Case: 12-17808, 11/16/2018, ID: 11091460, DktEntry: 175, Page 1 of 24

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS CASE NO. 12-17808

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

GEORGE K. YOUNG, JR.

Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
STATE OF HAWAII, et al.
Defendants and Appellees,
and

AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY GUN

OWNERS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE IN OPPOSITION
TO THE PETITION FOR REHEARING

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Hawaii
District Court No. 12-00336-HG-BMK (Hon. Helen Gillmor)

John W. Dillon (SBN 296788)

[email protected]
GATZKE DILLON & BALLANCE LLP
2762 Gateway Road
Carlsbad, California 92009
Telephone: (760) 431-9501
Facsimile: (760) 431-9512

Attorneys for San Diego County

Gun Owners Political Action Committee
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CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

San Diego County Gun Owners is a political action committee and not

incorporated. Thus, pursuant to Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure 26.1 and

29(a), San Diego County Gun Owners Political Action Committee has no parent

corporations. It has no stock, and hence, no publically held company owns 10% or

more of its stock.

November 16, 2018 Gatzke Dillon & Balance LLP

Attorneys for Amicus Curiae

By: /s/ John W. Dillon

John W. Dillon

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
STATEMENT OF INTEREST ..................................................................................6
INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................7
ARGUMENT .............................................................................................................9
A. Rehearing Should Be Denied Because the Majority
Panel Properly Applied A Textual and Historical Analysis
Consistent with Supreme Court Precedent............................................ 9
B. The Second Amendment Text Firmly Establishes
the Right of Law-Abiding Citizens to Carry Firearms
Outside of the Home.............................................................................. 9
C. Historical Analysis of the Second Amendment
and the Open Carry of Firearms – The Statute of
Northampton and English Common Law ...........................................12
D. Early Legal Scholars ...........................................................................14
E. Nineteenth Century Case Law Firmly Establishes the
Second Amendment Right to Open Carry ..........................................15
F. The Panel Opinion is Consistent with the Peruta II
Analysis Of The Legislative Setting After The Civil War.................. 18
G. The Panel Properly Rejected Certain Post-Civil
War Cases and Other Laws .................................................................19
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................20

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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Page

CASES
Alden v. Maine,
527 U.S. 706, 715 (1999) .........................................................................................15
Bliss v. Commonwealth,
12 Ky. (2 Litt.) 90 (1822)...................................................................................16, 21
District of Columbia v. Heller,
554 U.S. 570 (2008) .................................. 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20
McDonald v. City of Chicago,
561 U.S. 742 (2010) .......................................................................................7, 11, 21
Moore v. Madigan,
702 F.3d 933 (7th Cir. 2012) .............................................................................10, 11
People v. Aguilar,
2 N.E.3d 321 (Ill. 2013) ...........................................................................................11
Peruta v. County of San Diego,
742 F.3d 1144 (9th Cir. 2014) ..................................................................................7
Peruta v. County of San Diego,
824 F.3d 919 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc) ................. 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21
Rex v. Dewhurst,
1 State Trials, N.S. 529 (1820) ................................................................................14
Rex v. Knight 3 Mod.
117, 87 Eng. Re. 75 ..................................................................................................14
Rex v. Smith,
2 Ir. Rep. 190 (K.B. 1914) .......................................................................................14
Simpson v. State,
13 Tenn. (5 Yer.) 356 (1833) ...................................................................................16
State v. Reid,
1 Ala. 612 (1840) ...............................................................................................17, 21
State v. Mitchell,
(Ind. 1833) 3 Blackf. 229 ...................................................................................16, 21
Wrenn v. District of Columbia,
864 F.3d 933 (D.C. Cir. 2017) ...........................................................................10, 11

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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
(continued)
Page
CASES (continued)
Young v. Hawaii,
896 F.3d 1044 (9th Cir. 2018) .... 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22

STATUTES
H.S.R. §134-9.......................................................................................................7, 22
Statute of Northampton, 2 Edw. III c. 3 (1328) .......................................................12

