HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CEV 305 – WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE

DESIGNATED PROBLEM SET #5
Date: 31/12/2018

1. What will be the Manning equation in the SI System for a circular pipe with a diameter of
D in m?

Solution:
v = (1/n) (r) 2/3 (s)1/2
v = (1/n) (A/Wp) 2/3 (s)1/2
v = (1/n) [0.785 D2/(3.14 D)]2/3(s)1/2
v = (1/n) (0.25 D)2/3(s)1/2

2. Given a square sewer (W x W = 0.3048-m x 0.3048-m), n = 0.013, laid on a grade of 4.05

‰ (m per 1000 m), find its velocity of flow (v) and rate of discharge (Q) using the SI
System design equation ‘ v = (1/n) (A/Wp) 2/3 (s)1/2’

Solution
The metric Manning formula for a square sewer pipe is:
For W = 0.3048 m
n = 0.013
s = 0.00405

v = (1/n) (A/Wp) 2/3 (s)1/2

v = (1/n) (W2/4W)2/3(s)1/2
v= (1/n) (W/4)2/3(s)1/2
v = (1/n) (W/4)2/3(s)1/2
v = (1/0.013) (0.3048/4)2/3(0.00405)1/2
v = (1/0.013) (0.3048/4)2/3(0.00405)1/2
v = (1/0.013) (0.1796) (0.06364)
v = 0.88 m/s
Q = Av = (W2) v= (0.3048)2 (0.88)
Q = 0.082 m3/s

1
3. The Manning equation (v= (1/n) r2/3s1/2) can be further derived using the known SI System
equations (v= (1/n) (0.25D)2/3, Q=A.v, and A=0.785(D)2) and the following equations for
calculation of the head loss and hydraulic gradient of a circular sewer when it flows full:

s = 10.24557 Q2 n2 /(D5.3334)
s= 10.24557 Q2 n2 D-5.3334
s= 6.31725 v2 n2 D-1.333

Hf = 10.24557 Q2 n2 (L) / (D5.3334)

Hf = 10.24557 Q2 n2 (L) (D-5.3334)
Hf= 6.31725 v2 n2 (L) (D-1.333)

s = Hf/L

Where :Hf = hydraulic head loss (m) L = length of the pipe (m), Q = flow (m3/s), A = cross-
sectional area of pipe (m2), v= velocity of flow (m/s), n = coefficient of roughness, D = inside
diameter of pipe (m), S = slope, or rate of grade, dimensionless

Given a 0.3048-m sewer, n = 0.013, laid on a grade of 4.05 o/oo (m per 1000 m), find (a) its
minimum hydraulic gradient for flow at full depth (b) its headloss through 304.8 m of sewer;
and (c) its headloss through 152.4 m of sewer.

Solution:
a) For D=0.3048 m and n=0.013
v= (1/n) (0.25 D) 2/3 (s)1/2= (1/0.013) (0.25 x 0.3048) 0.667 (0.00405)0.5
v= 0.88 m/s
Q=A*v=(3.14* (0.3048m)2/4)*(0.88m/s)= 0.064 m3/s

After Q is found, s can be found by using the equation below:

s= 10.24557 Q2 n2/(D5.3334) = 10.24557 (0.064)2 (0.013)2/(0.3048 )5.3334 = 10.24557
(0.004096) (0.000169)/(0.00177)= 0.004 = 4 ‰ = 4 m per 1000 m

b) For 304.8 m of sewer pipe, the headloss, Hf , can be calculated by the headloss
equation of
s = 0.004 = Hf/L = Hf/(304.8)
Therefore, Hf = 0.004 x 304.8 m = 1.22 m
Or you can calculate Hf by the following equation:

2
 Hf = 10.24557 Q2 n2 (L) / (D5.3334)= 10.24557 (0.064)2 (0.013)2 (304.8) /
(0.3048)5.3334 = 10.24557 (0.004096) (0.000169) (304.8) / (0.00177)
= 1.22 m

c) For 152.4 m of sewer pipe, the headloss,

s = 0.004 = Hf/L = Hf/(152.4) and Hf= 0.61 m
OR:
Hf = 10.24557 Q2 n2 (L)/(D5.3334)= 10.24557 (0.064)2 (0.013)2 (152.4) /
(0.3048)5.3334
10.24557 (0.004096) (0.000169) (152.4) / (0.00177)= 0.61 m

4. A SI System formula for the required diameter of a circular sewer flowing full, expressed
in terms of the required capacity and the planned slope, can be derived by substituting
values for A = 0.785 D2, r = 0.25 D, and v in the formula Q = A v, and solving the
resulting equation for the diameter D. The following are the derived SI System equations
based on SI System Manning formula.
D = 3.9849 (v n)1.5(s)-0.75
D = 1.5475 (Q n)0.375(s)-0.1875
where
v = velocity of flow, m/s
n = coefficient of roughness
s = slope, or rate of grade, dimensionless
Q = flow, m3/s
D = inside diameter of pipe, m

The preceding SI System equation is derived assuming the sewer is flowing full. In case
the sewer is flowing only half full, the Q value must be adjusted to full flow before the
preceding SI System equation can be applied

A sewer pipe is to discharge 0.11328 m3/s (or 4 ft3/s) when laid on a grade of 0.0016 and
flowing only half full. Determine the required diameter (D) if the velocity (v) is to be
determined by Manning equation.

Solution:
1 ft3/s = 0.02832 m3/s
Q = 2 x 0.11328 m3/s (or 8 ft3/s) in case it is flowing full.
S = 0.0016
n = 0.013

3
 D = 1.5475 (Q n)0.375(s)-0.1875
D = 1.5475 (2 x 0.11328 x 0.013)0.375 (0.0016)-0.1875
D = 1.5475 (0.1124) (3.344)
D = 0.582 m

5. A trunk sewer, 1,200 mm in diameter (n = 0.013), is placed on a slope of 0.003 between

two manholes 120 m apart. The average design flow in the line is 667 L/s and the
minimum and peak flows are 0.5 and 2.5 the average flow respectively.
(a) What would be the depth of flow in the pipe at average flow?
(b)Would the pipe need flushing at regular short intervals? Show your supporting
computations.
(c) If the depth of flow is 900 mm, what is the discharge?
(d)What would be the difference in elevation between the inverts at both ends of the pipe?
(e) Compute the maximum population that can be served by this line. Assume that the
average per capita contribution is 380 L/day.
(f) Suppose that at the downstream end manhole, this sewer joins with a branch sewer
which is 600 mm in diameter, has a slope of 0.005 and a peak flow of 250 L/s. At what
height above the invert of the trunk sewer should the invert of the branch sewer be
located, so that at design peak flows, there will be no backing up of sewage into the
branch sewer?

Solution:

D=1200mm, n=0.013, s=0.003, Q=667 L/s,

a. The depth of flow in the pipe at average flow:
From Nomogram, at d = 1200 mm, s = 3‰ and n = 0.013 Qfull and vfull is found to be
as Qfull = 2100 L/s and vfull = 1.9 m/s
To find the depth of flow, Qave/Qfull should be known:
Qave/Qfull = 667/2100 = 0.318
And From figure in Appendix 10 for q/Q=0.318, d/D is found to be as 0.43
So, Depth of flow, d = 0.43 x 1200 = 516 mm

b. Check for minimum velocity vmin if < 0.75 m/s?

Qmin/Qfull = 0.5 x 667/2100 = 0.16
From figure in Appendix 10 for q/Q=0.16, d/D is 0.3 and vmin/vfull = 0.62 ( First find
d/D using q/Q value, then you can find vmin/vfull by using d/D value. Notice that
curves for v/V and q/Q are different)
vmin = 0.62 vfull = 0.62 x 1.9 = 1.2 m/s which is > 0.75 m/s. So flushing is not needed
at regular intervals.

