?

A) The miniature aircraft will show a turn to the left and A) Attitude indicator, heading indicator, and manifold
the ball remains centered. pressure gauge or tachometer.
B) The miniature aircraft will show a turn to the left and B) Attitude indicator for both pitch and bank; airspeed
the ball moves to the right. indicator for power.
C) Both the miniature aircraft and the ball will remain C) Vertical speed, attitude indicator, and manifold
centered. pressure or tachometer.

NOTE: CORRECT ANSWER IN BOLD ITALICS

Aircraft Instruments – Page 90
Aviation Seminars

4838. 4845. H815 IRA

What is the primary bank instrument once a standard As power is increased to enter a 500 feet per minute
rate turn is established? rate of climb in straight flight, which instruments are
primary for pitch, bank, and power respectively?
A) Attitude indicator.
B) Turn coordinator. A) Attitude, indicator, heading indicator, and
C) Heading indicator. manifold pressure gauge or tachometer.
B) VSI, attitude indicator, and airspeed indicator.
4839. C) Airspeed indicator, attitude indicator, and
What does the miniature aircraft of the turn coordinator manifold pressure gauge or tachometer.
directly display?
4847. H810 IRA
A) Rate of roll and rate of turn. What indications are displayed by the miniature aircraft
B) Angle of bank and rate of turn. of a turn -coordinator?
C) Angle of bank.
A) Rate of roll and rate of turn.
4840. H813 IRA B) Direct indication of bank angle and pitch attitude.
What is the correct sequence in which to use the three C) Indirect indication of bank angle and pitch
skills used in instrument flying? attitude.

A Aircraft control, cross-check, and instrument 4848. H827 IRA

interpretation. What is the primary pitch instrument during a stabilized
B) Instrument interpretation , cross-check , and aircraft climbing left turn at cruise climb airspeed?
control.
C) Cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft A) Attitude indicator.
control. B) VSI.
C) Airspeed indicator.
4842. H812 IRA
What pretakeoff check should be made of the attitude 4850. H816 IRA
indicator in preparation for an IFR flight? What is the primary pitch instrument when establishing a
constant altitude standard rate turn?
A) The horizon bar does not vibrate during warmup
B) The miniature airplane should erect and become A) Altimeter.
stable within 5 minutes. B) VSI.
C) The horizon bar should erect and become stable C) Airspeed indicator.
within 5 minutes.
4851. H816 IRA
4843. H807 IRA What is the initial primary bank instrument when
The rate of turn at any airspeed is dependent upon establishing a level standard rate turn?

A) the horizontal lift component. A) Turn coordinator.

B) the vertical lift component. B) Heading indicator.
C) centrifugal force. C) Attitude indicator.

4844. H807 IRA

During a skidding turn to the right, what is the 4853.
relationship between the component of lift, centrifugal What instrument(s) is (are) supporting bank instrument
force, and load factor? when entering a constant airspeed climb from straight-
and-level flight?
A) Centrifugal force is less than horizontal lift and the
load factor is increased. A) Heading indicator.
B) Centrifugal force is greater than horizontal lift and the B) Attitude indicator and turn coordinator.
load factor is increased. C) Turn coordinator and heading indicator.
C) Centrifugal force and horizontal lift are equal and the
load factor is decreased. 4854. L57 IRA
What indication should a pilot observe if an airspeed
indicator ram air input and drain hole are blocked?

NOTE: CORRECT ANSWER IN BOLD ITALICS A) The airspeed indicator will react as an altimeter.
B) The airspeed indicator will show a decrease with an
increase in altitude.
C) No airspeed indicator change will occur during climbs
or descents.
 Aircraft Instruments– Page 91
Aviation Seminars

4855. H813 IRA 4861.

What are the three fundamental skills involved in During coordinated turns, which force moves the
attitude instrument flying? pendulous vanes of a vacuum-driven attitude indicator
resulting in precession of the gyro toward the inside of
A) Instrument interpretation, trim application, and aircraft the turn?
control.
B) Cross-check, instrument interpretation, and A) Acceleration.
aircraft control. B) Deceleration.
C) Cross check, emphasis, and aircraft control. C) Centrifugal.

