The UNIVERSITY of EDINBURGH — COMPUTER SCIENCE 1

Linux quick reference card Key Function

CTRL + A * Moves to start of line
Conventions CTRL + C Interrupts many programs
Optional command arguments are enclosed in CTRL + D End-of-file character (logout)
square brackets [ ]. Multiple arguments are sepa-
CTRL + E * Moves to end of line
rated by spaces unless otherwise stated. Command
options can sometimes be combined – see sect. 1 for CTRL + R * Search for previous commands
information on how to get details for specific com- CTRL + Z Suspends foreground job (§7.2)
mands. Emphasised words are place holders for real
TAB * Completes filenames, commands
filenames etc. Section symbols (§) denote references
to other sections in this card. ↓ Displays previous command in com-
mand history (§7.3)
↑ Displays next command
1 Help
* denotes a bash control-key sequence (§7).
Online help is available via the manual commands
kdehelp, xman and man
4 The File System
kdehelp invoke the KDE manual browser
xman invoke the window based manual browser 4.1 Files
man command lists information on command 4.1.1 Filenames
man -k keyword lists all commands referring to
Filenames may be chosen from any combination of
keyword
alphanumeric characters plus “-”, “ ” and “.” (other
characters such as control characters or spaces may
be used but need to be “escaped” using the “\” char-
2 Work session acter).
In all commands, files may be referenced by their
2.1 Logging in full path names or by a relative path name e.g.
/home/cs1/filename is a full path name (starts
In the CS1 Laboratory. Type your username in the with a forward slash) but filename and ../my-
Login: text-box and your password in the dir/filename are relative path names (§7.2).
Password: box.
From an EUCS Lab. Ask the demonstrator for help 4.1.2 File management commands
with using the eXceed application.
cat [-n] f1 [ f2 ..] — concatenates and lists en-
tire files [-n with line nos.]
2.2 Changing your password more filename — lists file a page at a time (within
more, type ? for help, space bar for the next
The command yppasswd prompts for old/new pass-
page, q to quit). (§8).
words.
ls — lists files in current directory
ls [ opts ]name — lists file or directory name
2.3 Logging out Options: -F lists files appending “/” if a direc-
tory and “*” if executable, -l gives information
logout or CTRL + D (§3.1, 7.4)
on size, owner, permissions and modification
login [username] — logout and login user user- time, -R recursively lists directory, -a lists all
name files starting with “.”.
mv f1 f2 — renames f1 as f2
mv f1 [ .. fn] d1 — moves f1 [ .. fn ] into directory
3 Keyboard d1 Renaming files to be the same as existing
files is prohibited if the noclobber variable is
3.1 Control Keys set (§7.4).
The following control keys may be used to edit the cp f1 f2 — copies f1 to f2
command line and to affect the behaviour of running cp [ -r ] f1 .. fn d1 — [ recursively ] copies f1 ..
programs. fn into directory d1
The UNIVERSITY of EDINBURGH — COMPUTER SCIENCE 2

rm fname — remove fname a2ps -Ppname [-2r] [ file ] — converts standard

rm -r dname — recursively remove dname (§4.2) input [or file] into postscript for printing on
laserprinters. [-2r] option puts 2 pages on a
single A4 sheet. -P options as for lpr
4.2 Directories
The printer in the CS1 Laboratory is named ljat
Directories can be listed, renamed and copied just (Laser Jet at the Appleton Tower).
like ordinary files (§4.1.2)
mkdir dname — makes a new directory dname
rmdir dname — removes directory dname only if 6 Processes
it is empty (to remove non-empty directories
(§4.1.2)) ps -x list all processes belonging to you
kill -9 pid kill process number pid
cd — return to your home directory
(pid obtained from ps -x)
cd dname — change directory to dname w list all users on the machine
pwd — echoes your current working directory whoami owner of this shell

