Graphics

By
Dr. R. R. Manza
 Objectives
• Introduction
• 2-D Plotting
• Plot Style Options
• Edit Plot
• Basic Statistics of the Graph
• The Plots Creating
• Animation
• Graphics Object Handling
• 3-D Visualization
• Summary

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 Introduction
This chapter introduces 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional visualization,
plotting, overview of specialized plotting, handle graphics object,
visualization technique, basic plotting and formatting of plotting etc.
MATLAB has several high-level graphical routines. They allow a user to
create various graphical objects including two- and three-dimensional
graphs, graphical user interfaces (GUIs), movies, to mention the most
important ones.

MATLAB provides in-built functions to extensive plot capabilities like

plotting data, editing plots, change the view of plots, add styles, titles,
colors etc. Using these functions you can build 2-dimensional and 3-
dimensional plots easily. MATLAB also provides the commands to
manipulate or customize the graphs.
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 2-D Plotting

Some basic steps for plotting the 2-Dimensional data:

• Firstly select your data, which you want to plot.

• Select figure or position to plot region within a window (optional step). By

default MATLAB set the position of plot.

• Using plot function you can plot the data.

• You set the properties like line grid, axis limit, style, width etc.

• You can also give title, assign the labels to axis and drown legend in plot.

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 Cont..
Some functions of basic plotting

Function Syntax Description

Plot >>plot(x,y,'style') Plot the 2-D simple graph for both axis
x,y is input parameter
loglog >>loglog(x,y,'style') Plot with logarithmic scales for two axes.

semilogx >>semilogx(x,y,'style') Graph with logarithmic scales for the x-axis

and linear scale for the y-axis
semilogy >>semilogy(x,y,'style') Graph with logarithmic scales for y-axis and
linear scales for x-axis
Plotyy >>plotyy(x1,y1,x2,y2) Graph with y tick labels on the left and right
side

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 Plot Style Options
Various line types, plot symbols and colors may be obtained with
plot(x,y,'style')
Color Style:
Color MATLAB Notation
Black k
White w
Blue b
Green g
Red r
Cyan c
Magenta m
Yellow y

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 Cont..
Line Styles

Line Style MATLAB Notation

Solid - (default)
Dashed --
Dotted :
Dash-dot -.
No line none

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 Cont..
Marker Styles:
Marker Style MATLAB Notation
Plus sign +
Circle O
Asterisk *
x-mark x
Point .
Square s
Diamond d
triangle (down) v
triangle (up) ^
triangle (left) <
triangle (right) >
pentagram p
hexagram h

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 Cont..
The line style and color uses by default for plotting a plot in MATLAB.
You can also change the style and color of the graph. By using editing plot
you can add annotations to the graph. You can edit graph using the
command line. Use the functions set() and get() to set and get the properties
of the object in the graph. And you can also use the point and click editing
to change the format of the object by double clicking on the object. In this
mode you access the properties through the graphical user interface called
the property editor. You need to be using a combination of interactive
editing and command line editing to get the desired effect.

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 Cont..
Example 1: Simple plot function
x = pi/100:pi/100:10*pi;
y = sin(x)./x;
plot(x,y)

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 Cont..
Example 2: Plot Graph with option
x = pi/100:pi/10:10*pi;
y = sin(x)./x;
plot(x,y,'r--*')

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 How to Edit Plot
The following steps give instruction to edit a plot:
1) Choose the button to start the plot edit mode or to choose the edit plot option from
the tools menu. For exit from the plot edit mode, do the same procedure.
2) Select object in the graph: start the plot edit mode and move the cursor over the
object and click on it. For choosing multiple objects you can use the shift + click.
3) Cutting, Copying, and Pasting objects: select the object you want to cut copy or
paste and then select the option from the edit menu or you can also use the standard
short cuts or also use the right click on the selected object and set the parameter
which you want.
4) You also cut the object in one figure to paste another figure. You can also save the
figure. MATLAB stores it as the figure with .fig extension. Select save option of
file menu from figure window and click the save button. Specify the name which
you want to give to the figure file. To open the figure file select open option of file
menu from the figure window and select the figure file which you want to open and
click ok.
5) If you want to delete any object in the graph, select the object and select clear
option from the edit menu or right click on selected button and click on clear or also
use windows standard shortcuts.
6) By using the property editor you can change the style of lines, edit title, add labels
or edit labels, create or edit legend, add lines, arrows and text in the graph. To start
the property editor by using the double click on the figure or select axis properties,
figure properties or object properties from the edit menu of the figure window.