4856. H816 IRA 4862. H813 IRA

What indication is presented by the miniature aircraft of What is the first fundamental skill in attitude instrument
the turn coordinator? flying?

A) Indirect indication of the bank attitude. A) Aircraft control.

B) Direct indication of the bank attitude and the B) Instrument cross-check.
quality of the turn. C) Instrument interpretation.
C) Quality of the turn.
4863. H814 IRA
4857. As power is reduced to change airspeed from high to
During normal operation of a vacuum-driven attitude low cruise in level flight, which instruments are primary
indicator, what attitude indication should you see when for pitch, bank, and power, respectively?
rolling out from a 180° skidding turn to straight-and-level
coordinated flight? A) Attitude indicator, heading indicator, and manifold
pressure gauge or tachometer.
A) A straight-and-level coordinated flight indication. B) Altimeter, attitude indicator, and airspeed indicator.
B) A nose-high indication relative to level flight. C) Altimeter, heading indicator, and manifold
C) The miniature aircraft shows a turn in the direction pressure gauge or tachometer.
opposite the skid.
4864. H810 IRA
4858. H816 IRA What information does a Mach meter present?
What is the primary bank instrument while transitioning
from straight-and-level flight to a standard rate turn to A) The ratio of aircraft true airspeed to the speed of
the left? sound.
B) The ratio of aircraft indicated airspeed to the
A) Attitude indicator. speed of sound.
B) Heading indicator. C) The ratio of aircraft equivalent airspeed, corrected
C) Turn coordinator (miniature aircraft). for installation error, to the speed of sound.

4859. H813 IRA 4665. H814 IRA

What is the third fundamental skill in attitude instrument Which instrument provides the most pertinent
flying? information (primary) for bank control in straight-and-
level flight?
A) Instrument cross-check.
B) Power control. A) Turn-and-slip indicator.
C) Aircraft control. B) Attitude indicator.
C) Heading indicator.
4860.
During normal coordinated turns, what error due to 4866. H816 IRA
precession should you observe when rolling out to Which instruments are considered primary and
straight-and-level flight from a 180° steep turn to the supporting for bank, respectively, when establishing a
right? level standard rate turn?

A) A straight-and-level coordinated flight indication. A) Turn coordinator and attitude indicator.

B) The miniature aircraft would show a slight turn B) Attitude indicator and turn coordinator.
indication to the left. C) Turn coordinator and heading indicator.
C) The miniature aircraft would show a slight descent
and wings-level attitude. NOTE: CORRECT ANSWER IN BOLD ITALICS
Aircraft Instruments – Page 92
Aviation Seminars

4867. H818 IRA 4874. H816 IRA

While recovering from an unusual flight attitude without Which instrument is considered primary for power as the
the aid of the attitude indicator, approximate level pitch airspeed reaches the desired value during change of
attitude is reached when the airspeed in a level turn?

A) airspeed and altimeter stop their movement and the A) Airspeed indicator.
VSI reverses its trend. B) Attitude indicator.
B) airspeed arrives at cruising speed, the altimeter C) Altimeter.
reverses its trend, and the vertical speed stops its
movement. 4875. H826 IRA
C) altimeter and vertical speed reverse their trend and Which is the correct sequence for recovery from a
the airspeed stops its movement. spiraling, nose-low, increasing airspeed, unusual flight
attitude?
4868. H703 IRA
What is the relationship between centrifugal force and A) Increase pitch attitude, reduce power, and level
the horizontal lift component in a coordinated turn? wings.
B) Reduce power, correct the bank attitude, and raise
A) Horizontal lift exceeds centrifugal force. the nose to a level attitude.
B) Horizontal lift and centrifugal force are equal. C) Reduce power, raise the nose to level attitude,
C) Centrifugal force exceeds horizontal lift. and correct the bank attitude..

