Sixth Term Examination Papers 9470

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Section A: Pure Mathematics

d   1
1 Note: In this question you may use without proof the result arctan x = .
dx 1 + x2

Let  1
In = xn arctan x dx ,
0
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . .

(i) Show that, for n  0 ,

 1
π xn+1
(n + 1)In = − dx
4 0 1 + x2
and evaluate I0 .

(ii) Find an expression, in terms of n, for (n + 3)In+2 + (n + 1)In .

Use this result to evaluate I4 .

(iii) Prove by induction that, for n  1,

2n
1 1
(4n + 1)I4n = A − (−1)r ,
2 r
r=1

where A is a constant to be determined.

2 The sequence of numbers x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . satisfies

axn − 1
xn+1 = .
xn + b
(You may assume that a, b and x0 are such that xn + b = 0 .)
Find an expression for xn+2 in terms of a, b and xn .

(i) Show that a + b = 0 is a necessary condition for the sequence to be periodic with
period 2.
Note: The sequence is said to be periodic with period k if xn+k = xn for all n, and
there is no integer m with 0 < m < k such that xn+m = xn for all n.

(ii) Find necessary and sufficient conditions for the sequence to have period 4.

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3 (i) Sketch, on x-y axes, the set of all points satisfying sin y = sin x, for −π  x  π and
−π  y  π. You should give the equations of all the lines on your sketch.

(ii) Given that

1
sin y = 2 sin x
obtain an expression, in terms of x, for y  when 0  x  12 π and 0  y  12 π, and show
that
3 sin x
y  = − 3 .
(4 − sin2 x) 2
1
Use these results to sketch the set of all points satisfying sin y = 2 sin x for 0  x  12 π
and 0  y  12 π.
1
Hence sketch the set of all points satisfying sin y = 2 sin x for −π  x  π and
−π  y  π .
1
(iii) Without further calculation, sketch the set of all points satisfying cos y = 2 sin x for
−π  x  π and −π  y  π.

4 The Schwarz inequality is

 2  b   
b 2 b 2
f(x) g(x) dx  f(x) dx g(x) dx . (∗)
a a a

(i) By setting f(x) = 1 in (∗), and choosing g(x), a and b suitably, show that for t > 0 ,

et − 1 t
t
 .
e +1 2

(ii) By setting f(x) = x in (∗), and choosing g(x) suitably, show that
 1 1 2  1
e− 2 x dx  12 1 − e− 4 )2 .
0

(iii) Use (∗) to show that

 1 
64 2
π √ π
 sin x dx  .
25π 0 2

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5 A curve C is determined by the parametric equations

x = at2 , y = 2at ,

where a > 0 .

(i) Show that the normal to C at a point P , with non-zero parameter p, meets C again
at a point N , with parameter n, where
 
2
n=− p+ .
p

(ii) Show that the distance |P N | is given by

(p2 + 1)3
|P N |2 = 16a2
p4

and that this is minimised when p2 = 2 .

(iii) The point Q, with parameter q, is the point at which the circle with diameter P N
cuts C again. By considering the gradients of QP and QN , show that
2q
2 = p2 − q 2 + .
p

Deduce that |P N | is at its minimum when Q is at the origin.

6 Let
n
1
Sn = √ ,
r=1
r
where n is a positive integer.

(i) Prove by induction that √

Sn  2 n − 1 .
√ √
(ii) Show that (4k + 1) k + 1 > (4k + 3) k for k  0 .
Determine the smallest number C such that
√ 1
Sn  2 n + √ − C .
2 n

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7 The functions f and g are defined, for x > 0, by

f(x) = xx , g(x) = xf(x) .

(i) By taking logarithms, or otherwise, show that f(x) > x for 0 < x < 1 . Show further
that x < g(x) < f(x) for 0 < x < 1 .
Write down the corresponding results for x > 1 .

(ii) Find the value of x for which f  (x) = 0 .

(iii) Use the result x ln x → 0 as x → 0 to find lim f(x), and write down lim g(x) .
x→0 x→0

(iv) Show that x−1 + ln x  1 for x > 0.

Using this result, or otherwise, show that g (x) > 0 .

Sketch the graphs, for x > 0, of y = x, y = f(x) and y = g(x) on the same axes.

8 All vectors in this question lie in the same plane.

The vertices of the non-right-angled triangle ABC have position vectors a, b and c, respec-
tively. The non-zero vectors u and v are perpendicular to BC and CA, respectively.
Write down the vector equation of the line through A perpendicular to BC, in terms of u, a
and a parameter λ.
The line through A perpendicular to BC intersects the line through B perpendicular to CA
at P . Find the position vector of P in terms of a, b, c and u.
Hence show that the line CP is perpendicular to the line AB.

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Section B: Mechanics

9 Two identical rough cylinders of radius r and weight W rest, not touching each other but a
negligible distance apart, on a horizontal floor. A thin flat rough plank of width 2a, where
a < r, and weight kW rests symmetrically and horizontally on the cylinders, with its length
parallel to the axes of the cylinders and its faces horizontal. A vertical cross-section is shown
in the diagram below.

The coefficient of friction at all four contacts is 12 . The system is in equilibrium.

(i) Let F be the frictional force between one cylinder and the floor, and let R be the
normal reaction between the plank and one cylinder. Show that

R sin θ = F (1 + cos θ) ,

where θ is the acute angle between the plank and the tangent to the cylinder at the
point of contact.
Deduce that 2 sin θ  1 + cos θ .

(ii) Show that   

2 1 + cos θ
N= 1+ F,
k sin θ
where N is the normal reaction between the floor and one cylinder.
Write down the condition that the cylinder does not slip on the floor and show that it
is satisfied with no extra restrictions on θ.
4
(iii) Show that sin θ  5 and hence that r  5a .

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10 A car of mass m makes a journey of distance 2d in a straight line. It experiences air resistance
and rolling resistance so that the total resistance to motion when it is moving with speed v
is Av 2 + R, where A and R are constants.
The car starts from rest and moves with constant acceleration a for a distance d. Show that
the work done by the engine for this half of the journey is
 d
(ma + R + Av 2 ) dx
0

and that it can be written in the form

 w
(ma + R + Av 2 )v
dv ,
0 a
√
where w = 2ad .
For the second half of the journey, the acceleration of the car is −a.

(i) In the case R > ma, show that the work done by the engine for the whole journey is

2Aad2 + 2Rd .

(ii) In the case ma − 2Aad < R < ma, show that at a certain speed the driving force
required to maintain the constant acceleration falls to zero.
Thereafter, the engine does no work (and the driver applies the brakes to maintain the
constant acceleration). Show that the work done by the engine for the whole journey is

(ma − R)2
2Aad2 + 2Rd + .
4Aa

11 Two thin vertical parallel walls, each of height 2a, stand a distance a apart on horizontal
ground. The projectiles in this question move in a plane perpendicular to the walls.
√
(i) A particle is projected with speed 5ag towards the two walls from a point A at
ground level. It just clears the first wall. By considering the energy of the particle,
find its speed when it passes over the first wall.
Given that it just clears the second wall, show that the angle its trajectory makes with
the horizontal when it passes over the first wall is 45◦ .
Find the distance of A from the foot of the first wall.
√
(ii) A second particle is projected with speed 5ag from a point B at ground level towards
the two walls. It passes a distance h above the first wall, where h > 0. Show that it
does not clear the second wall.

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Section C: Probability and Statistics

12 Adam and Eve are catching fish. The number of fish, X, that Adam catches in a fixed time
interval T has a Poisson distribution with parameter λ. The number of fish, Y , that Eve
catches in the same time interval has a Poisson distribution with parameter μ. The two
Poisson variables are independent.
(i) By considering P(X + Y = r), show that the total number of fish caught by Adam and
Eve in time T also has a Poisson distribution.

(ii) Given that Adam and Eve catch a total of k fish in time T , where k is fixed, show that
the number caught by Adam has a binomial distribution.

(iii) Given that Adam and Eve start fishing at the same time, find the probability that the
first fish is caught by Adam.

(iv) You are now given that, for a Poisson distribution with parameter θ, the expected time
from any starting point until the next event is θ−1 .
Find the expected time from the moment Adam and Eve start fishing until they have
each caught at least one fish.

13 In a television game show, a contestant has to open a door using a key. The contestant is
given a bag containing n keys, where n  2. Only one key in the bag will open the door.
There are three versions of the game. In each version, the contestant starts by choosing a
key at random from the bag.
(i) In version 1, after each failed attempt at opening the door the key that has been tried
is put back into the bag and the contestant again selects a key at random from the bag.
By considering the binomial expansion of (1 − q)−2 , or otherwise, find the expected
number of attempts required to open the door.

(ii) In version 2, after each failed attempt at opening the door the key that has been tried
is put aside and the contestant selects another key at random from the bag. Find the
expected number of attempts required to open the door.

(iii) In version 3, after each failed attempt at opening the door the key that has been tried
is put back into the bag and another incorrect key is added to the bag. The contes-
tant then selects a key at random from the bag. Show that the probability that the
contestant draws the correct key at the kth attempt is
n−1
.
(n + k − 1)(n + k − 2)
Show also, using partial fractions, that the expected number of attempts required to
open the door is infinite.

N
1
You may use without proof the result that → ∞ as N → ∞ .
m
m=1

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