B.Sc.

PHYSICS
SEM COURSE CODE PART COURSE COURSE TITLE HRS / CREDIT CIA SE TOTAL
WEEK MARKS MARKS MARKS
I 14U1LT1/ LA1/ I Language-I 6 3 40 60 100
LF1/LH1/LU1
14UCN1E1 II English-I 6 3 40 60 100
14UCH1A1:1 III Allied – I Inorganic, Organic and Physical 5 2 20 30 50
Chemistry – I
14UCH1A1P III Allied – I Volumetric Analysis - Practical 3 2 20 30 50
14UPH1C1 III Core I Properties of Matter 4 4 40 60 100
14UPH1M1P III Major Based Elective –I Properties of Matter: Practical 3 3 40 60 100
14UCNIVE IV Value Education Value Education 3 3 40 60 100
TOTAL 30 20 240 360 600
II 14U2LT2 / LA2 / I Language – II 6 3 40 60 100
LF2/LH2/LU2
14UCN2E2 II English – II 6 3 40 60 100
14UCH2A2:1 III Allied – II Inorganic, Organic and Physical 4 2 20 30 50
Chemistry – II
14UCH2A2P III Allied – II Organic Analysis - Practical 3 2 20 30 50
14UPH2C2 III Core – II Mechanics 4 4 40 60 100
14UPH2M2P III Major Based Elective-II Heat and Optical Practical 3 3 40 60 100
14UPH2N1 IV Non Major Elective – I # 2 2 40 60 100
14UCN2ES IV Environmental Studies Environmental Studies 2 2 40 60 100
TOTAL 30 21 280 420 700
III 14U3LT3 / LA3 / I Language-III 6 3 40 60 100
LF3/LH3/LU3
14UCN3E3 II English-III 6 3 40 60 100
14UMA3A3:2 III Allied – III Classical Algebra 7 4 40 60 100
14UPH3C3 III Core – III Acoustics 4 4 40 60 100
14UPH3M3P III Major Based Elective-III Thermal and Electricity - Practical 3 3 40 60 100
14UPH3N2 IV Non Major Elective – II # 2 2 40 60 100
14UCN3S1 IV Skill Based Elective-I Soft Skills 2 2 40 60 100
TOTAL 30 21 280 420 700
IV 14U4LT4 / LA4 / I Language-IV 6 3 40 60 100
LF4/LH4/LU4
14UCN4E4 II English-IV 6 3 40 60 100
14UMA4A4:2 III Allied – IV Calculus and Trigonometry 8 4 40 60 100
14UPH4C4 III Core – IV Thermal and Statistical Physics 4 4 40 60 100
14UPH4C5P III Core – V Measurement and Calibration - Practical 4 4 40 60 100

14UPH4S2 IV Skill Based Elective – II Nano science 2 2 40 60 100

14UCN4EA V Extension NCC, NSS, etc., - 2 - - -
14UPH4EC1 Extra Credit – I History of Science - 4* - 100* 100 *
14UPH4EC2 Extra Credit – II Astrophysics - 4* - 100* 100 *
TOTAL 30 22 240 360 600
V 14UPH5C6 III Core – VI Electricity, Magnetism & 5 4 40 60 100
ElectroMagnetism
14UPH5C7 III Core – VII Atomic Physics 4 4 40 60 100
14UPH5C8 III Core – VIII Optics 4 4 40 60 100
14UPH5C9 III Core – IX Semiconductor Electronics 4 4 40 60 100
14UPH5C10 III Core – X Solar Energy 4 4 40 60 100
14UPH5C11P III Core – XI Optics and Numerical Programming - 4 4 40 60 100
Practical
14UPH5M4P III Major Based Elective –IV Electronics and Microprocessor Practical 3 3 40 60 100

14UPH5S3 IV Skill Based Elective – III Scientific Programming in C 2 2 40 60 100

14UPH5EC3 Extra Credit - III Mobile Telephony - 4* - 100* 100 *
TOTAL 30 29 320 480 800
VI 14UPH6C12 III Core – XII Wave Mechanics and Relativity 5 4 40 60 100
14UPH6C13 III Core – XIII Digital Electronics & Microprocessor 5 4 40 60 100
14UPH6C14 III Core – XIV Nuclear Physics 5 4 40 60 100
14UPH6C15 III Core – XV Laser and Spectroscopy 4 4 40 60 100
14UPH6C16P III Core – XVI General Physics and Scientific 4 4 40 60 100
Programming -Practical
14UPH6C17P III Core – XVII Advanced Electronics and 4 4 40 60 100
Microprocessor - Practical
14UPH6S4 IV Skill Based Elective – IV Advanced Scientific Programming in C 2 2 40 60 100
14UCN6GS V Gender Studies Gender Studies 1 1 40 60 100
14UPH6EC4 Extra Credit – IV Physics for Competitive Examination - 4* - 100* 100 *
TOTAL 30 27 320 480 800
GRAND TOTAL 180 140 1680 2520 4200
# Non Major Elective Courses offered to the other Departments:

SEM COURSE TITLE

II Physics of Home Appliances

III Medical Physics

* Not considered for Grand Total and CGPA
 SEMESTER-I: ALLIED -I
INORGANIC, ORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - I
Course Code : 14UCH1A1:1 Max. Marks : 50
Hours/Week : 5 Internal Marks: 20
Credit :2 External Marks: 30

Objectives:

 To understand the concept of periodic properties and molecular orbital theory.

 To know the chemistry of biomolecules.
 To study the concept of stereochemistry electrochemistry and photochemistry.
 To learn the principles of separation techniques.

UNIT – I 15 hours

1.1 Periodic properties- Ionization potential, electron affinity and electro negativity-
variation in the periodic table
1.2 Molecular Orbital Theory: Some important basic concepts of molecular orbital theory -
LCAO. Bonding , anti-bonding orbital and bond order – application of MO theory to H2,
He2, O2 and F2 molecules
1.3 Industrial Chemistry:
Fuel gases – Water gas, Producer gas, L.P.G., Gobar gas and Natural gas. Fertilizers –
N.P.K and mixed fertilizers.
#Soap and detergents – An elementary idea of soap and detergent. Cleansing action of
soap and detergents#.

UNIT – II 15 hours
2.1 Carbohydrates:
Classification – Glucose and fructose – Preparation and properties – Sucrose –
Manufacture and properties – Starch and cellulose – Properties and uses.
2.2 Amino Acids and Proteins:
Amino acids – Classification, preparation and properties. Peptides (Elementary
treatment) – Proteins – Classification based on physical properties and biological
functions.
2.3 Nucleic acid: DNA and RNA – functions - #Structure of DNA and RNA#.

UNIT – III 15 hours

3.1. Synthetic polymers – Teflon, Alkyl and Epoxy resins, Polyesters – definitions and uses
Types of polymerization – Thermosetting and thermoplastics.
3.2. Heterocyclic compounds – Furan, thiophene, and pyridine – Preparation and properties.
3.3. Stereoisomerism: Optical isomerism – lactic and tartaric acid – Racemic mixture and
resolution – Geometrical isomerism –#maleic and fumaric acid#.
UNIT – IV 15 hours
4.1 Chromatography – principles of column, paper and thin layer chromatography.
4.2 Photochemistry: Photochemical reaction – Lambert’s law , Beer’s law – Absorbtion,
Extinction Coefficient – The law of Photochemical equivalence, Quantum efficiency,
#Some of Photochemical and their quantum yield#.
4.3 Phase Rule:
Phase, Component, Degree of freedom, Phase Rule – Definition. One component
system –Water system.

UNIT – V 15 hours
5.1. Electrochemistry:
Specific and equivalent conductance – their determination – Effect of dilution on
conductivities – An elementary idea about ionic theory – Ostwald’s Dilution Law,
Kohlrausch Law, Conductometric titrations.
5.2. pH and Buffer:
Importance of pH and buffers in the living systems. pH determination by colorimetric and
electrometric methods.
5.3 Corrosion: Types of corrosion, #Prevention#.

# # Self study

Text books:

1. R.D. Madan, J.S. Tiwari and G.L. Mudhara – A Textbook of First Year B.Sc. Chemistry,
S.Chand and Co.

2. P.L. Soni – “Text book of Inorganic Chemistry. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi (1999).
3. P.L. Soni and H.M. Chawla – “Text Book of Organic Chemistry” – 28th Edition, (1999) -
Sulthan and Chand company, New Delhi.
4. B.R. Puri, L.R. Sharma and M.S. Pathania, “Principles of Physical Chemistry”, Vishal
Publications, Jalandhar, 2002.

UNIT I : Text Book 1,2

UNIT II : Text Book 3

UNIT III : Text Book 3

UNIT IV : Text Book 4

UNIT V : Text Book 4

Books for reference:

1. Bahl and Arun Bahl – “Advanced Organic Chemistry” – 19th Edition., (2005) – Sulthan and

Chand company, New Delhi.

2. M.K. Jain – “Organic Chemistry” – 12th Ed., (2003) Sulthan and Chand Company,

New Delhi.

3. R.L. Madan, G.D. Tuli, “Simplified Course in Physical Chemistry”, 5th revised and enlarged

edition, S.Chand & Co., New Delhi, 2009.

 SEMESTER I : ALLIED - I

VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS - PRACTICAL

Course Code : 14UCH1A1P Max. Marks : 50

Hours / Week : 3 Internal Marks : 20
Credit :2 External Marks : 30

Objectives:

 To know the basic principles of volumetric analysis

 To understand the concepts of indicators and equivalent weight

1. Estimation of Sodium Hydroxide

(Na2CO3 X HCl X NaOH )

2. Estimation of Hydrochloric Acid

(H2C2O4 X NaOH X HCl)

3. Estimation of Oxalic Acid

(FeSO4 X KMnO4 X H2C2O4)

4. Estimation of Ferrous Sulphate

(H2C2O4 X KMnO4 X FeSO4)

5. Estimation of KMnO4

(K2Cr2O7 X FAS X KMnO4)

6. Estimation of Zn by EDTA

(MgSO4 X EDTA X ZnSO4)

7. Estimation of Mg by EDTA

8. Estimation of Cu by iodometry

(K2Cr2O7 X thio X CuSO4)

9. Estimation of Iodine

(K2Cr2O7 X thio X I2)

Book for reference:

1. Venkateswaran V. Veerasamy R. Kulandaivelu A.R.,Basic principles of Practical

Chemistry, 2nd edition, New Delhi, Sultan Chand & sons(1997).
 SEMESTER I: CORE – I
PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Course Code : 14UPH1C1 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 4 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:
 To understand elastic properties and modulus of the materials.
 To study the principles of hydrostatics and hydrodynamics.

UNIT – I Elasticity 12 hours

Hooke's Law- Stress - Strain Diagram - Elastic modulii – Types of elastic constants –
Young’s modulus- Rigidity Modulus –Bulk Modulus- Relation between elastic constants -
Poisson's Ratio -Expression for Poisson's Ratio in terms of elastic constants - Experimental
determination of Poisson's Ratio for Rubber.

UNIT -II Bending of beams 12 hours

Bending of beams: Cantilever - Expression for bending moment - Expression for
depression - Expression for time period - Experiment to find Young's modulus - #Non uniform

bending (Pin and microscope)# - Experimental determination of Rigidity Modulus –Static

torsion method.

UNIT – III Surface Tension 12 hours

Definition and dimensions of surface tension – Molecular explanation of surface tension
– Angle of contact- Excess pressure inside a liquid drop and soap bubble –Excess pressure inside
a curved liquid surface - Capillary rise method-Variation of Surface tension with temperature -
Jaegar's Method.

UNIT – IV Viscosity 12 hours

Streamline flow – Turbulent flow –Critical velocity-Reynold’s number-Co-efficient of
viscosity and its dimension - Rate of flow of liquid in a capillary tube - Poiseuilles' formula -
Experimental determination of co-efficient of viscosity of a liquid by Poiseuille’s method-
Stoke’s method.
UNIT –V Diffusion & Osmosis 12 hours
Diffusion of liquids – Graham’s laws of diffusion in liquids – #Ficks law of diffusion# –
Analogy between liquid diffusion and heat conduction – Experimental determination of
coefficient of diffusion.
Osmosis and osmotic pressure – Laws of osmotic pressure -Experimental determination of
osmotic pressure (Berkeley and Hartley method) –– elevation of the boiling point – depression of
freezing point.