4869. H813 IRA 4876. H822 IRA

Which instruments, in addition to the attitude indicator, Which instruments should be used to make
are pitch instruments? a pitch correction when you have deviated from
your assigned altitude?
A) Altimeter and airspeed only.
B) Altimeter and VSI only. A) Altimeter and VSI.
C) Altimeter, airspeed indicator, and vertical speed B) Manifold pressure gauge and VSI.
indicator. C) Attitude indicator, altimeter, and VSI.

4870. H807 IRA 4877. H758 IRA

What force causes an airplane to turn? What should be the indication on the magnetic compass
as you roll into a standard rate turn to the left from an
A) Rudder pressure or force around the vertical axis. east heading in the Northern Hemisphere?
B) Vertical lift component.
C) Horizontal lift component. A) The compass will initially indicate a turn to the
right.
4871. H814 IRA B) The compass will remain on east for a short time,
Which instrument provides the most pertinent then gradually catch up to the magnetic heading of
information (primary) for pitch control in straight-and- the aircraft.
level flight? C) The compass will indicate the approximate correct
magnetic heading if the roll into the turn is smooth.
A) Attitude indicator.
B) Airspeed indicator. 4878. H825 IRA
C) Altimeter. When airspeed is increased in a turn, what must be
done to maintain a constant altitude?
4872. H816 IRA
Which instruments are considered to be supporting A) Decrease the angle of bank.
instruments for pitch during change of airspeed in a B) Increase the angle of bank and/or decrease the angle
level turn? of attack.
C) Decrease the angle of attack.
A) Airspeed indicator and VSI.
B) Altimeter and attitude indicator. 4879. H808 IRA
C) Attitude indicator and VSI. What would be the indication on the VSI during entry
into a 500 FPM actual descent from Level flight if the
4873. H818 IRA static ports were iced over?
If an airplane is in an unusual flight attitude and the
attitude indicator has exceeded its limits, which A) The indication would be in reverse of the actual rate
instruments should be relied on to determine pitch of descent (500 FPM climb).
attitude before starting recovery? B) The initial indication would be a climb, then descent
at a rate in excess of 500 FPM.
A) Turn indicator and VSI. C) The VSI pointer would remain at zero regardless of
B) Airspeed and altimeter. the actual rate of descent.
C) VSI arid airspeed to detect approaching VSI or VMO.
NOTE: CORRECT ANSWER IN BOLD ITALICS
 Aircraft Instruments– Page 93
Aviation Seminars

4880. J26 IRA 4885.

How should you preflight check the altimeter prior to an What pretakeoff check should be made of a vacuum-
IFR flight? driven heading indicator in preparation for an IFR flight?

A) Set the altimeter to the current temperature. With A) After 5 minutes, set the indicator to the magnetic
current temperature and the altimeter indication, heading of the aircraft and check for proper alignment
determine the calibrated altitude to compare with the after taxi turns.
field elevation. B) After 5 minutes, check that the heading indicator card
B) Set the altimeter first with 29.92” Hg and then the aligns itself with the magnetic heading of the aircraft.
current altimeter setting. The change in altitude should C) Determine that the heading indicator does not
correspond to the change in setting. precess more than 2° in 5 minutes of ground operation.
C) Set the altimeter to the current altimeter setting. The
indication should be within 75 feet of the actual elevation 4886. H758 IRA
for acceptable accuracy. What should be the indication on the magnetic compass
as you roll into a standard rate turn to the right from an
4881. L59 IRA easterly heading in the Northern Hemisphere?
Which practical test should be made on the electric gyro
instruments prior to starting an engine? A) The compass will initially indicate a turn to the left.
B) The compass will remain on east for a short time,
A) Check that the electrical connections are. secure on then gradually catch up to the magnetic heading of the
the back of the instruments. aircraft.
B) Check that the attitude of the miniature aircraft is C) The compass will indicate the approximate correct
wings level before turning on electrical power. magnetic heading if the roll into the turn is smooth.
C) Turn on the electrical power and listen for any
unusual or irregular mechanical noise. 4887. H758 IRA
What should be the indication on the magnetic compass
4882. as you roll into a standard rate turn to the right from a
Prior to starting an engine, you should check the turn- south heading in the Northern Hemisphere?
and-slip indicator to determine if the
A) The compass will indicate a turn to the right, but at a
A) needle indication properly corresponds to the angle faster rate than is actually occurring.
of the wings or rotors with the horizon. B) The compass will initially indicate a turn to the left.
B) needle is approximately centered and the tube is full C) The compass will remain on south for a short time,
of fluid. then gradually catch up to the magnetic heading of the
C) ball will move freely from one end of the tube to the aircraft.
other when the aircraft is rocked.
4888. H758 IRA
4883. On what headings will the magnetic compass read most
What indications should you observe on the turn-and- accurately during a level 360° turn, with a bank of
slip indicator during taxi? approximately 15°?

