BMS Institute of Technology & MGMT.

Department of Mechanical engineering

BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & Laboratory Manual

MGMT. (VII Semester)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN LAB MANUAL

(15MEL76)

Prepared By,

G L ANANTHA KRISHNA, Asst. Professor

SRINIVASA , Instructor

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© Copy rights reserved, 2014-15

BMS Institute of Technology & MGMT. Department of Mechanical engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Vision

To develop technically competent Mechanical Engineering professionals for the benefit of the society

Mission

Impart quality education in Mechanical Engineering and allied areas by state of the art infrastructure and
dedicated faculty.

Provide conducive environment for both students and faculty to pursue higher education & research and to
work ethically for the benefit of society.

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Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

Graduates of the program will:

PEO - 1: Be successful professionals in the field of Mechanical Engineering and allied areas

PEO - 2: Exhibit skills to work effectively and ethically in Mechanical and related domains of engineering
as part of a team

PEO - 3: Excel in higher studies and research to adapt in a world of constantly developing technology

CO s, PO s and PSO s of design laboratory

Name of Subject & Subject

Code Co’s
CO - 1 Calculate stresses in various specimens
through photo elasticity technique.
CO - 2 Estimate the stresses using strain gauge
techniques
Design Lab CO - 3 Calculate the vibrational parameters of
the given springs
CO - 4 Draw the journal bearing characteristics
and calculate the bearing charecteristics
CO - 5 Estimate the governor parameters such
as effort, power lost.

PO-1 PO-2 PO-3 PO-4 PO-5 PO-6 PO-7 PO-8 PO- PO- PO- PO-

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9 10 11 12
CO - 1 3 3 1 3 2 2 1
CO - 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 1
CO - 3 3 3 1 3 2 2 1
CO - 4 3 3 1 3 2 2 1
CO - 5 3 3 1 3 2 2 1
Average 3 3 1 3 2 2 1

PSO - 1 PSO -2 PSO - 3

CO - 1 3
CO - 2 3
CO - 3 3
CO - 4 3
CO - 5 3
Average

DESIGN LABORATORY

Subject Code : 15MEL76 IA Marks : 20

No. of Practical Hrs./ Week : 03 Exam Hours : 03
Total No. of Practical Hrs. : 42 Exam Marks : 80

PART - A

1. Determination of natural frequency, logarithmic decrement, damping ratio and damping coefficient in a
single degree of freedom vibrating systems (longitudinal and torsional)
2. Balancing of rotating masses.
3. Determination of critical speed of a rotating shaft.
4. Determination of Fringe constant of Photoelastic material using Circular disc subjected to diametral
compression,Pure bending specimen (four point bending )
5. Determination of stress concentration using Photoelasticity for simple components like plate with a hole
under tension or bending, circular disk with circular hole under compression, 2D Crane hook.

PART - B

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6. Determination of equilibrium speed, sensitiveness, power and effort of Porter/Prowel /Hartnel Governor. (at
least one)
7. Determination of Pressure distribution in Journal bearing.
8. Determination of Principal Stresses and strains in a member subjected to combined loading using Strain
rosettes.
9. Determination of stresses in Curved beam using strain gauge.
10. Experiments on Gyroscope (Demonstration only)

Scheme of Examination:
One question from Part A - 32 Marks
One question from Part B - 32 Marks
Viva - Voce - 16 Marks
------------
Total: 80 Marks

Design Lab Equipments Specifications

1. Journal bearing Test Rig.

Specification:
Length of the Journal (l) = 110mm
Diameter of Journal (d) = 50mm
Diameter of Bearing (D) = 53mm
Type of oil = SAE40
Viscosity of oil = 0.3pa-secs

2. Multi Channel Strain Indicator

Specification:
Material of the Shaft = Mild Steel
Diameter of the Shaft = 25mm
Length of the Shaft = 300mm

3. Static and Dynamic Balancing Test Rig.

Specification:
Motor capacity = 1/12 HP
RPM = 6500
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Different weight = 04mass

Diameter of the Shaft = 25mm
Length of the Shaft = 200mm

4. 2D Photo elasticity Set up.