OTHER AUTHORITIES
David B. Kopel,
The Second Amendment in the Nineteenth Century,
1998 BYU L. Rev. 1359 ..........................................................................................13
Eugene Volokh,
Implementing the Right to Keep and Bear Arms for
Self-Defense: An Analytical Framework and a Research
Agenda, 56 UCLA L. Rev. 1443, 1515 (2009) ........................................................11
Eugene Volokh,
State Constitutional Rights to Keep and Bear Arms,
11 Tex. Rev. of L. & Pol. 191 (2006) ......................................................................19
Joyce Lee Malcolm,
To Keep and Bear Arms:The Origins of an Anglo-American Right .......................13
William Blackstone,
Commentaries on the Laws of England (1769) .......................................................15
William Hawkins,
A Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown, ch. 163, § 9, at 135 (1716)...........................13

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STATEMENT OF INTEREST1
The San Diego County Gun Owners Political Action Committee (SDCGO) is

a diverse and inclusive 1,300-plus member political organization. SDCGO is

dedicated to preserving and restoring citizens’ gun rights. It has developed a strong,

permanent foundation that focuses on changing the face of gun ownership and use

by working with volunteers on state and local activities and outreach. Since its

beginning in 2015, SDCGO has profoundly influenced and advanced policies

protecting the Second Amendment.

SDCGO’s primary focus is on expanding and restoring Second Amendment

rights within San Diego County and in California due to an aggressive and largely

successful legislative and regulatory effort to significantly limit or eliminate the

firearms industry and the ownership and use of firearms at the California state,

county, and municipal levels. These laws and regulations in California as a whole

prohibit the average citizen from carrying a firearm either openly or concealed in

public. See Young v. Hawaii, 896 F.3d 1044, 1050 (9th Cir. 2018) (pet. for reh’g en

banc, filed Sept. 9, 2018) (panel opinion).

SDCGO advocated the right to carry a concealed firearm in public in San

Diego during the pendency of the Peruta decision (Peruta v. County of San Diego,

1
All parties consent to the filing off this brief. No counsel for any party authored
this brief in whole or in part. No person, other than amicus curiae, contributed
money intended to fund the brief’s preparation and submission.

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824 F.3d 919 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc) (Peruta II), which overturned a three-judge

panel’s decision striking down a concealed carry licensing statute (Peruta v. County

of San Diego, 742 F.3d 1144 (9th Cir. 2014) (Peruta I). However, in the State of

Hawaii, there is still hope that outright bans will be stricken, as in this case, because

it is a violation of the Second Amendment. Hawaii Revised Statute section 134-9

prohibits anyone but essentially security guards from obtaining carry permits and

only when the permit holder is “in the actual performance of his duties or within the

area of his assignment.” Young, 896 F.3d at 1070-1071. The statute operates as an

outright ban on an average citizen’s right to carry firearms in public for self-defense.

INTRODUCTION

The majority panel in Young correctly held “the right to bear arms must

guarantee some right to self-defense in public.” Young, 896 F.3d at 1068 (emphasis

in original). This holding is wholly consistent with the Supreme Court decisions in

District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008) and McDonald v. City of

Chicago, 561 U.S. 742 (2010); and “open carry” was not addressed by the Ninth

Circuit in its en banc decision in Peruta II.

As noted by the majority panel, Peruta II, 824 F.3d at 924, considered a

challenge to San Diego’s limitations on concealed carry of firearms outside of the

home, and the en banc court held “the Second Amendment right to keep and bear

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arms does not include, in any degree, the right of a member of the general public to

carry concealed firearms in public.” Id. at 939 (emphasis added.)

Glossed over by Appellees and in amicus curiae briefs, however, is the fact

that the Peruta II court expressly left open the question of whether the Second

Amendment encompasses a right to open carry. See id. (“There may or may not be

a Second Amendment right for a member of the general public to carry a firearm

openly in public. The Supreme Court has not answered that question, and we do not

answer it here.”) The majority panel properly resolved this question, holding the

Second Amendment encompasses a right to carry firearms openly in public for self-

defense. Young, 896 F.3d at 1068, 1074.

Appellees and amicus briefs misconstrue the text and history of the Second

Amendment and seek to extend Peruta II to an issue that court did not answer; and,

in doing so, they improperly conflate open carry and concealed carry in an attempt

to blindly apply Peruta II’s prohibition on concealed carry to the right to carry

firearms in pubic in any form for self-defense. Appellees’ petition for rehearing

lacks merit and should be denied.

///

///

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ARGUMENT

A. Rehearing Should be Denied Because the Majority Panel

Properly Applied a Textual and Historical Analysis Consistent
with Supreme Court Precedent.
The majority panel opinion applied the established two-step approach to

Second Amendment challenges. Young, 896 F.3d at 1051. Guided by Heller and

McDonald, the panel determined the scope of the Second Amendment with regard

to open carry by discerning the scope not as it appeared to the panel “now,” but “with

the scope [it was] understood to have when the people adopted [it],” citing Heller,

554 U.S. at 634-35. The panel followed the two “lodstars” — text and history —

because they “bear most strongly on what the right was understood to mean, at the

time of enactment, to the public. Young, 896 F.3d at 1051. Indeed, the panel used

the same text and historical analysis set forth in Heller, considering: (i) the text of

the Second Amendment; (ii) the English right to keep and bear arms; (iii) the

writings of important founding-era legal scholars; (iv) nineteenth century judicial

interpretations; and (v) the legislative setting following the Civil War. Young, 896

F.3d at 1052-1068. Appellees contend the panel opinion abandons the analysis in

Peruta II. See Pet. 2-3, 13-16. Appellees are wrong.

B. The Second Amendment Text Firmly Establishes the Right of

Law-Abiding Citizens to Carry Firearms Outside of the Home.

The majority panel opinion properly analyzed the text of the Second

Amendment, and determined it supports at least some right to carry a firearm

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publicly for self-defense. Indeed, as confirmed by the panel, to deny this right

outside the home would negate “the central component” of the Second Amendment

to keep and bear arms, quoting Heller, 554 U.S. at 599 and Moore v. Madigan, 702

F.3d 933, 936-937. See Young, 896 F.3d at 1053, fn. 4. However, like the dissent

in the panel opinion, Appellees argue for a contrary conclusion that would limit the

Second Amendment’s reach to within the home only — without grappling with the

text of the Second Amendment itself. See Pet. 8-18.

The Second Amendment explicitly protects not only the right to “keep” but

also to “bear” arms. According to Heller, to “bear” means to “wear” or to “carry…

upon the person or in the clothing or in a pocket, for the purpose… of being armed

and ready for offensive or defensive action in a case of conflict with another person.”

Young, 896 F.3d at 1052, quoting Heller, 554 U.S. at 584. Heller also clarified that

to “bear arms” did not solely refer to carrying a weapon as part of a militia, but rather

to “bear” for “a particular purpose — confrontation.” Id. at 584-585.

Unquestionably, as the panel noted, confrontation is not limited to one’s home or

place of business, but can occur at any time, in any place in private or public. Young,

896 F.3d at 1052, citing Wrenn, 864 F.3d at 657, and Moore, 702 F.3d at 941 (“self-

protection is as great outside as inside the home.”)

Importantly, the panel opinion is not the first to address to what extent the

Second Amendment applies outside the home, and the panel cited the D.C. Circuit’s

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opinion in Wrenn v. District of Columbia, 864 F.3d 933, 936-937 (7th Cir. 2012),

the Seventh Circuit’s opinion in Moore, 702 F.3d 933, 936-937, and the Illinois

Supreme Court’s decision in People v. Aguilar, 2 N.E.3d 321, 327 — all of which

relied on Heller, 554 U.S. at 599. Thus, the majority panel opinion is hardly

“misguided” or “dangerous.” See Pet. 17. Further, as noted in Heller, it makes

“little sense” to restrict the right to keep and bear arms to just the home, as

“confrontations are not limited to the home.” Heller, 554 U.S. at 599.

Significantly, both Heller and McDonald provide a similar understanding of

the term “bear.” Heller described the “inherent right of self-defense” as “most

acute” within the home, suggesting that the right to bear arms for self-defense exists,

but perhaps less so, outside the home. Heller, 554 U.S. at 628. Accordingly, the

right to defense of self, family, and property is “most acute” in the home, but it does

not stop there. It may be less acute elsewhere, but self-defense is not limited to the

borders of a home. Young, 896 F.3d at 1051-1052.2

Heller also cited laws “forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places

such as schools and government buildings” as presumptively lawful. See Young, 896

F.3d at 1053. As persuasively noted in the panel opinion, this, of course, necessarily

2
See Eugene Volokh, Implementing the Right to Keep and Bear Arms for Self-
Defense: An Analytical Framework and a Research Agenda, 56 UCLA L. Rev.
1443, 1515 (2009)

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requires there to be non-sensitive places where this right is still protected. The entire

public sphere cannot possibly be considered a sensitive place. Id.

Also unavailing is Appellees’ overreliance on the Second Circuit decision in

Kachalsky v. County of Westchester 701 F.3d 81 (2d Cir. 2012). In upholding a

concealed carry licensing scheme, the court left open the idea of an open carry right

when it stated that a faithful reading of Heller “suggests… that the Amendment must

have some application in the very different context of the public possession of

firearms.” Kachalsky, 701 F.3d at 89.

C. Historical Analysis of the Second Amendment and the Open Carry

of Firearms —the Statute of Northampton and English Common
Law.
Appellees’ petition and supporting amicus briefs place great emphasis on the

English Statute of Northampton, 2 Edw. III c. 3 (1328), claiming it “broadly limited

the carrying of weapons in public.” See Amicus Curiae Br., Everytown for Gun

Safety at 7 (Everytown). This claims oversimplifies the statute’s meaning and

enforcement.

The Statute of Northampton states that no person shall “come before the

King's justices,…with force and arms, nor bring no force in affray of the peace, nor

to go nor ride armed by night nor by day, in fairs, markets, nor in the presence of the

justices or other ministers, nor in no part elsewhere.…” Statute of Northampton

1328, 2 Edw. 3, c. (Eng.). But, Everytown departs from the activities actually

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prohibited by the statute, namely — to use force and arms to terrorize the people. 3

The panel opinion addressed this statute in detail, explaining that although it may

have been enforced literally immediately after its enactment, enforcement became

directed toward prohibiting disturbing the peace. See Young, 896 F.3d at 1063-

1064. Quoting Serjeant William Hawkins, the panel opinion states:

[N]o wearing of Arms is within the meaning of this Statute, unless it be

accompanied with such Circumstances as are apt to terrify the People;
from whence it seems clearly to follow, That Persons of Quality are in
no Danger of Offending against this Statute by wearing common
Weapons.
Id., at 1064. 4

Moreover, the panel opinion correctly referenced Blackstone’s interpretation

of the statute, also cited in Heller, 554 U.S. at 627, to mean “going armed, with

dangerous or unusual weapons, is a crime against the public peace….” Young, 896

F.3d at 1064 (emphasis added.) The panel opinion correctly points out that the

qualification, as to “dangerous and unusual weapons,” infers that not all weapons

were prohibited from being carried. Id. Thus, as pointed out by the panel, the more

recent historic record suggests that the Statute of Northampton only barred

3
See e.g., Joyce Lee Malcolm, To Keep and Bear Arms: The Origins Of an Anglo-
American Right, 104-105; and David B. Kopel, The Second Amendment in the
Nineteenth Century, 1998 BYU L. Rev. 1359, 1532 and fn. 724.
4
See 1 William Hawkins, A Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown, ch. 163, § 9, at
135, 136 (1716).

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Englishmen from carrying dangerous or unusual weapons (not common arms) for

terror (not self-defense.) 5

Notably, the Peruta II court provides a detailed accounting of English law as

far back as 1299. It refers to the Statute of Northampton and the various orders,

proclamations, and statutes subsequently enacted. However, many of the subsequent

laws after the enactment of such statute addressed either concealed carry or the types

of firearms prohibited from being carried; not a broad prohibition on the right to

carry all arms. See Peruta II 824 F.3d at 929-932 (finding only that English law

“prohibited carrying concealed” arms in public) (Emphasis in original). Thus, when

reviewing early English laws and their application to open carry, the historical

record supports the longstanding right to open carry arms. See Young, 896 F.3d at

929-932.

D. Early Legal Scholars.

Relying on Heller, 554 U.S. at 605, the panel opinion next considered the

writings of “founding-era legal scholars” to discern the rights afforded by the Second

5
This interpretation is also supported by the decisions in Rex v. Knight 3 Mod. 117,
87 Eng. Re. 75, 76 (K.B. 1686) ([t]he Chief Justice said[] that the meaning of the
statute… was to punish people who go armed to terrify the king’s subjects); Rex v.
Dewhurst, 1 State Trials, N.S. 529, 601-02 (1820) (“A man has a clear right to
protect himself when he is going singly or in a small party upon the road where he
is traveling or going for the ordinary purpose of business.”); and Rex v. Smith, 2 Ir.
Rep. 190, 204 (K.B. 1914) (holding the Statute of Northampton did not apply to one
who peaceably walked down a public road with a loaded revolver, because the
offense was “to ride or go armed without lawful occasion in terrem populi.”)