A) The ball moves freely opposite the turn, and the A) 135° through 225°.
needle deflects in the direction of the turn. B) 90° and 270°.
B) The needle deflects in the direction of the turn, but C) 180° and 0°.
the ball remains centered.
C) The ball deflects opposite the turn, but the needle 4889. H809 IRA
remains centered. What causes the northerly turning error in a magnetic
compass?
4884. H807 IRA
Which instrument indicates the quality of a turn? A) Coriolis force at the mid-latitudes.
B) Centrifugal force acting on the compass card.
A) Attitude indicator. C) The magnetic dip characteristic.
B) Heading indicator or magnetic compass.
C) Ball of the turn coordinator. 4890. H809 IRA
What should be the indication on the magnetic compass
when you roll into a standard rate turn to the left from a
south heading in the Northern Hemisphere?

NOTE: CORRECT ANSWER IN BOLD ITALICS A) The compass will indicate a turn to the left, but at a
faster rate than is actually occurring.
B) The compass will initially indicate a turn to the right.
C) The compass will remain on south for a short time,
then gradually catch up to the magnetic heading of the
aircraft.
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Aviation Seminars

4891. H314 IRA 4897.

What should be the indication on the magnetic compass If a half-standard rate turn is maintained, how much time
as you roll into a standard rate turn to the right from a would be required to turn clockwise from a heading of
westerly heading in the Northern Hemisphere? 090° to a heading of 180°?

A) The compass will initially show a turn in the opposite A) 30 seconds.

direction, then turn to a northerly indication but lagging B) 1 minute.
behind the actual heading of the aircraft. C) 1 minute 30 seconds.
B) The compass will remain on a westerly heading for a
short time, then gradually catch up to the actual heading 4898.
of the aircraft. During a constant-bank level turn, what effect would an
C) The compass will indicate the approximate correct increase in airspeed have on the rate and radius of
magnetic heading if the roll into the turn is smooth. turn?

4892. H314 IRA A) Rate of turn would increase, and radius of turn would
What should be the indication on the magnetic compass increase.
as you roll into a standard rate turn to the right from a B) Rate of turn would decrease, and radius of turn would
northerly heading in the Northern Hemisphere? decrease.
C) Rate of turn would decrease, and radius of turn
A) The compass will indicate a turn to the right, but at would increase.
a faster rate than is actually occurring.
B) The compass will initially indicate a turn to the left. 4899.
C) The compass will remain on north for a short time, The three conditions which determine pitch attitude
then gradually catch up to the magnetic heading of the required to maintain level flight are
aircraft.
A) flight path, wind velocity, and angle of attack.
4893. H314 IRA B) airspeed, air density, and aircraft weight.
What should be the indication on the magnetic compass C) relative wind, pressure altitude, and vertical
as you roll into a standard rate turn to the left from a lift component.
west heading in the Northern Hemisphere?
4900. H810 IRA
A) The compass will initially indicate a turn to the right. Errors in both pitch and bank indication on an attitude
B) The compass will remain on west for a short time, indicator are usually at a maximum as the aircraft rolls
then gradually catch up to the magnetic heading of the out of a
aircraft.
C) The compass will indicate the approximate correct A) 180° turn.
magnetic heading if the roll into the turn is smooth. B) 270° turn.
C) 360° turn.
4894. H314 IRA
What should be the indication on the magnetic compass 4901. H810 IRA
as you roll into a standard rate turn to the left from a If a 180° steep turn is made to the right and the aircraft
north heading in the Northern Hemisphere? is rolled out to straight-and-level flight by visual
reference, the miniature aircraft will
A) The compass will indicate a turn to the left, but at a
faster rate than is actually occurring. A) show a slight climb and turn to the left.
B) The compass will initially indicate a turn to the right. B) show a slight climb and turn to the right.
C) The compass will remain on north for a short time, C) show a slight skid and climb to the right.
then gradually catch up to the magnetic heading of the
aircraft. 4902. H810 IRA
One characteristic that a properly functioning gyro
4895. depends upon for operation is the
If a half-standard rate turn is maintained, how long
would it take to turn 360°? A) ability to resist precession 90° to any applied
force.
A) 1 minute. B) resistance to deflection of the spinning wheel or
B) 2 minutes. disc.
C) 4 minutes C) deflecting force developed from the angular
velocity of the spinning wheel.
4896.
If a standard rate turn is maintained, how long would it NOTE: CORRECT ANSWER IN BOLD ITALICS
take to turn 180°?