Specification:
Source = Monochromatic/ White (Lights)
Scale = Fringe order 0-1
Weights = 0.1kg – 16kgs

5. Universal Governor

Specification:
Arm length = 140mm
Mass of balls = 0.3kg
Off set = 50mm
Radius of rotation for zero load = 156mm

6. Spring Mass System

Specification:
Spring length = 105mm
Wire diameter = 01mm
Number of coils = 88

7. Simple pendulum Setup.

Specification:
Maximum angle of rotation = 0 – 90degree
Length of the Shaft = 240mm
Weights = 146gm & 222gm

8. Critical Speed Test Rig.

Specification:
Length of the Shaft = 980mm
Motor capacity = ¼ HP
RPM = 5000
Diameter of the Shaft = 4,5,&6mm

9. Curved Beam Setup.

Specification:
Diameter of the Beam = 12mm
Load capacity = 1 – 25kg

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BMS Institute of Technology & MGMT. Department of Mechanical engineering

BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Avalahalli, Yelahanka, Bangalore-64
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY: DESIGN ENGINEERING

Safety Precautions
 All students must wear uniform and shoes with shirt tucked-in.
 Should submit the practical records as & when the experiments are completed.
 Must follow the scheduled time and late comers will not be permitted.
 Students should use the equipments with utmost care.
 Maintain strict discipline inside the laboratory.
 Check the dimmer stat position.
 Be alert while conducting experiments.
 Never touch any of the tool or equipment without the permission of the instructor.

 Coming late to the lab.

 Don't leave the lab without permission of the Staff / Instructor concerned.
 Switch on monochromatic lamp of Polariscope for long duration
 Remove safety guard in Whirling of shaft experiment.

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STAFF INCHARGE HOD, ME

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Calibrate the given photo elastic material subjected to pure bending

2. Find the stress concentration factor in a given circular disc with a hole
3. Find the stresses in a given crane hook
4. Calibrate the given photo elastic material subjected to diameteral compression
5. Balance the given masses
6. Find the principal stresses and strains in a shaft under bending
7. Find the principal stresses and strains in a shaft under torsion
8. Find the principal stresses and strains in a shaft under combined (bending torsion)
9. Compare the theoretical and experimental critical speed of a given shaft
10. Find the natural frequency of a spring mass system
11. Find the natural frequency of a damped (oil) spring mass system
12. Find the natural frequency of a given simple pendulum setup
13. Find the power and compare the speeds of Governor
14. Plot the pressure distribution in a Journal bearing
15. Determination of stresses in curved beam using strain gauge

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INDEX
PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 10 - 14

2. NATURAL FREQUENCY OF DAMPED TRANSVERSE

VIBRATION(ADDITIONAL EXPT) 15

3. BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES. 16 - 17

4. CALIBRATION OF PHOTOELASTIC MATERIAL SUBJECTED

TO DIAMETRAL COMPRESSION 18

5. CALIBRATION OF PHOTOELASTIC MATERIAL SUBJECTED

TO PURE BENDING. 19 - 20

6. DETERMINATION OF STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTOR IN A

CIRCULAR DISC WITH A CIRCULAR HOLE AT THE CENTER

USING PHOTOELASTICITY. 21 - 22

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7. DETERMINATION OF STRESSES IN A CRANE HOOK 23