4.3 File permissions 7 bash

Each file (and directory) has nine bits specifying its
access permission. Access can be given for a user to 7.1 Commands
read, write, or execute a file (or any combination of
alias astring = cstring abbreviate command
these). Permissions can be specified for the owner of
cstring to be astring
a file, the members of a file’s group and for everyone
bg [n] place last [ nth ]
else. (ls -l provides this information). The chmod
suspended job in background
command is used to change these file modes.
exec command replace shell with command
chmod [class(es)] op perm(s)[,...] file(s) where fg [n] bring last [ nth ]
classes are u, g, o, a (user(owner), group, oth- suspended job into foreground
ers, all), op(erations) are =, −, + (set permission, history list command history (§7.3)
remove access, give access) and perm(issions) login, logout (§2)
are r,w,x (read, write, execute). var = value set variable var
[ to value val ]
e.g. chmod u=rwx,g=rw,o-rwx f1
export var export value assignment
globally (§7.4)
4.4 File quotas and disk usage source fname run commands in fname
umask ddd sets file permission creation
du [dir] displays disk usage for current mask (§4.3).
[ dir ] directory
quota displays user’s disk usage if over limits
quota -v displays user’s disk usage
7.2 Special Characters

5 Printing 7.2.1 Filename substitution

You can abbreviate filenames using wild card char-
lpr [ -Ppname ] [-d] fname — prints file fname acters.
Options: ? matches any single character
* matches an arbitrary number ( ≥ 0)
-Ppname prints on printer pname [otherwise
of characters
the default printer as specified by the
[...] matches any single character
PRINTER environment variable (§7.4)].
e.g. [an] matches a or n
-Zoption-list gives access to a whole range of [a-z] matches any lowercase letter
printing options to allow double sided out-
put (on some printers) and so on.
7.2.2 Filename abbreviations
lpq — lists the default printer queue
. current working directory
lpq -Ppname — lists the queue for printer pname
.. parent of current working directory
lprm -Ppname job — removes job number job from ∼ your home directory
the queue for printer pname ∼user home directory of user
The UNIVERSITY of EDINBURGH — COMPUTER SCIENCE 3

7.2.3 Redirecting Input and Output Variable Use

history number of previous commands
cmd > fname redirects output from cmd retained by history mechanism (§7.3)
into fname (replacing ignoreeof if set, prevents shell from being
fname if it exists) killed by a CTRL + D
cmd >> fname redirects output from cmd noclobber if set, prevents files from being
and appends it to fname overwritten by > and >>
(created if it doesn’t exist) savehist contains number of commands to
cmd < fname uses fname as input for cmd save in .history file on shell exit
EDITOR name of your editor
With both the > and >> commands above, if no- PATH contains the list of directories to
clobber is set (§7.4), use >! or >>! to force over- search for issued commands
writing of the file. PRINTER contains name of default printer
user userid of current process
HOME your home directory (§7.4)
7.2.4 Pipelines
TERM contains terminal information
The output stream from one command may be piped
into the input stream for another using the “|” sym- Note the list below the line should be regarded as
bol. For example ls | wc counts the files in the cur- read-only variables.
rent directory.

8 Miscellaneous filters
7.2.5 Jobs
Most of the following commands may be used as fil-
jobs lists all background jobs ters i.e. they can take their input from the standard
command & runs command in background input (and thus be part of a pipe (§7.2.4)). See the
CTRL + Z stop the foreground job manual pages for details.
bg places the stopped job grep pattern file(s) — types out the lines containing
in the background pattern in the file(s). (egrep is a faster, similar
% [n] brings the current [nth] command allowing extended regular expression
background job to foreground matching).
Also (§7.1).
grep -v pattern file(s) — types out the lines not
containing pattern in the file(s)
7.3 History mechanism head [n] file(s) — types out the top n lines of file(s)
tail [n] file(s) — types out the last n lines of file(s)
Special characters:
diff file1 file2 — lists the differences between the
!! — entire last line two files. One of the filenames may be replaced
!n — command line n in history by a hyphen to specify standard input.
sort [-n] [-r] file — sort file in [numeric] as-
!$ — final word on last line, e.g. ls !$
cending [descending] order.
!* — all of last line except for first word wc file(s) — counts characters, words and lines in
!?pat? — most recent line containing pat text files