A) 1 minute.
B) 2 minutes.
C) 3 minutes.
 Aircraft Instruments– Page 95
Aviation Seminars
4910. H312 IRA
4903. The local altimeter setting should be used by all pilots in
If a standard rate turn is maintained, how much time a particular area, primarily to provide for
would be required to turn to the right from a heading of
090° to a heading of 270°? A) the cancellation of altimeter error due to
nonstandard temperatures aloft.
A) 1 minute. B) better vertical separation of aircraft.
B) 2 minutes. C) more accurate terrain • clearance in mountainous
C) 3 minutes. areas.

4904. 4911. H808 IRA

If a standard rate turn is maintained, how much time At an altitude of 6,500 feet MSL, the current altimeter
would be required to turn to the left from a heading of setting is 30.42” Hg. The pressure altitude would be
090° to a heading of 300°? approximately

A) 30 seconds. A) 7,500 feet.

B) 40 seconds. B) 6,000 feet.
C) 50 seconds. C) 6,500 feet.

4905. 4912. H808 IRA

If a half-standard rate turn is maintained, how long The pressure altitude at a given location is
would it take to turn 135°? indicated on the altimeter after the altimeter is set
to
A) 1 minute.
B) 1 minute 20 seconds. A) the field elevation.
C) 1 minute 30 seconds. B) 29.92” Hg.
C) the current altimeter setting.
4906.
Approximately what percent of the indicated 4913. H808 IRA
vertical speed should be used to determine the If the outside air temperature increases during a flight at
number of feet to lead the level-off from a climb to constant power and at a constant indicated altitude, the
a specific altitude? true airspeed will

A) 10 percent. A) decrease and true altitude will increase.

B) 20 percent. B) increase and true altitude will decrease.
C) 25 percent. C) increase and true altitude will increase.

4907. H824 IRA 4914. H807 IRA

To level off from a descent to a specific altitude, the pilot Rate of turn can be increased and radius of turn
should lead the level-off by approximately decreased by

A) 10 percent of the vertical speed. A) decreasing airspeed and shallowing the bank.
B) 30 percent of the vertical speed. B) decreasing airspeed and increasing the bank.
C) 50 percent of the vertical speed. C) increasing airspeed and increasing the bank.

4908. H758 IRA 4915. H807 IRA

If, while in level flight, it becomes necessary to use an The primary reason the angle of attack must be
alternate source of static pressure vented inside the increased, to maintain a constant altitude during a
airplane, which of the following should the pilot expect? coordinated turn, is because the