8. PORTER GOVERNOR 24 - 25

9. JOURNAL BEARING. 26

10. DETERMINATION OF STRESSES IN CURVED BEAM USING STRAIN GAUGES 27

11. CRITICAL SPEED OF SHAFTS 28

12. STRAIN ROSSETTES 29

13. NATURAL FREQUENCY OF DAMPED TRANSVERSE V

VIBRATIONS(ADDITIONAL EXPT) 30

14. NATURAL FREQUENCY OF DAMPED LONGITUDINAL VIBRATIONS 31

15. VIVA QUESTIONS 32

1.0 INTRODUCTION

VIBRATIONS

When elastic bodies such as a beam, a shaft or a spring are displaced from the equilibrium position by the
application of external forces and then released, they execute a vibratory motion. This is due to the reason that
when a body is displaced, the internal forces in the form of elastic or strain energy are present in the body. At
release these forces bring the body to its original position. When the body reaches the equilibrium position,
whole of the elastic or strain energy is converted into kinetic energy due to which the body continues to move in
the opposite direction. The whole of kinetic energy is again converted into strain energy due to which the body
again returns to the equilibrium position. In this way, the vibratory motion is repeated indefinitely.
Terms used in vibratory motion:
Period of vibration or time period: It is the time interval after which the motion is repeated itself. The
period of vibration is usually expressed in seconds.
Cycle : It is the motion completed during one time period
Frequency : It is the number of cycles described in one second. Its unit is Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second (CPS)
Types of vibratory motion :
1. Free or natural vibrations : when no external force acts on the body, after giving it an initial displacement, then
the body is said to be under Free or natural vibrations. The frequency is called natural frequency
2. Forced vibrations : when the body vibrates under the influence of external force, then the body is said to be
under forced vibrations. The vibrations have the same frequency as the applied force.

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3. Damped vibrations : When there is reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, the motion is said to
be damped vibration. This is because a certain amount of energy possessed by the vibrating body is always
dissipated in overcoming frictional resistance to the motion.
Types of free vibrations :
1. Longitudinal vibrations
2. Transverse vibrations
3. Torsional vibrations
When the particles of the shaft or disc moves parallel to the axis of the shaft, then the vibrations are known as
longitudinal vibrations.
When the particles of the shaft or disc moves approximately perpendicular to the axis of the shaft, then the
vibrations are known as transverse vibrations.
When the particles of the shaft or disc move in a circle about the axis of the shaft, then the vibrations are known
as torsional vibrations.
Natural frequency, f = 1/t = 1/2π √ g / δ Hz
Where g = 9.81m / s2 and δ is static deflection of spring in meters.

Free damped vibrations :

Motion of a body is restricted by frictional forces. In vibrating systems, the effect of friction is referred to
as damping. The damping provided by fluid resistance is known as viscous damping.
The ratio of actual damping coefficient ( c ) to the critical damping coefficient ( Cc ) is known as
damping factor or damping ration.

CRITICAL OR WHIRLING SPEED OF A SHAFT

A rotating shaft carries different mountings and accessories in the form of gears, pulleys etc. Because of
gears and pulleys on the shaft, the center of gravity of the gears or pulleys doesn’t coincide with the center line
of the axis of the shaft, when the shaft is stationary. This means that the CG of the gear or pulley is at a certain
distance from the axis of rotation and due to this, the shaft is subjected to centrifugal force. This force will bend
the shaft and further increase the distance of the CG of pulley or gear from axis of rotation and correspondingly
increases the centrifugal force. This effect is cumulative and ultimately the shaft fails.
The bending of shaft not only depends upon the value of eccentricity but also depends upon the speed at
which the shaft rotates.
The speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from the axis of
rotation becomes infinite, is known as critical or whirling speed of the shaft.
Natural frequency of transverse vibration of a shaft with UDL (due to mass of the shaft) is given by
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Natural frequency f = 0.4985 / √ δ / 1.27 Hz.

Where δ = static deflection of shaft = 5wl4 / 384 EI mm

GOVERNORS

The function of a governor is to regulate the mean seed of an engine, where there are variations in the
load eg. When the load on the engine increases, its speed decreases, therefore it becomes necessary to increase
the supply of the working fluid. On the other hand, when the load on the engine decrease, its speed increases and
thus less working fluid is required. The governor automatically controls the supply of working fluid to the engine
with the varying load conditions and keeps the mean speed within certain limits.
Note : Function of the flywheel in an engine is entirely different from that of a governor. It controls the
speed variation caused by the fluctuations of the engine turning moment during each cycle of operation. It
doesn’t control the speed variations caused by a varying load

Types of governors :
Governors may be broadly classified as

1. Centrifugal governors 2. Inertia governors

Centrifugal governors are based on the balancing of Centrifugal force on the rotating balls by an equal
and opposite radial force known as controlling force. It consists of two balls of equal mass which are attached to
the arms. These balls are called governor balls or fly balls. The balls revolve with a spindle which is driven by
the engine through bevel gears. The upper ends of the arms are pivoted to the spindle, so that the balls may rise
up or fall down as they revolve about the vertical axis. The arms are connected by the links to a sleeve which is
keyed to the spindle, but can slide up and down. The balls and sleeve rises when the spindle speed increases and
falls when decreases. The sleeve is connected by a bell crank lever to a throttle valve. The supply of working
fluid decreases when the sleeve rises and increased when it falls.
Examples of Centrifugal governors are: Porter governors, Proell governors ( Dead weight governors) ,
Hartnell, Hartung, Wilson – Hartnell, Pickering governors
( Spring controlled governors)

BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES

The high speed of engines and other machines is a common phenomenon now a days. It is therefore very
essential that all the rotating and reciprocating parts should be completely balanced as far as possible. If these
parts are not properly balanced, the dynamic forces are set up. These forces not only increase the load on the
bearings and stresses in the various members but also produces unpleasant and even dangerous vibrations.
Whenever a certain mass is attached to a rotating shaft, it exerts some Centrifugal force whose effect is to
bend the shaft and to produce vibrations in it. In order to prevent the effect of Centrifugal force, another mass is
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attached to the opposite side of the Centrifugal force of the first mass. This is done in such a way that the
Centrifugal force of both the masses is made to be equal and opposite. The process of providing the second mass
in order to counteract the effect of the Centrifugal force of the first mass is called balancing of rotating masses.
1. The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This requires that the line of action of three
centrifugal forces must be the same. In other words, the center of the masses of the system must lie on the
axis of rotation. This is the condition for static balancing.
2. The net couple due to the dynamic forces acting on the shaft is equal to zero. In other words, the
algebraic sum of the moments about any point in the plane must be zero.
The above two conditions together give dynamic balancing.

JOURNAL BEARING

The rotating shafts are required to be supported at suitable places. The mechanical device which can take
up the load and support the shaft is called the bearing. The bearing is so named because the surface of support is
subjected to a bearing load. In bearings, the relative motion between the two mating surfaces causes friction and
generates heat.
Based on the nature of contact, the bearings are classified as
- Sliding contact bearings
- Rolling contact bearings
A Journal bearing is a sliding contact bearing which gives lateral support to the rotating shaft. Journal is
that part of the shaft which runs in a sleeve or bushing. The sleeve or bushing is at rest and journal rotates. In
journal bearing, the diameter of the journal is kept less than the diameter of the bushing.
A journal bearing may be the full bearing in which the bearing surface is over full 360°. This bearing is
capable of supporting radial force in any direction. A bearing which covers less than 360° is called partial
bearing. It can support only the unidirectional load. If in the partial bearing, the diameters of the journal and
bearing are equal, it is called fitted bearing.

PHOTOELASTICITY

Electromagnetic radiation is predicted by Maxwell’s theory to be a transverse wave motion which

propagates with an extremely high velocity. Associated with the wave are oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
These electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and at right angles to the direction of
propagation.
“When the electric vector used to describe the light wave is restricted to a single plane, the condition is known as
plane or linearly polarized light”.
The other important forms of polarized light arise as a result of the superposition of two linearly polarized light
waves having the same frequency but mutually perpendicular planes of vibration.

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The tips of the electric vectors at different positions along the Z – axis form an elliptical helix. The light
exhibiting this behavior is known as elliptically polarized light.
A special case of elliptically polarized light occurs when the amplitudes of two waves are equal. Light
exhibiting this behavior is known as circularly polarized light
POLARISCOPE

The polariscope is an optical instrument that utilizes the properties of the polarized light in its operation.
For experimental stress analysis work, two types are frequently employed, the Plane polariscope and the Circular
polariscope.
Plane polarized light is produced with an optical element known as plane or linear polarizer.
Production of circularly polarized light requires the use of a plane polarizer together with an element
known as Wave plate.
When a light wave strikes a plane polarizer the plane polariscope resolves the wave into two mutually
perpendicular components. The component parallel to the axis of polarization is transmitted while the component
perpendicular to the axis is absorbed. Polaroid filters are used for producing polarized light in polariscopes.
The plates employed in a photo elastic polariscope usually consists of a single plate of Quartz or Calcite
cut parallel to the optic axis.
A plane polariscope consists of two linear polarizers and a light source. The polarizer nearest to the light
source is called the polarizer while the second polarizer is known as Analyzer. The two axes of polarization are
always crossed, no light is transmitted through the analyzer and this optical system produces a dark field.
In Circular polariscope first element following the light source is the polarizer. It converts ordinary light into
plane polarized light. The second element is a quarter wave plate set at an angle of 45° to the plane of
polarization. This plate converts plane polarized light into circularly polarized light. The second quarter wave
plate converts circularly polarized light into plane polarized light. The last element is the analyzer and its
purpose is to extinguish the light and this arrangement produces dark field.
What happens in the polariscope when a photo elastic model is placed in the field and loaded?

Many transparent non crystalline materials that are optically isotropic when free of stress become optically
anisotropic and display characteristics similar to crystals when they are stressed. These characteristics persist
while loads on the material are maintained but disappear when the loads are removed. This behavior is known as
temporary double refraction.

According to Stress optic law σ1 – σ2 = N f σ / h where

f σ = material fringe value
N = fringe order
σ1 and σ2 = Principal stresses

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when a model is viewed in a polariscope isochromatic fringe pattern appears as a series of dark bands since the
intensity of light is zero.

Following materials may be used for preparing the photo elastic models

Homolite 100
Poly carbonate
Epoxy resin

VIBRATIONS OF SPRING MASS SYSTEM (UNDAMPED) (ADDITIONAL EXPT)

Aim: To determine the natural frequency of vibrations experimentally & compare with
the theoretical value.

Observations:
(i) Free length of the spring , L=------------------m
(ii) Mass attached to the spring, m= -----Kg
(iii) Final length of spring L f =
(iii)Elongation of the spring, δ= Lf – L mm

Calculations:

(i) Theoretical frequency fll(lhc) = 1/2π √g/δ

(ii) Experimental frequency fn(exP) =
Where T = time period of vibration.

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Tabular column:

Sl.No Mass Time for 10 Time per Frequency,

attached, Kg oscillations, oscillation, Hz
secs ses
r"
1
2

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BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES

Aim: To find the radius of rotation & angular position of balancing masses for
complete dynamic balancing
Tabular column
* reference plane

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Plane Mass (kg) Radius (mm) Centrifugal Distance Couple mrl

Force mr(kg- FromRP (kg-mm2)
mm)
(R.P)*A
B
C
D

2.Force polygon

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From the couple polygon, we get relative angular settings between the masses, 0b=O (reference),
0C= 108°, 0d=25O°.From the force polygon, rA= 62.5 mm, 0A= 203°.The masses may fixed as per
the radial positions & relative angular positions an checked for complete dynamic balance
experimentally

Problem statement 2
A rotating shaft carries four equal masses A,B,C4 0 of 72 gm each which are equally spaced
in planes 100 mm apart. The radius of rotation of mass B is 100 mm & the angle between B
<& C is 90° and between B A D is 240° Find the radii of rotation of masses A,C & D and also
the angular position of A for complete dynamic balance. Check for balance experimentally.
(ans: rc = 86 mm, r<F 66 mm from couple olygon

kA~ 72 mm, 8A= 204° from force polygon

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CALIBRATION OF PHOTOELASTIC MATERIAL SUBJECTED TO

DIMETRAL COMPRESSION

Aim: To determine the material fringe constant or the given photo elastic specimen

Observations : (i) Length of lever =------------mm

(ii) Fulcrum to model point =---------------mm
(iii) Magnification factor (MF) =---------
(iv) Diameter of specimen d =-----------------mm
(v) Thickness h =-----------------------mm

SI no Load at end of lever Actual load on model FL Fringe order (n)

FL(Kg)x9.81 N x MF N

1
2
3
4
5

Specimen Calculations :

(i) Material fringe value Fo = 8/rcd (AP / An)

(ii)From graph (AP / An) =
(iii) Fa =-----------N/mm fringe

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CALIBRATION OF PHOTO ELASTIC SPECIMEN SUBJECTED TO PURE

BENDING

Aim: To determine the material fringe constant & model fringe constant for the given
photo elastic specimen under four-point bending.

Observations: (i) Depth of the model=------

(ii) Moment arm x =........mm
(jii) Thickness of the disc h =.......mm
(iv) Magnification factor m = b/a = —■

Model

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Sl.No Load at the Load on Fringe Maximum Nominal Stress

end of lever, Model, F order nc stress Stress concentration
FL,( Newton) ( Newton) C?max Onom factor Ko

1
■

2
3

Specimen Calculations
Load on the model F=

Slope from calibration curve (Load v/s Fringe order) =

(iii) Material fringe value f a = —

Slope of graph=

(iv) Model fringe value fom=

Fringe order nc

Calibration Curve

DETERMINATION OF STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTOR IN A PLATE WITH A

HOLE USING PHOTOELASTICITY
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Aim: To determine stress concentration factor for the given photo elastic specimen Subjected
to tensile load

Observations: (V) Width of the model w =.........mm

(ii) Diameter of the hole d =------mm
(iii) Thickness of the plate h =-----mm
( i v ) Magnification factor in -—=.......

(v) Material constant fCT =

Tabular column

Specimen Calculations
(i) Load on the model F= FL*m =-----......N
(ii) Maximum stress induced in the neighborhood of the circular hole
_ _ n fc _ N / mm

(iii) Nominal stress induced in the specimen based on C/s area at the hole section
now
=
(w- ___________
d)h N,mm

(iv) Stress concentration factor Kc

Tabular column

Load at the end Load on Fringe order Slope of Material Model

of lever, Model, F nc Calibration Fringe fringe
SL no F| (Newton) (Newton)
— ■ ■

Curve F/n c value i'n ValllC Ion,

1
2
3
4
5
DETERMINATION OF STRESSES IN A CRANE HOOK

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Aim : To find the stresses in a given crane hook subjected to loading

Observations :
Width d =-----------mm
Breadth b =---------mm
Distance of eg C =-------------mm
Material fringe constant F = 16
=---------------------------

Slno Load at end of Actual Fringe Bending Direct u\

lever load on order stress stress (N/mm2)
FL(Kg)x9.81 N model FL (n) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
L xMF N

Specimen calculations:

(i) Bending stress = (Load x C x 6)1 bd2 (ii)

Direct stress = P / bd (iii) a 1 = n F / b

PORTER GOVERNOR

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Aim: To determine the frictional resistance offered at the sleeve, Effort, power,etc & to
draw the controlling force curve

Observations:
(i) Mass of the rotating discs m= — Kg
(ii) Mass of the central sleeve assembly M =------Kg
(iii) Length of the links 1=------mts
(iv) Offset of the link pivots from spindle axis =..........mts
(v) • Initial vertical distance between top & bottom pivots H =..........mts

Tabular column
SI. Speed Sleeve Distnace Distnace Angle Radius Height Frictional Centrifugal Effort Power
No N rpm Lift 'x' •C mts 'S' mts V mts 'h1 mts Force T force Fc N 'E'N Nm
mts e N

Specimen Calculations
2nN
rad/sec
(i) Angular velocity of the spindle co =
6
0
(ii)

(iii

(iv)

Distance C= [|J-f| 1 =

Distance S = -c 2 ) =--------mts

deg

Angle 0 = sin"' - =-

Radius of rotation /• = (0.05 + S) =........mts

(vi) Height of governor /? = r tan <9
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(vii) Frictional force / = (m + M)g

895
(viii) Centrifugal force Fc = mco2r =---------N
(ix) Effort E=--0.0l[(M + m)g + f] =........N
(x) Power P = Effort x Sleeve lift = E*x = N-m

JOURNAL BEARING TEST RIG

Aim: To draw the circumferential pressure distribution curve & to determine the load
carrying capacity, Co efficient of friction and power lost in viscous friction.
Observations:
(i) Diameter of shaft (Journal) d =-------m
(ii) Diameter of bearing D =-------m
(iii) Speed of journal n =--------rpm
(iv) Viscosity of oil used (S AE 40) r\ =---------Pa -sees
(v) Length of the bearing 1 =------m
(vi) • Attitude or Fxcentricity ratio e =.........