#....................# Self study portion

Text Book :
R. Murugeshan, Properties of Matter, Fifth edition S. Chand & Co Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
Fifth edition, 1994.

Unit I Chapter 1 Sections 1.1 - 1.8.

Unit II Chapter 1 Sections 1.10 - 1.21.
Unit III Chapter 3 Sections 3.1 - 3.12.
Unit IV Chapter 2 Sections 2.1 - 2.9.
Unit V Chapter 4 & 5 Sections 4.1 - 5.6.

Books for Reference:

1. Brij Lal & Subramaniam, Properties of Matter, S. Chand & Co Pvt.Ltd.,New Delhi, Third
edition, 1989.
2. Mathur D.S, Elements of Properties of Matter ,Eleventh edition, Shyamlal Charitable
Trust, New Delhi, Eleventh edition, 1993.
 SEMESTER I: MAJOR BASED ELECTIVE – I
PROPERTIES OF MATTER - PRACTICAL

Course Code : 14UPH1M1P Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 3 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :3 External Marks : 60

Objective:

To develop the experimental skills and determination of the physical coefficients

of matters.

1. Determination of the Young’s Modulus [Y] of a material using Uniform Bending

Method (Scale & Telescope).
2. Compound Pendulum: Determination of the Acceleration due to Gravity and
Radius of Gyration [g & K].
3. Determination of Surface Tension [T] by Capillary Rise Method.
4. Determination of the Co-efficient of viscosity [η] of a Liquid by Burette Method
5. Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor using Lee’s Disc.
6. Verification of Laws of Transverse Vibrations [I & II laws] in a stretched string
using a sonometer.
7. Determination of the Refractive Index [µ] of glass using a prism and a
spectrometer.
8. Determination of Resistance and Specific Resistance [R &ρ] using a Meter Bridge.
Books for reference:

1. M.N. Srinivasan,S. Balasubramaniyan, R. Ranganathan, A text book of practical

physics, S.Chand & Sons , reprint 2010.

2. C.C. Ouseph, U.J. Rao & V. Vijayendran, Practical physics and electronics,
S. Viswanathan, Pvt,Ltd, First edition, 2007.
 SEMESTER-II : ALLIED -II
INORGANIC, ORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY – II
(For B.Sc., Physics)
Course Code : 14UCH2A2:1 Max. Marks : 50
Hours/Week : 4 Internal Marks: 20
Credit :2 External Marks: 30

Objectives:
 To understand the types of chemical bonding and the importance of coordination
compound.
 To have knowledge of types for organic reaction and chemotheraphy.
 To study the importance of energetics and colloids.
 To know the concept of chemical equilibrium and catalysis.

UNIT – I 12 hours
1.1. Coordination Chemistry:
Nomenclature of mononuclear complexes – Werner, Sidgwick and Pauling’s Theory.
Biological role of Haemoglobin and Chlorophyll. Application of complexes in qualitative
and quantitative analysis.
1.2. Metallic Bond:
Electron gas, Pauling and Band Theories. Semiconductors – Intrinsic, n and p-type.
1.3. #Compounds of Sulphur: Peracids of sulphur and sodium thiosulphate#.

UNIT – II 12 hours
2.1. Electron Displacement Effects- Inductive effect – Relative strength of aliphatic acid and
alkyl amines. Resonance – Condition for resonance - Consequences of resonance - Hyper
conjugation – definition and examples- steric effect.
2.2. Aromaticity – Conditions – Huckel’s rule - aromaticity of benzene.
2.3. Substitution reactions- Nitration, halogenation, sulfonation and #alkynation of benzene#.

UNIT –III 12 hours

3.1 Halogen containing compounds: Preparation and uses of Dichloromethane, Chloroform,
Carbon tetrachloride, DDT, and BHC.
3.2. Chemotherapy: Struture and uses of Sulpha drugs – Sulpha pyridine, Sulpha – thiazole
and sulpha diazine –Antibiotics - Struture and uses of penicillin –G
and #Chloromycetin#.
3.3. Name reactions: Benzoin, Perkin, Cannizaro, Claisen, Haloform, Carbylamine
reactions – Biuret reaction.
UNIT – IV 12 hours
4.1 Solid State:
Typical crystal lattice – Unit cell. Elements of symmetry. Bragg’s equation, Weiss
indices, Miller indices, Simple, Body centered and face centered cubes.

4.2 Energetics:
Second Law of thermodynamics - Carnot’s Theorem – Carnot Cycle.
4.3 Colloids:
Types of colloidal systems –– Classification of colloidal systems, Lyophilic and
Lyophobic Sols –– properties of colloidal system – Dialysis – Electro-dialysis,
Ultrafiltration. #Emulsion –types- preparation- emulsifier- Deemulsification- Gels-types-
thixotrophy- synerisis, imbibition#.

UNIT – V 12 hours
5.1 Chemical Equilibrium:
Criteria of homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria. Decomposition of HI and PCl5.
5.2 Chemical Kinetics:
Order, Rate, Molecularity of the reaction and rate constant, Determination of order of the
reaction – Activation energy, Effect of temperature on reaction rate.
5.3 Catalysis:
Catalysis – Types-Importance of catalysis, types of catalysis - Homogeneous and
heterogeneous catalysis (Industrial catalyst – catalyst carrier, catalyst promoter, catalyst
inhibitor, catalytic poison, activity of catalyst). Theory of catalysis - Intermediate
complex theory –#concept of acid-base and enzyme catalysis#.
# # Self study

Text books:

1. P.L. Soni – “Text book of Inorganic Chemistry. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi (1999).
2. P.L. Soni and H.M. Chawla – “Text Book of Organic Chemistry” – 28th Ed., (1999) - Sulthan and
Chand company, New Delhi.
3. B.R. Puri, L.R. Sharma and S. Pathania – Principles of Physical Chemistry: Shoban Lal Nagin
Chand and Co., New Delhi

4. A.K. Srivastava – “Organic Chemistry” – 1st Ed.,(2002) – New Age International

Publishers, New Delhi.
UNIT I : Text Book 1

UNIT II : Text Book 2

UNIT III : Text Book 4

UNIT IV : Text Book 3

UNIT V : Text Book 3

Books for reference:

1. R.D Madan – “Modern Inorganic Chemistry” (1987), S. Chand & Co Pvt Ltd.

2. B.R. Puri and L.R. Sharma – Principles of Inorganic Chemistry: Shoban Lal Nagin

Chand and Co., New Delhi (2000).

3. R.L. Madan, G.D. Tuli, “Simplified Course in Physical Chemistry”, 5th revised and enlarged edition,

S.Chand & Co., New Delhi, 2009.

 SEMESTER II: ALLIED – II

ORGANIC ANALYSIS - PRACTICAL

Course Code : 14UCH2A2P Max. Marks : 50

Hours / Week : 3 Internal Marks : 20
Credit :2 External Marks : 30

Objectives:

 To learn the techniques of organic qualitative analysis

 To learn the Nitrogen containing compounds.

A study of reactions of the following organic compounds:

1. Carbohydrate
2. Amide
3. Aldehyde
4. Ketone
5. Monocarboxylic acid
6. Dicarboxylic acid
7. Amine
8. Monohydric phenol
9. Ester
10. Nitro
The students may be trained to perform the specific reaction like test for element
(Nitrogen only), Aliphatic or aromatic, saturated or unsaturated and functional group present and
record their observation.

Book for Reference:

1. Venkateswaran V. Veerasamy R. Kulandaivelu A.R.,Basic principles of Practical

Chemistry, 2nd edition, New Delhi, Sultan Chand & sons(1997).

 SEMESTER II: CORE – II
MECHANICS

Course Code : 14UPH2C2 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 4 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:
 To have an knowledge in the field of dynamics
 To understand the concepts of hydrostatics and hydrodynamics
 To learn the principles of Newtonian Mechanics

UNIT – I Motion of Projectile and Impact of elastic bodies 12 hours

Projectile Motion – Range of an inclined plane –Impact – Impulsive force– #Laws of

impact# – Direct impact of two smooth spheres-–Loss of kinetic energy due to direct impact –
Oblique impact of two smooth spheres-#Loss of kinetic energy due to oblique impact#.

UNIT – II Dynamics of Rigid Bodies 12 hours

Moment of inertia-Radius of gyration-Perpendicular axes theorem- Parallel axes theorem
-Moment of inertia of a triangular lamina– Theory of compound pendulum –– Period of
oscillation of a Compound pendulum.

UNIT – III Gravitation & Centre of gravity 12 hours

Gravitation: Newton’s laws of gravitation- #Kepler’s Laws of Planetary motion# ––
Deduction of Newton’s law of gravitation from Kepler’s law- Determination of G -Boy’s
method.
Centre of Gravity: Definition- C.G of solid cone -C.G of Solid hemisphere –C.G of hollow
hemisphere.

UNIT – IV Centre of Pressure & Hydrodynamics 12 hours

Centre of Pressure: Definition- Centre of Pressure of Vertical rectangular lamina –
Centre of Pressure of Vertical triangular lamina -#Laws of floatation# - Meta centre - Meta
centric height of a ship-Equation of continuity of flow - - Bernoulli's theorem – Venturimeter –
Pitot tube.
UNIT – V Newtonian Mechanics 12 hours
Frame of reference-Inertial frame-Reduced mass -Conservation of linear and angular
momentum of a particle-Conservation of energy of a particle-Centre of mass- Conservation of
linear and angular momentum of a system-Conservation of energy of a system-#Basic ideas of

degrees of freedom, generalised co-ordinates and generalised momentum#.

#....................# Self study portion

Text Books :
T.B 1 R.Murugesan, Mechanics and Mathematical Physics, S.Chand
Publications, Third edition, 2010 .
T.B 2 R. Murugeshan, Properties of Matter, S. Chand & Co Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
Fifth edition, 1994.

Unit I Chapter 1 & 2 Sections 1.1 - 2.1 T.B 1

Unit II Chapter 6 & 7 Section 6.10 - 7.5 T.B 2
Unit III Chapter 6 Sections 6.1 - 6.3 T.B 2
Unit IV Chapter 4 & 5 Sections 4.1 - 5.4 T.B 1
Unit V Chapter 6 & 13 Sections 6.1, 13.1 - 13.7 T.B 1

Books for reference:

1. Brijlal Subramaniam, Mechanics and Relativity,S.Chand Publications, Fifth edition,2010
2. Naryanamoorthy,Mechanics- Part – I & II, S.Chand Publications, Sixth edition, 2008
3. D.S.Mathur, Mechanics, S.Chand Publications, Sixth edition,2013.
4. J.C.Upadhyaya, Classical Mechanics, Himalalaya Publishing House,second edition, 2010
 SEMESTER II: MAJOR BASED ELECTIVE – II
HEAT AND OPTICAL PRACTICAL

Course Code : 14UPH2M2P Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 3 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :3 External Marks : 60

Objectives:

 To have a knowledge and practical experience in determining physical

constants
 To learn the measurements in Heat and optical experiments
 To study the characteristics of the semiconductor diodes.

1. Determination of the Young’s modulus [Y] of a material using Non-uniform

bending (Pin & Microscope).

2. Static Torsion: Determination of the Rigidity Modulus [N] of a material.

3. Melde’s String - Determination of the frequency of a vibrator

4. Comparison of the co-efficient of viscosities of two liquids using the Burette

method.

5. Determination of the Specific heat capacity [S] of a liquid using Newton’s Law of

Cooling.

6. Determination of the specific gravity of a solid and liquid using a sonometer.

7. Air wedge: Determination of the thickness of a material by forming interference

fringes.

8. Characteristics of a PN Junction Diode and a Zener Diode.

Books for reference:

1. M.N. Srinivasan,S. Balasubramaniyan, R. Ranganathan, A text book of practical

physics, S.Chand & Sons , reprint 2010.