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Amendment because that “sort of inquiry is a critical tool of constitutional

interpretation.” Young, 896 F.3d at 1054-1055. For example, William Blackstone’s

Commentaries on the Laws of England were relied on in Heller and “constituted the

preeminent authority on English law of the founding generation.” Id. 554 U.S. at

593-94 (quoting Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706, 715 (1999). Additionally, the

writings of St. George Tucker, America’s first Blackstone scholar, were considered

and found to support an individual right to self-defense. The panel opinion correctly

considered these founding-era sources, which state that the right to armed self-

defense is the “first law of nature” and that “the right of the people to keep and bear

arms” is the “true palladium of liberty.” Young, 896 F.3d at 1053. Accordingly, the

right to keep and bear arms is an individual right of self-defense, and necessarily

includes the ability to openly carry firearms in public. Id. at 1053-1054.

E. Nineteenth Century Case Law Firmly Establishes

The Second Amendment Right to Open Carry.
The Supreme Court in Heller and McDonald, and this Court in Peruta II,

relied heavily on early nineteenth-century case law to determine the extent of Second

Amendment protections. The panel opinion followed suit. Young, 896 F.3d at 1055-

1061. When considering whether the Second Amendment includes the right to carry

a firearm openly for self-defense, these cases are high in number and uniform in their

interpretation. Simply, the cases confirm that the Second Amendment right to bear

arms must include, at a minimum, the right to carry a firearm openly for self-defense.

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The panel opinion properly applied the Heller and Peruta II early case law analysis

to hold that the Second Amendment protects the right to open carry a firearm for

self-defense. Id.

As noted, Appellees attempt to dismiss these early cases by conflating

concealed carry and open carry. For example, Appellees ask this Court to dismiss

the significance of Bliss v. Commonwealth, 12 Ky. (2 Litt.) 90 (1822), cited in

Heller, with regard to the open carry of firearms in the same way that it did in

Peruta II for concealed carry of firearms. See Pet. 14 (asserting, among other things,

that the case was later overturned by constitutional amendment). Not so fast.

Though Kentucky later amended its constitution to allow its legislature to

“pass laws to prevent persons from carrying concealed arms,” Kentucky “left

untouched” the premise in Bliss that the right to bear arms protects open carry. See

Young, 896 F.3d at 1055.

The same interpretation applied in Bliss was used by the Tennessee Supreme

Court in Simpson v. State, 13 Tenn. (5 Yer.) 356 (1833) eleven years later.6 As noted

in the panel opinion, in Simpson, the Tennessee court acknowledged that a colonial

law-based crime — which originated from English law — was abrogated by the

Tennessee Constitution, which granted “an express power … secured to a free

6
The analysis of State v. Mitchell, (Ind. 1833) 3 Blackf. 229, 229 was excluded from
this analysis due to its one sentence opinion that only addresses concealed carry.
However, nothing in this decision prohibits open carry.

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citizens of the state to keep and to bear arms for their common defence, without

qualification whatever as to their kind or nature.” See Young, 896 F.3d at 1055. Thus,

the two cases nearest in time to the founding era, which addressed the right to keep

and bear arms — Bliss and Simpson — both acknowledged the broad protection

afforded to open carry.

Further, the panel opinion referenced State v. Reid, 1 Ala. 612 (1840), cited in

Heller, in which the Alabama Supreme Court declared that an Alabamian must be

permitted some means of carrying a firearm in public for self-defense. The court in

State v. Reid explicitly held carrying firearms openly was wholly protected:

Under the provision of our constitution, we incline to the opinion that

the Legislature cannot inhibit the citizen from bearing arms openly,
because it authorizes him to bear them for the purposes of defending
himself and the State, and it is only when carried openly, that they can
be efficiently used for defence.

Id., State v. Reid at 619 (emphasis added).

In State v. Chandler 5 La. Ann. 489, 490 (1850), the Court agreed, holding

that the right to carry openly “is the right guaranteed by the Constitution of the

United States, and which is calculated to incite men to a manly and noble defence of

themselves, if necessary, and of their country, without any tendency to secret

advantages and unmanly assassinations.”

Moreover, the Georgia Supreme Court in Nunn v. State 1 Ga. 243, 251 (1846),

found that a concealed weapons ban did not “deprive the citizen of his natural right

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of self-defense, or of his constitutional right to bear arms. But that so much of it, as

contains a prohibition against bearing arms openly, is in conflict with the

Constitution, and void….” (Emphasis added in original). These cases clearly

embody the understanding of the right to self-defense as requiring the visible

carrying of weapons that would prevent unexpected, unmanly violence.

Using the reasoning in Heller, and as applied in Peruta II, the panel opinion

surveyed the nineteenth century case law that limited concealed carry, and correctly

determined that those same cases “command” that the Second Amendment must

encompass the right to open carry. See Young, 896 F.3d at 1055-1062.

F. The Panel Opinion is Consistent with the Peruta II

Analysis of the Legislative Setting after the Civil War.
The panel opinion correctly addresses Post-Civil War considerations and

properly applied the analysis used in Peruta II. Young, 896 F.3d at 1059-1061. That

analysis “follow[s] [Heller’s] lead with respect to the Fourteenth Amendment” and

discussed decisions after its adoption. See Peruta II 824 F.3d at 936-39.

First, referring to the post-Civil War state constitutions analyzed by this Court

in Peruta II, five state constitutions prohibited only concealed carry, not open carry. 7

Id., at 936-37. Additionally, six other states granted their legislative bodies the broad

7
See State constitutions of North Carolina, Colorado, Louisiana, Montana, and
Mississippi.

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authority to regulate the manner in which arms could be carried. Id., at 937.8

However, for the post-Civil War period between 1865 and 1965, 16 states did not

provide broad authority to the legislatures,9 in comparison the six cited in Peruta II.

Of the 16, only five restricted only concealed carry. Moreover, considering all state

constitutions, 38 states do not place broad authority on their legislatures to regulate

carrying firearms; 10 permit the regulation of only concealed carry; only 7 provide

broad authority on the manner of carrying arms, and 6 state constitutions have no

provisions. 10 Thus, the clear majority of state constitutions have permitted open

carry.

G. The Panel Properly Rejected Certain

Post-Civil War Cases and Other Laws.
In the years following adoption of the 14th Amendment, two states courts and

one territorial court upheld restrictions on concealed arms. Young, 896 F.3d at

1058-59. But these decisions cannot be said to have upheld prohibitions or

restrictions on the carrying of all arms, especially open carry. Further, the panel

opinion correctly considered the implications of these courts’ Second Amendment

interpretations. The courts did not acknowledge an individual right to keep and bear

8
See State constitutions of Georgia, Texas, Tennessee, Florida, Idaho, Utah.
9
Eugene Volokh, State Constitutional Rights to Keep and Bear Arms, 11 Tex. Rev.
of L. & Pol. 191 (2006).
10
Id.

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arms under the Second Amendment; instead, they rest on a militia-focused view of

that right, which was already rejected in Heller, 554 U.S. at 585.

When considering such cases, the panel opinion took these considerations into

account and applied the current understanding that the Second Amendment right is

an individual one. Young, 896 F.3d at 1057-59. This is the major flaw in the cases

relied on by Appellees. 11 The fundamental reasoning for each such decision has

been held to be invalid. Thus, how can their conclusions be afforded any significant

authority?

Additionally, the panel opinion addresses the mischaracterization of surety

laws as equivalent to “good cause” restrictions on the right to carry firearms in

public. Young, 896 F.3d at 1061-1063. These laws do not operate similar to current

good cause restrictions, which require “good cause” before the right can be

exercised. Thus, as noted correctly by the panel opinion, “[w]hile surety laws used

the language “reasonable cause,” they bear no resemblance to modern-day good

cause requirements to carry a firearm. Young, 896 F.3d at 1062-1063.

CONCLUSION

The panel opinion correctly applied the textual and historical analysis used in

Heller and Peruta II. This analysis shows while the majority of the nineteenth

11
See State v. Buzzard, 4 Ark. 18 (1842); English v. State, 35 Tex. 473 (1871);
State v. Workman, 35 W.Va. 367 (1891).

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 Case: 12-17808, 11/16/2018, ID: 11091460, DktEntry: 175, Page 21 of 24

century courts held that prohibitions on concealed carry of firearms were lawful

under the Second Amendment, these same courts have overwhelmingly permitted

open carry. From 1822 to 1850, eight states faced challenges to states’ statutes

limiting the right to carry. 12 Six of those states, while restricting the right to

concealed carry, explicitly permitted open carry and held that bans on open carry

would violate the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms. 13 One state

acknowledged Second Amendment protections for both concealed and open carry.14

Only one court provided nearly no limits on a legislatures ability to restrict the

carrying of arms. 15

The panel opinion also properly applied the Post-Civil War analysis used in

McDonald and Peruta II. Most post-Civil War state constitutions and case law that

have considered the right to bear arms under both the Second Amendment and

various state constitutions, have included a right to carry firearms openly in public.

As such, the panel opinion’s textual and historical analysis is correct. Because

12
Bliss v. Commonwealth, 12 Ky. (2 Litt.) 90 (1822); State v. Buzzard, 4 Ark. 18
(1842); State v. Mitchell, 3 Blackf. 229 (Ind. 1833); State v. Reid, 1 Ala. 612 (1840);
Aymette v. State, 21 Tenn. (2 Hum.) 154 (1840); Nunn v State, 1 Ga. 243 (1846);
State v. Chandler, 5 La. Ann. 489 (1850); State v. Huntly, 25 N.C. (3 Ired.) 418
(1843).
13
State v. Mitchell, 3 Blackf. 229 (Ind. 1833); State v. Reid, 1 Ala. 612 (1840);
Aymette v. State, 21 Tenn. (2 Hum.) 154 (1840); Nunn v State, 1 Ga. 243 (1846);
State v. Chandler, 5 La. Ann. 489 (1850); State v. Huntly, 25 N.C. (3 Ired.) 418
(1843).
14
Bliss v. Commonwealth, 12 Ky. (2 Litt.) 90 (1822)
15
State v. Buzzard, 4 Ark. 18 (1842)

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Hawaii Revised Statutes section 134-9 restricts Plaintiff from exercising his right to

carry a firearm openly, it burdens conduct protected by the Second Amendment and

is void.

Considering the historical analysis as applied to open carry, the panel opinion

is correct that open carry for self-defense is a core Second Amendment right.

Young, 896 F.3d at 1068-1070. Historical regulation centered on concealed carry

not open carry. As such, these regulations do not remove the right to open carry for

self-defense from the Second Amendment’s core protection.

Clearly, section 134-9 amounts to a destruction of this core right, as all but a

handful of people have ever received a license to carry in the entire state of Hawaii.

The panel was correct to apply a categorical approach holding section 134-9

unconstitutional “[u]nder any of the standards of scrutiny” because Hawaiian

citizens are “entirely foreclosed from exercising the core Second Amendment right

to bear arms for self-defense” in public. Young, 896 F.3d at 1070-1071. Regardless,

the panel opinion’s intermediate scrutiny analysis removes all doubt. Young, 896

F.3d at 1071-1073. Hawaii’s effective ban on open carry is a violation of the Second

Amendment.

November 16, 2018 Gatzke Dillon & Balance LLP

Attorneys for Amicus Curiae

By: /s/ John W. Dillon

John W. Dillon

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 Case: 12-17808, 11/16/2018, ID: 11091460, DktEntry: 175, Page 23 of 24

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE WITH RULE 29-2(c)(2)

I hereby certify this brief complies with the type-volume limitation of Ninth

Circuit Rule 29-2(c)(2) because this brief contains 4,184 words, excluding parts of

the brief exempted by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(f). This brief also

complies with the requirements of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(a)(5) and

type style requirements of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(a)(6) because this

brief has been prepared in a proportionally spaced typeface using Microsoft Word

2013 in 14-point Times New Roman font.

November 16, 2018 Gatzke Dillon & Balance LLP

Attorneys for Amicus Curiae

By: /s/ John W. Dillon

John W. Dillon

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 Case: 12-17808, 11/16/2018, ID: 11091460, DktEntry: 175, Page 24 of 24

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I hereby certify that on November 16, 2018, I electronically filed the foregoing

Amicus Curiae Brief of San Diego County Gun Owners Political Action Committee

in Opposition of the Petition for Rehearing with the Clerk of the Court by using the

CM/ECF system. I certify that the participants of this case are registered CM/ECF

users and that service will be accomplished by the appellate CM/ECF system.

November 16, 2018 Gatzke Dillon & Balance LLP

Attorneys for Amicus Curiae

By: /s/ John W. Dillon

John W. Dillon

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