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 Cont..

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 Cont..
Example:
>>x=linspace(0,2*pi);
>> y=sin(x);
>> plot(x,y);
>> y1=x;
>> plot(x,y,x,y1,'--');

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 Cont..

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 Cont..
Title:
You can add title in three different ways:

• You can add the title by using the command line and function title on the command
prompt. The title function specifies the value of title properties at the time when
you create plot.

Syntax: - title ('enter your plot title'); %Ex. title ('sign function');

• Add title by using property editor: To start property editor, double click on the axes
in the graph. You can also start property editor by right click on the axes and select
the properties and then select the label and add the title which you want to give and
click on apply.

• Add title by using insert menu: Click the insert menu in the figure window menu
bar and choose title. MATLAB opens a text entry box, enter the title and click any
where in the figure.
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 Cont..
Legend:
You can create or add the legend in two ways:

• Create legend by using command line: You can create legend to a graph by
using the legend command on command prompt but you must specify the
text labels when you create a legend function. You can also specify its
many aspects like position.

Syntax: - legend (linestyle1, string1…) or legend (string1, string2…)

Example: legend ('linear','sin x');

• Create legend by using Insert Menu: You can also create the legend by
using the insert menu, click the insert menu and choose the legend option.
MATLAB automatically create a legend and place it in the upper right
corner of the graph.
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 Cont..
Legend is created by a separate axes object or box. You can move this

object anywhere in the axes. This object contains one or more lines and text
representing the sample of plot and labels of data set respectively plotted of
the graph. When you edit or resize a legend first start plot in edit mode. The
following figure shows the structure of the legend.

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 Cont..
Axes Labels:
You can enter labels in three different ways:
• Add label option using Insert menu: Do the same procedure as add titles. Click the
insert menu and choose the xlabel, ylabel or zlabel and enter the label in the text
entry box and click anywhere in the figure window.
Syntax: xlabel(' x axis'); %Ex. xlabel(' x');
ylabel(' y axis'); %Ex. ylabel('approximation of sin');
zlabel(' z axis');
• Add label using the property editor: First start the property editor using double click
on the axes in the graph; when the properties appear select the labels, enter the text
of the label in text entry box and click on apply button.

• Add labels using the command prompt: You can add the x, y, and z axis labels by
using commands xlabel, ylabel, and zlabel commands respectively. MATLAB
automatically sets the position of text on the corresponding axis.
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 Cont..
Text annotation:

You can add the text annotation anywhere in the figure window either using
command prompt or using the plot edit mode in figure window toolbar. You can use
the gtext or text commands for adding text to graph. Text command is used when
you want to position a text annotation according to the point of data set. When you
use gtext command enter your text annotation and press enter or return, move
cursor on graph and push mouse button where you want to place text annotation.
You can also edit the text annotation; firstly start the graph in edit mode and select
the text annotation object to move anywhere in the graph.

Syntax: >>text(position, 'enter text'); %Ex. text(3,0,'sin(x)');

>> gtext('enter text') %ex. gtext ('linear approximation');

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 Cont..
Arrows and lines

You can also draw the arrows anywhere in the figure window. Firstly start the
plot in plot editing mode, then click the arrow or line button in figure window
toolbar or select arrow or line in insert menu. Move cursor at position where
you want to draw arrow or set the cursor position in the figure. Hold the
mouse button down and move the mouse to define the length and direction of
the line or arrow. You can edit the arrow or line using the property editor. You
can change the style, width, color and other characteristics of the arrow or line
annotation using the fields in the panel tab.

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 Cont..
All of the above operations apply on the given example below.

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 Basic Statistics of the Graph
MATLAB data statistic tool calculates basic statistics about the central tendency
and variability of data plotted in graph. Data statistic tool will appear for tool menu
option from the generated graph window. It also allows to plot these statistics in the
generated graph. Data statistic tool provide information about plotting the mean,
maximum, minimum, median, range and standard deviation of a data set. To do this
MATLAB functions used are mean, max, min, median, n/a, std respectively. Out of
these functions for statistics of range in MATLAB direct function is not available
but range gives interval between the lowest and highest value in the data set. If the
data statistic tool is displayed and we try to change the x data or y data of a plot, the
data statistics tool updates the statistics for the plot. We can view multiple plot
statistics but it displays the statistics for only one plot at a time. The generated
statistics by the data statistic tool can also save to the MATLAB workspace.
Another important operation we can do on the graph window is edit graph.
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 Cont..
Example: Passing percentage of M. Sc. Students since last 10 years.
year=[1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 ];
percentage = [80.5 90.4 70.7 92.5 65.9 80.9 97.8 50.4 75.7 63.4];
plot(year,percentage,'--*')