Tabular column
Tube Angular position Initial head of oil Final head of Actual head h =
Number 8deg hj, cm of oil oilhf, cm of oil (hf —hj), cm of oil
u
1 30
u
2 60
3 90u
4 120°
5 150u
6 180u
7 210"
8 240u
9 270u
10 300°
11 330°
12 360u

ndn
Calculations:
(i)
Linear speed of the journal (.' =-----=------------m /
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/sec
60
(ii) Diametral clearance ratio y/ = — =---------- =-----------
d d
(iii) Load carrying capacity W = -—- Vine
-N

(iv) Frictional force F,, - —------ -N

DESIGN LAB MANUAL (15MEL76)

Page 28
(v) Coefficient of friction u = — =
W
F..U
(vi)
V }
Power lost in viscous friction N = —-— =
1000 -KW

DETERMINATION OF STRESSES IN CURVED BEAMS USING STRAIN GAUGES

AIM: To determine stresses in inner and outer fibers of a given curved beam
Tabular column

Sl.no Load Strain indicator reading Stresses in Stresses in

applied, N inner fibre outer fibre
 Inner fibre Outer fibre
1
2
3

F M Ci
Stress in inner fibre : σi = ---- + ------ MPa
A AeRi
F MCo
Stress in outer fibre : σo = ----- - ---------- MPa
A AeRo

CRITICLE SPEED OF SHAFTS

AIM: To determine critical speed of shaft theoretically and verify the same through experiment

Observations:
Diameter of the shaft : 5mm
Length of shaft : 980mm
Density of material : 7840 Kg/m3
Young’s modulus :2 x 105 MPa

Calculations :

fc1 = 2.45 √ EI/ mL4 Hz

Nc1 = fc1 x 60 rpm
fc2 = 7.95 √ EI/ mL4 Hz
Nc2 = fc2 x 60 rpm
 STRAIN ROSETTES
AIM: To determine principal stresses and strains, their orientation in a member subjected to pure
bending and pure torsion(Additional experiments)
Observations:
Bridge circuit : Quarter bridge circuit is used. Hence, multiply strain indicator reading by 4
Tabular column

Sl Load Strain Strain Stress Stress Θ1 Θ2

no ,N εA εB Strain σ 1 σ2 τ
εc

Principal stresses
σ1,2 = E[εA + εc / 2(1-ν) ± 1/2(1+ν) √ (εA - εc)2 + (2 εB - εA - εc)2] MPa
Principal strains
ε1,2 = ½ (εA + εc ) ± ½ √ (εA - εc)2 + (2 εB - εA - εc)2
shear stress
τ = σ 1- σ2 / 2
orientation
tanΘ1 = ½ [2 εB - εA - εc / εA - εc]
Θ2 = Θ1 + 90°
 STRAIN ROSETTES
AIM: To determine principal stresses and strains, their orientation in a member subjected to
combined bending and torsion
Observations:
Bridge circuit : Quarter bridge circuit is used. Hence, multiply strain indicator reading by 4
Tabular column

Sl Load Strain Strain Stress Stress Θ1 Θ2

no ,N εA εB Strain σ 1 σ2 τ
εc

Principal stresses
σ1,2 = E[εA + εc / 2(1-ν) ± 1/2(1+ν) √ (εA - εc)2 + (2 εB - εA - εc)2] MPa
Principal strains
ε1,2 = ½ (εA + εc ) ± ½ √ (εA - εc)2 + (2 εB - εA - εc)2
shear stress
τ = σ 1- σ2 / 2
orientation
tanΘ1 = ½ [2 εB - εA - εc / εA - εc]
Θ2 = Θ1 + 90°
 NATURAL FREQUENCY DAMPED TRANSVERSE VIBRATIONS
(ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT)

AIM : To determine the natural frequency of vibrations experimentally & compare with
the theoretical value.

Observations:
Mass attached = Kg

Tabular column:
Mass Kg Initial Final Time for 10 Time per
Sl.No displacement displacement oscillations oscillation ‘t’
(x1) (x2) secs
1 r"
2

Specimen calculations:

Δ = ln (x1 / x2)

Damped frequency = w damped = 2π / t

Ξ = Δ / 2π

Natural frequency w natural = w damped / √ 1 – Sq.Ξ

Critical damping coefficient = 2m w natural

Damping coefficient = Ξ * Critical damping coefficient

 NATURAL FREQUENCY OF DAMPED LONGITUDINAL VIBRATIONS

AIM : To determine the damped natural frequency of vibrations

Observations:
Initial length of spring(Li) =
Final length of spring (Lf) =
Deflection (δ) = (Lf - Li)
Speed of drum = 6 rpm
Pan weight (mp) = 2.075 Kg

Tabular column:
Mass, Kg Initial Final
Sl.No displacement displacement
(Li) (Lf )
1
2

Specimen calculations:

Δ = ln (x1 / x2) -----(from graph)

Damping factor = Δ = 2πε / √1-ε2 ---- ε =

Natural frequency ωn= √g/δ

Damped natural frequency, ωd= ωn √1-ε2

Critical damping coefficient, Cc = 2m ωn

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What do you mean by vibrations? What are its advantages and disadvantages
2. Define the following
Time period, frequency, cycle
3. Explain the types of vibrations
4. Explain the types of free vibrations
5. What do you mean by damped free vibrations
6. Define the following
Damping coefficient critical Damping coefficient, damping factor, logarithmic
decrement, natural frequency, damped natural frequency
7. Define the critical speed of shaft
8. What is a governor? Give the classification of governor
9. Difference between governor and flywheel
10. Explain centrifugal and inertia governor
11. Define the following
Lift, sensitiveness, height, effort and power
12. What do you mean by balancing? Why is it required?
13. What is static and dynamic balancing
14. What is static and dynamic equilibrium
15. Define bearing and why it is so called
16. Explain journal bearing
17. What do you mean by rosette
18. Give the classification of strain rosettes
19. What ios photo elasticity and photo elastic effect
20. Define the following
Polarized light, linearly Polarized light, circularly Polarized light, monochromatic light
21. What is polariscope? Give its classification
22. What do you mean by fringe constant
23. Explain the arrangement of plane polariscope
24. Name different photo elastic materials
25. What are quarter wave plates and what is iuts significance

Part-A
1) Determine the material fringe constant for the given photo elastic specimen.
D=60mm, h=6mm.
2) Draw the circumferential pressure distribution curve & determine the load
carrying capacity, co efficient of friction & power lost in viscous
friction.D=53mm,d=50mm,l=110mm, η (viscosity of oil) =0.3pa-secs,
Attitude or Eccentricity ratio ε =0.62.
3) Find the stress concentration factor in a given circular disc with a hole.
D=55mm,d=30mm,h=5mm Material fringe constant= 16N/mm-fringe
4) Find the stresses in crane hook. d=13mm, b=6mm, c=28.5mm.
Material fringe constant =16N/mm-fringe
5) Calibrate the given photo elastic material subjected to pure bending d=25mm,
 h=6mm, x=23mm.
6) Find the principal stresses and strains in a shaft under bending.
7) Find the principal stresses and strains in a shaft under torsion.

Part-B
1) Find the natural frequency of a given simple pendulum setup for 2 different weights

2) Find the natural frequency of a spring mass system for 2 different weights.

3) Balance the given masses

4) Compare the theoretical and experimental critical speed of a given shaft d=5mm

5) Find the power and compare speeds of Governor Arm length=140mm,

Mass of balls=0.3Kg, mass of sleeve=3.3Kg,Offset=50mm,radius of rotation for zero
load=156mm.