2. C.C. Ouseph, U.J. Rao & V. Vijayendran, Practical physics and electronics,
S. Viswanathan, Pvt,Ltd, First edition, 2007.
 SEMESTER II: NON MAJOR ELECTIVE – I
PHYSICS OF HOME APPLIANCES

Course Code : 14UPH2N1 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 2 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :2 External Marks : 60

Objectives:
 To learn the Physical principles and working mechanism of Home appliances
 To study the electrical circuit, Fault finding and Precautions

UNIT – I Electrical Iron 6 hours

Electric Iron: Common Electric press – #Parts of a Common Electric Press# - Testing
and Fault Finding of an Electric Press - Automatic press – Circuit Diagram-Thermostat-Working
of a Thermostat-Steam press.

UNIT – II Electric Stove and Electric Kettle 6 hours

Electrical Stove-Description-Heater Element-Ratings (Wire size, length, resistance,
current, wattage etc) of a Heater Element -Electric Kettle-Heater Elements of an Electric kettle-
Fault Finding and Precautions.

UNIT – III Electrical Mixer 6 hours

Electric Mixer: Parts of an electrical mixer – Attachments – Blender – Grinder – Juicer –
Citrus press – Blades for Citrus press.

UNIT – IV Water Immersion Heater and Electric Geyser 6 hours

Water Immersion Heater –Common Faults and Precautions - Electric Geyser: Types –
Non pressure type – Pressure type – Fault Finding and Precautions.

UNIT – V Washing Machines 6 hours

Washing machine: #Types of washing machines# – Conventional – Semi automatic –
Automatic – Precaution and fault findings.
#.............# Self study portion
Text book

S.K. Guptha, Service Manual-Electrical Home Appliances, GT Publications.

Unit I Chapter 2
Unit II Chapter 3
Unit III Chapter 7
Unit IV Chapter 1 & Chapter 9
Unit V Chapter 8
 SEMESTER III: ALLIED - III
CLASSICAL ALGEBRA
(For Physics and Chemistry Major)
Course Code : 14UMA3A3:2 Max. Marks : 100
Hours/Week : 7 Internal Marks: 40
Credit :4 External Marks: 60

Objective:

To enhance the power of ideas for solving the problems in Algebra, Theory of
equation,Matrices and Differentiation.

UNIT I 21 hours
Algebra: Binomial Series - Exponential series.

UNIT II 21 hours
Theory of equations: Relation between the coefficients and the roots of an algebraic
equation - Reciprocal equations.

UNIT III 21 hours

Matrices: #Various types of Matrices# - Rank of a Matrix - Verification of Cayley-
Hamilton theorem - Eigen values and Eigen vectors.

UNIT IV 21 hours
Finite differences: #Interpolation# - Linear interpolation - Newton’s (Forward and
Backward) Interpolation formula - Lagrange’s Interpolation formula.

UNIT V 21 hours
th
Higher Derivatives: The n derivatives of standard functions - Formation of equations
involving derivatives - Problems using Leibnitz theorem.
#........... # Self study portion.
Text Book:
S.Narayanan, R.Hanumantha Rao and T.K. Manicachagom Pillay, P. Kandasamy, Ancillary
Mathematics, Volume I, S. Viswanathan Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Revised Edition (2007).

UNIT I Chapter 1 Sections 1.2, 1.3

UNIT II Chapter 2 Sections 2.2, 2.4
UNIT III Chapter 3 Sections 3.1 - 3.2
UNIT IV Chapter 4 Sections 4.1 - 4.3
UNIT V Chapter 6 Section 6.1
Books for reference:
1. Abdul Rashid, Allied Mathematics, Vijay Nicole Publishing Company (2008).
2. S. Arumugam and A. Thangapandi Isaac, Ancillary Mathematics, New Gamma
Publishing house (2002).
 SEMESTER III: CORE - III
ACOUSTICS
Course Code : 14UPH3C3 Max. Marks : 100
Hours / Week : 4 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:
 To learn the properties of the sound waves
 To understand the concepts of acoustics,
 To learn the production of ultrasonics waves and its applications

UNIT – I Sound and Harmonic Oscillators 12 hours

Origin of sound – #Longitudinal waves# – Properties of Longitudinal waves –
Transverse Waves – Properties of Transverse Waves – Simple harmonic motion – differential
equation of SHM – Energy of vibration – Linearity and superposition principle – Simple
pendulum – Bar pendulum – Kater’s Pendulum.

UNIT – II Lissajou’s Figures 12 hours

Lissajou’s figures – composition of two SHM in a straight line – composition of two
simple harmonic vibrations of equal time periods acting at right angles – composition of two
SHM at right angles to each other and having time periods in the ratio 1:2 – Experimental
methods for obtaining Lissajou’s figures – Uses of Lissajou’s figures.

UNIT – III Velocity of Sound 12 hours

Velocity of longitudinal waves in gases – Newton’s formula for velocity of sound – effect
of temperature – velocity of sound in water – effect of pressure – effect of density of the medium
– wave velocity and molecular velocity – Doppler effect – observer at rest and source in motion
– Source at rest and observer in motion – when both the source and the observer are in motion.

UNIT – IV Vibrations in strings and Air Columns 12 hours

Laws of transverse vibration of strings–#verification of laws of transverse vibration of

strings# –Melde’s experiment – resonance – velocity of sound in Air by Resonance method –

Kundt’s tube – Intensity of sound – Decibel and Phone – Bel – musical scale.
UNIT – V Practical Applications 12 hours
Acoustics – Reverberation – Sabine’s reverberation formula – Reverberation time –
requisites for good acoustics – Ultrasonics production of ultrasonic waves – magnetostriction
oscillator – Piezo electric oscillator – #Applications of ultrasonic waves#.

#.............# Self study portion

Text book
N.Subrahmanyam, Brijlal, Waves and Oscillations , Vikas Publishing
House Pvt, Ltd. Second Revised edition, 2011.
UNIT I Chapter 1 Sections 1.2 - 1.3
UNIT II Chapter 2 Sections 2.2 - 2.4
UNIT III Chapter 3 Sections 3.1 - 3.2
UNIT IV Chapter 4 Sections 4.1 - 4.3
UNIT V Chapter 6 Sections 6.1 - 6.3

Book for reference:

N.Subrahmanyam, Brijlal, A Textbook of Sound, Vikas Publishing House, Pvt, Ltd, Second
Revised edition, 2011.
 SEMESTER III: MAJOR BASED ELECTIVE – III
THERMAL AND ELECTRICITY PRACTICAL

Course Code : 14UPH3M3P Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 3 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :3 External Marks : 60

Objectives:

 To develop the skills in thermal and electricity experiments

 To have a knowledge in measurements and determining the physical
coefficients
 To learn the circuit construction in the electricity and electronics experiments

Determination of the Young’s modulus [Y] of a material using Uniform bending

(Single Optic Lever).

1. Determination of the Co-efficient of viscosity [η] of a highly viscous liquid using
Stoke’s Method.
2. Joule’s Calorimeter: Determination of the Specific heat capacity of a liquid
(with Barton’s correction).
3. Carey Foster’s Bridge: Determination of Resistance and Specific Resistance
[R &ρ] of a material.
4. Deflection Magnetometer – M & H.
5. Figure of merit of a Sensitive Galvanometer.
6. Potentiometer: Calibration of a Low Range Voltmeter.
7. Bridge rectifier with π-section filter and Zener diodes.

Books for reference:

1. M.N. Srinivasan,S. Balasubramaniyan, R. Ranganathan, A text book of practical
physics, S.Chand & Sons , reprint 2010.

2. C.C. Ouseph, U.J. Rao & V. Vijayendran, Practical physics and electronics,
S. Viswanathan, Pvt,Ltd, First edition, 2007.
 SEMESTER III: NON MAJOR ELECTIVE – II
MEDICAL PHYSICS

Course Code : 14UPH3N2 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 2 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :2 External Marks : 60

Objectives:
 To acquire knowledge in biomedical instrumentation
 To learn the principles, properties and applications of Laser and Ultrasonics in Medicine

UNIT – I Pressure measurement 6 hours

Eye pressure measurement – Schiotz Tonometer – Goldmann Tonometer – Comparison
between Schiotz and Goldmann Tonometers –Urinary bladder pressure – Direct measurement –
Cathetar method.

UNIT – II Diagnostic Devices 6 hours

X-ray machine – Comparison between Radiography and Fluoroscopy – Angiography
(Basic concept) – #Thermography# – Comparison between normal and cancer cells.

UNIT – III Therapeutic Devices 6 hours

External and internal defibrillators – ac defibrillator – DC defibrillator – Pace maker –
Comparison between External and internal pace makers.

UNIT – IV Laser in Medicine 6 hours

Laser – Principle – Properties – General applications – Laser based blood cell counting –
Laser surgery – #Advantages#.

UNIT – V Ultrasonics in Medicine 6 hours

Ultrasonics – Properties – Ultrasonic propagation through tissues – Ultrasonic diathermy
– B mode Ultrascan – applications of diagnostic ultrasound.
#.............# Self study portion
Text books
T.B 1 John R. Cameron, Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison & James G.
Skofronick, Florida State university, Tallahassee, A wiley-Interscience Publication,
John Wiley & sons, Singapore, 2005.

T.B 2 Dr. M . Arumugam, Biomedical Instrumentation, Second Edition, Anuradha Publications

PVT, Kumbakonam, 10th Reprint, 2010.

T.B 1 UNIT I Chapter 6 & 15 Sections 6.3 - 6.6 & 15.10 - 15.13
T.B 2 UNIT II Chapter 7 & 10 Sections 7.9 - 7.12 & 10.8 - 10.14
T.B 2 UNIT III Chapter 5 Sections 5.5 - 5.7
T.B 2 UNIT IV Chapter 7 & 10 Sections 7.2 - 7.4 & 10.9.3 – 10.9.8
T.B 2 UNIT V Chapter 6 Section 6.5 - 6.8

Book for reference:

Leslie Cromwell, Fred J. Weibell, Erich A. Pfeiffer, Biomedical Instrumentation and

Measurements, Prentice Hall of India, PVT, New Delhi, Second Edition, 2005.
 SEMESTER IV: ALLIED - IV
CALCULUS AND TRIGONOMETRY
Course Code : 14UMA4A4:2 Max. Marks : 100
Hours/week : 8 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objective:
 To enhance the power of ideas for solving the problems in Calculus, ODE &PDE,
Laplace transforms, Vector analysis and Trigonometry.
UNIT I 24 hours
Properties of definite Integrals – Integration by parts - Reduction Formulae for xne ax
dx, sin n x dx, Cos n x dx.

UNIT II 24 hours
Differential equations of the first order with higher degree - Equations solvable for p -
Equations Solvable for y – Equations Solvable for x - Clairaut’s form. Laplace transforms of the
function e at, e-at, f’(t), f”(t), cos at, sin at, cosh at, sinh at, tn, e-at f(t), where n is a positive integer
– Inverse transforms relating to the above standard functions.

UNIT III 24 hours

Solving ODE of order two with constant coefficients using Laplace transforms - Partial
Differential Equations of the first order – Formation of PDE by eliminating arbitrary constants -
Standard type of first order equations I, II, III and IV (Clairaut’s form) - Lagrange’s equations.

UNIT IV 24 hours
Vector differential operator - Gradient – Direction and magnitude of gradient-
Divergence and Curl – Laplacian Operator. Line Integral – Surface integral - Volume integral -
Simple Problems.

