工程材料(一)

Engineering materials (1)

Chapter 1
Introduction簡介

1-1
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
 1-2
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

What is Materials Science and Engineering?

 Materials science underlines the
relationships between the synthesis and
processing, structure, and properties of
materials
 Materials engineering focuses on how to
translate or transform materials into
useful devices or structures

Materials Science and

Materials Science Engineering Materials Engineering
Basic Resultant Applied
Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge
of of Structure and of Materials
Materials Properties

1-3
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
 1-4
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
Classification of materials

1-5
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

The Mars Rovers - Spirit and Opportunity

Spirit and Opportunity are made up of materials such as

* Metals * Ceramics * Composites * Polymers * Semiconductors

6 www.nasa.gov Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. Smith and Hashemi
Chapter 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

Types of materials

Table 1.1 - Representative Examples, Applications, and Properties for Each

Category of Materials 1-7
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

Functional Classification of Materials

Figure 1.6 1-8

© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

Classification of Materials Based

on Structure

Crystalline The material’s atoms are arranged in a periodic

fashion
Amorphous The arrangement of the material’s atoms does not
have a long-range order
Single crystals Crystalline materials in the form of one crystal

Polycrystalline Crystalline materials with many crystals or grains

Grain boundaries Regions between individual crystals in a

polycrystalline material

1-9
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
Materials Properties

1 - 10
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

Mechanical properties of materials

Figure 1.3 - Representative strengths of various

categories of materials
1 - 11
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

Figure 1.7 - Increasing Temperature Normally

Reduces the Strength of a Material 1 - 12
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
Collapse of the world trade
center towers

Although the towers sustained

the initial impact of the
collisions, the steel structure
were weaken by elevated
temperatures caused by fire,
leading to the collapse.

13
 ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6 Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 18.8 adapted
5 from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219
(1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M.
Resistivity, ρ

Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd

(10-8 Ohm-m)

4 edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New

York, 1970.)

3
2
1
0
-200 -100 0 T (ºC)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
Chapter 1 - 14
 OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.

polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)

Chapter 1 - 15
 Gasochromic switchable mirror window
Metal →metal hydride
(MgCa →MgCaHx)
Reflective → transparent state

16

Yoshimura et al. MRS Bulletin 38 (2013) 495 Chapter 1 -

 THERMAL
• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity
-- Silica fiber insulation of Copper:
offers low heat conduction. -- It decreases when
Adapted from chapter- you add zinc!
opening photograph,
Chapter 17, Callister &

Thermal Conductivity
Rethwisch 3e. (Courtesy 400
of Lockheed
Missiles and Space
300

(W/m-K)
Company, Inc.)

200

100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Adapted from Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister & Rethwisch
Fig. 19.4W, Callister 8e. (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
6e. (Courtesy of Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Lockheed Aerospace Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
Ceramics Systems, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
Sunnyvale, CA) 1979, p. 315.)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
100 µm is on CD-ROM.) Chapter 1 - 17
 Environmental and Other Effects
Corrosion
1936 Ford sedan
Stainless steel  Corrosion
 Deterioration of a metal
resulting from chemical attack
by its environment.
 Metals and polymers react with
oxygen or other gases,
particularly at elevated
Plain carbon steel temperatures.
 Metals and ceramics —
Disintegrate.
 Polymers and non-oxide
ceramics — Oxidize.
 Materials are attacked by
corrosive liquids which leads to
premature failure.

1 - 18
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

Materials Design and Selection

 The material must:

 Acquire the desired physical and mechanical properties.
 Be capable of being processed or manufactured into the
desired shape.
 Provide an economical solution to the design problem.
 Material cost is calculated on a cost-per-kilogram basis.
 Density of the material or its weight per unit volume
should be considered.

1 - 19
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
 Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)
600
Hardness (BHN)

30 µm
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)
400 (b) and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 11.14 and associated
4 µm discussion, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;
30 µm
30 µm and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister &
200 Rethwisch 8e.

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
1 - 20
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

Figure 1.1 - Application of the Tetrahedron of Materials

Science and Engineering to Sheet Steels for Automotive
Chassis

1 - 21
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

22
Material selection Ex1

鋁合金車架

1 - 23
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
 1820

1 - 24
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
 1885

1 - 25
© 2011 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

Case Study #1 – Material Selection

• Problem: Select suitable material for bicycle

frame and fork.
Carbon fiber
Steel and Aluminum Ti and Mg
Wood Reinforced
alloys alloys alloys
plastic

Low cost but Light and Very light and Light, moderately Slightly better
Heavy. Less strong. But strong. No Strong. Corrosion Than Al
Corrosion Cannot be corrosion. Resistance. alloys. But much
resistance shaped Very expensive expensive expensive

Cost important? Select steel

Properties important? Select CFRP
26
Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. Smith and Hashemi
 Materials selection Ex 2 Hydrogen storage

• Toyota Mirai FCV-fuel cell system

• Fuel cell stack
 • Energy security

• Green house gas and climate change

 Diversity of hydrogen sources
• Evolution of world’s fuel:
• Coal → Oil → Natural gas → Hydrogen
• Zero carbon

http://www.nuvera.com/blog/index.php/2012/11/13/infographic-evolution-of-the-
hydrogen-to-carbon-ratio-in-the-worlds-primary-fuel-mix/
 Hydrogen Application
• Hydrogen application for transportation has a very long history.
• The earliest application was the Rivaz-hydrogen car with an atmospherical piston engine,
patented in January 1807.

30
Challenge in energy R&D and Hydrogen
storage for automobile application

• FCEV 500km → 5kg of H2

• 5kg of H2 → 45m3 in volume at room temperature and
atmosphere pressure = a balloon with 5m in diameter
• We need to pack H2 as dense as possible

31
 http://hcc.hanwha.co.kr/eng/business/namo_
ox.jsp
Solid state storage: great in volumetric density, but poor in gravimetric one
 SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Understand the relation between composition,
processing, structure and properties.

• Use the right material for the job.

• Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

Chapter 1 - 33