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Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion

This lecture discusses ideal springs, Hooke's law, and simple harmonic motion. Hooke's law states that the force exerted by a spring is proportional to the displacement from its relaxed position. For simple harmonic motion of an object attached to an ideal spring, the displacement, velocity, and acceleration vary sinusoidally with time. The speed is greatest when the displacement is zero, and the magnitude of the acceleration is greatest at the maximum displacements. The elastic potential energy of an ideal spring is proportional to the square of the displacement from its relaxed position.

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40 views

Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion

This lecture discusses ideal springs, Hooke's law, and simple harmonic motion. Hooke's law states that the force exerted by a spring is proportional to the displacement from its relaxed position. For simple harmonic motion of an object attached to an ideal spring, the displacement, velocity, and acceleration vary sinusoidally with time. The speed is greatest when the displacement is zero, and the magnitude of the acceleration is greatest at the maximum displacements. The elastic potential energy of an ideal spring is proportional to the square of the displacement from its relaxed position.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture 21:

Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion


z New Material: Textbook Chapters 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3

Physics 101: Lecture 21, Pg 1


Ideal Springs

z Hooke’s Law: The force exerted by a spring is


proportional to the distance the spring is stretched or
compressed from its relaxed position (for small x).

ÎFX = -k x Where x is the displacement from


the relaxed position and k is the
constant of proportionality.
(often called “spring constant”)
SI unit of k: [N/m]

relaxed position

FX = 0
x
x=0

Physics 101: Lecture 21, Pg 2


Ideal Springs

z Hooke’s Law: The force exerted by a spring is


proportional to the distance the spring is stretched or
compressed from its relaxed position.

ÎFX = -k x Where x is the displacement from


the relaxed position and k is the
constant of proportionality.
(often called “spring constant”)

relaxed position

FX = -kx > 0

x
x<0
x=0
Physics 101: Lecture 21, Pg 3
Ideal Springs

z Hooke’s Law: The force exerted by a spring is


proportional to the distance the spring is stretched or
compressed from its relaxed position.

ÎFX = -k x Where x is the displacement from


the relaxed position and k is the
constant of proportionality.
(often called “spring constant”)

relaxed position

FX = - kx < 0

x
x>0
x=0
Physics 101: Lecture 21, Pg 4
Simple Harmonic Motion

Consider the friction-free motion of an object attached


to an ideal spring, i.e. a spring that behaves according to
Hooke’s law.
How does displacement, velocity and acceleration
of the object vary with time ?
Analogy:
Simple harmonic motion along x
<-> x component of uniform circular motion

Physics 101: Lecture 21, Pg 5


What does moving along a circular path have to do with
moving back & forth in a straight line (oscillation about
equilibrium) ??

x = R cos θ = R cos (ωt)


since θ = ω t

x x
1 1
2 8
R 2 8

θ
3 R 3 7
y 0 θ
7 π π 3π
2 2
4 6 -R 4 6
5 5

Physics 101: Lecture 21, Pg 6


Velocity and Acceleration

z Using again the reference circle one finds for the


velocity
v = - vT sin θ = - A ω sin (ω t)
and for the acceleration
a = - ac cos θ = - A ω2 cos (ω t)

with ω in [rad/s]

Physics 101: Lecture 21, Pg 7


Concept Question
A mass on a spring oscillates back & forth with simple harmonic motion
of amplitude A. A plot of displacement (x) versus time (t) is shown
below. At what points during its oscillation is the speed of the block
biggest?
1. When x = +A or -A (i.e. maximum displacement)
2. When x = 0 (i.e. zero displacement) CORRECT
3. The speed of the mass is constant

x
+A

t
-A

Physics 101: Lecture 21, Pg 8


Concept Question
A mass on a spring oscillates back & forth with simple harmonic motion
of amplitude A. A plot of displacement (x) versus time (t) is shown
below. At what points during its oscillation is the magnitude of the
acceleration of the block biggest?
1. When x = +A or -A (i.e. maximum displacement) CORRECT
2. When x = 0 (i.e. zero displacement)
3. The acceleration of the mass is constant

x
+A

t
-A

Physics 101: Lecture 21, Pg 9


Springs and Simple Harmonic Motion
X=0

X=A; v=0; a=-amax

X=0; v=-vmax; a=0

X=-A; v=0; a=amax

X=0; v=vmax; a=0

X=A; v=0; a=-amax

X=-A X=A

Physics 101: Lecture 21, Pg 10


Simple Harmonic Motion:

At t=0 s, x=A or At t=0 s, x=0 m

x(t) = [A]cos(ωt) x(t) = [A]sin(ωt)


v(t) = -[Aω]sin(ωt) OR v(t) = [Aω]cos(ωt)
a(t) = -[Aω2]cos(ωt) a(t) = -[Aω2]sin(ωt)

xmax = A Period = T (seconds per cycle)

vmax = Aω Frequency = f = 1/T (cycles per second)

amax = Aω2 Angular frequency = ω = 2πf = 2π/T


For spring: ω2 = k/m
Physics 101: Lecture 21, Pg 11
Elastic Potential Energy

z Work done by the (average) restoring force of the spring


is

W = |Fave| s cos θ = ½ k ( x0+xf) (x0-xf) =


= ½ k (x02 – xf2) = Epot,elastic,0- Epot,elastic,f

The elastic potential energy


Epot,elastic = ½ k x2
has to be considered in addition to kinetic and gravitational
potential energy when calculating the total mechanical
energy of an object.

Physics 101: Lecture 21, Pg 12

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