UNIT V 24 hours
Trigonometry: Hyperbolic functions – Inverse hyperbolic functions – Separation into
real and imaginary parts, Logarithm of complex numbers. Fourier series – Even and Odd
function and Half range series.
Text Books:
T.B-1. S. Narayanan, R. Hanumantha Rao and T.K. Manicavachagom Pillay, P. Kandasamy,
Ancillary Mathematics, Volume II, S. Viswanathan Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Revised Edition
(2007).
T.B-2. S. Narayanan, R. Hanumantha Rao and T.K.Manicavachagom Pillay, P. Kandasamy,
Ancillary Mathematics, Volume I, S. Viswanathan Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Revised Edition
(2007).
UNIT I Chapter 1 Sections 11 – 13 T.B-1
UNIT II Chapter 4 Sections 6.5 and Chapter 6 Sections 1 – 6 T.B-1
UNIT III Chapter 7 Sections 1 – 6 T.B-1
UNIT IV Chapter 8 Sections 1.15 – 1.22, 2 – 6 and 9 T.B-1
UNIT V Chapter 5 Sections 5.4, 5.5 T.B-2 and Chapter 2 Sections 1 – 3 T.B-1
Books for reference:
1. Abdul Rashid, Allied Mathematics, Vijay Nicole publishing Company (2008).
2. T.K. Manicavachagom Pillai, Calculus Volume-I, S. Viswanathan Publishers, Pvt., Ltd.
(2004).
 SEMESTER IV: CORE – IV
THERMAL AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS

Course Code : 14UPH4C4 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 4 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:
 To study about the nature of Heat
 To learn the concepts of thermodynamics and statistical Physics

UNIT-I Kinetic theory of Heat 12 hours

Fundamental assumptions of Kinetic theory of heat-Pressure of a gas-Relation between
pressure and Kinetic energy-Kinetic interpretation of temperature-Mean free path- #Two specific
heat capacities of gases# - Mayer’s relation-Determination of specific heat capacity at constant
volume by Joule’s method.

UNIT-II Transmission of Heat 12 hours

Conduction process-Thermal conductivity-Measurement of thermal conductivity by
Forbe’s method and Lee’s disc method for bad conductors-Thermal radiation- #Stefan’s law# -
Newton’s law from Stefan’s law- Experimental determination of Stefan’s constant.

UNIT-III Specific Heat 12 hours

Specific heat capacity of liquids- #Dulong and Pettit’s law# - Variation of specific heat
and atomic heat with temperature - Newton’s law of cooling-Specific heat capacity of liquids-
Barton’s correction.

UNIT-IV Thermodynamics 12 hours

Statements of Zeroth, first, second and third laws of thermo dynamics- Isothermal and
adiabatic processes-Work done during isothermal and adiabatic changes-Carnot’s Engine-
Carnot’s theorem-Entropy-Change of entropy in reversible and irreversible processes.
UNIT-V Statistical Physics 12 hours
Phase Space-Micro and Macro States- Fundamental postulates of statistical mechanics-
Ensembles (Concept only)- Maxwell Boltzmann statistics - Bose Einstein Statistics-Fermi-Deric
Statistics.

#.............# Self study portion

Text books
T.B 1 Satya Prakash & J.P. Agarwal and S.S. Singhal, Heat Thermodynamics and Statistical
Physics, Pragati Prakasan, Second edition, 2010.

T.B 2 Brijlal and N. Subramaniam, Heat and Thermodynamics, S. Chand & Co,
New Delhi, First edition, 2002

UNIT I Chapter 6 Sections 6.1 - 6.11 T.B 1

UNIT I Chapter 1 - 4 Sections 1.25 - 4.10 T.B 2
UNIT II Chapter 8 & 15 Sections 8.1 - 8.22 & 15.1 -15.12 T.B 2
UNIT III Chapter 14 Sections 14.1 -14.5 T.B 2
UNIT IV Chapter 4 & 5 Sections 4.2 - 4.29 & 5.2 -5.6 T.B 2
UNIT V Chapter 9 -12 Sections 9.7 - 12.8 T.B 2

Books for reference:

1. J.B. Rajam and C. L. Arora, Heat and Thermodynamics, S. Chand & Co, New Delhi,
First edition, 2000.
2. Sharma and Sarkar,Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics, Himalaya publishers,
Mumbai, First edition, 2002 .
3. R. Murugeshan, Kiruthiga Sivaprasath, Thermal Physics, S.Chand & Co,
First edition, 2002
 SEMESTER IV: CORE – V
MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION PRACTICAL

Course Code : 14UPH4C5P Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 4 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:

 To learn the measurements and calibration techniques through properties of

matter, heat, optics and electricity experiments

1. Determination of the Young’s modulus [Y] of a material: Cantilever Depression

(Scale and Telescope).

2. Determination of Static Torsion using Searle’s Apparatus.

3. Determination of the Co-efficient of viscosity [η] of a highly viscous liquid using

Searle’s Viscometer.

4. Finding the emissivity of a surface using Newton’s Method of Cooling.

5. Determination of the EMF of Thermocouple – Direct Deflection Method.

6. Calibration of an Ammeter using a Potentiometer.

7. Determination of wavelengths of White Light using a Grating and a Spectrometer

(Normal Incidence Method).

8. Determination of the Band Gap Energy [Eg] of a thermistor using a Post Office

Box.

Books for reference:

1. M.N. Srinivasan,S. Balasubramaniyan, R. Ranganathan, A text book of practical

physics, S.Chand & Sons , reprint 2010.

2. C.C. Ouseph, U.J. Rao & V. Vijayendran, Practical physics and electronics,
S. Viswanathan, Pvt,Ltd, First edition, 2007.
 SEMESTER IV: SKILLED BASED ELECTIVE – II
NANO-SCIENCE

Course Code : 14UPH4S2 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 2 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :2 External Marks : 60

Objectives:
 To acquire knowledge about the Properties and structure of nano materials
 To study about fabrications and characterization of nano materials
 To learn the evaluation techniques of nano materials through microscopy

UNIT-I Nano Technology 6 hours

Nanomaterials - #basis of nanomaterials# - Nanotechnology - four generations of Nano-
technology - thermal, optical, electrical and magnetic properties of nanomaterials- Elementary
ideas of Nano structures.

UNIT-II Methods of Nano Materials 6 hours

Classification of Nano materials - technique of preparation - bottom up methodology (Sol-Gel
preparation technique) - Top down methodology - fullerenes - Properties of fullerenes.

UNIT-III Carbon Nano Tubes 6 hours

Types of carbon Nanotubes -single walled (SWNT) Nanotubes - multi walled (MWNT)
Nanotubes - properties - kinetic property - electrical property - Chemical, mechanical
applications – current applications.

UNIT-IV Quantum dots, wire and well 6 hours

Quantum dot – fabrication –optical properties – quantum dot for tumor targeting –quantum wire
–quantum well – fabrication – #applications#.
UNIT-V Evaluation Techniques 6 hours
Scanning Probe Microscope - Types -Tunnelling Electron Microscope (TEM) -Atomic Force
Microscopy(AFM) - Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM).

#.............# Self study portion

Text book:
S. Shanmugam, Nano Technology, MJP Publishers, Second edition, 2010.
UNIT I Chapter 1 & 2 Sections 1.2 - 1.3 & 2.2 -2.6
UNIT II - IV Chapter 2 & 3 Sections 2.8 - 2.10 & 3.1 -3.5
UNIT V Chapter 8 & 9 Sections 8.2 - 8.3 & 9.1 -9.3

Books for References:

KK. Chattobpadhyay, Introduction to Nano Science and Technology, PHI, New Delhi, 2011.
 SEMESTER IV: EXTRA CREDIT - I
HISTORY OF SCIENCE

Course Code : 14UPH4EC1 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : -- Internal Marks : ---
Credit :4 External Marks : 100

Objective:

 To provide a more conventional history, with the emphasis on the character and philosophy
of the period, the new ideas or methods that emerged during the period, and the major
advances in each branch of science or technology.

UNIT – I Science in the seventeenth century

Heat as a fluid – Dr. Black & James Watt – Count Rumford and Heat as motion Benjamin
Franklin – Coulomb’s law.

UNIT – II Electricity Magnetism & light

Mystery of electricity magnetism – Faraday – the great experimenter – Thomas Alva Edition –
James Clark Maxwell – Hertz waves – Young, Fresnel and light waves.

UNIT – III Atoms & Elements

Dalton’s atoms – Avogadro’s Hypothesis – Volta & birth of the battery – Davy’s
electrochemistry – Mendeleev’s periodic table – Joule’s measurement.

UNIT – IV Life Science

Charles Darwin – Voyage of Beagle – Pre Darwinians evolution – Descent of man – the
Neanderthal mystery – Pavlov & the Brain – Birth of cell theory – Pasteur’s germ theory –
Robert coche – finding causes of Disecus.

UNIT – V Microbiology
The Double Helix model of DNA – RNA story – Genetic code – cloning – viruses – Birth of
genetic engineering.
Text book:
Ray Spangenburg and Diane K. Moser, The History of Science from 1946 to the 1990’s,
Universities Press, 2010.
UNIT I Chapter 1 Sections 1.1 - 1.9
UNIT II Chapter 3 Sections 3.8 - 3.10
UNIT III Chapter 5 Sections 5.2 - 5.9
UNIT IV Chapter 6 Sections 6.2 - 6.9
UNIT V Chapter 8 Sections 8.1 - 8.10

Book for reference:

Ray Spangenburg and Diane K. Moser, The History of Science in the Eighteenth Century,
The History of Science in the Nineteenth Century, Universities Press, 2009.
 SEMESTER IV: EXTRA CREDIT – II
ASTROPHYSICS

Course Code : 14UPH4EC2 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : -- Internal Marks : ---
Credit :4 External Marks : 100

Objective:

 To study about origin of universe and its expansion, star and solar system, earth and moon and
components of telescopes.

UNIT – I Universe
Contribution of Chinese, Indian and Islamic civilization to astronomy- Nobel Prize to
astronomers- difference among astrology, astronomy and astrophysics.

Origin of universe –age of universe –expansion of universe –cosmic background radiation -

cosmic inflation –formation of first galaxies and stars –string theory –size of universe –Black
holes –dark energy – different types of galaxies –Milky way –nebula –fate of the universe.

UNIT – II Stars

Why do stars shine? – composition of stars –why are stars round –number of stars in the galaxy –
measurement of stars luminosities –measurement of star distance –light years –determination of
mass of the stars – size of the stars – age of the stars –age of the oldest star –different kind of
stars –evolution of stars –supernova –binary stars (double stars) – constellation.

UNIT – III Solar system

Formation of solar system – age of Sun –Sun’s future – future of earth when the sun dies – sun
spots – mass of the sun – solar wind – flight time of light from Sun to Earth – brown dwarf –
Pluto no longer a planet – comets

UNIT – IV Earth and Moon:

Size of the earth – measurement of mass of earth – age of earth –Origin of water on the earth –
Origin of Oxygen in our atmosphere – Reasoning of Seasons – Green house effect

Origin of moon – dark areas on the moon – lack of atmosphere in moon – waning / waxing of
moon

UNIT – V Telescope

Difference between reflecting and refracting telescopes – common optical telescope

configuration – measurement of the performance of a telescope – shape and construction of
telescope mirrors – Schmidt telescope – resolving power of telescope – atmosphere degradation
of telescope image – advantages of observation from space – working of radio telescope –
working of gamma ray telescope.
Text book:

Pierre-Yves Bely, Carol Christian and Jean-Rene Roy, A Question and Answer Guide to
Astronomy, Cambridge University Press, First South Indian Edition,2011.

UNIT I & IV Chapter 2

UNIT II & III Chapter 1

UNIT V Chapter 3

Books for reference:

1. N. Subrahmanyam, Brij Lal and M. N. Avadhanulu, A Text Book of Optics, S. Chand,

New Delhi, 23rd Edition,2006
2. G.D. Rai, Solar Energy Utilization, Khanna Publishers, 8th edition, 2005
 SEMESTER V: CORE – VI
ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM

Course Code : 14UPH5C6 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 5 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objective:

 To study the static characteristics of electric charges, electromagnetic effect, AC circuits and
magnetic properties of materials

UNIT – I Electrostatics and Condensers 15 hours

Fundamentals of Electrostatics – #Electric field# – Electric Potential - Coulomb’s law - lines of
forces - Properties – Gauss theorem - electric intensity due to a charged sphere and cylinder –
mechanical force on unit area of a charged surface.
Principle of a capacitor – capacity of a spherical capacitor – Energy stored in a charged
conductor– loss of energy due to sharing of charges between two charged conductors.

UNIT – II Magnetic Properties of Materials 15 hours

Magnetic field – Magnetic induction – Intensity of Magnetisation – Magnetic permeability –
susceptibility – #properties of para, dia, and ferromagnetic materials# –curie point- curie
temperature-hysteresis – Retentivity – Coercivity – Experiment to draw B-H curve by
magnetometer method –loss of energy per cycle.