4
c. If d= 900 mm , Q=?
d/D = 900mm/1200mm = 0.75
From figure in Appendix 10, Q/Qfull is found to be 0.80
Q = 0.80 x 2100 = 1680 L/s

d. ∆ elevation = sL = 0.003 x 120m = 0.36 m = 360 mm.

e. Qave = Qpeak/2.5 = Qfull/2.5 = 2100/2.5 = 840 L/s

Max population that can be served = (840 x 60 x 60 x 24 L/d)/(380 L/d) = 191,000

f. At peak flows, the liquid levels in the two sewers should be at the same elevation

For the trunk sewer:

Qpeak= Qtrunk+ Qbranch= (667*2.5 + 250) L/s
Qpeak/Qfull = (667 x 2.5 + 250)/2100 = 0.91
From figure in Appendix 10, d/D = 0.84
dtrunk= 0.84 x 1200 mm = 1008 mm
For the branch sewer:
From Nomogram, at d = 600 mm, s = 5‰ and n = 0.013 Qfull is found to be as
420L/s
And Qpeak/Qfull fror branch sewer= 250/420 = 0.59

From figure in Appendix 10, for q/Q= 0.59, d/D is found to be 0.62.
So dbranch= 0.62 x 600 mm = 372 mm
∆ inverts = 1008 – 372 = 636 mm

5
6
7
 6. Two lateral sewers zm and xm discharge their sewage flows into the trunk sewer ymn
at manhole m. The average sewage flow in the city is 300 Lpcd and the peaking factor is
2.5. The following information is given:
(a) Trunk sewer ym has a diameter of 1000 mm, is constructed at a slope of 0.1% and has
a peak flow of 530 L/s.
(b) Lateral sewer xm serves a population of 20,000 persons
(c) Lateral sewer zm serves an area of 150 hectares (ha) with a population density of 100
capita/ha.
(d) The minimum and maximum allowable velocities at full flow condition in sewers are
0.75 and 3.0 m/s respectively.
(e) Manning n for all sewers is 0.013.
(f) The ground surface along the street from manhole (MH) x to m and z is flat.
(g) The ground slope along the street from m to n is 0.05%.

Determine the following:

(a) The required size of trunk sewer from MH m to MH n.

(b) The required diameter and slope of laterals xm and zm.
(c) The depth of flow and velocity in sewer xm at average flow.
(d) The depth of flow and velocity in trunk sewer ym at peak flow.

Solution:
(a) Truck sewer from m to n collects all flow from ym,xm and zm.
So Qmn= Qym+Qxm+Qzm
Peak Qym = 530 L/s is given in the question.
Average Qxm = 20,000cap x 300L/cap.d(24 x 60 x 60)s/d = 69.4 L/s
Peak Qxm = 69.4 x 2.5 (PF) = 174 L/s
Average Qzm = 150ha x 100cap/ha x 300L/cap.d (24 x 60 x 60)s/d = 52 L/s

8
 Peak Qzm = 52 x 2.5(PF) = 130 L/s
Peak Qmn = Peak Qym + Peak Qxm + Peak Qzm
Peak Qmn = 530 + 174 + 130 = 834 L/s
From Nomogram, for Q = 834 L/s, n = 0.013 and s = 0.05 % = 0.0005 (m/m) we cand
find d as 1200 mm and v as 0.76 m/s
0.76 m/s > 0.75 OK, so we can use a line diameter of 1200 mm

(b) The required diameter and slope of laterals xm and zm.

Line xm: From Nomogram for Qpeak = 174 L/s, s = 0 (flat), n = 0.013 and v >0.75 m/s
gives d as 530 mm
d = 530 mm (use as 500 mm, since 530 mm may not be available in commercial
products)
d=500 mm, s = 0.0021 or 0.21‰
v = 0.88 m/s > 0.75 m/s OK
Line zm: From Nomogram in Fig. 13.1b for Qpeak = 130 L/s, s = 0 (flat), n = 0.013 and
v >0.75 m/s gives d
d = 460 mm (use as 450 mm, since 530 mm may not be available in commercial
products)
d=450 mm, s = 0.0022 or 0.21‰
v = 0.83 m/s > 0.75 m/s OK

(c) The depth of flow and velocity in sewer xm at average flow.

From Nomogram, for d = 500 mm, s = 0.0021 and n = 0.013 we find:
Qfull = 174 L/s and and vfull = 0.88 m/s
Qave/ Qfull = 69.4 L/s/174 L/s = 0.40
From figure in Appendix 10, for q/Q= 0.4: dave/dfull = 0.50 and vave/vfull = 0.80
vave = 0,80 x 0.88 = 0.70 m/s
dave = 0.50 x 500 = 250 mm
(d) The depth of flow and velocity in trunk sewer ym at peak flow.
From Nomogram for d = 1000 mm, s = 0.001 and n = 0.013 we find:
Qfull = 725 L/s and vfull = 0.95 m/s
And Qpeak/Qfull = 530/725 = 0.73
From figure in Appendix 10, for q/Q= 0.73:
vpeak/vfull = 0.96 and dpeak/dfull = 0.72
vpeak = 0.96 x 0.95 = 0.91 m/s
dpeak = 0.72 x 1000 = 720 mm

9
10
11
7. The sewage discharges from two neighborhoods A and B have to be disposed of through
an existing trunk sewer at MH 100. The average sewage flow from the two neighborhoods
is 250 Lpcd, and the peaking factor for both areas is 3.0. Neighborhood A has 4300
dwelling units with 6 persons per unit (n for all sewers = 0.013).

If the sewage level is 626.50 m during peak flow in the existing trunk at MH 100, determine
the following:
(a) The maximum number of dwelling units that can be served from neighborhood B.
(b) The size and slope of Lines A and B if the velocity at peak flow is not to be less than 1
m/s.
(c) The velocities and depths of flow in Lines A and B at average flow condition.

Solution:
(a) The maximum number of dwelling units that can be served from neighborhood B.
Capacity of trunk line:
s = 626.00 - 625.70/100 = 0.003

From Nomogram for n = 0.013, d = 800 mm, s = 0.003 trunk capacity = 700 L/s.
d/D = 500/800 = 0.625
From figure in Appendix 10, Q/Qfull = 0.60
Qactual = 0.60 x 700 = 420 L/s
Flow from line A:
Population = 4800 dwellings x 6 = 28,800
Qave = (28,800 x 250 L/cap/d)/24 x 60 x 60 = 83. 3 L/s
Qpeak = 83.3 x 3 = 250 L/s

12
 Flow from Line B
Qallowable = 700 – 420 – 250 = 30 L/s
Qactual = 30/3 = 10 L/s
Population = 10 L/s x 60 x 60 x 24/250 = 3460
Number of dwellings = 3460/6 = 577

(b) The size and slope of Lines A and B if the velocity at peak flow is not to be less than 1
m/s.
Line A: From Nomogram in Fig. 13.1b for Q = 250 L/s, n = 0.013 and v ≥ 1 m/s
Use:
Diameter = 500 mm
s= 0.0045 or 4.5‰
vfull = 1.3 m/s
Line B: From Nomogram in Fig. 13.1b for Q = 30 L/s, n = 0.013 and v ≥ 1 m/s
Use:
Diameter = 200 mm
s= 0.01 or 10‰
vfull = 1.0 m/s
(c) The velocities and depths of flow in Lines A and B at average flow condition.
Line A: vfull = 1.3 m/s
Qactual/Qfull = 83.3/250 = 0.33
From figure in Appendix 10, vactual/vfull = 0.75 and dactual/dfull = 0.45
vactual = 0.75 x 1.3 = 0.97 m/s
dactual = 0.45 x 500 = 225 mm
Line B: vfull = 1.0 m/s
Qactual/Qfull = 10/30 = 0.33
From figure in Appendix 10, vactual/vfull = 0.75 and dactual/dfull = 0.45
vactual = 0.75 x 1.0 = 0.75 m/s
dactual = 0.45 x 200 = 90 mm

13