A) The altimeter to read lower than normal. A) thrust is acting in a different direction, causing a
B) The vertical speed to momentarily show a reduction in airspeed and loss of lift.
descent. B) vertical component of lift has decreased as the
C) The vertical speed to momentarily show a climb. result of the bank.
C) use of ailerons has increased the drag.
4909. H808 IRA
During flight, if the pitot tube becomes clogged with ice, 4916. H303 IRA
which of the following instruments would be affected? If severe turbulence is encountered during your IFR
flight, the airplane should be slowed to the design
A) The airspeed indicator only. maneuvering speed because the
B) The airspeed indicator and the altimeter.
C) The airspeed indicator, altimeter, and Vertical A) maneuverability of the airplane will be increased.
Speed Indicator. B) amount of excess load that can be imposed on the
wing will be decreased.
C) airplane will stall at a lower angle of attack, giving an
increased margin of safety.
Aircraft Instruments – Page 96
Aviation Seminars
4917. 4924.
When a climb or descent through an inversion or wind- To enter a constant-airspeed descent from level-cruising
shear zone is being performed, the pilot should be alert flight, and maintain cruising airspeed, the pilot should
for which of the following change in airplane
performance? A) first adjust the pitch attitude to a descent using the
attitude indicator as a reference, then adjust the power to
A)A fast rate of climb and a slow rate of descent. maintain the cruising airspeed.
B) A sudden change in airspeed. B) first reduce power, then adjust the pitch using the
C) A sudden surge of thrust. attitude indicator as a reference to establish a specific rate
on the VSI.
4918. C) simultaneously reduce power and adjust the pitch using
When an airplane is accelerated, some attitude the attitude indicator as a reference to maintain the cruising
indicators will precess and incorrectly indicate a airspeed.

A) climb. 4925. H815 IRA

B) descent. To level off at an airspeed higher than the descent speed,
C) right turn. the addition of power should be made, assuming a
500 FPM rate of descent, at approximately
4919.
When an airplane is decelerated, some attitude A) 50 to 100 feet above the desired altitude.
indicators will precess and incorrectly indicate a B) 100 to 150 feet above the desired altitude.
C) 150 to 200 feet above the desired altitude.
A) left turn.
B) climb. 4926. H815 IRA
C) descent. To level off from a descent maintaining the descending
airspeed, the pilot should lead the desired altitude by
4920. H814 IRA approximately
For maintaining level flight at constant thrust, which
instrument would be the least appropriate for A) 20 feet.
determining the need for a pitch change? B) 50 feet.
C) 60 feet.
A) Altimeter.
B) VSI. 4927. H818 IRA
C) Attitude indicator. During recoveries from unusual attitudes, level flight is
attained the instant
4921. H816 IRA
The displacement of a turn coordinator during a A) the horizon bar on the attitude indicator is exactly
coordinated turn will overlapped with the miniature airplane.
B) a zero rate of climb is indicated on the VSI.
A) indicate the angle of bank. C) the altimeter and airspeed needles stop prior to
B) remain constant for a given bank regardless of reversing their direction of movement.
airspeed.
C) increase as angle of bank increases. 4928. H815 IRA
While cruising at 160 knots, you wish to establish a climb at
4922. H808 IRA 130 knots. When entering the climb (full panel), it is proper
Altimeter setting is the value to which the scale of the to make the initial pitch change by increasing back elevator
pressure altimeter is set so the altimeter indicates pressure until the

A) pressure altitude at sea level. A) attitude indicator, airspeed, and vertical speed indicate a
B) true altitude at field elevation. climb.
C) pressure altitude at field elevation. B) vertical speed indication reaches the predetermined rate
of climb.
C) attitude indicator shows the approximate pitch attitude
4923. appropriate for the 130-knot climb.
The altimeter indicates the aircraft altitude in relation to
NOTE: CORRECT ANSWER IN BOLD ITALICS
A) sea level.
B) the standard datum plane.
C) the pressure level set in the barometric window.
 Aircraft Instruments– Page 97
Aviation Seminars

4933. H758 IRA

(Refer to figure 144.) Which illustration
indicates a skidding turn?

A) 2.
B) 1.
C) 3.

4934. H814 IRA

(Refer to figure 144.) What changes in control
displacement should be made so that “1” would result in
a coordinated standard rate turn?

4929. A) Increase right rudder and decrease rate of turn.

While cruising at 190 knots, you wish to establish a climb at B) Increase right rudder and increase rate of turn.
160 knots. When entering the climb (full panel), it would be C) Decrease right rudder and increase angle of bank
proper to make the initial pitch change by increasing back
elevator pressure until the 4935.
(Refer to figure 144.) Which illustration indicates a
A) attitude indicator shows the approximate pitch attitude slipping turn?
appropriate for the 160-knot climb.
B) attitude indicator, airspeed, and vertical speed A) 1.
indicate a climb. B) 3.
C) airspeed indication reaches 160 knots. C) 2.