UNIT–III Magnetic Effect of Electric Current and Electrical Measurements 15 hours

Biot-Savart’s law – Magnetic intensity at a point due to a current carrying straight conductor,
axis of a circular coil and solenoid – Moving coil ballistic galvanometer – damping correction-
#Ampere’s circuital law#.
Carey Foster’s bridge – specific resistance – Potentiometer – Principle – Ammeter calibration. –
Calibration of low range and high range voltmeter using potentiometer.
UNIT – IV Electromagnetic Induction 15 hours
Laws of electromagnetic induction – Lenz law – Flemings right hand rule– self inductance - self
inductance of a long solenoid – Determination of self inductance – Anderson’s method - Mutual
inductance – Experimental determination of mutual inductance- Coefficient of coupling –Three
Phase AC generator

UNIT – V Alternating Currents 15 hours

Peak value, Mean value and RMS value of an alternating current– form factor - AC circuit
containing inductance ,resistance and capacitance LC series and Parallel – LCR in series –
Parallel – Comparison between series and parallel resonance circuits– The Q factor- Power in
AC circuit containing resistance ,inductance and capacitance– choke coil.
#.............# Self study portion
Text book:
R.Murugeshan, Electricity and Magnetism, S.Chand & company, Seventh Revised Edition, 2008
.
UNIT I Chapter 1 - 4 Sections 1.1, 2.12, 3.1, & 4.1 - 4.11
UNIT II Chapter 15 Sections 15.1 - 15.19
UNIT III Chapter 7 & 10 Sections 7.1 - 7.2 & 10.1 -10.17
UNIT IV Chapter 11 & 14 Sections 11.1 - 11.10 & 14.1 -14.3
UNIT V Chapter 13 Sections 13.1 - 13.6

Book for reference:

Brijlal and N.Subramaniam, Electricity and Magnetism, S.Chand & company,New Delhi 1995.
 SEMESTER V: CORE – VII
ATOMIC PHYSICS

Course Code : 14UPH5C7 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 4 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:

 To study about the properties of positive rays, photo electric effect and atom model.
 To study about Fine Structure of Spectral Lines and X-rays.

Unit – I Positive ray analysis 12 hours

Production and #properties of positive rays# – Positive Rays Analysis - Thomson’s Parabola
method – Aston and Bainbridge Mass spectrographs – Critical Potentials: Franck and Hertz’s
experiment.

UNIT –II Photo Electricity 12 hours

Photoelectric emission – laws – Richardson & Compton experiment -Einstein’s Photoelectric
equation and its verification by Millikan’s experiment – Photoelectric cells and applications:
Photomultiplier – exposure meter in photography –Sound reproduction in films – Automatic
operation of street light.

UNIT – III Vector atom model 12 hours

Distinct features of Vector atom model - Various quantum numbers - L-S and j-j couplings –
#Pauli’s exclusion principle# – magnetic dipole moment of electron due to orbital and spin

motions – Bohr magneton – Paschen-Back effect – Stern and Gerlach experiment.

UNIT – IV Fine Structure of Spectral Lines 12 hours

Selection rules – intensity rule and interval rule – Fine Structure of sodium D lines – hyperfine
structure – Zeeman effect – Larmour’s theorem – Debye’s quantum mechanical explanation of
the normal Zeeman effect – Quantum mechanical explanations – Anamolous Zeeman effect.

UNIT – V X- Rays 12 hours

X-Rays - Bragg’s Law – Bragg’s X-ray spectrometer – Origin and analysis of Continuous and
#Characteristic X-ray spectra# –Mosley’s law and its importance – Compton effect - Expression

for change in wavelength – Experimental verification.

#.............# Self study portion
Text book:
R.Murugeshan, Modern Physics, S.Chand & company, 13th revised edition, 2012
.
UNIT I Chapter 5 & 6 Sections 5.1 - 5.5 & 6.8 – 6.10
UNIT II Chapter 8 Sections 8.1 - 8.6
UNIT III Chapter 6 Sections 6.12 - 6.20
UNIT IV Chapter 6 Sections 6.22 - 6.26
UNIT V Chapter 7 Sections 7.1 - 7.14

Books for references:

1. N. Subramaniam and Brijlal, Atomic and Nuclear Physics, Sultan Chand, NewDelhi,
5th edition, 2010.
2. Arther Beiser, Concepts of Modern Physics,x McGraw Hill Ed , 5th edition,1999.
 SEMESTER V: CORE – VIII
OPTICS

Course Code : 14UPH5C8 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 4 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:

 To study about the principles of geometrical and physical optics.

 To understand the wave properties of light.

UNIT – I Huygen’s Principle and its Applications 12 hours

Huygen’s Theory – Rectilinear Propagation – Refraction of a Plane Wave at a Plane Interface- Total
Internal Reflection - Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface - Refraction of a Spherical Wave by a
Spherical Surface: -Convex surface- Concave surface-Lens Maker’s Formula

UNIT – II Interference 12 hours

Interference of Light Waves – #Theory of Interference (Analytical Method Only)# - Fresnal Biprism:
Experiment to determine the Wave length of light.
Thin Films-Interference due to films of variable thickness (Air Wedge)-Determination of the thickness of
the spacer used to form an Air Wedge - Newton’s Rings – Determination of wavelength.

UNIT – III Interferometry and Holography 12 hours

Michelson’s Interferometer: Construction–Working–Measurement of Wavelength of monochromatic light
-Measurement of the thickness of a thin film.
Holography: Principle-Recording of a Hologram- Reconstruction of the Image – Properties of a
Hologram - #Applications of Holography#.

UNIT – IV Diffraction 12 hours

Diffraction – #Distinction between Interference and Diffraction# - Fresnel and Fraunhoffer types of
Diffraction –Fresnel Diffraction due to a straight Edge.
Fraunhoffer Diffraction at a Double slit: Interference –Theory of Plane Diffraction Grating-Determination
of the Wavelength of a Spectral Line using a Plane Transmission Grating – Dispersive Power of a Grating
UNIT – V Polarization 12 hours
Polarization of Light – Production of Polarized Light by Reflection – Brewster’s Law – Application of
Brewster’s Law-Polarizer and Analyzer – Malus Law.
Polarization by Double Refraction – Huygen’s Explanation of double Refraction – Optical Activity-
Specific Rotation –Laurent’s Half-shade Polarimeter

#.............# Self study portion

Text books:
T.B 1 Ajoy Ghatak, Optics, Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi , 4th Edition, 2009.
T.B 2 Subrahmanyam, Brij Lal and M. N. Avadhanulu, A Text Book of Optics,
S. Chand, New Delhi, 23rd Edition, 2006
UNIT I Chapter 12 Sections 12.2 - 12.4.6 T.B 1
UNIT II Chapter 14 & 15 Sections 14.4 - 14.9.2 & 15.1 - 15.6.3 T.B 2
UNIT III Chapter 15 & 23 Sections 15.7.1 - 15.8.3 & 23.1 - 23.6 T.B 2
UNIT IV Chapter 17 & 18 Sections 17.1 - 17.10 & 18.4 - 18.7.7 T.B 2
UNIT V Chapter 20 Sections 20.1 - 20.26 T.B 2

Books for reference:

R. Murugeshan, Optics and Spectroscopy, S.Chand & company Ltd, 5th edition, 2005.
 SEMESTER V: CORE – IX
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS

Course Code : 14UPH5C9 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 4 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:
 To learn about the characteristics of semiconductor devices under forward and reverse
biasing
 To study about the functions and different types of amplifiers and oscillators.

UNIT – I Semiconductors and Diodes 12 hours

Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors – n-type and p-type semiconductors – #formulation of
p-n junction# – V-I characteristics – Zener diode – V-I characteristics – Zener diode voltage
regulator – Half wave rectifier –Bridge rectifier.

UNIT – II Transistors and FET 12 hours

Introduction – npn - pnp transistors – transistor action– Transistor configurations – common
base configuration – CB characteristics –CE characteristics – Relation between α and
β – Voltage divider biasing.
Field effect transistors – JFET – Principle, construction and working – characteristics of FET –
Parameters.

UNIT – III Amplifiers 12 hours

Transistors as an amplifier – CE transistor amplifier – RC coupled single stage amplifier – Power
amplifier – Push-Pull amplifier – FET – CS amplifier.

UNIT – IV Oscillators 12 hours

Oscillatory circuit – frequency of oscillator circuit – Barkhausen criterion – Hartley oscillator –
Colpitt’s oscillator – Phase shift oscillator – Wien’s Bridge Oscillator – #Comparison between
amplifier and oscillator# – classification of oscillator.

UNIT – V Operational amplifier 12 hours

Ideal characteristics of op-amp – #op-amp parameters# – inverting amplifier – Non-inverting
amplifier – integrator – differentiator – Adder – Subtractor – Sign changer – Scale changer.
#.............# Self study portion
Text books:
T.B 1 V.K.Mehtha, Principle of Electronics, S.Chand Publictions, NewDelhi, 3rd edition , 2012
T.B 2 R.S. Sedha, Applied Electronics, S.Chand Publictions, NewDelhi, 3rd edition, 2012
UNIT I Chapter 5 & 6 Sections 5.1 - 5.20 & 6.1 - 6.15 T.B 1
UNIT II Chapter 8 & 19 Sections 8.1 – 8.12 & 19.1 – 19.10 T.B 1
UNIT III Chapter 24,26,27 &30 Sections 24.3, 26.4, 27.1 - 27.16 & 30.17 T.B 2
UNIT IV Chapter 31 Sections 31.1 - 31.28 T.B 2
UNIT V Chapter 35 Sections 35.1 - 35.13 T.B 2

Book for Reference:

B.L. Theraja, Basic Electronics, S.Chand & company Ltd, 5th edition, 2005
.
 SEMESTER V: CORE – X
SOLAR ENERGY

Course Code : 14UPH5C10 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 4 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:

 To understand the concepts of conventional and non conventional energies.

 To learn the utilization of solar energy.
UNIT - I Conventional & Non-Conventional Energy Resources 12 hours
Conventional Energy Resources: Fossil Fuels – Hydro resources – Nuclear resources.
Non-Conventional Energy Resources -Solar Energy - Wind Energy Conversion Systems –
Bio Mass Conversion Technology (Physical method) – Geo thermal Energy – Applications –
Ocean Tidal Energy Conversion Schemes – Ocean thermal Energy Conversion.

UNIT –II Solar Radiation Analysis 12 hours

The characteristics of the sun – The solar constant –The electromagnetic energy spectrum-
#Spectral distribution of solar radiation# - Determination of Solar time – Solar radiation data –

Estimation of direct and diffused radiation –Pyrheliometers – Pyranometers.

UNIT- III Solar Collectors & Solar Energy Storage 12 hours

Liquid flat plate Collectors - General Characteristics - Focusing type Solar Collectors - Solar
Concentrators and Receiver geometries - General Characteristics of focusing Collectors Solar
Energy Storage: Types of Energy Storage – Thermal Storage – Electrical Storage – Chemical
Storage.

UNIT-IV Solar Thermal Systems and Refrigeration 12 hours

Solar water heater – Box type Solar Cooker - Solar Furnaces - #Solar green house# - Solar
Dryer - Solar Distillation- Solar Refrigeration and Air conditioning system-Solar thermo
mechanical Systems-Solar thermal water pump-Solar Vapour Compression Refrigeration- Solar
Chimney Plant.

UNIT-V Solar Photovoltaic Systems 12 hours

Photovoltaic Principles - Solar Cell Characteristics – Types of Solar Cells - Energy Losses &
Efficiency - Solar Photovoltaic Systems- Applications.
#.............# Self study portion
Text books:
T.B 1 B. H. Khan, Non-Conventional Energy Resources, Tata McGraw Hill
Education Private Limited, Second Edition, 2012.
T.B 2 G.D. Rai, Solar Energy Utilization, Khanna Publishers, 5th edition 2010.

