PNEUMATIC

SONI HERI WICAKSONO

(6941)
COMPRESSOR

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BASIC PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

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COMPRESSOR DEFINITION

It is a mechanical device which converts

mechanical energy into fluid energy.
The compressor increases the air
pressure by reducing its volume which
also increases the temperature of the
compressed air.
The compressor is selected based on the
pressure it needs to operate and the
delivery volume

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CLASSIFICATION OF COMPRESSOR

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BASIC CONCEPT

• The dynamic compressor is continuous flow compressor is

characterized by rotating impeller to add velocity and thus pressure to
fluid. It is widely used in chemical and petroleum refinery industry for
specific services

• Positive displacement compressors causes movement by

trapping a fixed amount of air then forcing (displacing) that trapped
volume into the discharge pipe.

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DYNAMIC - EJECTOR

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DYNAMIC - RADIAL

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DYNAMIC - AXIAL

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POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
RECIPROCATING - TRUNK

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POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
RECIPROCATING - TRUNK

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POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
RECIPROCATING - CROSSHEAD

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POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
RECIPROCATING - CROSSHEAD

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POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
ROTARY - VANE

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POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
ROTARY - VANE

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POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
ROTARY – LIQUID RING

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POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
ROTARY – LIQUID RING

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POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
ROTARY – LIQUID RING

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POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
ROTARY – SCREW

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POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
ROTARY – SCREW

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POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
ROTARY – LUBE

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POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
ROTARY – LUBE

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DIAPHRAGM COMPRESSOR

These are small capacity compressors. In piston compressors the lubricating oil from
the pistons walls may contaminate the compressed air. The contamination is
undesirable in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. For such applications
diaphragm type compressor can be used.
The piston reciprocates by a motor driven crankshaft. As the piston moves down it
pulls the hydraulic fluid down causing the diaphragm to move along and the air is
sucked in. When the piston moves up the fluid pushes the diaphragm up causing the
ejection of air from the outlet port. Since the flexible diaphragm is placed in
between the piston and the air no contamination takes place.

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SELECTION OF VARIOUS COMPRESSORS

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OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS COMPRESSORS

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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

•Wide operating range •Instability at reduced flow

Centrifugal •High reliability •Sensitive to gas composition
•Low Maintenance change
DYNAMIC
COMPRESSORS •High Capacity for given size
•High efficiency •Low Compression ratios
Axial
•Heavy duty •Limited turndown
•Low maintenance
•Heavy foundation required
•Wide pressure ratios
Reciprocating •Flow pulsation
•High efficiency
•High maintenance
POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT •Very high pressure •Limited capacity range
COMPRESSOR Diaphragm •Low flow •Periodic replacement of
•No moving seal diaphragm
•Wide application •Expensive
Screw •High efficiency •Unsuitable for corrosive or
•High pressure ratio dirty gases

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AIR TREATMENT
& PRESSURE
REGULATION

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STAGE OF AIR TREATMENT

• For satisfactory operation of the pneumatic system the compressed

air needs to be cleaned and dried. Atmospheric air is contaminated
with dust, smoke and is humid. These particles can cause wear of the
system components and presence of moisture may cause corrosion.

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INLET FILTERS

• To prevent any damage to the compressor, the contaminants present

in the air need to be filtered out. This is done by using inlet filters.
In the dry filter the cartridges are replaced during servicing.

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COOLER

• As the air is compressed, the temperature of the air increases.

Therefore the air needs to be cooled. This is done by using a cooler.
• There are two types of coolers commonly:
Air cooled: In the air cooled type, ambient air is used to cool the high
temperature compressed air
Water cooled: Water is used as cooling medium. These are counter flow
type coolers where the cooling medium flows in the direction opposite to
the compressed air. During cooling, the water vapor present will condense
which can be drained away later.

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AIR FILTER AND WATER TRAP

Air filter and water trap is used to

• Prevent any solid contaminants from entering in the system.
• Condense and remove water vapor that is present in the compressed air.
• A baffle plate is provided to prevent the turbulent air from splashing
the water into the filter cartridge

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REFRIGERATED DRYERS

• The dryer chills the air just above

0 °C which condenses the water
vapor. The condensate is collected
by the separator. However such
low temperature air may not be
needed at the application.
Therefore this chilled air is used
to cool the high temperature air
coming out from the compressor
at heat exchanger 2.

The moderate temperature dry air coming out from the heat
exchanger 2 is then used for actual application; whilst the reduced
temperature air from compressor will further be cooled at heat
exchanger 1. Thus, the efficiency of the system is increased by
employing a second heat exchanger.

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LUBRICATORS

• The principle of working of venturimeter is

followed in the operation of lubricator.
• The compressed air from the dryer enters in
the lubricator.
• Its velocity increases due to a pressure
differential between the upper and lower
changer (oil reservoir).
• Due to the low pressure in the upper chamber
the oil is pushed into the upper chamber from
the oil reservoir through a siphon tube with
check valve.

• The main function of the valve is to control the amount of oil passing through it.
• The oil drops inside the throttled zone where the velocity of air is much higher
and this high velocity air breaks the oil drops into tiny particles. Thus a mist of
air and oil is generated.
• The pressure differential across chambers is adjusted by a needle valve. It is
difficult to hold an oil mixed air in the air receiver as oil may settle down.

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PRESSURE REGULATOR

• The outlet pressure is sensed by

a diaphragm which is preloaded
by a pressure setting spring.
• If outlet pressure is too low, the
spring forces the diaphragm and
poppet to move down thus opening
the valve to admit more air and
raise outlet pressure.
• If the outlet pressure is too high
the air pressure forces the
diaphragm up hence reduces the
air flow and causing a reduction in
air pressure.
• At steady state condition the
valve will balance the force on
the diaphragm from the outlet
pressure with the preset force
on the spring.

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RELIEF VALVE

• It is used as a backup device if the

main pressure control fails.
• It consists of ball type valve held on to
the valve seat by a spring in tension.
The spring tension can be adjusted by
using the adjusting cap.
• When the air pressure exceeds the
spring tension pressure the ball is
displaced from its seat, thus releasing
the air and reducing the pressure. A
relief is specified by its span of
pressure between the cracking and full
flow, pressure range and flow rate.
• Once the valve opens (cracking
pressure), flow rate depends on the
excess pressure. Once the pressure
falls below the cracking pressure, the
valve seals itself.

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Hydraulic & Pneumatic 37
CARI COMPRESSOR DI SEKITAR,
DISERTAI:
• FOTO
• JENIS
• KOMPONEN & FUNGSI
• CARA KERJA
• KELEBIHAN
• KEKURANGAN

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SOURCE

• WWW.YESYEN.COM
• WWW.YOUTUBE.COM

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