4930. H758 IRA 4936. H814 IRA

If while in level flight, it becomes necessary to use an (Refer to figure 145.) What is the correct sequence for
alternate source of static pressure vented inside the recovery from the unusual attitude indicated?
airplane, which of the following variations in instrument
indications should the pilot expect? A) Reduce power, increase back elevator pressure, and
level the wings.
A) The altimeter will read lower than normal, airspeed B) Reduce power, level the wings, bring pitch attitude to
lower than normal, and the VSI will momentarily show a level flight.
descent. C) Level the wings, raise the nose of the aircraft to
B) The altimeter will read higher than normal, airspeed level flight attitude, and obtain desired airspeed.
greater than normal, and the VSI will momentarily show
a climb. 4937. H818 IRA
C) The altimeter will read lower than normal, airspeed (Refer to figure 146.) Identify the system that has failed
greater than normal, and the VSI will momentarily show and determine a corrective action to return the airplane
a climb and then a descent. to straight-and-level flight.

A) Static/pitot system is blocked; lower the nose and

4931. H758 IRA level the wings to level-flight attitude by use of attitude
(Refer to figure 144.) What changes in control indicator.
displacement should be made so that “2” would result in B) Vacuum system has failed; reduce power, roll left to
a coordinated standard rate turn? level wings, and pitchup to reduce airspeed.
C) Electrical system has failed; reduce power, roll left to
A) Increase left rudder and increase rate of turn. level wings, and raise the nose to reduce airspeed.
B) Increase left rudder and decrease rate of turn.
C) Decrease left rudder and decrease angle of bank. 4938. H818 IRA
(Refer to figure 147.) Which is the correct sequence for
4932. H814 IRA recovery from the unusual attitude indicated?
(Refer to figure 144.) Which illustration indicates a
coordinated turn? A) Level wings, add power, lower nose, descend to
original attitude, and heading.
A) 3. B) Add power, lower nose, level wings, return to original
B) 1. attitude and heading.
C) 2. C) Stop turn by raising right wing and add power at the
same time, lower the nose, and return to original attitude
NOTE: CORRECT ANSWER IN BOLD ITALICS and heading.
Aircraft Instruments – Page 98
Aviation Seminars
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Aviation Seminars

4939. H826 IRA

(Refer to figure 148.) What is the flight attitude? One
system which transmits information to the instruments
has malfunctioned.

A) Climbing turn to left.

B) Climbing turn to right.
C) Level turn to left.

4940. H826 IRA

(Refer to figure 149.) What is the flight attitude? One
system which transmits information to the instruments
has malfunctioned.

A) Level turn to the right.

B) Level turn to the left.
C) Straight-and-level flight.

4941. H826 IRA

(Refer to figure 150.) What is the flight attitude? One
instrument has malfunctioned.

A) Climbing turn to the right.

B) Climbing turn to the left.
C) Descending turn to the right.

4942. H826 IRA

(Refer to figure 151.) What is the flight attitude? One
instrument has malfunctioned.

A) Climbing turn to the right.

B) Level turn to the right.
C) Level turn to the left.

4943. H826 IRA

(Refer to figure 152.) What is the flight attitude? One
system which transmits information to the instruments
has failed.

A) Climbing turn to right.

B) Level turn to left.
C) Descending turn to right.

2005IFR. 795. H1432 IRA

(Refer to figure 152) Why is there a note stating a
temperature limitation for executing this approach with
BARO-VNAV equipment?

A) The descent gradient exceeds the maximum

standard of 400-foot per Nautical Mile at low
temperatures.
B) The decision altitude and final approach segment
height above obstacles or terrain is unsafe when
temperatures are lower than charted.
C) The missed approach climb gradient exceeds the
airplane maximum standard of 40 to 1 at low
temperatures.

NOTE: CORRECT ANSWER IN BOLD ITALICS