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 The Plots Creating
The user’s information can be represented more effectively using various types of
graphs. Selection of graph types usually depends on the type of information. Bar
and area graphs are useful to represent information of type, time comparing results
and to show an individual’s contribution in the total amount. Pie Charts are useful
to highlight contribution of individuals. Histograms are used to show the
distribution of data values. Stem and Stair step plots are used to display discrete
data values. To display data of type direction and velocity vectors, compass, feather,
and quicker plots are used. Whereas Contour plots show equal values regions of
data. Through interactive plotting we can select data points to plot with a pointer.
Animations add an addition at data dimension by using sequence plots.

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 Cont..
Following are the types of graphs

1. Bar Graph
MATLAB supports four types of Bar graphs.
a) Vertical Bar Graph:
b) Horizontal Bar Graph
c) 2-D Bar Graph
d) 3-D Bar Graph
To represent user information in any type of bar graph, the following
functions are used:

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 Cont..
Function Description
bar Displays columns of m-by-n matrix as m groups n
vertical bars.
barh Displays columns of m-by-n matrix as m groups n
Horizontal bars.
bar3 Displays columns of m-by-n matrix as m groups n
vertical 3-D bars.
bar3h Displays columns of m-by-n matrix as m groups n
horizontal 3-D bars.

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 Cont..
Example:
>> per_passing=[60 65.79 80.40 85.44 55.99 70.71];
>>year=91:96;
>> subplot(2,2,1),bar(year, per_passing);
>>subplot(2,2,2),barh(year, per_passing);
>>subplot(2,2,3),bar3(year, per_passing);
>>subplot(2,2,4),bar3h(year,per_passing);

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 Cont..

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 Cont..
2. Area Graph
Area Graphs are useful for displaying continuous data. Area plots the
values in each column of a matrix as a separate curve and files the area
between the curve and the x-axis. This type of graph shows how elements
in a vector or matrix contribute to the sum of all elements at a particular x
location. The height of the area graph is the sum of the elements in each
row.
Example:
>> y=[2 1 4 ;3 7 5;2 3 5];
>> area(y)

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 Cont..
3. Pie Chart
Pie chart displays the percentage that each element in a vector or
matrix contributes the sum of all elements. Pie charts can be two
dimensional and three dimensional. Pie and pie3 create 2-D and 3-D
pie charts.
>> v=[40 30 15 15];
>> pie(v)
>> pie3(v)

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 Cont…
2-D Pie Chart

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 Cont..
3-D Pie Chart

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 Cont..
4. Histograms

This function shows the distribution of data values. The histogram hist
function displays data in a Cartesian coordinate system and rose function
displays data in polar coordinate system. The histogram function counts the
number of elements within a range and displays each range as a rectangular
bin. The height of the bins represents the number of values falls within the
range. The hist function shows the distribution of the elements in Y as a
histogram with equally spaced bins between the minimum and maximum
values in Y. A rose plot displays the data after converting it into radians.

Example:

>> h=[2 3 4 2 6 8 6 5 1 10 15 5 4];

>> hist(h)
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 Cont..

Fig: Cartesian Coordinate System

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 Cont..
Example:
>> h=[2 3 4 2 6 8 6 5 1 10 15 5 4];
>> rose(h)

Figure: Polar coordinate System.

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 Cont..
5. Discrete Data Graph:

These graphs describe how to use stem plots and stair step plots to display discrete
data graph, display by function stem, stem3 and stairs. stem displays a discrete
sequence of y-data as stems from x-axis. stem3 function displays a discrete
sequence of z-data as stems from xy-plane. stairs displays a discrete of y-data as
steps from x-axis.

Example: 2-D stem plot.

>> temp=[2.4 10.5 3.2 5 7 9.2 1];

>> time=[5 6 7 8 9 10 11];

>> stem(temp, time);

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 Cont..

Figure: 2-D stem plot

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 Cont..
Example: 3-D stem plot
>> stem3(temp,time)

Figure: 3-D stem plot.

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 Cont..
Example: stair step plot
>> i=1:2:30;
>> j=30:-2:1;
>> stairs(i,j)

Figure: stair step plot.