All of the above can be modified with the following

suffixes: 9 Generic Startup Files
:n-m — words n to m on line e.g. !!:2-3
These files are used to setup the environments of
:p — list command without executing, e.g. certain programs.
!?foo?:p
.history Shell history saved from last session
.newsrc A record of the news items you have read.
7.4 bash variables
Modified using var = value (§7.1). The string $var 10 K Desktop Environment
returns the value contained by variable var. The
following tables list some of the more commonly used The K Desktop Enviroment allows you to manage
variables. several Linux applications running at once on your
The UNIVERSITY of EDINBURGH — COMPUTER SCIENCE 4

machine. It has a taskbar at the top of the screen mcopy file1 a:file1 Copy file1 onto floppy
and the kpanel at the bottom, providing access to disk
applications via menus. mcopy a:file1 file1 Copy file1 from floppy
kdvi A previewer for the DVI (device independent) disk
files produced by LATEX
kfind A utility for searching for lost files
kfloppy A floppy disk formatter 14 Command summary
kghostview A previewer for PostScript and PDF
Command Description Section
files
| pipeline (§7.2.4)
kmail An application for sending and receiving <, >, >> redirecting I/O (§7.2.3)
email !, !! recall commands (§7.3)
krn The application for reading newsgroups such as % bring job to foreground (§7.2.5)
eduni.dcs.cs1 acroread previewer for PDF files
kvt A terminal window for issuing Linux commands alias abbreviate command (§7.1)
appletviewer run Java applet (§11)
The ALT key can be used in combination with the bg put job in background (§7.1)
left mouse button to move windows or with the mid- cat list file (§4.1.2)
dle button for bringing to front or sending to back. cd change directory (§4.2)
It can be used with the right mouse button to resize chmod change file permission (§4.3)
windows. cp file copy (§4.1.2)
diff list file differences (§8)
du disk usage (§4.4)
11 Java export update environment var (§7.1)
fg bring job to foreground (§7.1)
Java programs are compiled and run with a collec-
gcc GNU C compiler
tion of commands called the Java Development Kit
grep string searching (§8)
(the JDK).
gunzip uncompress a file (§12)
javac file.java Compile the file.java to produce gzip compress file (§12)
file.class java the Java interpreter (§11)
java file Run the class file file.class. (Note: do not javac the Java compiler (§11)
supply the .class extension.) jobs list jobs (§7.2.5)
kdehelp KDE online help (§1)
appletviewer file.html View the HTML page in kill, xkill kill processes (§6)
file.html which contains an embedded Java ap- logout finish work session (§2)
plet lpq inspect print queue (§5)
lpr print file (§5)
lprm remove print job (§5)
12 Compression ls list file names (§4.1.2)
man, xman online help (§1)
The GNU compression utilities reduce the disk space mcopy MSDOS file copying (§13)
used by a file, allowing the full contents to be recov- mdir list MSDOS directory (§13)
ered later. mkdir make directory (§4.2)
gzip file Replaces file with file.gz, a compressed more list file pagewise (§4.1.2)
version of the file mv rename (move) file (§4.1.2)
gunzip file.gz Uncompresses the file to recover the ps list processes (§6)
original contents quota disk usage (§4.4)
rmdir remove directory (§4.2)
zgrep pattern file(s) Search for a pattern in a list of rm remove (delete) file (§4.1.2)
compressed files set update variable (§7.1)
source execute shell commands (§7.1)
w, who who is logged in (§6)
13 Using floppy disks yppasswd change password (§2)

The MTOOLS collection of utilities provide access to

MS-DOS formatted floppy disks from Linux.
mdir a: Display the directory listing for the floppy
disk in drive a: