Mathematics 1a Study Material 1
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Gautam VarmaMathematics 1a Study Material 1
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Gautam VarmaMathematics 1A AIMSTUTORIAL
1. If f : A B, g : B C are two bijections, 2. If f: A B, g : B C are bijections, then
then prove that gof: A C is also a prove that (gof) -1 = f -1og-1.
bijection. A: Given that
f: A B is a bijection.
A: Given: f: A B, g: B C are bijection. g: B C is a bijection.
f -1 : B A is a bijection.
Part 1: g -1 : C B is a bijection.
To prove that gof: A → C is one-one. gof: A C is also a bijection.
Now f: A B, g: B C are one-one (gof) -1: C A is a bijection.
functions. f -1og-1: C A. is a bijection.
gof: AC is a function.
Let a1, a2 A f(a1), f(a2) B Thus (gof) -1 and (f- 1og-1) both the functions
and (gof) (a1), (gof)(a2) C. exist and have same domain C and same
Suppose that (gof)(a1) = (gof)(a2) co domain A.
g[f(a1)] = g[f(a2)]
Let c be any element in C.
f(a1) = f(a2) g is one-one Since g: B C is onto, there exists atleast
a1 = a2 f is one-one one element b B such that g(b) = c
gof: A C is one-one. b = g -1 (c) g is a bijection
Part 2:- To prove that gof: A C is onto. Since f: A B is onto, there exists atleast
one element a A such that f (a) = b.
Now f: A B, g: B C are onto functions. a = f -1(b) f is a bijection
gof: A C is a function.
Let c C; Since g:BC is onto, there Consider (gof) (a) = g[f(a)]
exists at least one element b B such that = g(b)
g(b) = c. (gof) (a) = c.
Since f: A B is also onto, there exists at a = (gof) -1 (c) gof is a bijection
least one element a A such that f(a) = b
Now (gof) (a) = g[f(a)]
= g(b)
=c
For c C, there is an element a A such
that (gof) (a) = c. Consider (f-1og-1) (c) = f- 1 [g -1(c)]
so gof : A C is onto. = f- 1 (b)
Since gof: A C is both one-one and onto =a
(gof) -1 (c) = (f- 1og-1) (c) ∀ c C.
gof: A C is a bijection.
(gof) -1 = f -1og-1
Functions | www.aimstutorial.in
Mathematics 1A AIMSTUTORIAL
3. If f : A B, IA and IB are identity 4. If f: A B is a bijection, then show that
functions on A and B , then prove that fof-1 = IB and f-1of = IA.
foIA = IB of = f. A: Given that f: A B is a bijection
A: Given that f: A B f -1 : B A.
IA : A A is defined by IA (a) = a ∀ a A. Part 1:- To show that fof-1 = IB
IB : B B is defined by IB (b) = b ∀ b B. Now
f -1: B A,
Part 1:- To prove that foIA = f f: A B
fof-1: B B.
Now Also IB: B B
IA: A A, Thus fof-1 and IB have same domain B and
f: A B same co domain B.
foIA : A B
Let a be any element in A.
Also f: A B
Since f: A B, there is a unique element
Thus foIA and f both the functions exist and have bB.
such that f(a) = b
same domain A and same co domain B.
a = f- 1 (b) f is a bijection
Let a A Consider (fof-1)(b) = f[f -1(b)]
Since f: A B, there exists a unique = f (a)
element b B such that f (a) = b =b
Consider (foIA) (a) = f [IA(a)] = IB (b)
= f(a) IB: B B IB(b) = b
(foIA) (a) = f (a) ∀a A
(fof- 1) (b) = IB(b) bB
Hence foIA = f............. (1)
Thus fof-1 = IB
Part 2:- To show that IB of = f
Part 2:- To prove that f -1of = IA
Now
Now
f : A B,
f: A B,
f :BA
-1
IB: B B
f -1of: A A
IBof : A B Also IA: A A
Also f: A B Thus f-1of and IA have the same domain A
and the same co domain A.
Thus IBof and f both the functions exist and
have same domain A and co domain B. Now (f -1of) (a) = f -1 [f (a)]
= f -1 (b)
Consider (IBof)(a) = IB[f(a)] =a
= IB(b) = IA(a)
=b IA: A A IA (a) = a
= f(a)
(f- 1of) (a) = IA (a) ∀a A
(IB of) (a) = f(a)∀a A 2
f of = IA
-1
IB of = f............... (2)
fof-1 = IB and f -1of = IA.
From (1) & (2) foIA = f = IB of.
Functions | www.aimstutorial.in
Mathematics 1A AIMSTUTORIAL
6. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c}, C = {p, q, r}.
5. If f : A B, g : B A are two functions If f : A B, g : B C are defined by
such that gof = IA and fog = IB then prove f = {(1, a), (2, c), (3, b)}, g = {(a, q), (b, r),
that g = f-1. (c, p)}, then show that f -1og-1 = (gof) -1.
A: Given that f: A B, g: B A are two
functions A: Given that
such that gof = IA and fog = IB. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c}, C = {p, q, r}
f: A B, g : B C are given by
Part 1: - To prove that f is one-one.
Let a1, a2A f(a1), f(a2) B
f = {(1, a), (2, c), (3, b)}
Consider f(a1) = f(a2)
f -1 = {(a, 1), (b, 3), (c, 2)} and
g[f(a1)] = g[f(a2)]
(gof) (a1) = (gof) (a2)
g = {(a, q), (b, r), (c, p)}
IA (a1) = IA(a2) gof = IA
a1 = a2 g -1 = {(q, a), (r, b), (p, c)}
Thus f: A B is one-one.
f g gof (𝒈𝒐𝒇)−𝟏
(1, 𝑎) ⇾ (𝑎, 𝑞 ) (1, 𝑞 ) (𝑞, 1)
Part 2:-To prove that f is onto.
(2, 𝑐 ) ⇾ (𝑐, 𝑝) (2, 𝑝) (𝑝, 2)
Let b B
g: BA, there exists a unique element a A (3, 𝑏) ⇾ (𝑏, 𝑟) (3, 𝑟) (𝑟, 3)..... (1)
such that g(b) = a.
Now f(a) = f[g(b)]
= (fog) (b)
= IB (b) fog = IB 𝑔−1 𝑓 −1 𝑔−1 𝑜𝑓 −1
=b (𝑞, 𝑎) ⇾ (𝑎, 1) (𝑞, 1)
So f: A B is onto. (𝑟, 𝑏) ⇾ (𝑏, 3) (𝑟, 3)
Since f is one-one and onto, so f is a bijection. (𝑝, 𝑐 ) ⇾ (𝑐, 2) (𝑝, 2) ... (2)
f -1 : B A
Also g: B A
From (1) and (2) (f -1og-1) = (gof) -1.
Thus both the functions f-1 and g have the same
domain B and same co domain A.
Part 3:- To show that g = f -1
From previous part, f (a) = b
a = f -1 (b)
Also g(b) = a
g(b) = f -1(b) ∀ b B.
g = f -1.
3
Functions | www.aimstutorial.in
Mathematics 1A AIMSTUTORIAL
7. If f : Q Q defined by f(x) = 5x+4 for
all x Q, show that f is a bijection and
find f- 1.
A: Given that
f : Q Q is defined by f(x) = 5x + 4
Part 1:- To prove that f is one-one
Let x1, x2 Q (domain) and
f(x1) = f(x2)
5x1 + 4 = 5x2 + 4
5x1 = 5x2
x1 = x2
f: Q Q is one-one.
Part 2:- To prove that f is onto
Let y the codomain Q and x domain Q
such that
f(x) = y
5x + 4 = y
y4
x=
5
So for every y codomain Q, there is a
preimage domain Q such that
y4
f =y
5
Thus f : Q Q is onto.
Part 3:-To find f-1(x)
Since f is both one-one, onto, so it is a
bijection.
f(x) = y x = f-1 (y)
5x + 4 = y x = =f-1(y)
x4
f-1(x) = .
5
Functions | www.aimstutorial.in
JR.MATHEMATICS - IA AIMSTUTORIAL. IN
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)
1. Using mathematical induction, Show that 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 + ⋯ … … . . +𝒏𝟐 = .
𝟔
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
Sol:𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 12 + 22 + 32 +. . +𝑛2 = .
6
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑛2
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
𝑛2 .
6 𝑡𝑘 = 𝑘 2
1.2.3
= (1)2 = 6
𝑡𝑘+1 = (𝑘 + 1)2
=1 =1
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p (1) is true for n=1.
Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.
𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1)
⇒ 𝑝(𝑘) = 12 + 22 + 32 +. . +𝑘 2 = 6
Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1) (𝑘+1)2
𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 12 + 22 + 32 +. . +𝑘 2 + (𝑘 + 1)2 = +
6 1
𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1)+6(𝑘+1)2
=
6
(𝑘+1)[𝑘(2𝑘+1)+6(𝑘+1)]
=
6
(𝑘+1)[2𝑘 2 +𝑘+6𝑘+6]
=
6
(𝑘+1)[2𝑘 2 +7𝑘+6]
=
6
(𝑘+1)[2𝑘 2 +4𝑘+3𝑘+6]
=
6
(𝑘+1)[2𝑘(𝑘+2)+3(𝑘+2)]
=
6
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2𝑘+1)
=
6
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(𝑘 + 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝(𝑛) is true for all n∈ N.
1
LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS - IA AIMSTUTORIAL. IN
𝒏𝟐(𝒏+𝟏)𝟐
2. Using mathematical induction, Show that 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑 + ⋯ … … . . +𝒏𝟑 = .
𝟒
Sol: let
𝑛 2(𝑛+1)2
p (n) =13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ … … . . +𝑛3 = .
4
Step-1: n=1 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑛3
L.H.S R.H.S
= 𝑛3 =
𝑛 2(𝑛+1)2 𝑡𝑘 = 𝑘 3
4
1.22
= (1)3 = 4 𝑡𝑘+1 = (𝑘 + 1)3
=1 =1
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p (1) is true for n=1.
Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.
𝑛 2(𝑛+1)2
⇒𝑝(𝑘 ) = 13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ … … . . +𝑛3 = 4
Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑘 2 (𝑘+1)2 (𝑘+1)3
𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ … … . . +𝑘 3 + (𝑘 + 1)3 = +
4 1
𝑘 2 (𝑘+1)2 +4(𝑘+1)3
=
4
(𝑘+1)2 {𝑘 2 +4(𝑘+1)}
=
4
(𝑘+1)2 {𝑘 2 +4𝑘+4}
=
4
(𝑘+1)2 (𝑘+2)2
=
4
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(𝑘 + 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝(𝑛) is true for all n∈ N.
LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS - IA AIMSTUTORIAL. IN
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏+𝟐)(𝒏+𝟑)
3. S.T 1.2.3+2.3.4+3.4.5+………..up to n terms = .
𝟒
Sol: let
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)
𝑝(𝑛) = 1.2.3 + 2.34 + ⋯ + 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) = .
4
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) .
4
1.2.3.4
=1.2.3 = 4
=6 =6
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p (1) is true for n=1.
Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)
⇒𝑝(𝑘 ) = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + ⋯ + 𝑘 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) = 4
Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
⇨ P(k+1)=1.2.3+2.3.4+….+𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) + (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(𝐾 + 3)
𝑘(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3) (k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
= +
4 1
𝑘(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)+4(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
=
4
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3){𝑘+4}
=
4
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(𝑘 + 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝(𝑛) is true for all n∈ N.
LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS - IA AIMSTUTORIAL. IN
𝒏(𝒏𝟐+𝟔𝒏+𝟏𝟏)
4. S.T 2.3+3.4+4.5+…up to n terms = .
𝟑
𝑛(𝑛 2+6𝑛+11)
Sol: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 2.3 + 3.4 + ⋯ + (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) = .
3
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
𝑛(𝑛 2+6𝑛+11)
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
3
1.(1+6+11)
=2.3 = 3
18
=6 = =6
3
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p (1) is true for n=1.
Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.
𝑘(𝑘 2 +6𝑘+11)
⇒𝑝(𝑘 ) = 2.3 + 3.4 + ⋯ + (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) =
3
Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
P (k+1) = 2.3 + 3.4 + ⋯ + (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) + (𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3)
𝑘(𝑘 2+6𝑘+11)
= + (𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3)
3
𝑘(𝑘 2 +6𝑘+11) (𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)
= +
3 1
𝑘(𝑘 2 +6𝑘+11)+3(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)
=
3
𝑘 3 +6𝑘 2 +11𝑘+3(𝑘 2 +5𝑘+6)
=
3
𝑘 3 +6𝑘 2 +11𝑘+3𝑘 2 +15𝑘+18
=
3
𝑘 3 +9𝑘 2 +26𝑘+18
=
3
(𝑘+1)(𝑘 2 +8𝑘+18)
=
3
(𝑘+1)(𝑘 2 +2𝑘+1+6𝑘+6+11)
=
3
(𝑘+1)[(𝑘+1)2 +6(𝑘+1)+11]
=
3
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(𝑘 + 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝(𝑛) is true for all n∈ N.
4
LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS - IA AIMSTUTORIAL. IN
𝒏[𝟐𝒂+(𝒏−𝟏)𝒅]
5. S. T 𝒂 + (𝒂 + 𝒅) + ⋯ . +𝒖𝒑 𝒕𝒐 𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 = .
𝟐
𝑛[2𝑎+(𝑛−1)𝑑]
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑 ) + ⋯ . +𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = .
2
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
𝑛[2𝑎+(𝑛−1)𝑑]
𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 2
1.[2𝑎+0] 2𝑎
=a+0 = =2
2
=a =a
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p(1) is true for n=1.
Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.
𝑘
⇒𝑝(𝑘) = 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑 ) + ⋯ + 𝑎 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑑 = 2 {2𝑎 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑑}
Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
⇒ 𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑 ) + ⋯ + {𝑎 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑑 } + (𝑎 + 𝑘𝑑 )
𝑘
= {2𝑎 + (𝑘 − 1)𝑑}+(𝑎 + 𝑘𝑑)
2
𝑘{2𝑎+(𝑘−1)𝑑} {𝑎+𝑘𝑑}
= +
2 1
2𝑎𝑘+𝑘 2 𝑑−𝑘𝑑+2𝑎+2𝑘𝑑
=
2
2𝑎(𝑘+1)+𝑘 2 𝑑+𝑘𝑑
=
2
2𝑎(𝑘+1)+𝑘𝑑(𝑘+1)
=
2
(𝑘+1){2𝑎+𝑘𝑑}
=
2
(𝑘+1){2𝑎+(𝑘+1−1)𝑑}
=
2
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(𝑘 + 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝(𝑛) Is true for all n∈ N.
LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS - IA AIMSTUTORIAL. IN
(𝒓𝒏 −𝟏)
6. S.T 𝒂 + 𝒂𝒓 + 𝒂r2+ ⋯ 𝒖𝒑 𝒕𝒐 𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝒂 (𝒓−𝟏)
(𝑟 𝑛−1)
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎r2+ ⋯ 𝑎. 𝑟 𝑛−1 = 𝑎 (𝑟−1)
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
(𝑟 𝑛−1)
𝑎. 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑎 (𝑟−1)
𝑟−1
=a.r0 = 𝑎 𝑟−1
=a =a
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p (1) is true for n=1.
Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.
(𝑟 𝑘 −1)
⇒𝑝(𝑘) = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎r2+ ⋯ 𝑎. 𝑟 𝑘−1 = 𝑎 (𝑟−1)
.
Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎r2+ ⋯ 𝑎. 𝑟 𝑘−1 + 𝑎. 𝑟 𝑘
(𝑟 𝑘 − 1)
=𝑎 + 𝑎. 𝑟 𝑘
(𝑟 − 1)
(𝑟 𝑘 −1) 𝑟𝑘
=a { (𝑟−1) + }
1
𝑟 𝑘 −1+𝑟 𝑘 .𝑟−𝑟 𝑘
=𝑎 ( )
𝑟−1
𝑟 𝑘+1 −1
= 𝑎( ).
𝑟−1
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(𝑘 + 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝(𝑛) is true for all n∈ N.
LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS - IA AIMSTUTORIAL. IN
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒏+𝟐)
7. S. T 12+(𝟏𝟐 +22) +(𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 +32)+ …up to n terms = .
𝟏𝟐
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
Sol: let p (n) = 12+(12 +22) +(12 + 22 +32) + …..…+ 6
𝑛(𝑛+1)2 (𝑛+2)
= .
12
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) 𝑛(𝑛+1)2 (𝑛+2)
.
6 12
1.2.3 1(1+1)2 (1+2) 12
= = =12
6 12
=1 =1
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p (1) is true for n=1.
Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.
𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1) 𝑘(𝑘+1) 2(𝑘+2)
⇒𝑝(𝑘) = 12 + (12 + 22) + (12 + 22 + 32)+ . . … + = .
6 12
Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑘(𝑘+1)(2𝑘+1)
𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 12+(12 + 22) + (12 + 22 + 32) + … . … + 6
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2𝑘+3) 𝑘(𝑘+1)2 (𝑘+2) (𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2𝑘+3)
+ = +
6 12 6
𝑘(𝑘+1)2 (𝑘+2)+2(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)(2𝑘+3)
=
12
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2){𝑘(𝑘+1)+2(2𝑘+3)}
=
12
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2){𝑘 2 +𝑘+4𝑘+6}
=
12
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2){𝑘 2 +5𝑘+6}
=
12
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2){(𝑘+2)(𝑘+3)}
=
12
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)2 (𝑘+3)
= .
12
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(𝑘 + 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝(𝑛) is true for all n∈ N.
7
LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS - IA AIMSTUTORIAL. IN
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 +𝟐𝟑 𝟏𝟑 +𝟐𝟑 +𝟑𝟑 𝒏
8. S. T + + + ⋯ 𝒖𝒑 𝒕𝒐 𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟐𝟒 (𝟐𝒏𝟐 + 𝟗𝒏 + 𝟏𝟑).
𝟏 𝟏+𝟑 𝟏+𝟑+𝟓
13 13 +23 13 +23 +33 (𝑛+1)2 𝑛
𝑠𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = + + +⋯+ = 24 (2𝑛2 + 9𝑛 + 13).
1 1+3 1+3+5 4
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
(𝑛+1)2 𝑛
(2𝑛2 + 9𝑛 + 13).
4 24
4 (2+9+13) 24
=4 =1 = =24 =1
24
=1 =1
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p (1) is true for n=1.
Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.
13 13 +23 13 +23 +33 (𝑘+1)2 𝑘
⇒ 𝑝 (𝑛 ) = + + +⋯+ = 24 (2𝑘 2 + 9𝑘 + 13).
1 1+3 1+3+5 4
Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
13 13 +23 13 +23 +33 (𝑘+1)2 (𝑘+2)2
𝑝( 𝑛 ) = + + + ⋯+ +
1 1+3 1+3+5 4 4
𝑘 (𝑘+2)2
= 24 (2𝑘 2 + 9𝑘 + 13)+
4
2𝑘 3 +9𝑘 2 +13𝑘+6(𝑘 2 +4𝑘+4)
=
24
(2𝑘 3 +9𝑘 2 +13𝑘+6𝑘 2 +24𝑘+24)
=
24
2𝑘 3 +15𝑘 2 +37𝑘+24
=( )
24
(𝑘+1)(2𝑘 2 +13𝑘+24)
=
24
(𝑘+1)(2𝑘 2 +4𝑘+2+9𝑘+9+13)
=
24
(𝑘+1){2(𝑘+1)2 +9(𝑘+1)+13}
=
24
∴P (k+1) is true
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the given statement is
true for all n∈ N.
8
LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS - IA AIMSTUTORIAL. IN
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏
9. Show that𝟏.𝟒 + 𝟒.𝟕 + 𝟕.𝟏𝟎 + ⋯ 𝒖𝒑𝒕𝒐 𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟑𝒏+𝟏.
Sol: 𝑙𝑒𝑡
1 1 1 1 𝑛
𝑝(𝑛) = 1.4 + 4.7 + 7.10 + ⋯ + (3𝑛−2)(3𝑛+1) = 3𝑛+1.
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
1 𝑛
(3𝑛−2)(3𝑛+1) 3𝑛+1
1 1
=(3−2)(3+1)
3+1
1 1
=1.4 = 1.4
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴p (1) is true for n=1.
Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.
1 1 1 1 𝑘
⇒𝑝(𝑘) = 1.4 + 4.7 + 7.10 + ⋯ + (3𝑘−2)(3𝑘+1) = 3𝑘+1.
Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
1 1 1 1 1
𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 1.4 + 4.7 + 7.10 + ⋯ + (3𝑘−2)(3𝑘+1) + (3𝑘+1)(3𝑘+4)
𝑘 1
= + (3𝑘+1)(3𝑘+4)
3𝑘+1
1 𝑘 1
= { + }
(3𝑘+1) 1 3𝑘+4
1 2
3𝑘 +4𝑘+1
= { }
(3𝑘+1) 3𝑘+4
1 3𝑘 2 +3𝑘+1𝑘+1
= { }
(3𝑘+1) 3𝑘+4
1 3𝑘(𝑘+1)+1(𝑘+1)
= { }
(3𝑘+1) 3𝑘+4
1 (3𝑘+1)(𝑘+1)
= { }
(3𝑘+1) 3𝑘+4
(𝑘+1)
=
(3𝑘+4)
(𝑘+1)
=
{3(𝑘+1)+1}
∴P (k+1) is true
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the given statement is
true for all n∈ N.
9
LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS - IA AIMSTUTORIAL. IN
10. Show that 𝟒𝟗𝒏 + 𝟏𝟔𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟔𝟒 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 + 𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒏.
Sol: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Step-1: put n=1
P (1) = 491 + 16(1) − 1=49+16-1
=64
=64(1)
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(1) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 64.
Step-2: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.
⇒ 𝑝(𝑘) = 49𝑘 + 16𝑘 − 1 = 64𝑚, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑚 ∈ 𝑁
⇒𝟒𝟗𝒌 = (𝟔𝟒𝒎 − 𝟏𝟔𝒌 + 𝟏)…. (1)
Step-3: if n=k+1
⇒ 𝑝(𝑘 + 1) = 49𝑘+1 + 16(𝑘 + 1) − 1
= 49𝑘 . 49 + 16𝑘 + 16 − 1
=49{64𝑚 − 16𝑘 + 1} +16k+15
= 49.64𝑘 − 16𝑘. 49 + 49 + 16𝑘 + 15
= 49.64𝑘 − 16𝑘. 48 + 64
= 49.64𝑘 − 16𝑘. 12 × 4 + 64
= 49.64𝑘 − 12𝑘. 64 × 4 + 64
=64{49m-12k+1}
∴thus the statement is divisible by 64
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction,
49𝑛 + 16𝑛 − 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 64 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.
10
LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS - IA AIMSTUTORIAL. IN
11. Show that 𝟑. 𝟓𝟐𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟐𝟑𝒏+𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟏𝟕 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 + 𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒏.
Sol: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Step-1: put n=1
P (1) = 3.52𝑛+1 + 23𝑛+1 =3.53 + 24
=3(125) + 16
= 375 + 16
= 391 = 17 × 23
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(1) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 17.
Step-2: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.
⇒ 𝑝(𝑘) = 3.52𝑛+1 + 23𝑛+1 = 17𝑚, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑚 ∈ 𝑁
⇒𝟑. 𝟓𝟐𝒏+𝟏 = (𝟏𝟕𝒎 − 𝟐𝟑𝒏+𝟏 )…….. (1)
Step-3: if n=k+1
⇒ 𝑝 (𝑘 + 1) = 3.52𝑛+1 + 23𝑛+1
=3.52𝑘+1. 52 + 23𝑘+1. 23
=25(17𝑚 − 23𝑛+1) + 23𝑘+1. 8
=25.17m -25. 23𝑛+1 + 8. 23𝑛+1
=25.17m-17. 23𝑛+1
=17(25m-23𝑛+1)
∴thus the statement is divisible by 17
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction,
11
3.52𝑛+1 + 23𝑛+1 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 17 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.
LAQ Q.NO 19 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS - IA AIMSTUTORIAL. IN
12. S.T 2. 𝟒𝟐𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟑𝟑𝒏+𝟏 is divisible by 11, for all 𝒏 ∈ 𝑵.
Sol: Sol: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑝(𝑛) = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Step-1: put n=1
P (1) = 2.42𝑛+1 + 33𝑛+1 =2.43 + 34
= 2(64) + 81
= 128 + 81
= 201 = 11 × 19
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(1) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 11.
Step-2: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.
⇒ 𝑝(𝑘) = 2.42𝑘+1 + 33𝑘+1 = 11𝑚, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑚 ∈ 𝑁
⇒𝟐. 𝟒𝟐𝒌+𝟏 = (𝟏𝟏𝒎 − 𝟐𝟑𝒌+𝟏 )…….. (1)
Step-3: if n=k+1
⇒ 𝑝 (𝑘 + 1) = 2.42(𝑘+1)+1 + 33(𝑘+1)+1
=2.42𝑘+1. 42 + 33𝑘+1. 33
=16(11𝑚 − 33𝑘+1) + 33𝑘+1. 27
=16.11m -16. 33𝑛+1 + 27. 33𝑛+1
=16.11m +11. 33𝑛+1
=11(26m-33𝑛+1)
∴thus the statement is divisible by 11
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction,
2. 42𝑛+1 + 33𝑛+1 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 11 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.
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13. 2+3.2+3. 𝟐𝟐 + ⋯ 𝒖𝒑𝒕𝒐 𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝒏. 𝟐𝒏
Sol: let p (n) = 2+3.2+3. 22 + ⋯ + (𝑛 + 1)2𝑛−1 = 𝑛. 2𝑛 .
Step-1: put n=1
L.H.S R.H.S
2 𝑛. 2𝑛 .
=2 =1.2
=2 =2
L.H.S=R.H.S ∴ p (1) is true for n=1.
Step-𝟐: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝(𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘.
⇒p (k) = 2+3.2+3. 22 + ⋯ + (𝑘 + 1)2𝑘−1 = 𝑘. 2𝑘 .
Step-3: 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘 + 1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
⇒p (k+1) = 2+3.2+3. 22 + ⋯ + (𝑘 + 1)2𝑘−1 + (𝑘 + 2)2𝑘
= 𝑘. 2𝑘 + (𝑘 + 2)2𝑘
=2𝑘 (𝑘 + 𝑘 + 2)
=2𝑘 (2𝑘 + 2)
=2𝑘 . 2(𝑘 + 1)
=2𝑘+1. (𝑘 + 1)
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝(𝑘 + 1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝(𝑛) is true for all n∈ N.
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𝐛+𝐜 𝐜+𝐚 𝐚+𝐛 𝐚 𝐛 𝐜
1. 𝐒. 𝐓 | 𝐜 + 𝐚 𝐚 + 𝐛 𝐛 + 𝐜 | = 𝟐 |𝐛 𝐜 𝐚|
𝐚+𝐛 𝐛+𝐜 𝐜+𝐚 𝐜 𝐚 𝐛
𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
Sol: L.H.S |𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐|
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )
=| 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 |
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )
= 2| 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 |
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 : 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )
= 2| −𝑏 −𝑐 −𝑎 |
−𝑐 −𝑎 −𝑏
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= 2 |−𝑏 −𝑐 −𝑎|
−𝑐 −𝑎 −𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
=2(−)(−) |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎|
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
=2 |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| R.H.S
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
1
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𝒂 𝒃 𝒄𝟐 𝟐𝒃𝒄 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒃𝟐
2. |𝒃 𝒄 𝒂| = | 𝒄𝟐 𝟐𝒂𝒄 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 | = (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝒃 𝒂 𝟐𝒂𝒃 − 𝒄𝟐
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| = |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| (𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3 )
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| (−) | 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏|
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 −𝑎 −𝑏 −𝑐
= |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| | 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏|
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎
−𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐 2 −𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏2 + 𝑎𝑐
= |−𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑎𝑏 −𝑏2 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐 −𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎2 |
−𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏2 −𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏
2𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2 𝑐2 𝑏2
= | 𝑐2 2𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2 𝑎2 | … . (1)
𝑏2 𝑎2 2𝑎𝑏 − 𝑐 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 2
𝑛𝑜𝑤 |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎|
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
= [𝑎(𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2 ) − 𝑏(𝑏2 − 𝑎𝑐 ) + 𝑐(𝑎𝑏 − 𝑐 2 )]2
= (𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐 3 )2
= (3𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 − 𝑐 3 )2
= (𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐)2 … … (2)
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1)& (2)
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
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𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒂𝟑 𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝟏
3. 𝑰𝒇 |𝒃 𝒃𝟐 𝟏+𝒃 𝟑 | = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 |
𝒃 𝒃𝟐 𝟏| ≠ 𝟎, 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒃𝒄 = −𝟏.
𝒄 𝒄𝟐 𝟏+𝒄 𝟑 𝒄 𝒄𝟐 𝟏
𝑎 𝑎2 1 + 𝑎3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 |𝑏 𝑏2 1 + 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐 𝑐2 1 + 𝑐3
𝑎 𝑎2 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎3
⇒ |𝑏 𝑏2 1 | + | 𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏3 | = 0
𝑐 𝑐2 1 𝑐 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑎 𝑎2 1 1 𝑎 𝑎2
⇒ |𝑏 𝑏2 1| + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 |1 𝑏 𝑏2 | = 0 {𝐶1 ↔ 𝐶2 }
𝑐 𝑐2 1 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐2
𝑎 𝑎2 1 𝑎 1 𝑎2
⇒ |𝑏 𝑏2 1 | − 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑏 1 𝑏2 | = 0 {𝐶2 ↔ 𝐶3 }
𝑐 𝑐2 1 𝑐 1 𝑐2
𝑎 𝑎2 1 𝑎 𝑎2 1
⇒|𝑏 𝑏2 1| + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 |𝑏 𝑏2 1| = 0
𝑐 𝑐2 1 𝑐 𝑐2 1
𝑎 𝑎2 1 a a2 1
|
⇒ 𝑏 𝑏2 1| (1 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 ) = 0 [ ∴ |b b2 1| ≠ 0 ]
c c2 1
𝑐 𝑐2 1
∴ (1 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 ) = 0
⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = −1.
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𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒄 𝒂 𝒃
4. 𝑺. 𝑻 | 𝒄 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝟐𝒂 𝒃 | = 𝟐(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑
𝒄 𝒂 𝒄 + 𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝑆𝑜𝑙: | 𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 |
𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑎 𝑏
= |2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 |
2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
1 𝑎 𝑏
|
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 1 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 |
1 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 : 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 𝑎 𝑏
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |0 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 0 |
0 0 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
1 𝑎 𝑏
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3 |0 1 0| 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐶1
0 0 1
= 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )3 [ 1(1 − 0) + 0 + 0]
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3
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𝒂−𝒃−𝒄 𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒃
5. 𝑺. 𝑻 | 𝟐𝒃 𝒃−𝒄−𝒂 𝟐𝒃 | = (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑
𝟐𝒄 𝟐𝒄 𝒄−𝒂−𝒃
𝑎−𝑏−𝑐 2𝑎 2𝑏
𝑆𝑜𝑙: | 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 |
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
𝑠
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
=| 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 |
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
1 1 1
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 |
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶1 : 𝐶3 → 𝐶3 − 𝐶1
1 0 0
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) | 2𝑏 −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 0 |
2𝑐 0 −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
1 0 0
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3 |2𝑏 1 0| 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑅1
2𝑐 0 1
= ( 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )3 [ 1 (1 − 0) + 0 + 0]
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3
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𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑
6. 𝑺. 𝑻 |𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | = (𝒂 − 𝒃) (𝒃 − 𝒄) (𝒄 − 𝒂) (𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂).
𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑
1 𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 |1 𝑏2 𝑏3 |
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 : 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3
0 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 0 (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 )
= |0 𝑏2 − 𝑐 2 3
𝑏 −𝑐 3| = |
0 (𝑏 − 𝑐 )(𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑏 − 𝑐 )(𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 ) |
1 𝑐2 𝑐 3
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
0 (𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 )
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) |0 (𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 ) |
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 :
0 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) |0 (𝑐 − 𝑎) 𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏2 |
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏2
= 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏
⇒ 𝑏(𝑐 − 𝑎) + (𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑐 + 𝑎) ⇒ (𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
0 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) |0 (𝑐 − 𝑎) (𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)|
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
0 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎) |0 1 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 | 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐶1
1 𝑐2 𝑐3
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)1[(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 ) − 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏2 ]
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎){𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐
−𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏2 }
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) (𝑐 − 𝑎) (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎).
6
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𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
7. 𝑺. 𝑻 |𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 | = 𝒂𝒃𝒄 (𝒂 − 𝒃) (𝒃 − 𝒄) (𝒄 − 𝒂)
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑺𝒐𝒍: |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2|
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
1 1 1
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐|
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝐶1 → 𝐶1 − 𝐶2 : 𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 𝐶3
0 0 1
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐|
𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑏2 − 𝑐 2 𝑐2
0 0 1
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐|
(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐 )(𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑐 2
0 0 1
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐) | 1 1 𝑐|
(𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑐 2
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑅1
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)1{𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑎 − 𝑏}
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) (𝑐 − 𝑎)
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𝒙−𝟐 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒
8. 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝒊𝒇 |𝒙 − 𝟒 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟗 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔| = 𝟎.
𝒙−𝟖 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝟕 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔𝟒
𝑥−2 2𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 − 4
𝑠𝑜𝑙: |𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 − 9 3𝑥 − 16| = 0
𝑥−8 2𝑥 − 27 3𝑥 − 64
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 : 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
𝑥−2 2𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 − 4
⇒ | −2 −6 −12 | = 0.
−6 −24 −60
𝑥−2 2𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 − 4
⇒| 1 3 6 | = 0.
1 4 10
⇒ (𝑥 − 2)[30 − 24] − (2𝑥 − 3)[10 − 6] +(3𝑥 − 4)[4 − 3] = 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 2)[6] − (2𝑥 − 3)[4] +(3𝑥 − 4)[1] = 0
⇒ 6𝑥 − 12 − 8𝑥 + 12 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
⇒𝑥−4=0
∴ 𝑥 = 4.
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𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
9. 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 ] 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒏𝒐𝒏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒙,
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑨
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅𝑨−𝟏 = 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨 .
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐴 = [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝐴. 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] . [𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
𝑎1 𝐴1 + 𝑏1 𝐵1 + 𝑐1 𝐶1 𝑎1 𝐴2 + 𝑏1 𝐵2 + 𝑐1 𝐶2 𝑎1 𝐴3 + 𝑏1 𝐵3 + 𝑐1 𝐶3
= [ 𝑎2 𝐴1 + 𝑏2 𝐵1 + 𝑐2 𝐶1 𝑎2 𝐴2 + 𝑏2 𝐵2 + 𝑐2 𝐶2 𝑎2 𝐴3 + 𝑏2 𝐵3 + 𝑐2 𝐶3 ]
𝑎3 𝐴1 + 𝑏3 𝐵1 + 𝑐3 𝐶1 𝑎3 𝐴2 + 𝑏3 𝐵2 + 𝑐3 𝐶2 𝑎3 𝐴3 + 𝑏3 𝐵3 + 𝑐3 𝐶3
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 0 0
=[ 0 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 0 ]
0 0 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
1 0 0
= 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 [0 1 0] = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴. 𝐼
0 0 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
∴ 𝐴. 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = 𝐼
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 𝐼
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
∴ 𝐴−1 = .
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
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1 −2 3
10. If A=[ 0 −1 4], then find (A’)-1.
−2 2 1
1 −2 3
Sol: A=[ 0 −1 4]
−2 2 1
1 0 −2
⇒A’= [−2 −1 2]
3 4 1
−1 2 −2 2 −2 −1
|A’|=1 | | + 0| | +3| |
4 1 3 1 3 4
=1(−1 − 8) + 0(−2 − 6) + 3(−8 + 3)
=−9 +0 +10=1
−1 2 −2 −1
Adj (A’) = [ 4 1 3 4]
0 −2 1 0
−1 2 −2 −1
(−1 − 8) (6 + 2) (−8 + 3)
=[(−8 + 0) (1 + 6) (0 − 4) ]
(0 − 2) (4 − 2) (−1 − 0)
−9 8 −5
=[−8 7 −4]
−2 2 −1
−9 −8 −2
=[ 8 7 2]
−5 −4 −1
−9 −8 −2
1 1
A-1= |𝐴′ | 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴′ ) = 1 [ 8 7 2]
−5 −4 −1
−9 −8 −2
=[ 8 7 2]
−5 −4 −1
10
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11. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑟’𝑠 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑.
3 4 5 𝑥 18
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = [2 −1 8] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [13]
5 −2 7 𝑧 20
3 4 5
−1 8 2 8 2 −1
∆= |2 −1 8| = 3 | | − 4| | + 5| |
−2 7 5 7 5 −2
5 −2 7
= 3(−7 + 16) − 4(14 − 40) + 5(−4 + 5)
= 3(9) − 4(−26) + 5(1)
= 27 + 10 + 5
= 136 ≠ 0 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
18 4 5
−1 8 13 8 13 −1
∆1 = |13 −1 8| = 18 | | − 4| | +5| |
−2 7 20 7 20 −2
20 −2 7
= 18(−7 + 16) − 4(91 − 160) + 5(−26 + 20)
= 18(9) − 4(−69) + 5(−6)
= 162 + 276 − 30
= 408
3 18 5
13 8 2 8 2 13
∆2 = |2 13 8| = 3 | | − 18 | | + 5| |
20 7 5 7 5 20
5 20 7
= 3(91 − 160) − 18(14 − 40) + 5(40 − 65)
= 3(−69) − 18(−26) + 5(−25)
= −207 + 468 − 125
= 136
3 4 18
−1 13 2 13 2 −1
∆3 = |2 −1 13| = 3 | | −4| | + 18 | |
−2 20 5 20 5 −2
5 −2 20
= 3(−20 + 26) − 4(40 − 65) + 5(−4 + 5)
= 3(6) − 4(−25) + 5(1)
= 18 + 100 + 18
= 136
∆1 408 ∆2 136 ∆3 136
⇒𝑥= = 136 , 𝑦 = = 136 , 𝑧 = = 136
∆ ∆ ∆
11
∴ 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1.
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2 −1 3 𝑥 9
12. 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = [1 1 1] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [6]
1 −1 1 𝑧 2
2 −1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
∆= |1 1 1| = 2 | | +1| | +3| |
−1 1 1 1 1 −1
1 −1 1
= 2(1 + 1) + 1(1 − 1) + 3(−1 − 1)
= 2(2) + 1(0) + 3(−2)
= 4 − 6 = −2 ≠ 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.
9 −1 3
1 1 6 1 6 1
∆1 = |6 1 1| = 6 | | + 1| | + 3| |
−1 1 2 1 2 −1
2 −1 1
= 9(1 + 1) + 1(6 − 2) + 3(−6 − 2)
= 9(2) + 1(4) + 3(−8)
= 18 + 4 − 24 = 22 − 24 = −2
2 9 3
6 1 1 1 1 6
∆2 = |1 6 1| = 2 | | −9| | +3| |
2 1 1 1 1 2
1 2 1
= 2(6 − 2) − 9(1 − 1) + 3(2 − 6)
= 2(4) + 1(0) + 3(−24)
= 8 − 12 = −4
2 −1 9
1 6 1 6 1 1
∆3 = |1 1 6| = 2 | | + 1| | + 9| |
−1 2 1 2 1 −1
1 −1 2
= 2(2 + 6) + 1(2 − 6) + 9(−1 − 1)
= 2(8) + 1(−4) + 9(−2)
= 16 − 4 − 18
= 16 − 22 = −6
∆1 −2 ∆2 −4 ∆3 −6
⇒𝑥= = −2 = 1, 𝑦 = = −2 = 2, 𝑧 = = −2 = 3
∆ ∆ ∆
∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 3. 12
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1 1 1 𝑥 9
13. 𝐴 = [2 5 7 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [52]
2 1 −1 𝑧 0
1 1 1
5 7| 2 7
∆= |2 5 7 | = 1| −1| | + 1 |2 5|
1 −1 2 −1 2 1
2 1 −1
= 1(−5 − 7) − 1(−2 − 14) + 1(2 − 10)
= 1(−12) − 1(−16) + 1(−8)
= −12 + 16 − 8 = − 4 ≠ 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.
9 1 1
5 7| 52 7| 52 5|
∆1 = |52 5 7 | = 9| −1| +1|
1 −1 0 −1 0 1
0 1 −1
= 9(−5 − 7) − 1(−52 − 0) + 1(52 − 0)
= 9(−12) − 1(−52) + 1(52)
= −108 + 52 + 52
= −108 + 104 = −4
1 9 1
52 7| 2 7
= ∆2 = |2 52 7 | = 1 | −9| | + 1 |2 52|
0 −1 2 −1 2 0
2 0 −1
= 1(−52 − 0) − 9(−2 − 14) + 1(0 − 104)
= 1(−52) − 9(−16) + 1(−104)
= −52 + 144 − 104
= −156 + 144 = −12
1 1 9
5 52| 2 52| 2 5|
∆3 = |2 5 52| = 1 | −1| +9|
1 0 2 0 2 1
2 1 0
= 1(0 − 52) − 1(0 − 104) + 9(2 − 10)
= 1(−52) − 1(−104) + 9(−8)
= −52 + 104 − 72
= −124 + 104 = −20
∆1 −4 ∆2 −12 ∆3 −20
⇒𝑥= = −4 = 1, 𝑦 = = = 3, 𝑧 = = =5 13
∆ ∆ −4 ∆ −4
∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 5.
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2 −1 3 𝑥 8
14. 𝐴 = [−1 2 1 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [4]
3 1 −4 𝑧 0
2 −1 3
2 1 −1 1 −1 2
∆= |−1 2 1 | = 2| |+ 1| | + 3| |
1 −4 3 −4 3 1
3 1 −4
= 2(−8 − 1) + 1(4 − 3) + 3(−1 − 6)
= 2(−9) + 1(1) + 3(−7)
= − − 18 + 1 − 21
= −38
8 −1 3
2 1 4 1 4 2
∆𝟏 = | 4 2 1 | = 8| | + 1| | +3| |
1 −4 0 −4 0 1
0 1 −4
= 8(−8 − 1) + 1(−16 − 0) + 3(4 − 0)
= 8(−9) + 1(−16) + 3(4)
= −72 − 16 + 12 = −76
2 8 3
4 1 −1 1 −1 4
∆𝟐 = |−1 4 1 | = 2 | | − 8| |+3| |
0 −4 3 −4 3 0
3 0 −4
= 2(−16 − 0) − 8(4 − 3) + 3(0 − 12)
= 2(−16) − 8(1) + 3(−12)
= −32 − 8 − 36 = −76
2 −1 8
2 4 −1 4 −1 2
∆𝟑 = |−1 2 4| = 2 | | +1| | + 8| |
1 0 3 0 3 1
3 1 0
= 2(0 − 4 + 1(0 − 12 + 8(−1 − 6)
= 2(−4) + 1(−12) + 8(−7)
= −8 − 12 − 56 = 76
∆1 −76 ∆2 −76 ∆3 −76
⇒𝑥= = −38 = 2, 𝑦 = = −38 = 2, 𝑧 = = −38 = 2
∆ ∆ ∆
∴ 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2. 14
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𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅:
3 4 5 𝑥 18
15. 𝐴 = [2 −1 8] , 𝑋 = [𝑦 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [13]
5 −2 7 𝑧 20
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴 − 1. 𝐵
𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 −1 8 ̇ 2 −1
(−2 7 5 −2)
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
𝐴𝑛𝑑 A-1= ⇨ 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2 ]
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 4 5 3 4
𝐴3 𝐵3 𝐶3
−1 8 2 −1
(−7 + 16) (40 − 14) (−4 + 5)
𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = [(−10 − 28) (21 − 25) (20 + 6) ]
(32 + 5) (10 − 24) (−3 − 8)
9 26 1
= [−38 −4 26 ]
37 −14 −11
9 −38 37
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ]𝑇 = [26 −4 −14]
1 26 −11
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝐴 = 𝑎1 𝐴1 + 𝑏1 𝐵1 + 𝑐1 𝐶1
2(9) − 4(−26) + 5(1)
= 136
9 −38 37
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
[
𝐴 − 1 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = 136 26 −4 −14]
1 26 −11
-1
⇒ 𝑋 =A . 𝐵
9 −38 37 18
1
= 136 [26 −4 −14] [13]
1 26 −11 20
162 − 494 + 740
1
= 136 [ 468 − 52 − 280 ]
18 + 338 + 220
408
1
= 136 [136] ∴ 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1.
15
136
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2 −1 3 𝑥 9
(𝑏). 𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = [1 1 1] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [6]
1 −1 1 𝑧 2
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴 − 1. 𝐵
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
𝐴𝑛𝑑 A-1= 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
2 −1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = |1 1 1| = 2 | |+ 1| |+ 3| |
−1 1 1 1 1 −1
1 −1 1
= 2(1 + 1) + 1(1 − 1) + 3(−1 − 1)
= 2(2) + 1(0) + 3(−2)
= 4 − 6 = −2 ≠ 0 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠.
𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 1 1 1 1
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2 ] (−1 1 1 −1)
−1 3 2 −1
𝐴3 𝐵3 𝐶3
1 1 1 1
(1 + 1) (1 − 1) (−1 − 1)
𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = [(−3 + 1) (2 − 3) (−1 + 2)]
(−1 − 3) (3 − 2) (2 + 1)
2 0 −2
= [−2 −1 1 ]
−4 1 3
2 −2 −4
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ]𝑇 = [ 0 −1 1 ]
−2 1 3
2 −2 −4
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
A-1= 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = −2 [ 0 −1 1 ]
−2 1 3
⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴 − 1. 𝐵
2 −2 −4 9
1
= −2 [ 0 −1 1 ] [6]
−2 1 3 2
18 − 12 − 8 −2
1 1
= −2 [ 0 − 6 + 2 ] = −2 [−4]
−18 + 6 + 6 −6
16
∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 3
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1 1 1 𝑥 9
16. 𝐴 = [2 5 7 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [52]
2 1 −1 𝑧 0
1 1 1
5 7| 2 7
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = |2 5 7 | = 1 | − 1| | + 1 |2 5|
1 −1 2 −1 2 1
2 1 −1
= 1(−5 − 7) − 1(−2 − 14) + 1(2 − 10)
= 1(−12) − 1(−16) + 1(−8)
= −12 + 16 − 8 = − 4 ≠ 0. 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠.
𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 5 7 2 5
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2 ] ( 1 −1 2 1)
1 1 1 1
𝐴3 𝐵3 𝐶3
5 7 2 5
(−5 − 7) (14 + 2) (2 − 10)
𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = [ (1 + 1) (−1 − 2) (2 − 1) ]
(7 − 5) (2 − 7) (5 − 2)
−12 16 −8
=[ 2 −3 1]
2 −5 3
−12 2 2
[ ]𝑇
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = [ 16 −3 −5]
−8 1 3
−12 2 2
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
A-1= 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = −4 [ 16 −3 −5]
−8 1 3
-1
⇒ 𝑋 =A . 𝐵
−12 2 2 9
1
= −4 [ 16 −3 −5] [52]
−8 1 3 0
−108 + 104 + 0
1
= −2 [ 144 − 156 + 0 ]
−72 + 52 + 0
−4
1
= −2 [−12] ∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 5.
−20 17
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600
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2 −1 3 𝑥 8
17. 𝐴 = [−1 2 1 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [4]
3 1 −4 𝑧 0
2 −1 3
2 1 −1 1 −1 2
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = |−1 2 1 | = 2| | + 1| | +3| |
1 −4 3 −4 3 1
3 1 −4
= 2(−8 − 1) + 1(4 − 3) + 3(−1 − 6)
= 2(−9) + 1(1) + 3(−7)
= −18 + 1 − 21
= −38 ≠ 0. 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠. 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 =
𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 2 1 −1 2
[𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2 ] , 𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = ( 1 −4 3 1 )
−1 3 2 −1
𝐴3 𝐵3 𝐶3
2 1 −1 2
(−8 − 1) (3 − 4) (−1 − 6)
𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = [ (3 − 4) (−8 − 9) (−3 − 2)]
(−1 − 6) (−3 − 2) (4 − 1)
−9 −1 −7
= [−1 −17 −5]
−7 −5 3
−9 −1 −7
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ]𝑇 = [−1 −17 −5]
−7 −5 3
−9 −1 −7
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
𝐴-1= [
= −38 −1 −17 −5]
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴
−7 −5 3
⇒ 𝑋 =A-1. 𝐵
−9 −1 −7 8
1
= −38 [−1 −17 −5] [4]
−7 −5 3 0
−72 − 4 + 0
1
= −38 [ −8 − 68 + 0 ]
−56 − 20 + 0
18
−76
1
= −38 [−76] ∴ 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2.
−76
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600
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17. Show that the following system of equations is consistent and solve it
completely.
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3,2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1;
𝑠𝑜𝑙: the augmented matrix is
1 1 1 3
[𝐴𝐷] = [2 2 −1 3]
1 1 −1 1
𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 1 1 3
~ [0 0 −3 −3]
0 0 −2 −2
𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅3 → 3𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
1 1 1 3
~ [0 0 −3 −3] ….. (1)
0 0 0 0
Comparing with echelon form
Number of non-zero rows in A are 2
∴rank (A) =2
Number of non-zero rows in AD are 2
∴rank (AD) =2
Rank (A) =rank (AD) =2
The system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
We write equivalent set of equations from … (1)
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 ……. (2)
−3𝑧 = −3…….. (3)
𝑍=1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑘, 𝑧 = 1, k ∈ 𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑡. 19
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS -1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
18. Apply the test of rank to examine whether the following equations are
consistent.
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 8, −𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 0;
𝑠𝑜𝑙: the augmented matrix is
2 −1 3 8 2 −1 3 8
[𝐴𝐷] = [−1 2 1 4] ~[−1 2 1 4]
3 1 −4 0 3 1 −4 0
𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2
𝑤𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜
𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.
𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 3𝑅1
−1 2 1 4
~[ 0 3 5 16]
0 7 −1 12
𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅3 → 3𝑅3 − 7𝑅2
−1 2 1 4
~[ 0 3 5 16 ] …… (1)
0 0 −38 −76
Comparing with echelon form
Number of non-zero rows in A are 3 ∴rank (A) =3
Number of non-zero rows in AD are 3 ∴rank (AD) =3
Hence rank (A) =rank [(AD)] =3.
Thus the system has a unique solution.
We write the system of equations from (1)
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4… (2)
3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 16…….. (3)
−38𝑧 = −76…. (4)
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (4)
𝑧 = 2 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑖𝑛 (3) 20
⇒ 3𝑦 = 16 − 10 = 6
𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (1) ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
∴𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600
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19. Solve the following system of equations
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟔, 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟗𝒛 = 𝟑;
Sol: the augmented matrix is
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 𝑥
[𝐴𝐷] = [2 2 3 6 ] ≡ [0 1 0 𝑦]
1 4 9 3 0 0 1 𝑧
𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 1 1 1
= [2 − 2 2−2 3 − 2 6 − 2]
1−1 4−1 9−1 3−1
1 1 1 1
=[0 0 1 4] 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3
0 3 8 2
1 1 1 1
=[0 3 8 2] 𝑅1 → 3𝑅1 − 𝑅2
0 0 1 4
3−0 3−3 3−8 3−2
=[ 0 3 8 2 ]
0 0 1 4
3 0 −5 1
=[0 3 8 2]
0 0 1 4
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 5𝑅3 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 8𝑅3
3+0 0+0 −5 + 5 1 + 20
= [0 − 0 3−0 8−8 2 − 32]
0 0 1 4
3 0 0 21
𝑅 𝑅
=[0 3 0 −30] 𝑅1 ↔ [ 31 ], 𝑅2 ↔ [ 32 ]
0 0 1 4
1 0 0 7
=[0 1 0 −10] ∴𝑥 = 7, 𝑦 = −10, 𝑧 = 4 21
0 0 1 4
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600
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20. 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟓, 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟎, −𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟓;
Sol: the augmented matrix is
1 −1 3 5 1 0 0 𝑥
[𝐴𝐷] = [ 4 2 −1 0 ] ≡ [0 1 0 𝑦]
−1 3 1 5 0 0 1 𝑧
𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 4𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅1
1 −1 3 5
=[ 4−4 2+4 −1 − 12 0 − 20]
−1 + 1 3−1 1+3 5+5
1 −1 3 5
𝑅
=[0 6 −13 −20] 𝑅2 ↔ [ 23 ]
0 2 4 10
1 −1 3 5
=[0 6 −13 −20] 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 5𝑅3
0 1 2 5
1 −1 3 5
=[0 − 0 6−5 −13 − 10 −20 − 25]
0 1 2 5
1 −1 3 5
=[0 1 −23 −45] 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
0 1 2 5
1+0 −1 + 1 3 − 23 5 − 45 1 0 −20 −40
=[ 0 1 −23 −45 ] =[0 1 −23 −45]
0−0 1−1 2 + 23 5 + 45 0 0 25 50
𝑅3
𝑅3 ↔ [ ]
25
1 0 −20 −40
=[0 1 −23 −45] 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 20𝑅3 ; 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 23𝑅3
0 0 1 2
1+0 0+0 −20 + 20 −40 + 40 1 0 0 0
=[ 0 1 −23 + 23 −45 + 46] =[0 1 0 1]
0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 22
∴𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 2
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS -1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
21. 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟗, 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟔, 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟐;
Sol: the augmented matrix is
2 −1 3 9 1 0 0 𝑥
[𝐴𝐷] = [1 1 1 6 ] ≡ [0 1 0 𝑦]
1 −1 1 2 0 0 1 𝑧
𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅1− 𝑅2
2−1 −1 − 1 3−1 9−6 1 −2 2 3
=[ 1 1 1 6 ] = [1 1 1 6]
1 −1 1 2 1 −1 1 2
𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 −2 2 3 1 −2 2 3
= [1 − 1 1+2 1−2 6 − 3 ] = [0 3 −1 3]
1−1 −1 + 2 1−2 2−3 0 1 −1 −1
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅3
1 −2 2 3 1 −2 2 3
= [0 − 0 3−2 −1 + 2 3 + 2 ] = [0 1 1 5]
0 1 −1 −1 0 1 −1 −1
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 2𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1+0 −2 + 2 2+2 3 + 10 1 0 4 13
=[ 0 1 1 5 ] = [0 1 1 5]
0−0 1−1 −1 − 1 −1 − 5 0 0 −2 −6
𝑅
𝑅3 ↔ [ 3 ]
2
1 0 4 13
= [0 1 1 5]
0 0 1 3
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 4𝑅3 ; 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 −𝑅3
23
1 0 4−4 13 − 12 1 0 0 1
= [0 1 1−1 5 − 3 ] =[0 1 0 2] ∴𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3
LAQ Q.NO: 20 & 21 MATRICES | 9000687600
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𝟔𝟓 𝟐𝟏
1. 𝑰𝒇 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟒, 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟓 , 𝑺. 𝑻 𝑹 = , 𝒓 = 𝟒, 𝒓𝟏 = ,
𝟖 𝟐
𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝒓𝟑 = 𝟏𝟒
𝑠𝑜𝑙: Given 𝑎 = 13, 𝑏 = 14, 𝑐 = 15
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄 13+14+15 42
𝑺= = = = 21
𝟐 2 2
∆= √(𝒔)(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)
=√(21)(21 − 13)(21 − 14)(21 − 15)
=√(21)(8)(7)(6)
=√7.3.4.2.7.3.2
=√(7.7). (3.3). (4.4)
=√(7.3.4)2 =84
𝒂𝒃𝒄 13.1.4.15 65
𝑹= = =
𝟒∆ 4.84 8
∆ 84
𝒓= = =4
𝒔 21
∆ 84 84 21
𝒓𝟏 = (𝒔−𝒂) = = =
21−13 8 2
∆ 84 84
𝒓𝟐 = (𝒔−𝒃) = = = 12
21−14 7
∆ 84 84
𝒓𝟑 = (𝒔−𝒄) = = = 14
21−15 6
1
LAQ Q.NO: 24 Transformations | 9000687600
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2. If r=1, 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟑, 𝒓𝟑 = 𝟔 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄.
Sol: given r=1, 𝑟1 = 2, 𝑟2 = 3, 𝑟3 = 6
We know that
∆= √𝑟. 𝑟1 . 𝑟2 . 𝑟3
= √1.2.3.6 = √6.6 = √62 =6
∆
𝑆=
𝑟
6
S=1 = 6
6
= 1 =6 ∆
𝑎=𝑠−
𝑟1
6
𝑎 =6−2 =6−3 =3
∆
𝑏=𝑠−
𝑟2
6
𝑏 = 6 − 3 = 6 − 2 = 4.
∆
𝑐 =𝑠−𝑟
3
6
𝑐 = 6 − 6 = 6 − 1 = 5.
LAQ Q.NO: 24 Transformations | 9000687600
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3. If 𝑟1 = 8, 𝑟2 = 12, 𝑟3 = 24 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐.
Sol: given 𝑟1 = 8, 𝑟2 = 12, 𝑟3 = 24
1 1 1 1
We know that 𝑟 = 𝑟 + 𝑟 + 𝑟
1 2 3
1 1 1 1
= 8 + 12 + 24
𝑟
1 3+2+1 6 1
= = 24 = 4 ⇨ 𝑟 = 4
𝑟 24
∆= √𝑟. 𝑟1 . 𝑟2 . 𝑟3
= √4.8.12.24 = √4.4.2.12.12.2
= √42 . 22 . 122 =4.2.12=8.12=96
96
⇨ 𝑆 =𝑆 =
4
∆
𝑟
96
= =24 ∆
4 𝑎=𝑠−
𝑟1
96
𝑎 = 24 − = 24 − 12 = 12
8
∆
𝑏=𝑠−
𝑟2
96
𝑏 = 24 − = 24 − 8 = 16.
12
∆
𝑐 =𝑠−𝑟
3
3
96
c= 24 − 24 = 24 − 4 = 20
LAQ Q.NO: 24 Transformations | 9000687600
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𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 1 1
4. S. T 𝑏𝑐1 + 𝑐𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑏1 = 𝑟 − 2𝑅
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
Sol: 𝑏𝑐1 + 𝑐𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑏1 =∑ 𝑏𝑐1 a=2𝑅 sin 𝐴
𝐴 𝐴
𝑎𝑟1 2𝑅 sin 𝐴.𝑆 .tan 𝑟1 = 𝑠 . tan
2 2
= ∑ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = ∑ 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝐴 sin 𝐴/2
𝐴 𝐴 tan =
2 cos 𝐴/2
2𝑅𝑆 𝐴 𝐴 sin 𝐴/2 sin 𝐴 = 2 sin cos
=𝑎𝑏𝑐 ∑(2 sin 2 cos 2 ) cos 𝐴/2 2 2
𝑆 1
4𝑅 𝑆 =
4𝑅𝑆 𝐴 𝑆 1−cos 𝐴 = ∆ 𝑟
=𝑎𝑏𝑐 ∑(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ) =∆ ∑( ) 𝑎𝑏𝑐 ∆
2
1 𝐴 1 − cos 𝐴
= 2𝑟 [1 − cos 𝐴 + 1 − cos 𝐵 + 1 − cos 𝐶] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 =
2 2
1
=2𝑟 [3 − (cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐶)] 𝐴 𝐵
(cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐶) =1 + 4 sin sin sin
𝐶
2 2 2
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
=2𝑟 [3 − (1 + 4 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 )]
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
1 4𝑅 sin sin sin
2 2 2
=2𝑟 [2 − ] 𝑟 = 4𝑅 sin
𝐴 𝐵
sin sin
𝐶
𝑅
2 2 2
1 𝑟 1 1 𝑟
=2𝑟 [2 − 𝑅] =2𝑟 . 2 − 2𝑟 . 𝑅
1 1
= 𝑟 − 2𝑅
4
LAQ Q.NO: 24 Transformations | 9000687600
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5. S.T 𝑟 + 𝑟3 + 𝑟1 − 𝑟2 = 4𝑅 cos 𝐵
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Sol: W.K.T 𝑟 = 4𝑅 sin sin sin ,
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟1 = 4𝑅 sin 2 cos 2 cos 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟2 = 4𝑅 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 ,
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟3 = 4𝑅 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟 + 𝑟3 = 4𝑅 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 + 4𝑅 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2
𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
= 4𝑅 sin {sin sin + cos cos } cos
2
= cos cos + sin sin
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵
= 4𝑅 sin 2 {cos } ….. (1)
2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟1 − 𝑟2 = 4𝑅 sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 − 4𝑅 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2
𝐴−𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 sin = sin cos − cos sin
=4𝑅 cos 2 {sin 2 cos 2 − cos 2 sin 2 } 2 2 2 2 2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵
=4𝑅 cos 2 {sin }…..(2)
2
L.H.S ⇨ 𝑟 + 𝑟3 + 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
𝐶 𝐴+𝐵 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵
= 4Rsin 2 {cos } + 4𝑅 cos {sin }
2 2 2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
=4𝑅 [sin 2 cos + cos 2 sin ] sin
2
= sin cos − cos sin
2 2 2 2
2 2
𝐴−𝐵+𝐶
=4𝑅 [sin ]
2
𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶= 𝜋
𝜋
=4𝑅 [sin ( 2 − 𝐵)]
5
=4𝑅 cos 𝐵 R.H.S
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𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
cot +cot + cot
2 2 2 (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
6. In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, =
cot 𝐴+cot 𝐵+cot 𝑐 𝑎 2 +𝑏2+𝑐 2
Sol:
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑁𝑟⇨cot 2 + cot 2 + cot 2
𝑠(𝑠−𝑎) 𝑠(𝑠−𝑏) 𝑠(𝑠−𝑐) A 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)
= + + cot ( ) =
2 ∆
∆ ∆ ∆
𝑠
= (𝑠 − 𝑎 + 𝑠 − 𝑏 + 𝑠 − 𝑐)
∆
𝑠
= (3𝑠 − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )) 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 2𝑠
∆
𝑠
=∆ (3𝑠 − 2𝑠)
𝑠 𝑆2 (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
=∆ ( 𝑠 ) = =
∆ 4∆
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑟 ⇨cot 𝐴 + cot 𝐵 + cot 𝐶
−𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 cos 𝐴 =
= + sin 𝐵 + sin 𝐶 2𝑏𝑐
sin 𝐴
−𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎 2−𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎 2 +𝑏2 −𝑐 2
= + +
2𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴 2casin 𝐵 2absin 𝐶
1
−𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎 2 −𝑏2 +𝑐 2 𝑎 2+𝑏2 −𝑐 2 ∆= (𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴)
= 1 + 1 + 1 2
4( 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴) 4( acsin 𝐵) 4( absin 𝐶)
2 2 2
−𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 +𝑎 2 −𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 +𝑎 2+𝑏2 −𝑐 2
= 4∆
𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
= 4∆
(𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
4∆ (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
Now Nr/Dr 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐2
=
𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
4∆
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
cot 2 +cot2 + cot2 (𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)2
∴ = 6
cot 𝐴+cot 𝐵+cot 𝐶 𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
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7. 𝐼𝑓 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝑐 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎
1 1 1 1
𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆. 𝑇 (𝑖 ) + + = 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3 𝑟
1 1 1 1 8∆3 (𝑎𝑏𝑐)2
(𝑖𝑖 ) + 𝑃 − 𝑃 = 𝑟 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑃3 . 𝑃3 . 𝑃3 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 =
𝑃1 2 3 3 8𝑅3
1 1 1
Sol: ∆= 2 𝑎𝑃1 , ∆= 2 𝑏𝑃2 , ∆= 2 𝑐𝑃3
2∆ 2∆ 2∆
⇨𝑃1 = , 𝑃2 = , 𝑃3 =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
1 1 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(𝑖 ) + 𝑃 + 𝑃 = 2∆ + 2∆ + 2∆
𝑃1 2 3
𝑠 1
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 2𝑠 1 =
= = 2∆ = 𝑟 ∆ 𝑟
2∆
1 1 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(𝑖𝑖 ) + 𝑃 − 𝑃 = 2∆ + 2∆ − 2∆
𝑃1 2 3
𝑎+𝑏−𝑐 2𝑠−2𝑐 𝑠−𝑐 1
= = = =𝑟
2∆ 2∆ ∆ 3
2∆ 2∆ 2∆ 8∆3
(𝑖𝑖𝑖 )𝑃3 . 𝑃3 . 𝑃3 = . . = 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎𝑏𝑐
∆=
4𝑅
𝑎𝑏𝑐 3
8( ) 8(𝑎𝑏𝑐)2 (𝑎𝑏𝑐)2
4𝑅
= = =
𝑎𝑏𝑐 64𝑅3 8𝑅3
LAQ Q.NO: 24 Transformations | 9000687600
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𝑎𝑏−𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑏𝑐−𝑟2 𝑟3 𝑎𝑏−𝑟3 𝑟1
8. 𝑆. 𝑇 = =
𝑟3 𝑟1 𝑟2
Sol: 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑟1 𝑟2
= (2𝑅 sin 𝐴)(2𝑅 sin 𝐵)
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
− (4𝑅 sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 ) (4𝑅 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 )
𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
=4𝑅2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 − [4𝑅2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 ] (2 sin 2 cos 2 ) (2 sin 2 cos 2 )
𝐶
=4𝑅2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 − [4𝑅2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 ] (sin 𝐴)(sin 𝐵 )
𝐶
=4𝑅2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 [1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ]
2
𝐶
=4𝑅2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 [𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ]
𝐶
𝑎𝑏−𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝑅2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ]
2
𝑁𝑜𝑤 = 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑟3 4𝑅 cos cos sin
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 𝐶
4𝑅 2 (2 sin cos )(2 sin cos )[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ]
2 2 2 2 2
= 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
4𝑅 cos cos sin
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
=4𝑅 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 = 𝑟
𝑏𝑐−𝑟2 𝑟3 𝑎𝑏−𝑟3 𝑟1
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 = =𝑟
𝑟1 𝑟2
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𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 ∆
9. a𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 =S +𝑅
Sol:
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
L.H.S⇨ acos 2 + 𝑏 cos 2 + 𝑐 cot 2
𝐴 1+cos 𝐴
⇨ ∑ 𝑎 cos 2 = ∑ 𝑎( )
2
1
⇨ 2 ∑(𝑎 + acos 𝐴)
1 1
⇨ 2 ∑(𝑎) + 2 ∑(acos 𝐴)
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄 1
⇨ + ∑ (2RsinAcos 𝐴)
𝟐 2
𝑅
⇨ 𝒔 + 2 ∑ (sin2A)
𝑅
⇨ 𝒔 + 2 (sin2A +sin2B + sin2B)
𝑅
⇨ 𝒔 + 2 (4sinA sinBsinC)
2𝑅2 sinA sinBsinC
⇨𝒔 + 𝑅
∆
⇨ 𝒔 + 𝑅 R.H.S
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𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝑟
10. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 = 1 − 2𝑅 .
Sol:
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
L.H.S⇨𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2
1−cos 𝐴 1−cos 𝐴 1−cos 𝐴
⇨ + +
2 2 2
1
⇨2 [3 − (cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐶)]
1 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
⇨2 [3 − (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + cos 𝐶)]
2 2
1 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴
⇨ [3 − (2𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 )]
2 2 2 2
1 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴
⇨2 [3 − 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 }]
2
1 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵
⇨2 [2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )}]
2 2
1 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵
⇨2 [3 − 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 }]
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
⇨2 [2 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ]
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
1 4𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2
⇨2 [2 − ]
𝑅
1 𝑟
⇨ [2 − ]
2 𝑅
2 𝑟
= 2 − 2𝑅
𝑟
= 1 − 2𝑅
R.H.S
10
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𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Or ⇨𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
⇨1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
⇨1 − {𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 } + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
2 2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶
⇨ [1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ]
2 2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶
⇨ [1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ]
2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶
⇨ [1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 }]
2
𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵
⇨ [1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )}]
2 2
𝐶 𝐴 𝐵
⇨[1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 {2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 }]
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
4𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
2 2 2
⇨1 − = 1 − 2𝑅
2𝑅
11
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11. 𝑎3 cos(𝐵 − 𝐶 ) + 𝑏3 cos(𝐶 − 𝐴)
+ 𝑐 3 cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐
Sol: ∑ 𝑎3 cos(𝐵 − 𝐶 )=∑ 𝑎. 𝑎2 cos(𝐵 − 𝐶 )
=𝑎2 ∑ 2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. cos(𝐵 − 𝐶 )
=𝑎2 ∑ 2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵 + 𝐶). cos(𝐵 − 𝐶 )
2
= 𝑅𝑎 ∑ [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐵 − 𝐶 ) + sin(𝐵 + 𝐶𝐵 + 𝐶 )]
2
= 𝑅𝑎 ∑ [𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝐵 ) + sin(2𝐶 )]
2
= 𝑅𝑎 ∑ [2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 2sinCcosC]
= 𝑎2 ∑ [(2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + (2RsinC)cosC]
= 𝑎2 ∑ [(𝑏)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + (C)cosC]
= 𝑎2 [𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐cosC] + 𝑏2 [𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 + 𝑎cosA] + 𝑐 2 [𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 +
𝑏cosB]
=𝑎𝑏[𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑏cosA] +𝑏𝑐 [𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 + 𝑐cosB] + 𝑐𝑎[𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 +
𝑐cosA]
=𝑎𝑏[𝑐 ] +𝑏𝑐 [𝑎] + 𝑐𝑎[𝑏]
=𝑎𝑏𝑐
12
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13
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𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 1 3 3
1. If A=[𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 ] 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒏𝒐𝒏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒙, A=[1 4 3]
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 1 3 4
𝒂𝒅𝒋𝑨 4 3 1 3 1 4
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅𝑨−𝟏 = 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨. |A|=1 | |− 3| |+ 3| |
3 4 1 4 1 3
=1(16 − 9) − 3(−4 − 3) + 3(3 − 4)
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
=1(7) + 3(−1) + 3(−1)
Sol: A=[𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 =7-3-3=1
7 −3 −3
1 1
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3 A-1=|𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = 1 |−1 1 0|
Now A. adjA= [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] . [𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3 ] −1 0 1
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 7 −3 −3
= |−1 1 0|
= −1 0 1
𝑎1 𝐴1 + 𝑏1 𝐵1 + 𝑐1 𝐶1 𝑎1 𝐴2 + 𝑏1 𝐵2 + 𝑐1 𝐶2 𝑎1 𝐴3 + 𝑏1 𝐵3 + 𝑐1 𝐶3
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
[ 𝑎2 𝐴1 + 𝑏2𝐵1 + 𝑐2 𝐶1 𝑎2 𝐴2 + 𝑏2 𝐵2 + 𝑐2 𝐶2 𝑎2 𝐴3 + 𝑏2𝐵3 + 𝑐2 𝐶3 ] 3. If A=[𝟏 𝟎 𝟏] , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑨.
𝑎3 𝐴1 + 𝑏3 𝐵1 + 𝑐3 𝐶1 𝑎3 𝐴2 + 𝑏3 𝐵2 + 𝑐3 𝐶2 𝑎3 𝐴3 + 𝑏3𝐵3 + 𝑐3 𝐶3 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 0 0 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
Sol: 𝐴−1 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 .
=[ 0 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 0 ]
0 0 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = 2(0 − 2) − 1(1 − 2) + 2(2 − 0) = -4+1+4=1≠ 0
1 0 0 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡𝑠
=𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 [0 1 0] = detA.I
0 0 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
∴A. detA =I Now Cofactor of 𝐴 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 0 1 1 0
Similarly we can prove that detA = I (0 − 2) (2 − 1) (2 − 0)
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 [(4 − 1) (2 − 4) (2 − 4)] [2 1 2 2]
∴𝐴−1 = . 1 2 2 1
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 (1 − 0) (2 − 2) (0 − 1)
𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 0 1 1 0
2. Find the ad joint and the inverse of the matrix [𝟏 𝟒 𝟑]
𝟏 𝟑 𝟒
1 3 3 −2 1 2
Sol: letA=[1 4 3] 𝐶𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = [ 3 −2 −2]
1 3 4 1 0 −1
4 3 1 4
Adj (A) =[3 4 1 3] −2 3 1
3 3 1 3 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ 1 −2 0 ]
4 3 1 4 2 −2 −1
(16 − 9) (3 − 4) (3 − 4)
=[(9 − 12) (4 − 3) (3 − 3)] −2 3 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1
(9 − 12) (3 − 3) (4 − 3) 𝐴−1 = . = [ 1 −2 0 ]
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 1
7 −1 −1 2 −2 −1
=|−3 1 0|
−3 0 1
7 −3 −3 1
=|−1 1 0|
−1 0 1
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4. Find the inverse of diag [a b c]. 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝑎 0 0 5. If A=[𝟐 𝟏 𝟐] 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑺. 𝑻 𝑨𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨 − 𝟓𝑰 = 𝟎.
Sol: let A=[0 𝑏 0] If abc≠ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
0 0 𝑐
𝑎 0 0 1 2 2
0, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 [0 𝑏 0]. Sol: A=[2 1 2]
0 0 𝑐 2 2 1
𝑎 0 0
Sol: let A=[0 𝑏 0] 1 2 2 1 2 2
0 0 𝑐 𝐴2 = [2 1 2] [2 1 2]
2 2 1 2 2 1
𝑏 0 0 𝑏 1+4+4 2+2+4 2+4+2 9 8 8
= [2 + 2 + 4 4 + 1 + 4 4 + 2 + 2] = [8 9 8]
Adj (A) =[0 𝑐 0 0]
0 0 𝑎 0 2+4+2 4+2+2 4+4+2 8 8 9
𝑏 0 0 𝑏
9 8 8 1 2 2 1 0 0
(𝑏𝑐 − 0) (0 − 0) (0 − 0) 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼 = [8 9 8] − 4 [2 1 2] − 5 [0 1 0]
=[ (0 − 0) (𝑎𝑐 − 0) (0 − 0) ]. 8 8 9 2 2 1 0 0 1
(0 − 0) (0 − 0) (𝑎𝑏 − 0)
9−4−5 8−8−0 8−8−0 0 0 0
=[8 − 8 − 0 9 − 4 − 5 8 − 8 − 0]=[0 0 0] = 0.
𝑏𝑐 0 0
=[ 0 𝑎𝑐 0] 8−8−0 8−8−0 9−4−5 0 0 0
0 0 𝑎𝑏
∴ 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼 = 0
𝑏𝑐 0 0
=[0 𝑎𝑐 0 ]. 𝟑 −𝟑 𝟒
0 0 𝑎𝑏 If A=[𝟐 −𝟑 𝟒] 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑺. 𝑻 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑨𝟑 .
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏
𝑏 0|
|A|=𝑎 | + 0| | + 0| |=abc 3 −3 4 3 −3 4
0 𝑐
Sol: 𝐴2 = [2 −3 4] [2 −3 4]
𝑏𝑐 0 0 0 −1 1 0 −1 1
1 1
A-1=|𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 [ 0 𝑎𝑐 0]
0 0 𝑎𝑏 9 − 6 + 0 −9 + 9 − 4 12 − 12 + 4
1
0 0 =[6 − 6 + 0 −6 + 9 = 4 8 − 12 + 4 ] =
𝑎 0−2+0 0+3−1 0−4+1
1
=0 0. 3 −4 −4
𝑏
1 [ 0 −1 0 ]
[0 0 𝑐] −2 2 −3
3 −4 −4 3 −4 −4
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝐴4 = 𝐴2 𝐴2=[ 0 −1 0 ] [ 0 −1 0 ]
−2 2 −3 −2 2 −3
9 + 0 − 8 −12 + 4 + 8 12 + 0 − 12
=[ 0 + 0 + 0 0+1+0 0+0+0 ]=
−6 + 0 + 6 8−2−6 −8 + 0 + 9
1 0 0
[0 1 0] = 𝐼
0 0 1
∴𝐴4 = 𝐼 2
𝐴4 . 𝐴−1 = 𝐼. 𝐴−1 ⇒𝐴3 = 𝐴−1 or 𝐴−1 = 𝐴3 .
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𝟏 𝟎] 𝟎 𝟏] 𝒃+𝒄 𝒄+𝒂 𝒂+𝒃
6. If I=[ ,𝑬 = [ , 𝑺. 𝑻 (𝒂𝑰 + 𝒃𝑬)𝟑 = 𝒂𝟑 𝑰 + 𝟑𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝑬.
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 8. Show that |𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒃 + 𝒄 𝒄 + 𝒂 | = (𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 − 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝒄).
1 0 0 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
Sol: (𝑎𝐼 + 𝑏𝐸) = 𝑎 [ ]+𝑏[ ]=[ ]
0 1 0 0 0 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 ∶ (𝑎𝐼 + 𝑏𝐸)3 = [ ][ ][ ]
0 𝑎 0 𝑎 0 𝑎 Sol:𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 |𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑐 + 𝑎 |
2 𝑎 𝑏
=[𝑎 + 0 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 ][ ] 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
0+0 0 + 𝑎2 0 𝑎 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3
2
=[𝑎 2𝑎𝑏 ] [𝑎 𝑏 ] 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
0 𝑎2 0 𝑎 =| 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 |
3 2 2
=[𝑎 + 0 𝑎 𝑏 + 2𝑎3 𝑏 ] 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
0+0 0+𝑎 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2
3 2 3
=[𝑎 + 0 0 +3 3𝑎 𝑏 ] = [𝑎 0 ] + [0 3𝑎2 𝑏 ]
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
0+0 𝑎 +0 0 𝑎3 0 0 =|𝑏 𝑐 𝑎|=𝑐(𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏) − 𝑎(𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2 ) + 𝑏(𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑐)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
=𝒂𝟑 𝑰 + 𝟑𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝑬. R.H.S =𝑐 3 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐
=(𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐).
𝟑 −𝟒
7. If A=[ ] 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑺. 𝑻
𝟏 −𝟏 𝒚+𝒛 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 + 𝟐𝒏 −𝟒𝒏 ]
𝑨𝒏 = [ 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 + 𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒏. 9. Show that | 𝒚 𝒛+𝒙 𝒚 | = 𝟒𝒙𝒚𝒛.
𝒏 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒏
𝒛 𝒛 𝒙+𝒚
1 + 2𝑛 −4𝑛 ]
Sol: let p (n) = 𝐴𝑛 = [ 𝑦+𝑧 𝑥 𝑥
𝑛 1 − 2𝑛
Step-1: put n=1 Sol: 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 | 𝑦 𝑧+𝑥 𝑦 |(h/w)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑥+𝑦
1 + 2(1) −4(1)
𝐴1 = [ ]
1 1 − 2(1)
3 −4]
A=[
1 −1
∴𝑝(1)𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1.
Step-2: let us assume that p(k) is true for n=k
Put n=k
1 + 2𝑘 −4𝑘 ]
𝐴𝑘 = [
𝑘 1 − 2𝑘
Step-3: put n=k+1
1 + 2𝑘 −4𝑘 ] [3 −4]
𝐴𝑘+1 = 𝐴𝑘 . 𝐴 = [
𝑘 1 − 2𝑘 1 −1
3 + 6𝑘 − 4𝑘 −4 − 8𝑘 + 4𝑘
=[ ]
3𝑘 + 1 − 2𝑘 −4𝑘 ∓ 2𝑘
1 + 2(𝑘 + 1) −4(𝑘 + 1)
=[ ]
(𝑘 + 1) 1 − 2(𝑘 + 1)
𝑝(𝑛) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀. 𝐼, 𝑠(𝑛) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙
+ 𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑛.
(H/W)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
IfA=[ ] , 𝑆. 𝑇 𝐴𝑛 [ ] 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝜃
3
+𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑛.(h/w)
Sol: s(n) is true for n=k+1.
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𝟏 𝒂 𝒂𝟐
10. Show that |𝟏 𝒃 𝒃𝟐 | = (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒃 − 𝒄)(𝒄 − 𝒂). 𝝅
12. If 𝜽 − 𝝋 = 𝟐 , then show that
𝟏 𝒄 𝒄𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
[ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽] [ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋
] = 𝑶.
𝟐
1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝝋
Sol: L.H.S |1 𝑏 𝑏 2 |
𝜋
1 𝑐 𝑐2 Sol: 𝜃 − 𝜑 = 2
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 𝜋
𝜃 = 2+𝜑
0 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
=|0 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 | 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = sin ( 2 + 𝜑)
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = cos(2 + 𝜑)
1 𝑐 𝑐2
=cos𝜑 =-sin𝜑
0 𝑎−𝑏 (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)
=|0 𝑏 − 𝑐 (𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑏 + 𝑐) |
2
1 𝑐 𝑐2 L.H.S[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ] [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑
]
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑
0 1 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
=(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐) |0 1 (𝑏 + 𝑐) |
1 𝑐 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑
=[ 2 ][ ]
e𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑅1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑
= (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)1|𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 |
(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎). 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
=[ ]
𝟐
𝒂 + 𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟏 𝟏 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑
3 3
11. Show that | 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟏 𝒂 + 𝟐 𝟏| = (𝒂 − 𝟏)𝟑 .
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
𝑎2 + 2𝑎 2𝑎 + 1 1 0 0]
Sol: L.H.S | 2𝑎 + 1 𝑎 + 2 1| =[ = 𝑂.
0 0
3 3 1
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 : 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3
𝑎2 + 2𝑎 − 2𝑎 − 1 2𝑎 + 1 − 𝑎 − 2 1 − 1
= | 2𝑎 + 1 − 3 𝑎+2−3 1 − 1|
3 3 1
𝑎2 − 1 𝑎 − 1 0
=|2(𝑎 − 1) 𝑎 − 1 0|
3 3 1
𝑎+1 1 0
=(𝑎 − 1)(𝑎 − 1) | 2 1 0|
3 3 1
=(𝑎 − 1)(𝑎 − 1)1|𝑎 + 1 − 2|
=(𝑎 − 1)3
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𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟐
13. If A=[ 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟒], then find (A’)-1. 14. If A=[ 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐], then show that the ad joint of A
−𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟏
is 3A’. find A-1.
1 −2 3 −1 −2 −2
Sol: A=[ 0 −1 4] Sol: A=[ 2 1 −2],
−2 2 1 2 −2 1
1 0 −2 1 −2 2 1
⇒A’= [−2 −1 2 ] Adj (A) =[−2 1 2 −2 ]
3 4 1 −2 −2 −1 −2
1 −2 2 1
−1 2| −2 2| −2 −1|
|A’|=1 | +0| +3|
4 1 3 1 3 4 (1 − 4) (−4 − 2) (−4 − 2)
=1(−1 − 8) + 0(−2 − 6) + 3(−8 + 3) =[(4 + 2) (−1 + 4) (−4 − 2)]
=−9 +0 +10=1 (4 + 2) (−4 − 2) (−1 + 4)
−1 2 −2 −1 −3 −6 −6
Adj (A’) =[ 4 1 3 4] =[ 6 3 −6]
0 −2 1 0 6 −6 3
−1 2 −2 −1
−3 6 6
(−1 − 8) (6 + 2) (−8 + 3) =[−6 3 −6]…… (1)
=[(−8 + 0) (1 + 6) (0 − 4) ] −6 −6 3
(0 − 2) (4 − 2) (−1 − 0)
−1 2 2
−9 8 −5 And A’=[−2 1 −2]
=[−8 7 −4] −2 −2 1
−2 2 −1
−1 2 2 −3 6 6
−9 −8 −2 ⇒3𝐴′ = 3 [−2 1 −2] = [−6 3 −6]… (2)
=[ 8 7 2] −2 −2 1 −6 −6 3
−5 −4 −1 From (1) and (2) AdjA=3A’
−1 −2 −2
1 A=[ 2 1 −2]
A-1=|𝐴′ | 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴′ ) 2 −2 1
|𝐴| = −1(1 − 4) + 2(2 + 4) − 2(−4 − 2)
−9 −8 −2
1
= [ 8 7 2] =−1(−3) + 2(6) − 2(−6) = 3 + 12 + 12 = 27
1
−5 −4 −1 −3 6 6
1 1
A-1=|𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = 27 |−6 3 −6|
−9 −8 −2 −6 −6 3
=[ 8 7 2]
−5 −4 −1 −1 2 2 −1 2 2
3 1
=27 [−2 1 −2]=9 [−2 1 −2]
−2 −2 1 −2 −2 1
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𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
15. If 3A=[ 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐], then show that A-1=A’.
−𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏
1 2 2 1 2 −2
Sol: 3A=[ 2 1 −2]⇒(3A’) =[2 1 2]
−2 2 −1 2 −2 −1
1 2 2 1 2 −2
Now (3𝐴)(3𝐴′)=[ 2 1 −2] [2 1 2]
−2 2 −1 2 −2 −1
1+4+4 2 + 2 − 4 −2 + 4 − 2
9AA’=[ 2 + 2 − 4 4 + 1 + 4 −4 + 2 + 2]
−2 + 4 − 2 −4 + 2 + 2 4 + 4 + 1
9 0 0 1 0 0
9AA’= [0 9 0] ⇒9AA’=9[0 1 0]
0 0 9 0 0 1
AA’=I⇒A-1=A’.
MATRICES | 9000687600
Jr. MATHEMATICS – IA AIMSTUTORIAL
1. If “ABCDEF” be a regular hexagon with centre ‘’o’’.
S.T AB + AC + AD + AE + AF=3AD=6AO
Sol: AB + AC + AD + AE + AF
⇨ (AB + AE) + (AC + AF) + AD
⇨ (AB + BD) + (AC + CD) + AD
⇨ (AD) + (AD) + AD =3AD
=3(2AO) =6AO
2. In ∆ 𝑨𝑩𝑪, if O is the circumcentre and H is the orthocenter, then
S.T (i) OA + OB + OC = OH,
(ii) HA + HB + HC =2HO.
𝑂𝐵+𝑂𝐶
𝑆𝑜𝑙: (𝑖 ) 𝑂𝐷 = ⇨ 2𝑂𝐷 = 𝑂𝐵 + 𝑂𝐶
2 ∴2OD = AH
∴ 𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵 + 𝑂𝐶 = 𝑂𝐴 + 2𝑂𝐷
= 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝐻 = 𝑂𝐻.
(ii) HA + HB + HC
= OA − OH + OB − OH + OC − OH
=(𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵 + 𝑂𝐶 ) − 3𝑂𝐻
=𝑂𝐻 − 3𝑂𝐻
= −2𝑂𝐻 = 2𝐻𝑂
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3. 𝑰𝒇 𝒊, 𝒋, 𝒌 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒙𝒆𝒔, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑺. 𝑻
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋 + 𝒌 , −𝒋 – 𝒌 , 𝟑𝒊 + 𝟗𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌 , −𝟒𝒊 + 𝟒𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒓.
Sol: let 𝑂𝐴 = 4𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 𝑘, 𝑂𝐵 = −𝑗 – 𝑘, 𝑂𝐶 == 3𝑖 + 9𝑗 + 4𝑘,
𝑂𝐷 = −4𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 4𝑘, 𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 – 𝑂𝐴 = − 4𝑖 – 6𝑗 − 2𝑘
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴 = − 𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 3𝑘
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 – 𝑂𝐴 = − 8𝑖 – 𝑗 + 3𝑘
−4 −6 −2
[𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷] = |−1 4 3 | [𝑖 𝑗 𝑘] {[𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 ] = 1}
−8 −1 3
= −4(12 + 3) + 6(−3 + 24) − 2(1 + 32) = −4(15) + 6(21) − 2(33) = −60 + 126 − 66 = 0
∴ 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶 , 𝐴𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟.
4. 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒘𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝟑𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 − 𝒌 , 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 − 𝟒𝒌, −𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌,
𝟏𝟒𝟔
𝟒𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋 + 𝝀𝒌 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝝀 = − 𝟏𝟕
.
Sol: let 𝑂𝐴 = 3𝑖 − 2 𝑗 − 𝑘, 𝑂𝐵 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 − 𝟒𝒌, 𝑶𝑪 = −𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌,
𝑶𝑫 = 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋 + 𝝀𝒌, 𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 – 𝑂𝐴 = −𝑖 + 5𝑗 − 3𝑘
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴 = −4𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 3𝑘
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 – 𝑂𝐴 = 1 + 7𝑗 + (𝜆 + 1)𝑘 ∴ 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶 , 𝐴𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟.
−1 5 −3
[𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷] = |−4 3 3 |=0
1 7 𝜆 + 1)
(
⇨ −1(3(𝜆 + 1) − 21) − 5(−4(𝜆 + 1) − 3) − 3(−28 − 3) = 0
⇨ −1(3𝜆 + 3 − 21) − 5(−4𝜆 − 4 − 3) + 91 = 0
𝟏𝟒𝟔
⇨ −3𝜆 + 18 + 20𝜆 + 35 + 91 = 0 ⇨17𝝀 + 𝟏𝟒𝟔 = 𝟎 ⇨ 𝝀 = − .
𝟏𝟕
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5. 𝑰𝒇 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒓, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔
𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑𝒃 − 𝒄, 𝒂 − 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟑𝒄, 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟒𝒃 − 𝟐𝒄, 𝒂 − 𝟔𝒃 + 𝟔𝒄 are coplanar.
Sol: Given
𝑂𝐴 = 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑𝒃 − 𝒄, 𝑂𝐵 = 𝒂 − 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟑𝒄, 𝑂𝐶 = 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟒𝒃 − 𝟐𝒄, 𝑂𝐷 = 𝒂 − 𝟔𝒃 +
𝟔𝒄, 𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 – 𝑂𝐴 = −𝑎 − 5𝑏 + 4𝑐
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 – 𝑂𝐴 = −𝑎 − 9𝑏 + 7𝑐
−1 −5 4
[𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷] = | 1 1 −1| [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐] {[𝑎 𝑏 𝑐] = 1}
−1 −9 7
= −1(7 − 9) + 5(7 − 1) + 4(−9 + 1) = −1(−2) + 5(6) + 4(−8) = 2 + 30 − 32 = 0
∴ 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶 , 𝐴𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟.
6. 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 − 𝒂 + 𝟒𝒃 − 𝟑𝒄, 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 − 𝟓𝒄, −𝟑𝒂 + 𝟖𝒃 − 𝟓𝒄, −𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝒄
are coplanar.
Sol: Given
𝑂𝐴 = −𝒂 + 𝟒𝒃 − 𝟑𝒄, 𝑶𝑩 = 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 − 𝟓𝒄, 𝑶𝑪 = −𝟑𝒂 + 𝟖𝒃 − 𝟓𝒄,
𝑶𝑫 = −𝟑𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝒄 𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 – 𝑂𝐴 = 4𝑎−2b-2c
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴 = −2𝑎 + 4𝑏 − 2𝑐
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 – 𝑂𝐴 = −2𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 4𝑐
4 −2 −2
[𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷] = | −2 4 −2| [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐] {[𝑎 𝑏 𝑐] = 1}
−2 −2 4
= 4(16 − 4) + 2(−8 − 4) − 2(4 + 8) = 4(12) + 2(−12) − 2(12) = 48 − 24 − 24 = 0
∴ 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶 , 𝐴𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟.
7. 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝟔𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 − 𝒄, 𝟐𝒂 − 𝒃 + 𝟑𝒄, −𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 − 𝟒𝒄, −𝟏𝟐𝒂 − 𝒃 − 𝟑𝒄
are coplanar.
Sol: Given
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𝑂𝐴 = 𝟔𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 − 𝒄, 𝑶𝑩 = 𝟐𝒂 − 𝒃 + 𝟑𝒄, 𝑶𝑪 = −𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 − 𝟒𝒄,
𝑶𝑫 = −𝟏𝟐𝒂 − 𝒃 − 𝟑𝒄 𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 – 𝑂𝐴 = −4𝑎 − 3𝑏 + 4𝑐,
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴 = −7𝑎 − 3𝑐,
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 – 𝑂𝐴 = −18𝑎 − 3𝑏 − 2𝑐
−4 −3 4
[𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷] = | −7 0 −3| [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐] {[𝑎 𝑏 𝑐] = 1}
−18 −3 −2
= −4(0 − 9) + 3(14 − 54) + 4(21 − 0) = −4(−9) + 3(−40) + 4(21)
= 36 − 120 + 84 = 120 − 120 = 0
∴ 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶 , 𝐴𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟.
8. 𝑷. 𝑻 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝟑𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌, 𝟐𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 − 𝟓𝒌 𝒂𝒏𝒅
−𝟓𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟑𝒌 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍.
𝑺𝒐𝒍: 𝑙𝑒𝑡
𝐴𝐵 = 3𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 2𝑘 ⇨ |𝐴𝐵| = √32 + 52 + 22
= √9 + 25 + 4 = √38 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐵𝐶 = 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 5𝑘 ⇨ |𝐵𝐶| = √22 + 32 + 52
= √4 + 9 + 25 = √38 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝐴 = −5𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘 ⇨ |𝐶𝐴| = √52 + 22 + 32
= √25 + 4 + 9 = √38 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
∴ |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐵𝐶| = |𝐶𝐴|, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙.
9. 𝑆. 𝑇 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐴(2, −1, 1), 𝐵(1, −3, −5)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 (3, −4, − 4)𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑂𝐴 = (2𝑖 – 𝑗 + 𝑘), 𝑂𝐵 = (𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 5𝑘), 𝑂𝐶 = (3𝑖 − 4𝑗 – 4𝑘)
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𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 – 𝑂𝐴 = (𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 5𝑘) − (2𝑖 – 𝑗 + 𝑘) = − 𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 6𝑘
⇨ |𝐴𝐵| = √12 + 22 + 62 = √1 + 4 + 36 = √41 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 – 𝑂𝐵 = (3𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 4𝑘) − (𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 5𝑘) = 2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘
⇨ |𝐵𝐶| = √22 + 12 + 12 = √4 + 1 + 1 = √6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝐴 = 𝑂𝐴 – 𝑂𝐶 = (2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘) − (3𝑖 – 4𝑗 – 4𝑘) = −𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 5𝑘
⇨ |𝐶𝐴| = √12 + 32 + 52 = √1 + 9 + 25 = √35 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2 2
|𝐴𝐵| = |𝐵𝐶| + |𝐶𝐴| ∴A, B, C are vertices of a right angled triangle.
10. Show that the points (5, -1, 1), (7, -4, 7), (1, -6, 10) and (-1, 3, 4) are the vertices of a
rhombus.
Sol: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑂𝐴 = (5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘), 𝑂𝐵 = (7𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 7𝑘), 𝑂𝐶 = (𝑖 − 6𝑗 + 10𝑘 )
𝑶𝑫 = −𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 – 𝑂𝐴 = (7𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 7𝑘) − (5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘) = 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 6𝑘
⇨ |𝐴𝐵| = √22 + 32 + 62 = √4 + 9 + 36 = √49 = 7 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐵 = −6𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘
⇨ |𝐵𝐶| = √62 + 22 + 32 = √36 + 4 + 9 = √49 = 7 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 − 𝑂𝐶 = −2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 6𝑘
⇨ |𝐶𝐷| = √22 + 32 + 62 = √4 + 9 + 36 = √49 = 7 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐷𝐴 = 𝑂𝐴 − 𝑂𝐷 = 6𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘
⇨ |𝐷𝐴| = √62 + 22 + 32 = √36 + 4 + 9 = √49 = 7 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Thus ⇨ |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐵𝐶| = |𝐶𝐷| = |𝐷𝐴|
Also 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴 = −4𝑖 − 5𝑗 − 9𝑘
⇨ |𝐴𝐶| = √42 + 52 + 92 = √16 + 25 + 81 = √122 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
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𝐵𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 − 𝑂𝐵 = −8𝑖 + 𝑗 − 3𝑘
⇨ |𝐵𝐷| = √82 + 12 + 32 = √64 + 1 += √74 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
|𝐴𝐶| ≠ |𝐵𝐷|
∴A, B, C, D form a rhombus.
11. In th two dimensional plane, prove by using vector methods the equation of the line whose
𝒙 𝒚
intercepts on the axes are ‘ a ’ and ‘ b ’ is 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝟏.
Sol: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴(𝑎, 0), 𝐵(0, 𝑏)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 ′𝑜 ′ 𝑏𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴(𝑎) = 𝑎𝑖, 𝐵(𝑏) = 𝑏𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝐴(𝑎), 𝐵(𝑏)𝑖𝑠 𝑟 = (1 − 𝑡)(𝑎𝑖 ) + 𝑡(𝑏𝑗)
𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 = 𝑟 = (1 − 𝑡)(𝑎𝑖 ) + 𝑡(𝑏𝑗 )𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑖 , 𝑗 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑥 𝑦
𝑥 = (1 − 𝑡)𝑎 ⇨ = 1−𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑡 ⇨ =𝑡
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
L.H.S 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 − 𝑡 + 𝑡 = 1 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
AIMSTUTORIAL IPE SAQ: - Q. NO:
6 12
JR MATHEMATICS 1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
2).
1). a).Find the volume of the parallelopiped with
a). By using vector method, prove that the angle coterminous edges 2 i - 3j + k , i - j + 2k and
in a semicircle is a right angle.
2i + j -k .
A:Let AB be a diameter of a circle with centre O.
A: Let a, b, c be the coterminous edges of the
Let P be any point on the semicircle with OP = r .
parallelopiped.
Let OA = a
OB = -a a 2 i - 3j +k
b i - j + 2k
Consider PA . PB = ( OA - OP).( OB - OP)
c 2i + j -k
= ( a - r). (- a - r)
P
= - | a |2 + | r |2 2 -3 1
A [a b c ] = 1 -1 2 [ i j k ]
= | r |2 - | a |2 O
B
2 1 -1
= | a |2 - | a |2 = 2(1-2)+3(-1-4)+1(1+2)
∵ | r | = | a | = radius ∵ [ i j k ] =1
=0 = -2 - 15 + 3
APB = 90
0 = -14
Hence the angle in a semicircle is a right angle. Volume of the parallelopiped
= |[a b c]|
b). Prove that the smaller angle between any = |-14|
1 = 14 cubic units.
two diagonals of a cube is cos = 3 .
b). Find the volume of the tetrahedron having the
A:Without loss of generality we may assume that the
coterminous edges i + j + k, i - j and i + 2 j + k
cube is a unit cube.
Y A: Let a, b, c be the coterminous edges of the
Let OA = i, OB = j , OC = k
tetrahedron.
B
D a = i + j + k, b = i - j, c i + 2 j + k
E
G
OG = i + j + k 1 1 1
j
i [a b c ] = 1 -1 0 [ i j k]
AF = - i + j + k k X
O A 1 2 1
BE = i - j + k C F
[ i j k] = 1
CD = i + j - k Z = 1(-1-0)-1(1-0)+1(2+1)
= -1-1+3
Let be the acute angle between the diagonals OG = 1.
and AF. Volume of the tetrahedron
1
= | [a b c ] |
|OG . AF| 6
Now cos =
|OG| |AF| 1
= |1|
|( i + j+k).( i - j+k)| 6
= | i + j+k| | i - j+k
| 1
= cubic unit.
| 1 - 1 + 1| 6
= 1
= 3
3 3
.
Product of Vectors
JR MATHEMATICS 1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
c).Find the volume of the tetrahedron formed by e). Find in order that four points A(3, 2, 1) B(4,
the vertices (1, 2, 1), (3, 2, 5), (2, -1, 0), (-1, 0, 1). , 5), C(4, 2, -2) and D(6, 5, -1) be coplanar.
A: Let ABCD be the given tetrahedron with A: Given points A, B, C, D are coplanar, so
A(1, 2, 1), B(3, 2, 5), C(2, -1, 0), (-1, 0, 1) AB AC AD 0
Let O be the origin.
4 3 2 5 1
4 3 2 2 2 1 0
OA = i + 2 j + k, OB = 3 i + 2 j + 5k , 6 3 5 2 1 1
1 2 4
OC = 2 i - j, OD = - i + k 1 0 3 0
3 3 2
AB = OB - OA = 2 i + 4k 1 (0 9 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 9 ) 4 (3 0 ) 0
9 ( 2 )7 1 2 0
AC = OC - OA = i - 3 j k 9 7 1 4 1 2 0
7 3 5 0
AD = OD - OA = -2 i - 2j 5
Volume of the tetrahedron ABCD
1 | [ AB AC AD] |
= 6
2 0 4
[ AB AC AD] = 1 -3 -1 [ i j k]
f). Determine if the volume of the
-2 -2 0
paralleopiped w hose edges are
[ i j k ] =1
i + j, 3 i - j and 3 j + λk is 16 cubic units.
= 2(0 - 2) - 0 + 4 (-2 - 6) = -4 - 32 = -36.
A: a i j , b 3 i j , c 3 j k
1 |-36|= 6 cubic unitss
Volume of the tetrahedron = 6 Formulae : The volume of the tetrahedron having
edges a b c is a b c .
1 1 0
d). Determine if the volume of the
a b c 3 1 0
paralleopiped whose edges are
0 3
i + j + k, i - j and i + 2 j + k .
= 1 (- - 0) - 1 (3 - 0) = - - 3 = - 4
A: Formulae : The volume of the tetrahedron having Volume of the parallelopiped
1
edges a, b, c is a b c . 4 16 4
6
1 1 1
Here, a b c 1 1 0
1 2 1
= 1 (- 1 - 0) - 1(1 - 0) + 1 (2 + 1) = 1
Volume of the tetrahedron
1 1 1
a b c (1) cubic unit.
6 6 6
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JR MATHEMATICS 1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
3).
a). Show that the points (5,-1,1) (7, -4, 7), (1,- 6,10) b). Show that the four points
and (- 1,- 3,4) are the vertices of a rhombus by
vectors. -a + 4b - 3c, 3a+2b- 5c, -3a + 8b - 5c a n d
A: Let O be the origin and ABCD be the given figure.
- 3a + 2b + c are coplanar, where a, b, c are
OA = 5 i - j + k, OB = 7 i - 4 j + 7k non-coplanar vectors.
A: Let A, B, C, D be the given four points.
OC = i - 6 j + 10k, OD = - i - 3 j + 4k Let O be any origin.
NowAB = OB - OA = 2 i - 3 j + 6k OA = -a + 4b - 3c, OB = 3a + 2b - 5c
| AB |= 4 + 9 + 36 = 7 OC = -3a + 8b - 5c,OD = -3a + 2b + c
AB OB OA = 4a - 2b - 2c
BC = OC - OB = - 6 i - 2 j + 3k
AC OC OA = -2a + 4b - 2c
| BC |= 36 + 4 + 9 = 7
AD OD OA = -2a - 2b + 4c
CD OD - OC = -2 i + 3 j - 6k
4 -2 -2
| CD |= 4 + 9 + 36 = 7 Now [ AB AC AD] = -2 4 -2 [a b c ]
-2 -2 4
DA = OA - OD = 6 i + 2j - 3k
= {4(16-4)+2(-8-4)-2(4+8)} [a b c ]
DA = 36 + 4 + 9 = 7
= (48 - 24 - 24) [a b c ]
AB = BC = CD = DA
= 0 [a b c ]
AC = OC - OA = - 4 i - 5 j + 9k =0
| AC | = 16 + 25 + 81 = 122 Hence the given four points are coplanar.
BD == OD - OB = - 8 i + j - 3k
BD = 64 + 1+ 9 = 74
AC BD
4).
Hence the given points are the vertices of a rhombus.
a). If a = 2 i + j - k, b = - i + 2 j - 4k and
c = i + j + k , then find (axb). (bxc) .
A: (axb). (bxc) = (a.b) (b.c) - (a.c) (b.b)
= {(2 i + j - k).(- i + 2 j - 4k)} - {(- i + 2 j - 4k).( i + j + k)}
2
-{(2 i + j - k).( i + j + k)} {| b | }
= { -2 +2 + 4} {-1+ 2 - 4} - {2 +1 -1 }{1+ 4 + 16}
= 4(-3) - 2(21)
= - 12 - 42
= - 54.
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JR MATHEMATICS 1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
i j k
b). a = i - 2 j + k , b = 2 i + j + k , c = i + 2 j - k ,
Consider b x c 1 1 1
find a x b x c and a x b x c . 1 1 1
A: Given i 1 1 j 1 1 k 1 1
a = i - 2 j + k, b = 2 i + j + k, c = i + 2 j - k 2 j 2k
a x b x c = (a.c)b - (a.b)c
i j k
Now a x b x c = 2 3 4
i - 2 j + k . i + 2 j - k b - 0 2 2
i - 2 j + k . 2 i + j + k c i 6 8 j 4 0 k 4 0
2 i 4 j 4k
= (1 - 4 - 1) 2 i + j + k - (2 - 2 + 1) i + 2 j - k Now consider
= (-4) 2 i + j + k - 1 i + 2 j - k
a x b x c .a 2 i 4 j 4k . 2 i 3 j 4k
= -8 i - 4 j - 4k - i - 2 j + k = 4 + 12 - 16
= 16 - 16 = 0
= -9 i - 6 j - 3k
a x b x c .a 0
a x b x c = a.c b - b . c a
a x b x c is perpendicular to a .
= (1 - 4 - 1) 2 i + j +k - (2 + 2 - Hence proved.
1) i - 2 j + k d). I f a = i - 2j - 3k, b = 2i + j - k and c = i +3j - 2k ,
= -8 i - 4 j - 4k - 3 i + 6 j - 3k verify that a x b x c ≠ a x b x c .
(
)
(
A: Given ) :
= -11 i + 2 j - 7k
a = i - 2 j - 3k, b = 2 i + j - k and c = i + 3 j - 2k
axb xc = 121+ 4 + 49 a x b x c = a . c b - a .b c
(
)
(
)
(
174 = { i - 2 j - 3k).( i + 3 j - 2k)} (2 i + j - k)
- { i - 2 j - 3k).(2 i + j - k)} ( i + 3 j - 2k)
= {1(1)-2(3)-3(-2)} (2 i + j - k)
c).If a = 2 i + 3 j + 4k , b= i + j -k and = -{1(2)-2(1)-3(1)} ( i + 3 j - 2k)
c = i - j + k then compute a x b x c and = (1-6+6) (2 i + j - k) -(2-2+3) ( i + 3 j - 2k)
verify that it is perpendicular to a . = 2 i + j - k - 3 i - 9 j + 6k
A: Given vectors are a 2 i 3 j 4k = - i - 8 j + 5k ..........(1)
b i j k
c i j k
Product of Vectors
JR MATHEMATICS 1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
a x b)x c = a . c b - b . c a
(
)
(
)
Maximum value of [ a b c ]
= {1(1)-2(3)-3(-2)} (2 i + j - k)
= maximum value of a.(bxc
)
= -{2(1) + 1(3) -1(-2)} ( i - 2 j - 3k)
= Max. of | a || b x c | cos(a,b x c)
= (1-6+6) (2 i + j - k) -(2+3+2) ( i - 2 j - 3k)
=1x 59 x 1 Max. of cos =1
= 2 i + j - k - 7 i +14 j + 21k
= 59 .
= 5 i +15 j + 20k .........(2)
From (1) and (2)
a x ( b x c) (a x b) x c . c). If a, b, c are non zero vectors and a is
perpendicular to both b and c. If
4).
a). Find the area of the triangle with vertices 2
| a |= 2, | b |= 3, | c |= 4 and (b, c ) 3 , then
A(1, 2, 3), B(2, 3, 1), C(3, 1, 2).
1 find | [a b c ] | .
A : Area of the triangle ABC AB x AC where
A: Given
2
AB i j 2k and AC 2 i j k
| a |= 2, | b |= 3, | c |= 4
i j k ab&c
AB x AC 1 1 2 a || ( b x c)
2 1 1 a , b x c) = 0
0
(
Now | [ a b c ] | = | a .( b x c) |
i ( 1 2) j ( 1 4) k( 1 2)
= | a | | bxc | cos (a , b x c)
3 i 3 j 3k
0
3 i j k = | a | | b | | c | sin ( b, c) cos 0
0
= 2 x3 x 4 x sin 120
3 3
Required area = sq. units . = 24 x 23
2
= 12 3.
b). Let b = 2 i + j - k, c = i + 3k . If a is a unit
vector, then find the maximum value of
[ a b c ].
A: Given : a is a unit vector
b = 2 i + j - k, c = i + 3k
i j k
bxc = 2 1 -1
1 0 3
= i(3 - 0) - j(6 +1) + k(0 - 1)
= 3 i - 7j - k
| b x c |= 9+49+1
= 59 .
Product of Vectors
JR.MATHEMATICS -1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
𝝅 𝟐𝟒
1. 𝑰𝒇 𝟎 < 𝐴 < 𝐵 < 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝟐𝟓
𝟒
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) = , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝑨. 3. If A-B=
𝟑𝝅
, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝑺. 𝑻 (𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨)(𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩) = 𝟐.
𝟓 𝟒
24 3𝜋
Sol:sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 25 Sol: given A-B= , 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛
4
24 3𝜋
⇒tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 7
, ⇒Tan (A-B) =tan ( )
4
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
⇒1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 = −1
𝟒
& 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟓
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 = −1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝟑
⇒𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟒 ⇒1 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
Adding ‘1’
𝟐𝑨 = (𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑨 − 𝑩) ⇒ 1 + 1 = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
⇒ 2 = (1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝑨) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧[(𝑨 + 𝑩) + (𝑨 − 𝑩)] ⇒ 2 = (1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵)
∴(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵) = 2
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨+𝑩)+𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨−𝑩)
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝑨)=𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨+𝑩)+𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨−𝑩) 𝝅
4. If 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪 = 𝟐 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝟐𝟒 𝟑 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑪 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑪𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨 = 𝟏.
+
= 𝟕 𝟒
𝟐𝟒 𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑩 + 𝑪)
𝟏− × 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∑ = 𝟐.
𝟕 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑪
𝟗𝟔+𝟐𝟏 𝜋
𝟐𝟖
= 𝟐𝟖−𝟕𝟐 Sol: 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 2
𝟐𝟖 𝜋
𝐴+𝐵 = −𝐶
2
𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝜋
=- . ⇒Tan(A+B)=tan(2 − 𝐶)
𝟒𝟒
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
⇒1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐶
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶+𝜷) 𝒂+𝒃
2. 𝒊𝒇 = , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶−𝜷) 𝒂−𝒃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 1
𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜷 = 𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜶 . ⇒⇒ =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶+𝜷) 𝒂+𝒃
Sol: given that 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶−𝜷) = 𝒂−𝒃
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵) = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
By using componendo and divdendo,
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶+𝜷)+𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶−𝜷) 𝒂+𝒃+𝒂−𝒃
=
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶+𝜷)−𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶−𝜷) 𝒂+𝒃−𝒂+𝒃
∴𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑪 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑪 = 𝟏…..(1)
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 𝒂
⇒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 = 𝒃
cos(𝐵+𝐶)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑ = 2.
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶
𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 𝒂 cos 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
⇒𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 = 𝒃 =∑
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶
cos 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
= ∑ cos 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶
𝒂
⇒𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜶𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜷 = 𝒃 =∑(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶) 1
⇒ 𝒃 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜶 = 𝒂 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜷. =(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶)+(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶)+(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶)
=3-(tanAtanB+tanBtanC+tanCtanA)
=3-1=2 {from (1)}
MATRICES | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS -1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
5. Prove that (i) sin180=
√𝟓−𝟏 √𝟓+𝟏
, (ii). cos180= 𝟒 . 6. 𝒊𝒇 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏 − 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜶, 𝜷
𝟒
𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Sol: let A=18⇒5A=90
𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒄
And 2A=5A-3A 𝟐𝒃𝒄
2A=90-3A 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 (𝟏)𝑺. 𝑻𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 = 𝟐
𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐
⇒sin2A=sin (90-3A) 𝒄𝟐−𝒂𝟐
(2) Sin𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 = 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 .
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝐴
⇒ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝐴 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 Sol: given
⇒2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴(4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 3) 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐
⇒2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = (4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 3) ⇒𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐 − 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 S.O.B
⇒2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = (4(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴) − 3) ⇒ (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 = (𝑐 − 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2
⇒2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = (4 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 − 3) ⇒𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
⇒4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 − 1 = 0 ⇒𝑎2 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) = 𝑐 2 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
This is a quadratic equation in sinA, ⇒𝑎2 −𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
−𝑏±√𝑏 2−4𝑎𝑐 −2±√22−4(4)(−1) ⇒(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + (𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 ) = 0.
sinA= =
2𝑎 2(4) This is a quadratic equation in sin𝜃
−2 ± √4 + 16 −2 ± √4 × 5 −2 ± 2√5 Let sin𝛼, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠
= = = 𝑏
8 8 8 Sum of the roots=−
𝑎
−1±√5
= 4
since A lies in first quadrant 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = 𝑎2+𝑏2
2𝑏𝑐
√5−1 √5−1 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = ∴ sin18= And product of the roots =𝑎
4 4
(ii). Cos36=cos2 (18) 𝑐 2 −𝑎 2
Sin𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 = .
𝑎 2 +𝑏 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
7. 1
3
4
sin 10 0 cos 10 0
Cos36=1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 1 √3
Sol: LHS 𝑠𝑖𝑛10 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠10
√5−1 2
= 1 − 2( 4
)
𝑐𝑜𝑠10−√3𝑠𝑖𝑛10
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛10𝑐𝑜𝑠10
2(5+1−2√5)
=1− 16 2(𝑐𝑜𝑠10−√3𝑠𝑖𝑛10)
=
2𝑠𝑖𝑛10𝑐𝑜𝑠10
8−6+2√5
= 8 1 √3
2×2( 𝑐𝑜𝑠10− 𝑠𝑖𝑛10)
2 2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛20
2(1+√5)
=
8 4(𝑠𝑖𝑛30𝑐𝑜𝑠10−𝑐𝑜𝑠30𝑠𝑖𝑛10)
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛20
√5+1
∴c𝑜𝑠36 = 4 4(sin(30−10))
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛20
=
4(sin20)
=4 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛20
MATRICES | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS -1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
8. 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝟗 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝟕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐𝟕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟗 = 𝟒. 𝟒
9. 𝒊𝒇 𝟏𝟖𝟎 < 𝜃 < 270 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = − 𝟓
𝑠𝑜𝑙: tanA + cotA 𝜽 𝜽
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
+
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ).
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝟐 𝟐
4 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 1 Sol:𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = − 5 , cosθ = − 5
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
3
2 2 𝜃 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1−(− )
=2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝐴 sin ( 2 ) = √ == √ 5
2 2
let A = 9 3
𝜃 1+ 8 8
𝑡𝑎𝑛9 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡9 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐18 sin ( 2 ) = √ 2
5
= √2×5 = √10
Again let A=27
𝑡𝑎𝑛27 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡27 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐54
𝜃 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
cos ( 2 ) = √ 2
LHS= 𝑇𝑎𝑛9 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛27 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡27 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡9
3
1+(− )
=2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐18 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐54 =√ 5
2
1 1
= 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛18 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛54] 1−
3
=√ 2
5
4 4 2
=2 [ − ] =√
√5−1 √5+1 2×5
1
√5+1−√5+1 = √5 {𝜃 ∈ 𝑄2}
=8 [ ]
√5−1√5+1
𝜃 1
cos ( ) = −√
2 5
2
=8 [ 2 ]
√5 −1
10. P.T 1 cos 3 5 7 1
1 cos 1 cos 1 cos
2 10 10 10 10 16
= 8[ ] = 4
4 LHS
=(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠18)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠54)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠126)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠162)
=(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠18)(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠54)(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠54)(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠18)
=(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 18)(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 54)
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 18)(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 54)
=(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 18)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 36)
2
√5−1 √5−1
=( . )
4 4
(5−1)2 16 1
= 16×16
= 16.16 = 16 //
3
MATRICES | 9000687600
JR.MATHEMATICS -1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
11. P.T cos A cos 2 A cos 4 A cos 8 A sin(16 A) .and hence 12. prove that cos 4 cos 4 3 cos 4 5 cos 4 7 3
16 sin A 8 8 8 8 2
𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟖𝝅 𝟏𝟔𝝅 𝟏
deduce that cos𝟏𝟓 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟓 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 𝟏𝟔 sol:
𝟏𝟓
5𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
Sol: LHS=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (𝜋 − ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 8 8 8
=2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴) 7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (𝜋 − ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4
=2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 8 8 8
1
= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
1 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4
=4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴). 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 8 8 8 8
1
=4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 (𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝐴). 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
=𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 8 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 8
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 8 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 8
1
=8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴). 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴
1 𝜋 3𝜋
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝐴). 𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 =2(𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 )
8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 8 8
1 2𝜋 2 𝜋
=16𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 2𝑠𝑖𝑛8𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 =2((𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 ) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 8 )2 )
1
=16𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛16𝐴
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛16𝐴 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠3
∴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝐴 = ….(1) =2 ([ 4
] +[ 4
] )
16𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 2 2
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋 16𝜋
Cos15 . cos 15 . cos 15 cos 15 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛16(24) {∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = }
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠24𝑐𝑜𝑠48𝑐𝑜𝑠96𝑐𝑜𝑠192 = 16𝑠𝑖𝑛24 2
sin(384) sin(360+24) sin(24) 1
= 16𝑠𝑖𝑛24 = = 16𝑠𝑖𝑛24=16 2 1 2 1 2
16𝑠𝑖𝑛24 =4 [(1 + ) + (1 − ) ]
√2 √2
{∴ (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 2(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )}
1 1 3
=2 (2 (1 + 2)) = 2.
MATRICES | 9000687600
MATHEMATICS -1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
3 +cos-1 12 = cos-1 33 .
1. Prove that sin-1 5 4 3 -1 27
13 65 3. Prove that cos-1 + sin-1
= Tan .
A: Here we use the result 5 34 11
1 4 1 3
cos-1x + cos-1y = cos-1 [xy - 1 - x2 1 - y2 ] A: Let cos A and sin B
5 34
Now sin-1 3 -1 12
5 + cos 13
4 3
4 cos-1 12
-1 cos A and sinB
= cos 5
13 5 34
cos 5
-1 4 12
13
1 - 16 1 - 144
25 169
tan A
3
4
and tanB
3
5
cos
-1 4 12 3 5
5 13 5 13
tan A tanB
cos 48 15
-1
65 65 Now tan(A B)
1 tan A tanB
cos 33
-1
65 3 3
4 5
3 3
2. Prove that 1 .
4 5
4 7 117
sin -1 + sin -1 = sin -1 . 15 12
5 25 125
20
4 7
Let sin1 A and sin1 B 20 9
5 25
20
4 7 27
sin A and sinB
5 25 11
3 24 27
cos A and cosB A B Tan1
5 25 11
Now sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
4 3 1 27
4 24 3 7 cos1 sin1 Tan
5 34 11
5 25 5 25
96 21
125
117
125
117
A B sin1
125
4 7 117
sin1 sin1 sin1
5 25 125
InverseTrigonometric Functions 1
MATHEMATICS -1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
2
3 5 RHS sin Tan1
7. Find the value of tan sin -1 + cos -1 3
5 .
34 sinB
3 5 2
Let sin1 A and cos1 B
5 34 3
LHS RHS
3 5 13 1 2
sin A and cosB Thus cot sin1 sin Tan
5 34 17 3
4 +2tan-1 1 = .
2. Show that sin-1 5
3 3 3 2
tan A and tanB .
4 5 4 + 2tan-1 1
A: Now sin-1 5
1 3 5 3 1 - x2
tan sin cos 1 2tan x cos
-1 -1
5 34 1 + x2
tan A B 1- 1
= sin 4-1
cos
-1 9
5 1+ 1
tan A tanB 9
1 tan A tanB
= sin 4 cos 8
-1 -1
3 3 5 10
4 5 sin 4 cos 4
-1 -1
3 3 5 5
1 .
sin x cos x
-1 -1
4 5
2
15 12
.
20
2
20 9 1 = sin 4tan -1 1
9. Provethat cos 2tan
-1
20 7 3 .
27 1 = and tan-1 1 =
. A: Let tan-1 7 3
11
tan 71 and tan 1
3
-1 13 -1 2
8. Show that cot sin = sin Tan .
17 3 LHS cos 2 tan
-1 1
1 13 2 7
A: Let sin A and Tan1 B
17 3 cos2
1 -tan2
13 2
sin A and tanB 1 +tan2
17 3
1- 1
49
1 + 1
49
48
50
13
LHS cot sin1 24
17 25
cot A
2
13
InverseTrigonometric Functions 2
MATHEMATICS -1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
323
2. 1
tan2
2tan
= 3 =2 9 = 3
1 - tan2 1 - 1 3 8 4 325
323
9 2A B cos1
325
RHS sin 4tan
-1 1
3 3
Thus 2 sin1 cos1
5 323
cos1 .
= sin 4β 5 13 325
= sin 2(2β)
11. Prove that ta n -1 1 + t an
-1 1 + t an -1 1 = π .
2tan2 2 5 8 4
1 +tan 2 2 A: We use the formula
2 3 x+y
tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1 1 - xy
49
1+
+ tan
16
Now tan 1 + tan 5
-1 -1 1 -1 1
3 16 2 8
2 25
24 21+ 51 -1 1
25 -1
= tan 1 - 1 . 1 + tan 8
LHS = RHS 2 5
1 sin 4tan -1 1 .
cos 2tan
107 x 109 + tan
-1
-1 -1 1
7 3 = tan
8
= tan 7 + tan 1
-1 -1
3 5 323 9 8
10.Prove that 2sin-1 - cos -1 = cos -1 .
5 13 325 7 1
+
-1 9 8
= tan
3
A: Let sin1
5 1 - 7. 1
A and cos1 B. 98
5 13
3
sin A and cosB
5
5
13
= tan
-1
56+9
72-7
12
= tan 65
-1
sin 2A 2 sin A cos A and sinB 65
13
3 4
2. . = tan 1
-1
5 5
24 =π
4.
25
7
cos 2A
25
Now cos 2A B
cos 2A cosB sin 2A sinB
7 5 24 12
25 13 25 13
35 288
325
InverseTrigonometric Functions 3
MATHEMATICS -1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
12. If sin-1x + sin -1 y + sin-1 z = , then prove that
14.If tan-1x + tan-1y + tan-1z = 2 , then prove that
x 1 - x 2 + y 1 - y 2 + z 1 - z 2 = 2xyz .
xy + yz + zx =1.
A: Let sin-1x = A, sin-1y = B, sin-1 z = C
A: Given: tan-1x + tan-1y + tan-1z = 2
sinA = x, sinB = y, sinC = z
cosA = 2 tan-1x + tan-1y = 2 - tan-1 z
1 - x 2 , cosB= 1 - y , c osC
x+y
= 1 - z2 tan-1 1 - xy = 2 - tan-1 z
Now sin-1x + sin-1y + sin-1z = becomes x+y
1 - xy = tan( 2 -tan z)
-1
A+B+C=
consider (sin2A + sin2B) + sin2C x+y
1 - xy =cot(tan z)
-1
= 2sin(A+B) cos(A-B) + sin2C
= 2sin( - C) cos (A-B) + 2sinC cosC x+y -1 1
= 2sinC[cos(A-B) + cosC] 1 - xy =cot (cot z )
= 2sinC[cos(A-B) + cos{ - (A+B)}] x+y 1
= 2sinC [cos(A-B) - cos(A+B)] 1- xy = z
= 2sinC. 2sinA sinB xz + yz = 1 - xy
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC
2sinA cosA + 2sinBcosB + 2sinCcosC = 4sinA xy + yz + zx =1.
sinB sinC
sinAcosA+sinBcosB+sinCcosC=2sinAsinBsinC
x 1 - x 2 + y 1 - y 2 + z 1 - z2 = 2xyz .
13. If cos-1p + cos-1q + cos-1r = , then prove that 15. Solve: tan
-1 x - 1 + t an -1 x + 1 = .
x-2 x+2 4
p2+q2+r2 + 2pqr =1.
A: Given: tan x - 1 + tan -1 x + 1 =
-1
x -x2- 1 x + 1x + 2 4
A: Given cos p + cos q + cos r =
-1 -1 -1
x-2 x+2
-1
tan
cos-1p + cos-1q = - cos-1r
1- x - 1 x + 1
x-2 x+2
4
cos-1 pq - 1 - p 1 -q = - cos-1 r x +x-2+ x -x-2
2 2
tan = 1
2 2
x2 -4- x2 +1 4
pq - 1 - p2 1 -q2 = cos ( - cos r)
-1
2 x2 - 2
(
=1
= -cos (cos-1 r) -3
x - 2 = -3
= -r 2
2
pq + r = 1 - p2 1 -q2
x =2- 3 1
2
2 2
Squaring on bothsides, we get
x 1 .
(pq + r)2 = (1-p2) (1-q2) 2
p2q2 + 2pqr + r2 = 1-p2-q2+p2 q2
p2 + q2 + r2 + 2pqr =1.
InverseTrigonometric Functions 4
MATHEMATICS -1A AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
18. If cos
-1
pa +cos bq = α , then prove that
-1
16. Solve tan
-1
2x1+1 + tan 4x1+1 = tan x2 .
-1 -1
2
p 2 2pq q2 2
A: Given equation is - cos + 2 = sin
a 2 ab b .
tan
-1
2x1+ 1 + tan 4x1+ 1 = tan x2
-1 -1
2 A: Given: cos
-1
pa + cos bq =
-1
2x1+ 1 4x1+ 1 p q
1 - 1 . 1 tan x22 p2 q2
-1 -1
tan cos -1 a . b 1-
2
1-
2
2x + 1 4x + 1 a b
tan
-1
4x+1+2x+1
8x +6x+1-1
2 = tan
-1 2
x2 pq
ab
p 2 q2
1 - 1 - cos
a2 b 2
6x+2 22
28x +6x x
pq p2 q2 p 2q2
3x+1 12 .
ab cos 1
2
S.O.B
28x +6x x a b 2 a2b2
3x3 + x2= 8x2 + 6x
p2q2 2pq 2 p2 q2 p2q2
cos cos = 1 2 2 2 2
3x3 - 7x2 - 6x = 0 ab
2 2 ab a b ab
p2 q2 2pq
2 2
2
x [3x2 - 7x - 6] = 0 3x2 - 7x - 6 cos = 1- cos
a ab b
x (x - 3) (3x + 2) = 0 = 3x2 - 9x + 2x - 6 p2 2pq q2 2
cos 2 sin
a2 ab b
x = 0, 3, -2
3 = 3x(x-3)+2(x-3)
= (x-3) (3x+2) -1 4 5 16 π
19.Prove that sin + sin-1 + sin -1 = .
5 13 65 2
17. Solve:
1 4 5
A: Let sin A and sin1 B
1+2xx - 4cos 11+- xx +2tan 12x- x = π3
2 5 13
-1 -1 -1
3sin 2 2 2 .
4 5
A: Given that sin A and sin B
5 13
3sin
-1
1+2xx 2 - 4cos
-1
11+- xx
2
2 + 2tan
-1
12x- x = 3
2
cos A
3
cos B
12
5 13
3(2tan-1x) -4(2tan-1x) +2(2tan-1x) = 3 cos(A + B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB
3 12 4 5 16
6tan-1x - 8tan-1x + 4tan-1x = 3 x x
5 13 5 13 65
2tan-1 x = 3
16
A B cos1
tan x = 6
-1
65
4 5 16
x = tan 6 sin1 sin1 cos1
5 13 65
1
x= 3
. -1 4 5 16
Thus sin + sin -1 + sin -1 .
5 13 65
16 16
co s 1 sin 1
65 65 2
InverseTrigonometric Functions 5
AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
C s2
1 1 1 1 a 2 + b2 + c 2
A B
1. Prove that cot + cot + cot = 3. Show that r 2 + r 2 + r 2 + r 2 = Δ2 .
2 2 2 Δ 1 2 3
s s-a s s -b s s -c
(
)
(
)
(
)
A: LHS = + + A: We know that r = Δ Δ Δ
Δ Δ Δ s , r1 = s-a , r2 = s-b , r3 = s-c .
s 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
= [s - a + s - b + s - c] Now r 2 r 2 r 2 r 2
Δ 1 2 3
s
= [3s - (a + b + c)] s-a 2 s-b 2 s-c 2
s
2
)
(
)
(
)
Δ
Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2
s
= [3s - 2s] 1
Δ = [s2 + (s-a)2 + (s-b)2 + (s-c)2]
Δ2
s 1
= .s = [s2+s2 -2as+a2 +s2 -2bs+b2 +s2 - 2cs+c2]
Δ Δ2
s2 1
= = RHS = [4s2 - 2s (a +b+c)+a2+b2+c2]
Δ Δ2
1
= [4s2 -2s(2s) + a2+b2+c2]
Δ2
2. Show that a2 + b2 + c 2
= .
Δ2
cotA+cotB+ cotC a + b 2 + c
2 2
4 .
Now cotA + cotB + cotC 4. Show that
cos A cos B cos C a 2 + b2 + c 2
+ + = .
cosA + cosB + cosC a b c 2abc
sinA sinB sinC
cos A cos B cos C
A: + +
b2 +c2 - a2 c2 +a2 - b2 a2 +b2 - c2 a b c
= + +
2bc sinA 2ca sinB 2bc sinC b 2 + c 2 - a2 c 2 + a2 - b 2 a 2 + b2 - c 2
= + +
2abc 2cab 2cab
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= b +c - a + c +a - b + a +b - c
4Δ 4Δ 4Δ
b 2 + c 2 - a 2 + c 2 + a 2 - b 2 + a 2 + b2 - c 2
=
2abc
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= b +c - a + c +a - b +a +b - c
4Δ a2 + b2 + c 2
= .
2abc
a 2 +b 2 + c 2
.
4
1
Properties of Triangles
AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
5. If a = (b - c) sec, prove that tan = 2 bc sin A
2.
b-c s(s a)
A: Given a = (b - c) sec 4
b c
2
secθ = a
b-c
bc s(s a)
4 .
b c
2 2 2
tan θ = sec θ - 1 bc
= a2 -1
(b - c)2 2 bc s(s a)
cos θ
bc bc
a2 - (b - c)2
=
(b - c)2 bc A
2 cos
(a+b-c) (a-b+c) bc 2
=
(b - c)2
7.In ABC, if cot A B C
2 : cot 2 : cot 2 = 3 : 5 : 7,
2(s-c) 2(s-b)
= show that a : b : c = 6 : 5 : 4.
(b - c)2
A: Given cot A B C
(s-b)(s-c) 2 : cot 2 : cot 2 = 3 : 5 : 7
= 4bc 2
(b - c) bc s s-a s s-b s s-c
)
(
)
(
)
: : =3:5:7
tan θ = 4bc 2 sin A
2 2
(b - c) 2 s-a : s-b : s-c = 3 : 5 : 7
2 bc sin A Let k be the proportionality constant
2
tanθ =
(b - c)
a s-a = 3k, s-b = 5k, s-c = 7k
6. If sinθ = , then show that
b+c on addition, we get
2 bc A s-a + s-b + s-c = 3k+5k+7k
cosθ = cos .
b+c 2
3s-(a+b+c) = 15k
a
A: Given sin θ 3s -2s = 15k
bc
Now cos2= 1 - sin2 s = 15k
s-a = 3k a = 12k
a2
1 s-b = 5k b = 10k
b c
2
s-c = 7k c = 8k
b c a2
2
a : b : c = 12k : 10k : 8k
b c
2
= 12 : 10 : 8
b c a b c a =6:5:4
b c
2
2s(2s 2a)
b c
2
2
Properties of Triangles
AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
8.In DABC, if a : b : c = 7 : 8 : 9, then
find cosA : cosB : cosC.
10. In ABC, prove that Tan B 2- C = bb +- cc cot A2 .
A: Given that a : b : c = 7 : 8 : 9 A: In ABC, from sine rule,
Let k be the proportionality constant b = 2R sinB, C = 2R sinC.
a = 7k, b = 8k, c = 9k.
2 R ( s in B - s in C )
Now cos A : cos B : cos C H e re b - c =
b + c 2 R ( s in B + s in C )
b 2 c 2 a2 c 2 a 2 b 2 a 2 b2 c 2
= : : = s in B - s in C
s in B + s in C
2bc 2ca 2ab
2 c o s B + C s in B - C
64k 2 81k 2 49k2 81k 2 49k 2 64k 2 =
2 2
:
2 s in B + C c o s B - C
2 2
2(8k)(9k) 2(9k)(7k)
49k 2 64k 2 81k 2 = cot B +2 C T a n B 2- C
:
2(7k)(8k)
96k 2 66k 2 32k 2 = Tan A Tan
2 B 2- C cot B +2 C = T a n A
2
: :
144k 2 126k 2 112k 2
Tan B 2- C = b -c c o t A .
b+c 2
2 11 2
: :
3 21 7 .
14 : 11: 6
9. If r : R : r1 = 2 : 5 : 12, then prove that the
triangle is right angled at A. 11. Show that r + r3 + r1 - r2 = 4R cosB.
A: Given : r : R : r1 = 2 : 5 : 12 A: In ABC, r + r3 + r1 - r2
r = 2k, R = 5k, r1 = 12k for some kR = (r3 + r1) - (r2 - r)
Now r1 - r = 12k - 2k = 10k = 2(5k) = 2R =[4R cos A B C A B C
r1 - r = 2R 2 cos 2 sin 2 +4Rsin 2 cos 2 cos 2 ]
C C - [4Rcos A B C A B C
4R sin A B A B
2 cos 2 cos 2 - 4R sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 =2R 2 sin 2 cos 2 -4Rsin 2 sin 2 sin 2 ]
C C = 4Rcos B C A A C
4R sin A B B
2 [cos 2 cos 2 - sin 2 sin 2 ] = 2R 2 [sin 2 cos 2 +sin 2 cos 2 ]
- 4Rsin B A C A C
4R sin A
2
B+C
cos 2 = 2R 2 [cos 2 +cos 2 -sin 2 sin 2 ]
sin2 A 1
2 = 2
= 4Rcos B
2 sin C+A
2 -4Rsin 2 cos 2
B C+A
sin A
1 = 4Rcos B B B B
2 cos 2 -4Rsin 2 sin 2
2 = 2
A = 4R[cos2 B 2B
2 - sin 2 ]
2 = 45
0
A = 900 = 4R cosB.
Hence the triangle is right angled at A.
3
Properties of Triangles
AIMSTUTORIAL.IN
12. In ABC. show that
b 2 - c 2 sin B - C
(b-c)2 cos2 A 2 A 14. In ABC, show that =
2 +(b+c) sin 2 = a . sin B + C .
2 2
a2
In ABC, (b-c)2 cos2 A 2 A
2 + (b+c) sin 2
2
b2 c 2
A: In ABC,
a2
= (b2 + c2 -2bc) cos2 A 2 A
2 + (b + c + 2bc)sin 2
2 2
2R sinB 2R sin C
2 2
= (b + c ) [cos A
2 2 2 A 2 A
2 + sin 2 ] -2bc [cos 2 -
2
2R sin A
2
sin2 A
2]
= b + c -2bc cosA
2 2
4R 2 sin2 B sin2 C
2 2
= a2 4R sin A
(b - c)2 cos2 A 2 A
2 + (b+c) sin 2 = a .
2 2 sin A sin 1800 B C
sin B C sin B C
sin2 B C
1 + 1 = 3
13. If a + c b + c a + b + c , show that C = 60 .
0
sin B C
1 + 1 = 3 sin B C
A: In ABC a + c b +c a+b+c
sin B C
b+c +a+c 3
a + c b+ c a + b + c
(
)
(
15. If A, A1, A2, A3 are the areas of incircle and
a +b + 2c a+b + c = 3(a + c)(b +c) excircles of a triangle respectively, then prove
2 2 2 1 + 1 + 1 = 1
a +b + 2ab + 3ac + 3bc + 2c that A A
1 A A . 2 3
2
3ab + 3ac + 3bc + 3c A: If r, r1, r2, r3 are the inradius and exradii of the circles
2 2 2
of a triangle respectively, then
a +b - c = ab A = r2, A1=r12, A2 = r22, A3 = r32
2abcos C = ab A = π . r, A 1 = π . r1 ,
cos C = 1 A2 = π . r2 , A 3 = π . r3
2
0
1 1 1
C = 60 A1 A2 A3
1 1 1
.r1 .r2 .r3
1 s-a s-b s-c
1 3 s - (a + b + c)
1 3 s - 2s
1 s
1 .1
r
1 .
A
4
Properties of Triangles
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