8 English 6 : How techie are you?

Vocabulary

Simple Future "will" and Although the two forms can sometimes be
has two used interchangeably, they often express two
grammar Will
and going to

different very different meanings.

forms in These different meanings might seem too
English "be going to" abstract at first, but with time and practice,
the differences will become clear.
Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a
specific time in the future.

Will Be Going To
FORM will + verb am/is/are + going to + verb
Example  You will help him later.  You are going to meet Jane tonight.
 Will you help him later?  Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
 You will not help him later.  You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
USE "Will" to "Will" often suggests that a "Be going to"  "Be going to" expresses that
Express a speaker will do something to Express a something is a plan. It expresses the idea
Voluntary voluntarily. Plan that a person intends to do something in
Action A voluntary action is one the the future. It does not matter whether
speaker offers to do for someone the plan is realistic or not.
else.
Often, we use "will" to respond to
someone else's complaint or
request for help.
We also use "will" when we request
that someone help us or volunteer
to do something for us.
Similarly, we use "will not" or
"won't" when we refuse to
voluntarily do something.
I will send you the information  He is going to spend his vacation in
when I get it. Hawaii.
I will translate the email, so Mr.  She is not going to spend her vacation
Smith can read it. in Hawaii.
Will you help me move this heavy  A: When are we going to meet each
table? other tonight?
Will you make dinner?  B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
I will not do your homework for  I'm going to be an actor when I grow
you. up.
I won't do all the housework  Michelle is going to begin medical
myself! school next year.
A: I'm really hungry.  They are going to drive all the way to
B: I'll make some sandwiches. Alaska.
 A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall  Who are you going to invite to the
asleep. party?
B: I'll get you some coffee.  A: Who is going to make John's
A: The phone is ringing. birthday cake?
B: I'll get it.  B: Sue is going to make John's
birthday cake.
USE "Will" to  "Will" is usually used in promises.
Express a  I will call you when I arrive.
Promise  If I am elected President of the
United States, I will make sure
everyone has access to
inexpensive health insurance.
 I promise I will not tell him about
the surprise party.
 Don't worry, I'll be careful.
 I won't tell anyone your secret.
Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Use  Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future.
 Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future.
 In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do
not apply.
 In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Example  The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
 The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
 John Smith will be the next President.
 John Smith is going to be the next President.
 The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
 The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards
Zero conditional

Accepting and  Sometimes, we have a situation and have to also invite some of friends to come.
declining  There are many situations that probably happened in our daily life, such as meeting, birthday party,
invitations graduation party etc. of course, we have to make an invitation for our guests. There will be two
answers for them who are invited by us, they may come or accept the invitation and they may not
come or decline the invitation.
 The situation will be divided into formal and informal.
 There is differences expression that is use in the different context of situation.
 Expression Making in vitiation Accepting invitation Declining invitation
to make, Would you like to…  That’s very kind of you  I’m very sorry, I don’t
accept or I would very happy if…?  We’d like very much to….  Think I can.
decline in We would be delighted if  What a delightful idea  I’d like to, but ….
vitiation in you…?  With the greatest pleasure  I’m afraid I’ve
formal Would you care to..?  Thank you very much for  Already promised….
situation. We would be pleased if inviting me  Thank you for asking me, but
you could…?  It’s delightful to…. ….
Would you care to…?  Unfortunately , I can’t….
Expression to Making invitation Accepting invitation Declining invitation
make, accept  Why don’t you come to… I would/will …  Sorry, I can’t.
or decline in  Like to come to … That would be very nice  I’d love to, but …
vitiation  Come and … OK,I will be there !  I don’t think I can.
informal  Shall we come to … I’d like love to come.  In wish I could, but …
situation  You must come to … All right.  Sorry, I am very busy
Sure, I am coming  Sorry, may be next time
 Thank you, but I can’t
 Sorry, I don’t think I
 Can’t make it
 I’m so sorry I can make it
8 English 7 : Around the world
vocabulary

Must/ Must/Needn’t

We use the First If we take John, he'll be The 'if' clause can be  If I go to New York again, I'll buy
Conditional to really pleased. used with different you a souvenir from the Empire
talk about future If you give me some money, present forms. State Building.
events that are I'll pay you back tomorrow.  If he's feeling better, he'll come.
likely to happen. If they tell us they want it,  If she hasn't heard the bad news
we'll have to give it to yet, I'll tell her.
First Condiitonal

them.
The "future clause" can  If I see him, I'm going to tell him
If Mary comes, she'll want
contain 'going to' or the exactly how angry I am.
to drive.
future perfect as well as  If we don't get the contract,
'will'. we'll have wasted a lot of time
and money.
The "future clause" can  If you go to New York, you must
also contain other modal have the cheesecake in Lindy's.
verbs such as 'can' and  If he comes, you can get a lift
'must'. home with him.
8 English 8 : What if?
vocabulary
Second conditional

 Let's start off with the easy part.  I wish to make a complaint.
' I wish to' can mean the same as 'I  I wish to see the manager.
want to' but it is much, much more
formal and much, much less common.
 You can also use 'wish' with a noun to  I wish you all the best in your new job.
'offer good wishes'.  We wish you a merry Christmas.
Notice that when you want to offer  We wish you the best of luck.
good wishes using a verb, you must use  We hope you have the best of luck.
'hope ' and not 'wish'.  I wish you a safe and pleasant journey.
Grammar : I wish ….

 I hope you have a safe and pleasant journey.

 However, the main use of 'wish' is to  I wish I was rich.

say that we would like things to be  He wishes he lived in Paris.
different from what they are, that we  They wish they'd chosen a different leader.
have regrets about the present
situation.
  Notice that the verb tense which  I'm too fat. I wish I was thin.
follows 'I wish' is 'more in the past'  I never get invited to parties. I wish I got invited to parties.
than the tense corresponding to its  It's raining. I wish it wasn't raining.
meaning.  I went to see the latest Star Wars film. I wish I hadn't gone.
 I've eaten too much. I wish I hadn't eaten so much.
 I'm going to visit her later. I wish I wasn't going to visit her later.
 In the case of 'will' , where 'will'  He won't help me. I wish he would help me.
means 'show willingness' we use  You're making too much noise. I wish you would be quiet.
'would'.  You keep interrupting me. I wish you wouldn't do that.

Where 'will' means a future event, we There's a strike tomorrow. I hope some buses will still be running.
cannot use 'wish' and must use 'hope' I hope everything will be fine in your new job.
 In more formal English, we use the  I wish I were taller.
subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'  I wish it were Saturday today.
after 'wish'.  I wish he were here.
Writing an essay
8 English 9 : Crime scene
Past perfect tense
 When you report what people have said using your own  The woman said she had seen nothing.
words rather than the words they actually used, you use  I replied that I had not read it yet.
reported speech.
You usually use a reported speech structure when you  He thought she was worried.
report what someone thinks.
is sometimes called reporting clause  I told him that nothing was going to happen to
indirect speech. Reported part that contains the me.
Reported speech

speech reporting verb.  I have agreed that he should do it.

consists of two parts  I wanted to be alone
reported clause  He answered that he thought the story was
extremely interesting.
 He felt that he had to do something.
 He wondered where they could have come from.
You usually put the Henry said that he wanted to  The exact words that Henry used are unlikely to
reporting clause first, in go home . have been I want to go home, although they
order to make it clear might have been.
that you are reporting  It is more likely that he said something like I
rather than speaking think I should be going now.
directly yourself.  You are more likely to report what he meant
 rather than what he actually said.

You do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the
present, or if the original statement was about something that is
still true, e.g.

 He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the

next one.
 We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.

These modal verbs do not change in reported speech: might,

could, would, should, ought to:

 We explained, "It could be difficult to find our house." =

We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.
 She said, "I might bring a friend to the party." = She
said that she might bring a friend to the party.
8 English 10 : The written word
Vocabulary

Sentences can be Active  In active sentences, the thing doing [Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing
active or passive. Form the action is the subject of the receiving action]
Therefore, tenses sentence and the thing receiving the
also have "active action is the object.
forms" and  Most sentences are active.
"passive forms."
You must learn to
recognize the Passive  In passive sentences, the thing [Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past
Passive and active

difference to Form receiving the action is the subject participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing
successfully speak of the sentence and the thing action]
English. doing the action is optionally
included near the end of the
sentence.
 You can use the passive form if you
think that the thing receiving the
action is more important or should
be emphasized.
 ou can also use the passive form if
you do not know who is doing the
action or if you do not want to
mention who is doing the action.
Passive
Arranging to meet
are you up to anything this evening? what time shall we meet?
have you got any plans for …? let's meet at …
this evening eight o'clock
tomorrow where would you like to meet?
the weekend I'll see you … at ten o'clock
are you free …? in the pub
this evening at the cinema

Arranging the time and place

tomorrow afternoon I'll meet you there
tomorrow evening see you there!
Inviting someone out

what would you like to do this evening? let me know if you can make it
do you want to go somewhere at the weekend? I'll call you later
would you like to join me for something to eat? what's your address?
do you fancy going out tonight?
sure
I'd love to
sounds good
that sounds like fun
sorry, I can't make it
I'm afraid I already have plans
I'm too tired
I'm staying in tonight
I've got too much work to do
I need to study
I'm very busy at the moment
I'm running a little late
I'll be there in … minutes
Meeting up

five
ten
fifteen
have you been here long?
have you been waiting long?
Informal letter