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 Cont..
6. Direction and velocity vector graphs:
This type of graphs displays data consisting of direction vectors and
velocity vectors. Following are the vector plotting commands:
Function Description
compass Displays vectors emanating from the origin of a
polar plot.
feather Displays vectors extending from equally spaced
points along a horizontal line.
quiver Displays 2-D vectors specified by (u,v)
components
quiver3 Displays 3-D vectors specified by (u,v,w)
components.

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 Cont..
7. Contour plots
The contour functions are used to create, display and label isolines
which are determined by one or more than one matrices. Contour
plotting commands are as follows:

Function Description
contour Displays 2-D isolines generated from values
given by a matrix z.
contour3 Displays 3-D isolilnes generated from values
given by matrix z.
contourf Displays a 2-D contour plots and fills the area
between the isolines with a solid color.
contourc Calculate the contour matrix used by the other
contour functions.

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 Cont..
Example:
[x,y,z]=peaks;
>> subplot(2,1,1),contour(x,y,z,20)
>> subplot(2,1,2),contour3(x,y,z,20)

Figure: 2-D and 3-D contour plot.

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 Cont..
8. Interactive plotting:

Interactive plotting allows plotting user free hand graph. To select the
points of free hand graph ginput function is used. ginput function allows to
select the mouse or the arrow key to select points to be plotted. This
function returns the coordinate of the selected points.

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 Cont..
Example:
>> hold on
>> [x,y]=ginput(5)
x=
0.1855
0.4320
0.2154
0.6463
0.6417
y=
0.7822
0.5599
0.4167
0.5132
0.8406
>> plot(x,y);

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 Animation
Animated sequences created in MATLAB by two different ways:

1. Saving number of different pictures and then playing them as a movie.

2. Continuously erasing and redrawing the objects and making incremental

changes with each redraw.

We can save any sequence of graphs and play the sequence as a movie. This process
has two steps:

1. Use getframe to generate each movie frame.

2. Use movie to run the movie for specified number of times and rate.

getframe returns a cdata and colormap as structure of fields.

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 Cont..
Example: 1. none: it does not erase the object
for k=1:10
when it is moved.
t=linspace(0,2*pi,200);
r=sqrt(abs(2*sin(5*t)+k)); 2. background mode erases the object
polar(t,r)
m(k)=getframe; by redrawing it in the background color.
end This mode erases the object with all
movie(m,5);
below information such as grid lines.

We can create different effect by 3. xor mode erases only the object and
selecting the different erase modes. it is usually used for animation.
Erase modes are useful for dynamic
redrawing. Different erase modes are:

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 Cont..
Example: A(3,1) = -y(2);

A = [ -8/3 0 0; 0 -10 10; 0 28 -1 ]; ydot = A*y;

y = [35 -10 -7]'; y = y + h*ydot;

h = 0.01; % Change coordinates

p = plot3(y(1),y(2),y(3),'.', ... set(p,'XData',y(1),'YData',y(2),'ZDa

'EraseMode','none','MarkerSize',5); ta',y(3))

% Set EraseMode to none drawnow

axis([0 50 -25 25 -25 25]) i=i+1;

hold on end

for i=1:4000

A(1,3) = y(2);
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 Graphics Object Handling
Graphics object handlings are the basic drawing elements used by MATLAB to display data
and to create graphical user interfaces. The unique identifier of an object is called handle.
This handle can be used to manipulate the object properties or characteristics of an existing
graphics object. Graphics objects contain the number of types such as line, text, patch, axes,
image, surface etc. Axis objects define a region in a figure window and orient their other
information within this region. The different functions create an axis object such as plot,
surf, mesh and bar. There are three basic image types such as indexed, intensity and true
color. Since images are strictly two dimensional hence we can view them only at the default
2-D. The light object defines the different possible sources of the light that affect all patches
and surfaces of the object within the axes. Line object is used to create 2-D and 3D plots. A
single patch contains multiple faces each colored independently with solid or interpolated
colors. Patch object is created by fill, fill3 and contour3 functions. Text objects are nothing
but just the collection of character string. The functions used to handle text objects are title,
xlabel, ylabel, zlabel and gtext.
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Common properties of all objects:
Cont..
Property Description
BusyAction Control the way MATLAB handles callback routine interruption defined for the
particular object.
ButtonDownFnc Callback routine that executes when button press occurs.
Children Handles of all this object's children objects.
Clipping Mode that enables or disables clipping
CreateFnc Callback routine that executes when this type of object is created.
DeleteFnc Callback routine that executes when you issue a command that destroys the
object.
HandleVisibility Allows you to control the availability of the object handle from the command
line and from within callback routines.
Interruptible Determine whether a callback routine can be interrupted by a subsequently
invoked callback routine.
Parent The objects parent
Selected Indicates whether object is selected
SelectionHighlight Specifies whether object visually indicates the selection state.
Tag User-specified object label.
Type The type of object ex. figure, line, text, etc.

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List of Graphics Object Creation Functions :
Cont..
Function Description
axes Rectangular coordinate system that scales and orients axes children image, light, line,
patch, surface, and text objects.
Figure Window for displaying graphics
Image 2-D picture defined by either color map indices or RGB values. The data can be 8-bit or
double precision data.
Light Directional light source located within the axes and affecting patches and surfaces.
Line Line formed by connecting the coordinate data with straight line segments, in the
sequence specified.
Patch Polygonal shell created by interpreting each column in the coordinate matrices as a
separate polygon.
Rectangle 2-D filled area having a shape that can range rectangle to an ellipse.
surface Surface created with rectangular faces define by interpreting matrix elements as heights
above a plane.
text Character string located in the axes coordinate system.
uicontextmenu Context menu that you can associate with other graphics object.
Uicontrol Programmable user interface device such as push button, slider, or list box.
uimenu Programmable menu appearing at the top of figure window.

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 Cont..
Property value setting:

The set and get function specify and retrieve the value of existing graphics
object properties. These functions are unable to list possible values of fixed
set of properties. Properties of an existing object can change using the set
function and the handle return by the creating function.

Syntax:

set(object_handle, 'PropertyName', 'NewPropertyValue');

To return current value specific object property :

Syntax

returned_value=get(object_hanle,'PropertyName');

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 3-D Visualization
Visualization is the process of representing graphical data. It makes
certain characteristics or values more apparent. Geometric forms of
visualization convey information like surfaces; solids and colors are
mapped to data values. The geometric form can represent real life
examples such as airplane or wave guide or may be graphical
elements that indicate data values, such as streamlines or slice
planes. 3-D visualization consist of creating 3-D graphs, defining
the view, lighting as a visualization tool, transparency, creating 3-D
models with patches, and volume visualization techniques.

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 Cont..
Example:

>> x=[11 22 33 1 3 14 15 18];

>> y=[19 18 17 16 10 11 99 33];
>> z=[22 33 42 51 75 48 97 52];
>> a=[x y z];
>> b=[y x z];
>> c=[z x y];
>> plot3(a,b,c)

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 Cont..

Figure: Line plot of 3-D data.

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 Cont..
Mesh and Surface plots:

Surface information can enhance by controlling color parameters of the

plot. Color parameters can map particular data values to colors specified
within the range called color map. To enhance surface information indexed
color and true color techniques are used. Indexed color technique assigns
data points to an index into the figures color map. Whereas true color
specify colors such as RGB triplets. True color requires minimum 24 bit
display system. Surface plot can create by providing no explicit color data.
In such cases MATLAB generates color map indices from z-data.
Otherwise the z-data size array should specify color data. In another case
m-by-n-by-3 array of color data defines an RGB triplets use for true color.

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 Cont..
Example:
>> p=peaks(70);
>> surf(p)

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 Cont..
Creating 3-D Patches:
Patch for graphics object is made up of one or more than one polygon that may or
may not be connected. Patches are used for real world object modeling such as air
planes or automobiles and for drawing 2-D or 3-D polygons of arbitrary shape. the
MATLAB function is used to create patch objects fill, fill3, isosurface, isocaps,
some of the contour functions and patch. Patches can specify by vertices coordinate
and color data. Patches support different options of color that are useful for
superimposing the data on geometric shapes visualization. Patches are of two
forms: 1) high-level syntax and 2) low-level syntax. In high-level syntax MATLAB
automatically determines how to color each face based on specified color data. This
format is not necessary to give property names for coordinates and color data. In
low level syntax only property names or property value can be specified as
arguments. It does not automatically color faces until we will not change the color
value or property.
Syntax:
patch(x-coordinates, y-coordinates, [z-coordinates],colordata);
For more information see help patch.

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 Cont..
Example:
>> t=0:pi/5:2*pi;
>> patch(sin(2*t),cos(t),'y')
>> axis equal

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 Summary

This chapter covers the basic concept of 2-D and 3-D plotting, overview of

specialized plotting, handle graphics object, visualization technique, and

formatting of plotting etc. MATLAB has several high-level graphical
routines. They allow a user to create various graphical objects including 2-
D and 3-D graphs.

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