UNIT I Chapter 1 & 7-10 Sections 1.13.2, 7.8, 8.4, 9.1&10.1.3 T.B 1
UNIT II Chapter 3 & 4 Sections 3.1 - 3.7 & 4.1 - 4.4 T.B 2
UNIT III Chapter 5, 7 & 9 Sections 5.3 -5.5, 7.1 – 7.5 & 9.1 – 9.2 T.B 2
UNIT IV Chapter 5 Sections 5.2 - 5.11.7 T.B 1
UNIT V Chapter 6 Sections 6.1 - 6.2.4 T.B 1

Books for reference:

1. S.P. Sukhatme & J.K. Nayak ,Solar Energy, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private
Limited, Third Edition, 2011
2. M.P. Agarwal, Solar Energy, S.Chand & Company Ltd, Third edition, 2012.
 SEMESTER V: CORE – XI
OPTICS AND NUMERICAL PROGRAMMING: PRACTICAL

Course Code : 14UPH5C11P Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 4 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:

 To learn the measurement techniques of optical experiments

 To develop the skills in numerical programming

1. Determination of the Young’s modulus [Y] of a material: Koenig’s Method.

2. Determination of the Cauchy’s Constants and the Dispersive power of a glass
prism using a Spectrometer.
3. i-d curve: Determination of Refractive Index of Glass using a prism and a
Spectrometer.
4. Determination of Refractive Index of Glass by forming Newton’s Rings.
5. Programming Exercises to Evaluate Simple Mathematical Expressions

 Conversion of temperature from Celcius to Fahrenheit scal.

 Computation of area of a triangle given its three sides
 Computation of area of a triangle given its base and height.
 Computation of the value of from the expression

6. Programming Exercises using Control statements [if, if-else, switch]

 To find the biggest of three numbers.

 To check whether a given number is a floating point input.
 Finding the solution of a quadratic equation using if-else construct.
 Finding the solution of a quadratic equation using switch statement.

7. Programming Exercises using Loops and Nested Loops [while, do-while, for]

 To find the prime numbers in a given range.

 To find the factorial of a number.
 Conversion of decimal number into a binary number.
 To construct the multiplication table from 1 to 20.

8. Programming Exercises using One-Dimensional Arrays

 To print the elements of an array.

 To sort the elements of an array in ascending order.
 To find the biggest and smallest elements of an array.
 To construct the Fibonacci series using arrays
Books for reference:

1. C.C. Ouseph, U.J. Rao & V. Vijayendran, Practical physics and electronics,
S. Viswanathan, Pvt,Ltd, First edition, 2007.
2. E. Balagurusamy, Programming in ANSI C, Tata Mc_Graw Hill,
New Delhi, Sixth Edition, 2013
 SEMESTER V: MAJOR BASED ELECTIVE – IV
ELECTRONICS AND MICROPROCESSOR PRACTICAL

Course Code : 14UPH5M4P Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 3 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :3 External Marks : 60

Objectives:
 To develop the skills in analog and digital experiments
 To practice the assembly language programs of 8085 microprocessor using trainer
kit.

1. Frequency Characteristics of a Single Stage R-C Coupled Amplifier.

2. Adder (Inverting and Non-inverting Modes), Subtractor using Op-amp IC741

3. Integrator and Differentiator Circuits using IC741 Op-Amps.

4. Verification of De Morgan’s Theorems and the Truth Tables for the Logic Gates

(AND,OR, NOT, NAND, NOR & EX-OR) using ICs.

5. Block Transfer of Data using µp 8085.

6. Eight bit Addition and Subtraction using µp 8085.

7. Sorting of Data in Ascending order and Descending order using µp 8085.

8. Conversion of Binary Numbers to BCD coded form.

Books for reference:

1. C.C. Ouseph, U.J. Rao & V. Vijayendran, Practical physics and electronics,
S. Viswanathan, Pvt,Ltd, First edition, 2007.
2. B.Ram, Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Microcontrollers, Dhanpat Rai
Publications, Reprint 2011.
 SEMESTER V: SKILLED BASED ELECTIVE-III
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMING IN C
Course Code : 14UPH5S3 Max. Marks : 100
Hours / Week : 2 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :2 External Marks : 60

Objectives:

 To understand the basic concepts of C structure.

 To learn the keywords and functions of C
 To practice the programming exercises

UNIT – I C Basics 6 hours

Importance of C – Basic structure of C Programs – Programming Style – #Basic concepts of

flowcharts and algorithms# –conventions used in writing algorithms -Character set, Keywords and
Identifiers – Constants – Variables – Data Types – Declarations of Variables –Assigning values of
variables
Programming Exercises:
Algorithm and flowcharts for
1. To compute the largest of three numbers.
2. To find the average of n numbers.
3. To generate prime numbers between 1to n.
4. To find the factorial of a given number n.
5. To find the roots of the quadratic equation.

UNIT – II Operators and Expressions 6 hours

Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment, Increment and Decrement, Conditional- Arithmetic

expressions – Operator Precedence and Associativity
Programming exercises:
1. Conversion of temperature from Celcius to Fahrenheit scale and vice versa.
2. Computation of area of a triangle given its three sides
3. Computation of area of a triangle given its base and height.
4. Computation of the value of from the expression
5. Area and perimeter of a square given its sides.

UNIT – III Input, Output and Control Statements 6 hours

General I/P and O/P functions: scanf & printf functions - format specifiers-Conversion type
characters for numeric and qualified data types-Decision making statements: if, if-else, switch, go-to,
break and continue statements
Programming exercise:
1. To find the biggest of three numbers.
2. To check whether a given number is a floating point input.
3. Finding the solution of a quadratic equation using if-else construct.
4. Finding the solution of a quadratic equation using switch statement.
5. Finding the area of a triangle using switch statement-given (a) its three sides (b)
its base and height.
UNIT – IV Loops and Nested Loops 6 hours
Loop Constructs – #explanation of these constructs using flow charts# – while loop – syntax of
while loop – do-while loop – syntax of do-while loop –for loop –syntax of for loop –initialization, testing
and incrementation
Programming exercise:
1. To find the prime numbers in a given range.
2. To find the factorial of a number.
3. Conversion of decimal number into a binary number.
4. To construct the multiplication table from 1 to 20.
5. To check for leap years for the period 1901-2100.

UNIT – V Arrays 6 hours

One–dimensional array declaration- initializing arrays- storing arrays in memory - accessing
elements of an array
Programming exercise:
1. To print the elements of an array.
2. To sort the elements of an array in ascending order.
3. To find the biggest and smallest elements of an array.
4. To find the average of a given set of elements using arrays.
5. To construct the Fibonacci series using arrays.

#.............# Self study portion

Text books:
T.B 1 E. Balagurusamy, Programming in ANSI C, Tata Mc_Graw Hill, New Delhi ,
Sixth Edition, 2013
T.B 2 K.R. Venugopal and S.R. Prasad, Mastering C, Third edition, Tata Mc-Graw Hill,
New Delhi, 2007

UNIT I Chapter 1 & 2 Sections 1.2 - 1.9 & 2.2 - 2.10 T.B 1
UNIT II Chapter 3 Sections 3.2 - 3.10 T.B 1
UNIT III Chapter 3 & 4 Sections 3.4 -3.5 & 4.2 - 4.13 T.B 2
UNIT IV Chapter 4 Sections 4.6 - 4.9 T.B 2
UNIT V Chapter 7 Sections 7.2 - 7.2.4 T.B 2
Book for reference:

PVN. Varalakshmi , Projects Using C, Scitech Publications, Chennai, First edition, 2001
 SEMESTER V: EXTRA CREDIT – III
MOBILE TELEPHONY

Course Code : 14UPH5EC3 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : -- Internal Marks : --
Credit :4 External Marks : 100

Objectives:
 To learn about electronic communication principles
 To learn about the concepts of wireless communication and cellular systems.

UNIT – I Wireless Communication

Wireless communication –applications-mobile and wireless devices-history of wireless

Communication -wireless transmission-frequencies for radio transmission and their regulation

UNIT – II Concepts of Wireless Transmission

Multiplexing: space division multiplexing-frequency division multiplexing-time division
multiplexing-code division multiplexing-modulation: amplitude shift keying-frequency shift
keying-phase shift keying-multicarrier modulation

UNIT – III Spread Spectrum Communication and Cellular System

Spread Spectrum and its advantages-Direct sequence Spread Spectrum – Frequency
Hopping Spread Spectrum – Cellular Systems-Medium Access Control-Motivation for MAC-
SDMA-FDMA-TDMA-Fixed TDM-CDMA- Comparison of these

UNIT – IV Telecommunication Systems

Different Types of Telecommunication Systems– GSM –Mobile Services–System Architecture –
Protocols – Localization and Calling –Handover-Security

UNIT – V GPRS and Bluetooth Services

Data Services – HSCSD – GPRS –Wireless LAN and its advantages and disadvantages -
Bluetooth – User Scenarios – Architecture: Networking and Protocol Stack

Text book:
Jochen Schiller, Mobile Communication, Pearson, New Delhi, Second Edition, 2004
 SEMESTER VI: CORE – XII
WAVE MECHANICS AND RELATIVITY

Course Code : 14UPH6C12 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 5 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:
 To study about the fundamentals of wave mechanics
 To learn the theories of relativistic mechanics

UNIT – I Inadequacy of Classical theory 15 hours

Black body radiation – difficulties with classical theory of black body radiation –
Planck’s hypothesis – Planck’s radiation formula- difficulties with classical theory of specific
heat of solids – Einstein’s theory of specific heat – the Frank-Hertz experiment – application of
Wilson-Sommerfield: Quantization rule for the harmonic oscillator and its limitation.

UNIT – II Foundations of Wave Mechanics 15 hours

Dual nature of matter – #evidences of the existence of matter waves# – Davison and
Germer’s experiment – G.P. Thomson’s experiment – velocity of DE-Broglie wave – Wave
packet – Group velocity – Phase velocity – Uncertainty principle – non-existence of the electrons
in the nucleus.

UNIT – III Formulation of Wave Mechanics 15 hours

Operators – Basic definitions – orthonormal functions – Eigen functions and Eigen values
– Hermitian operator – Postulates of Quantum mechanics – Measurability of observables –
Superposition state and probability – Expansion theorem – Ehrenfest’s theorem.

UNIT – IV Schrödinger’s Wave Equation 15 hours

Equation of motion of matter wave – time independent Schrodinger equation –
Schrödinger equation for a free particle – time dependent Schrödinger equation – physical
interpretation of wave function – solution of Schrödinger equation – stationary states –
expectation values of dynamical quantities – Probability current density.

Unit – V Relativity 15 hours

Galilean transformation – Michelson-Morley experiment – #the Postulates of special
theory of relativity# – Lorentz transformation - velocity transformation – length contraction –
time dilation – simultaneity – Mass in relativity – mass and energy.
 #.............# Self study portion

Text books:
T.B 1 Sathya Prakash and G.K. Singh, Quantum Mechanics, First edition,
Kedar Nath Ram Nath & Co,1991
T.B 2 G. Aruldhas and P. Rajagopal, Modern Physics, Second edition,
Prentice Hall of India, 2005.

T.B 3 G. Aruldhas, Classical Mechanics, Second edition, Prentice Hall of India,2008

UNIT I Chapter 1 Sections 1.3 - 1.14 T.B 1

UNIT II Chapter 2 & 4 Sections 2.2 - 2.10 & 4.1 - 4.4 T.B 1
UNIT III Chapter 5 Sections 5.1 - 5.9 T.B 2
UNIT IV Chapter 2 Sections 2.12 - 2.18 T.B 1
UNIT V Chapter 10 Sections 10.1 - 10.11 T.B 3

Book for Reference:

R. Murugesan, Modern physics, S.Chand & Company Ltd, 4th edition, 2005
 SEMESTER VI: CORE – XIII
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND MICROPROCESSOR

Course Code : 14UPH6C13 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 5 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:

 To understand the digital principles and its applications

 To study about the architecture of Intel 8085 Microprocessor and its programming
instructions.

UNIT – I Number Systems and logic gates 15 hours

Introduction to decimal, binary, octal & hexadecimal number systems – Interconversions
– Simple binary arithmetic operations – Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division – 1’s
& 2’s complements - BCD code - Gray code – ASCII code - #Basic logic gates – symbols and
truth tables# – AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EX-OR, and EX-NOR – Universality of NAND
and NOR gates.

UNIT – II Boolean algebra and Simplification of logic expressions 15 hours

Laws of Boolean algebra – #De-Morgan’s theorems# - Reducing Boolean expressions
using Boolean laws – Sum of Products (SOP) - Product of Sum (POS)
Karnaugh map: Minterms – 2, 3 & 4 variables – Don’t care conditions.

UNIT – III Arithmetic circuit, Combination circuit applications &

D/A&A/D converters 15 hours
Half adder and Full adder – Half subtrator and Full subtractor – Multiplexer(2-input) –
Demultiplexer - Decoder – 2 to 4 Decoder – Encoder –Binary Weighted Resistor D/A converter
with Op-amp - A/D conversion – Successive approximation method.

UNIT – IV Flip-Flops, Registers & Counters 15 hours

RS Flip-Flop – Clocked RS Flip-Flop –D Flip Flop –JK Flip-Flop - J-K Master Slave Flip-Flop –
Registers Right Shift Register – Left Shift Register – Ring Counter – Johnson’s counter –
Asynchronous counter ( Mod – 2 counter) – Synchronous counter.
UNIT – V Intel 8085 Microprocessor & Programs 15 hours
Introduction to microprocessor –Architecture of 8085 – Pin diagram - Addressing modes -
Instruction format – Instruction set.
8- bit addition, subtraction, multiplication & division - Ascending and Descending orders –
Largest number in an array – Sum of a series of 8- bit numbers, 16 bit addition.
#.............# Self study portion

Text books:
T.B 1 V.Vijayendran, Introduction to Integrated electronics( Digital & Analog), S.Viswanathan,
Printers & Publishers Private Ltd, Reprint 2008.
T.B 2 P.S.Manoharan, Microprocessors & Microcontrollers, Charulatha
Publications, 1st edition, 2011.
T.B 3 B.Ram, Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Microcontrollers, Dhanpat Rai
Publications, Reprint 2011.

UNIT I Chapter 1 - 4 Sections 1.1 - 4.20 T.B 1

UNIT II Chapter 5 & 6 Sections 5.1 - 6.23 T.B 1
UNIT III Chapter 7, 8 & 16 Sections 7.1 – 8.18 & 16.1 -16.13 T.B 1
UNIT IV Chapter 9 &10 Sections 9.1 - 10.19 T.B 1
UNIT V Chapter 1 Sections 1.10 - 1.11 T.B 2
UNIT V Chapter 6 Sections 6.21 - 6.27 T.B 3

Books for References:

1. V.Vijayendran, Digital Fundamentals, S.Viswanathan, Printers & Publishers Private Ltd,
4th edition, 2011.
2. V.Vijayendran, Fundamentals of Microprocessor 8085, S.Viswanathan, Printers &
Publishers Private Ltd, 3rd edition,2010 .
 SEMESTER V: CORE – XIV
NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Course Code : 14UPH6C14 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 5 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:
 To understand nuclear structure and its radiations.
 To study nuclear reactions and elementary particles.
 To learn the concepts of particle accelerators and Detectors

UNIT – I Nuclear Structure 15 hours

Discovery of nucleus – Rutherford α – scattering experiment – classification of nuclei –
properties of nucleus: nuclear size – nuclear size mass – nuclear density – charge – spin – dipole
moment.
Binding energy – nuclear stability – #mass defect and packing fraction# – nuclear forces –
Meson theory of nuclear forces – liquid drop model.

UNIT – II Radioactivity and Radiations 15 hours

#Properties of α, β and γ rays# – Soddy Fajan’s law – Radioactive law of distintegration –
decay constant – half life period – mean life period – law of successive disintegration –
radioactive dating – age of the earth – Radiocarbon dating.
Range of α particles – Bragg’s experiment to determine range of α-particle – Geiger Nuttal law –
Beta ray spectra – violation in β-decay – K-electron capture – Origin of γ ray – interaction of γ
rays with matter - Nuclear isomerism – Internal conversion.

UNIT – III Particle accelerators and Detectors 15 hours

Linear accelerator – cyclotron – synchrocyclotron – Betatron – Proton synchrotron.
Ionisation chamber – proportional counter – G.M. Counter – Scintillation counters – Wilson
cloud chamber.
UNIT – IV Nuclear fission, Fusion and transmutation 15 hours
Nuclear Fission – energy released in fission – chain reaction – nuclear reactor – power reactor –
Nuclear Fusion – sources of stellar energy – thermonuclear reaction – controlled thermonuclear
reactions.
Nuclear transmutations – transmutations by α – particle – protons – neutrons and electrons.

UNIT – V Nuclear Reactions and elementary particles 15 hours

Nuclear reactions – types of nuclear reactions – conservation laws – energy balance in nuclear
reactions and Q value.
Classification of elementary particles – particles and antiparticles – fundamental interactions –
quantum numbers – conservation laws.
#.............# Self study portion

Text book:
K. Ilangovan, Nuclear Physics, MJP Publishers, Chennai, 1st edition, 2012.

UNIT I Chapter 1 Sections 1.3.1 - 1.10.2

UNIT II Chapter 2 & 3 Sections 2.2 - 3.3.6
UNIT III Chapter 4, 5 & 8 Sections 4.3.1 - 5.13 & 8.4 - 8.9
UNIT IV Chapter 10 Sections 9.1 - 10.19
UNIT V Chapter 1 Sections 10.2 - 10.5.4
UNIT V Chapter 9 & 12 Sections 9.3 - 9.3.3 & 1.2 -12.6

Books for reference:

1. D.C.Thayal, Nuclear Physics, Himalaya Publisher house, 2nd edition, 2011.
2. Sathyaprakash, Nuclear Physics, S.Chand Publisher, 2nd edition, 2005.
3. S.B.Patel, Nuclear Physics, Wiley Eastern Publications, 1st edition, 1992.
 SEMESTER VI: CORE – XV
LASER AND SPECTROSCOPY

Course Code : 14UPH6C15 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 4 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:
 To understand the principles, production and applications of Laser.
 To understand the concepts of Infra red, Microwave, Raman Spectroscopy

UNIT – I LASER FUNDAMENTALS 12 hours

Spontaneous and stimulated emission – Einstein’s Coefficients – Population inversion –
Metastable states - Pumping methods: Optical, Electrical pumping and Direct conversion –
pumping schemes: Two level and three level pumping scheme.

UNIT – II TYPES AND APPLICATIONS OF LASER 12 hours

Types of Lasers: Ruby Laser – Helium-Neon Laser - CO2 Laser – Semiconductor Laser
– Applications: Scanners – Compact discs – Holography.

UNIT – III INFRA – RED SPECTROSCOPY 12 hours

Range of I.R. – Theory of IR absorption spectroscopy –Diatomic molecule as harmonic
oscillator - anharmonic oscillator – linear & symmetric top molecules – Double beam
I.R.Spectrometer – #Limitation of I.R.Spectroscopy#.

UNIT – IV MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY 12 hours

Theory of microwave spectroscopy – Diatomic molecule as a Rigid Rotator –
Microwave spectrometer – Application: Carbon monoxide and HCl molecules – structure
determination of Carbon Oxysulphide (OCS) molecule.

UNIT – V RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 12 hours

Raman Effect - Characteristic properties of Raman lines – Mechanism of Raman spectra
– Classical and quantum theory – Difference between IR and Raman spectra –– Raman
spectrometer – #Applications of Raman spectroscopy#.
#.............# Self study portion
Text books:
T.B 1 M.N.Avadhanulu, An introduction to Lasers theory and Applications, S.Chand
Publication, 1st edition, 2011.
T.B 2 Gurdeep R. Chatwal & Sham K.Anand, Spectroscopy (Atomic and Molecular),
Himalaya Publishing House, 5th edition, 2011.

UNIT I Chapter 1 Sections 1.1 - 1.2 T.B 1

UNIT II Chapter 2 & 5 Sections 2.1 - 2.5 & 5.9 -5.11 T.B 1
UNIT III - V Chapter 2 Sections 2.30 -2.99 T.B 2

Books for reference:

1. Dr. Kaur, Spectroscopy, Pragathi prakashan, 9th edition, 2014.
2. B.B. Laud, Laser and non-linear optics, New age International Publishers,
2nd edition 2008.
 SEMESTER VI: CORE – XVI
GENERAL PHYSICS AND SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMING: PRACTICAL

Course Code : 14UPH6C16P Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 4 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:

 To practice the determination of coefficient and measurement of physical

quantities in optical, electricity and magnetic experiments

 To practice the programming concepts in C

1. i-i’ curve: Determination of Refractive Index of Glass using a prism and a

Spectrometer.
2. Determination of Refractive Index of a Liquid by forming Newton’s Rings.
3. Potentiometer: Calibration of a High Range Voltmeter.
4. Vibration magnetometer: Determination of M & H.
5. Programming Exercises using Two-Dimensional Arrays
 To accept the elements and print a two dimensional array.
 Trace of a square matrix.
 Transposing a square matrix.
 Addition of two square matrices (n × n matrices)

6. Programming Exercises using Functions

 To evaluate the factorial of a given number.
 To find the sum of two numbers
 To construct the Fibonacci series

7. Programming Exercises for Curve Fitting using Regression Analysis

 To fit a given set of data to a straight line using linear least square fit.
 To fit a given set of data to an exponential equation of the form

8. Programming Exercises for Evaluation of some Statistical Parameters

 Calculation of median of a given data set.
 Calculation of mode of a given data set.
Books for reference:

1. C.C. Ouseph, U.J. Rao & V. Vijayendran, Practical physics and electronics,
First edition, S. Viswanathan, Pvt,Ltd, 2007.
2. E. Balagurusamy, Programming in ANSI C, Sixth Edition, Tata Mc_Graw Hill,
New Delhi,2013
 SEMESTER VI: CORE – XVII
ADVANCED ELECTRONICS AND MICROPROCESSOR PRACTICAL

Course Code : 14UPH6C17P Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 4 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :4 External Marks : 60

Objectives:

 To practice circuit constructions of analog and digital experiments

 To practice Intel 8085 microprocessor programming

1. Study of Series and Parallel Resonance Circuits

2. Hartley Oscillator.

3. Construction of Astable and Monostable Mulitivibrators using Op-Amp.

4. Verification of NAND and NOR as Universal Gates.

5. Verification of the Truth Tables of R-S, J-K and Master-Slave Flip-Flops.

6. Eight Bit Multiplication and Division using µp 8085.

7. Searching for the Biggest and Smallest Numbers of an Array

8. Conversion of a Decimal Number to Hexadecimal form and vice versa

Books for reference:

1. C.C. Ouseph, U.J. Rao & V. Vijayendran, Practical physics and electronics,
First edition, S. Viswanathan, Pvt,Ltd, 2007.
2. B.Ram, Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Microcontrollers, Dhanpat Rai
Publications, Reprint 2011.
 SEMESTER VI: SKILL BASED ELECTIVE – IV
ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMING IN C

Course Code : 14UPH6S4 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : 2 Internal Marks : 40
Credit :2 External Marks : 60

Objectives:

 To study the functions and applications of C programming.

 To practice problems in numerical computation.
 To programming exercises in C.

UNIT –I Matrices 6 hours

Two dimensional arrays – declaration –elements of a two dimensional array - #accessing of the

elements# – initialization of arrays

Programming exercise:

1. To accept the elements and print a two dimensional array.

2. Trace of a square matrix.
3. Transposing a square matrix.
4. Addition of two square matrices(n × n matrices)

UNIT –II Functions 6 hours

Function main() -User defined and library functions- Concepts associated with functions:

function declaration or function prototype, #function definition# - arguments of a function-passing

arguments to a function- return statement in a function- and function call-Recursion

Programming exercise:

1. To evaluate the factorial of a given number.

2. To find the sum of two numbers
3. To construct the Fibonacci series

UNIT –III Curve Fitting : Regression 6 hours

Linear least square fit –fitting linear equations of the form –fitting

Programming exercise:

1. To fit a given set of data to a straight line using linear least square fit.
2. To fit a given set of data to an exponential equation of the form
UNIT –IV Numerical Integration 6 hours

Need and scope for numerical integration –numerical integration using trapezoidal rule (two point
formula), Simpson’s 1/3 rule (three point formula

Programming exercise:

1. To find the integral of a given function using trapezoidal rule.

2. To find the integral of a given function using Simpson’s 1/3 rule.

UNIT –V Evaluation of statistical parameters 6 hours

Classification and tabulation of data –finding the limits of intervals – inclusive and exclusive
methods –calculation of arithmetic mean, median and mode

Programming exercise:

1. Calculation of median of a given data set.

2. Calculation of mode of a given data set.

#.............# Self study portion

Text books:
T.B 1 K.R. Venugopal and S.R. Prasad, Mastering C, Tata Mc-Graw Hill, New Delhi,
1st edition, 2007
T.B 2 Balagurusamy, Numerical Methods , Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1st edition, 1999

UNIT I Chapter 7 Sections 7.3 - 7.6 T.B 1

UNIT II Chapter 5 Sections 5.1 - 5.9 T.B 1
UNIT III Chapter 10 Sections 10.1 -10.3. T.B 2
UNIT IV Chapter 12 Sections 12.1 -12.4 T.B 2
UNIT V Chapter 11 Sections 11.1 -11.3 T.B 2

Book for reference:

Suresh Chandra, Computer Applications in C, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi,
Second Edition,2006
 SEMESTER VI: EXTRA CREDIT- IV
PHYSICS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION

Course Code : 14UPH6EC4 Max. Marks : 100

Hours / Week : --- Internal Marks : ---
Credit :4 External Marks : 100

Objective:
 To develop the skills and quantitative knowledge in physics concepts to face competitive
examinations.

UNIT – I Mechanics and sound

Motion of particles under various type of forces – simple Harmonic motion –Rotational
motion – motion of fluids – elastic constants – waves (Progressive and stationary) –
Superposition of waves – Transverse and longitudinal waves – Intensity of sound – velocity of
sound.

UNIT – II Heat and Thermodynamics

Mechanical equivalent of energy of thermodynamics – equation of state for ideal gases –
graphical representation of reversible and irreversible process – thermodynamic scale of
temperature – Entropy – Black body.

UNIT – III Electromagnetism

Magnetic lines of force – magnetic induction – earth as a magnet – horizontal intensity –
declination – deflection and vibration magnetometer.
Electrostatics
Electric lines of forces – Electric intensity – Electric potential – capacity of condenser –
energy of condenser – Ohm’s law – specific resistance – Measurement of resistance: Wheatstone
bridge, Potentiometer – primary of secondary coils – heating effect of electric current – magnetic
effect electric current – Fleming rule – self and mutual induction.

UNIT – IV Optics
Reflection and refraction from plane and spherical surfaces critical angle – total
reflection: Lenses and prism – image formation – dispersion – simple optical instruments:
Telescope, Microscope – Spectrometer, photometry – velocity of light – interference of light –
young’s double slit experiments.
UNIT – V Modern Physics
Discharge of electricity through gases – Bohr’s theory of H2 atom – thermionic emission
– diode as rectifier – X-rays: their production and properties – radioactivity – Atomic nucleus –
Proton and neutron – photoelectric effect – wave particle duality.

Text book:
K.V. Ramakrishna sastry, The treaties on Physics for IIT- JEE, Vikas Publishing house PVT Ltd,
New Delhi, 1999.

UNIT I Chapter 1
UNIT II Chapter 2 & 3
UNIT III Chapter 4, 5 & 8
UNIT IV Chapter 10
UNIT V Chapter 9 & 12

Book for reference:

Arther Beiser, Concepts of Modern Physics, McGraw Hill Ed , 3rd edition,1999.
 SEMESTER I: ALLIED – I
PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND SOUND
Course Code : 14UPH1A1 Max. Marks : 50
Hours / Week : 5 Internal Marks : 20
Credit :2 External Marks : 30

Objectives:
 To understand the Properties of solid and liquid particles and its applications
 To study the concepts of heat, gravitation and their implications
 To learn the basic concepts of osmosis and diffusion
.
UNIT – I 12 hours
Elasticity: Stress and strain – Hooke’s law –Types of elastic constants – Young’s modulus,
Rigidity modulus & Bulk modulus –Poisson’s ratio –Determination of Young’s modulus by non-uniform
bending (Pin and Microscope) - #Surface tension:- Definition# –Molecular theory- Determination of
surface tension by Jaeger’s method.
Viscosity: Co-efficient of viscosity –Determination of co-efficient of viscosity by Burette method –
comparison of viscosities.
UNIT – II 12 hours
Mechanics: Newton’s law of gravitation – - #Kepler’s laws of Planetary motion#–Gravitation
contstant G- Determination of G by Boy’s method- Friction- Laws of friction – Centre of gravity - centre
of gravity of a solid hemisphere – Meta center – Meta centric height – Determination of the metacentric
height of a ship.
UNIT – III 12 hours
Sound: Simple harmonic motion –Equation of simple harmonic motion – composition of two
SHM’s in a straight line – composition of two SHM’s at right angles to each other –Lissajou’s
Figures(Basic concept only) –Ultrasonic – Properties – Production by Piezo-electric method-Application
of Ultrasonics– Reverberation and reverberation time--Conditions for a good auditorium.
UNIT – IV 12 hours
Heat: Newton’s law of cooling -Determination of specific heat capacity of a liquid by cooling –
Thermal conductivity – co-efficient of thermal conductivity – Determination of thermal conductivity of a
bad conductor by Lee’s disc method – - #solar constant# – Determination of solar constant by
Angstrom’s Pyrheliometer-Temperature of the sun-Joule-Kelvin effect- Porus Plug experiment.
UNIT – V 12 hours
Diffusion: Diffusion of liquids – Graham’s laws of diffusion in liquids –Ficks’ law of diffusion –
Analogy between liquid diffusion and heat conduction – Experimental determination of coefficient of
diffusion.
Osmosis: Osmosis and osmotic pressure – Laws of osmotic pressure -Experimental determination of
osmotic pressure (Berkeley and Hartley method)

#..........# Self study portions

Text books:
T.B 1 R. Murugesan, Properties of matter, S.Chand & Co, 5th edition, 2007
T.B 2 R. Murugesan, Properties of matter, S.Chand & Co, 4th edition, 2005
T.B 3 Brij lal & Subramaniam, Heat & thermodynamics, S.Chand Publications,
7th edition, 2008.

Unit – I: Chapter 1 & 2 Section: 1.1 - 2.11 T.B 1

Unit – II: Chapter 6,18,20& 22 Section: 6.1-6.3,18.1-18.4,20.1-20.3&22.1-22 T.B 2
Unit – III: Chapter 11 Section: 11.1 - 11.17 T.B 1
Unit – IV: Chapter 4 & 5 Section: 4.1- 5.5 T.B 3
Unit – V: Chapter 2 & 8 Section: 2.21, 8.1- 8.28 T.B 2

Books for reference:

1. BrijLal&Subramaniam,Properties of Matter, S.Chand Publications, 4th edition,
2008.
2. Mathur D.S,Elements of Properties of Matter ,Eleventh edition, Shyamlal
Charitable Trust, New Delhi, 1993.
 SEMESTER I: ALLIED–I
PROPERTIES OF MATTER - PRACTICAL

Course Code : 14UPH1A1P Max. Marks : 50

Hours / Week : 3 Internal Marks : 20
Credit :2 External Marks : 30

Objective:

 To develop the experimental skills and determination of the Physical

coefficients of matters.

1. Young’s Modulus – Non Uniform bending (Pin & Microscope)

2. Surface Tension – Capillary Rise Method.

3. Potentiometer – Low range Voltmeter calibration

4. Specific heat capacity of a liquid – Newton’s law of cooling.

5. Newton’s rings – Radius of curvature.

6. Co-efficient of viscosity – Burette method.

7. Sonometer verification of I and II laws.

8. Zener Controlled rectifier.

Books for reference:

1. M.N. Srinivasan,S. Balasubramaniyan, R. Ranganathan, A text book of

Practical Physics, S.Chand&Sons , reprint 2010.

2. C.C. Ouseph, U.J. Rao& V. Vijayendran, Practical physics and electronics,

S. Viswanathan, Pvt,Ltd, First edition,2007.
 SEMESTER II: ALLIED –II
MODERN PHYSICS
Course Code : 14UPH2A2 Max. Marks : 50
Hours / Week : 4 Internal Marks : 20
Credit :2 External Marks : 30

Objectives:
 To study the fundamental concepts of light, electricity and atomic models
 To learn the spectral studies of IR, UV and Raman and understand the basics of
semiconductors
UNIT – I 12 hours
Optics: Velocity of light – Michelson’s method – Interference – #Types of interference# -
Thickness of a thin wire using by air wedge-– Measurement radius of curvature with Newton’s rings –
optical activity – Specific rotatory Power- Laurent’s half shade Polari meter.
UNIT – II 12 hours
Electricity: #Coulomb’s law #–Principle of capacitor –Energy stored in a charged capacitor –
Loss of energy due to sharing of charges.
Kirchoff‘s law – Carey foster’s bridge – Determination of specific resistance –Calibration of an ammeter
using Potentiometer.
UNIT – III 12 hours
Atomic & Nuclear properties: Vector atom model – Quantum numbers – Pauli’s Exclusion
Principle-L-S coupling – J-J coupling – Zeeman Effect.
Nuclear fission and fusion – Radioactivity – Construction and working of an Ionization chamber-
Construction and working of G.M Counter.
UNIT – IV 12 hours
Spectroscopy: UV Spectrum- Range- UV Spectroscopy-Instrumentation-Applications-IR
Spectrum-Range- IR Spectroscopy-Instrumentation-Applications- Raman effect-Stokes and anti-stokes
lines-Experimental set up of Raman Spectroscopy.
UNIT – V 12 hours
Electronics : Semiconductors-Types of Semiconductors – P-N Junction Diode and Zener diode -
V-I Characteristics of PN Junction and Zener diodes- Conversion between Binary, Decimal and
Hexadecimal systems-Truth table of AND, OR, NOT gates–Laws of Boolean algebra (Associative,
Commutative and Distributive only) – De-Morgan’s theorems.

#....................# self study portion

Text Books :
T.B 1 R. Murugesan, Allied Physics , S.Chand & Co, Second Edition, New Delhi, 2010
T.B 2 R. Murugesan, Optics & Spectroscopy, S.Chand & Co, Second Edition,
New Delhi, 2010
Unit I Chapter 6 Sections 6.1 - 6.20 T.B 2
Unit II Chapter 4 Sections 4.1 - 4.6 T.B 1
Unit III Chapter 7 & 8 Sections 7.1 - 8.15 T.B 1
Unit IV Chapter 5 Sections 5.1 - 5.8 T.B 2
Unit V Chapter 10 Sections 10.1 -10.27 T.B 1

Book for reference:

R.Murugeshan, Modern Physics, S.Chand& company, 13th edition, 2012
 SEMESTER II: ALLIED–II
OPTICAL, THERMAL AND ELECTRICITY - PRACTICAL

Course Code : 14UPH2A2P Max. Marks : 50

Hours / Week : 3 Internal Marks : 20
Credit :2 External Marks : 30

Objectives:

 To learn the measurements in Heat and optical experiments

 To study the characteristics of the semiconductor diodes.
 To learn the circuit construction in the electricity and electronics
experiments

1. Young’s modulus (Scale and telescope method) Non Uniform bending.

2. Potentiometer – Ammeter calibration.

3. Comparison of viscosities – by capillary Burette method.

4. Meter Bridge – R & ρ.

5. Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor – Lee’s disc method.

6. Air wedge – Thickness of a thin wire.

7. Spectrometer Solid Prism - µ

8. Basic logic gates using discrete components.

Books for reference:

1. M.N. Srinivasan,S. Balasubramaniyan, R. Ranganathan, A text book of

Practical Physics, S.Chand&Sons , reprint 2010.

2. C.C. Ouseph, U.J. Rao& V. Vijayendran, Practical physics and electronics,

S. Viswanathan, Pvt,Ltd, First edition,2007.