Bangladesh University of Professionals

Synopsis on

miKvix KvR I †emiKvix †Mvôx

Course: Sociology of Public Administration
(PA 3629)

Submitted to
Dr. Saber Ahmed Chowdhury
M.Phil (Bergen), Ph.D. (Human Rights), (Latrobe)
Associate Professor
Department of Peace and Conflict Studies
University of Dhaka

Submitted by
Fabiya Rahman ID- 16161010
Md. Abu Bokkor Siddik ID- 16161020
Rukaiya Fuadii ID- 16161030
Subrina Islam Era ID- 16161036
3rd Year 6th Semester
Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP)

Submitted on: 04November, 2018

 miKvix KvR I †emiKvix †Mvôx

ivóª I iv‡óªi Dcv`vb:

‡Kv‡bv miKviB ïay gš¿x I Avgjv Øviv me KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvi mvnv‡h¨I `iKvi
nq| GB mvnvh¨ miKvix ev †emiKvix DfqB n‡Z cv‡i| miKv‡ii cÖavb wZbwU
Dcv`vb n‡”Q:-

K) AvBb mfv
L) wbev©nx wefvM ev gš¿xmfv
M) wePvi wefvM ev wePvivjq|
GB wZbwU Dcv`v‡bi cvkvcvwk AvgjvZš¿, msev`cÎ ev †cÖm miKvix Kv‡R
wewfbœ mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K| AvgjvZš¿ miKv‡ii cÖavb wZbwU wefvM‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq †mev cÖ`vb K‡i| msev`cÎ miKv‡ii Kvh©µg, bxwZgvjv I
wm×všÍmg~‡ni cÖ‡qvM I RbM‡bi myweav Amyweavi msev` cÖKvk K‡i
miKvi‡K Zvi KvR I djvdj m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb K‡i| Gfv‡e wZbwU miKvix wefvM
QvovI AvgjvZš¿ Ges msev`cÎ eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i me©Î miKv‡ii Nwbô Ask wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ| GLv‡b †emiKvix Rb‡Mvôxi miKv‡ii m‡½ GKwU wPÎ Zz‡j aiv
n‡q‡Q|

ivRbxwZ‡Z Rb‡Mvôx ev ÔMÖæc G‡cÖvPÕ GKwU ¯^xK…Z c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g

ivR‰bwZK we‡kølb Kiv hvq| †Kvb MÖæc wKfv‡e ‡Kv_vq ÿgZvi fvMvfvwM
Ki‡Qb BZ¨vw`| ÿgZvi fvMvfvwM‡Z miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk wewfbœ Rb‡Mvôx
i‡q‡Q †hgb QvÎ msMVb, kÖwgK msMVb, evi mwgwZ, msev`cÎ mwgwZ, wkÿK
mwgwZ, cwienb mwgwZ, gš¿x, Ggwc cÖf…wZ| miKvi G‡`i Dci A‡bK †ewk
wbf©ikxi| ZvB G‡`i miKv‡ii †h‡Kvb Kg©KvÛ APj K‡i †`qvi gZ ÿgZv Av‡Q|
G‡`i‡K Pvc m„wóKvix Rb‡Mvôx (Pressure group/Interest group) ejv nq Kvib
Pvcm„wói gva¨‡g Giv miKv‡ii KvQ †_‡K †h‡Kvb `vwe Av`vq K‡i _v‡Kb|
ivRbxwZ‡Z hviv ÿgZv kx‡l© ZvivB hv wKQz †fvM Kivi Zv †fvM K‡ib Ges
GRb¨ Zv‡`i cqmv w`‡Z nqbv| GgbwK †Kvb AvBbI hw` f½ nq Zv‡`i‡K †Kvb
kvw¯Í †c‡Z nqbv| wKQz D`vnib GLv‡b cÖvmw½K n‡e|
AvBbcÖ‡YZvMb I miKvix my‡hvM-myweav:

evsjv‡`‡ki AvBbmfv‡K msm` Ges AvBb cÖ‡YZv‡`i‡K mvsm` A_ev Ggwc ejv
nq| Giv hZiKg my‡hvM-myweav †fvM Kiv hvq Zvi me †fvM K‡ib †hgb:- A_©,
Mvox, evox, e¨emvi jvB‡mÝ, Rwg, e¨vK †_‡K Fb, †UÛvi, we‡`k ågb, ˆe‡`wkK
gy`ªv BZ¨vw`|

GKwU NUbv D‡jøL K‡i GwU e¨vLv Kiv hvq| miKvi cÖ‡Z¨K Ggwc‡K Zvi
evm¯’vb, †Uwj‡dvb, Mvwo BZ¨vw` my‡hvM-myweav `vb K‡ib| †m Abyhvqx
GKRb Ggwc cÖwZ gv‡m Pvi nvRvi UvKv †Uwj‡dvb fvZv cvb| Rvbv †M‡Q †h,
Zviv †m UvKv wb‡q‡Qb wKš‘ †Uwj‡dvb wej cÖ`vb K‡ib wb| cieZx©‡Z msm`
mwPevjq wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Qb †h Ggwc Zvi wbKU cÖvc¨ we‡ji A‡a©K UvKv
cÖ`vb Ki‡j evwK A‡a©K mwPevjq cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| wKš‘ GgwcMb GB A‡a©K
UvKvI †`bwb|

cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, GwU GKwU ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q hv miKvix `j,

we‡ivax `j, wb`©jxq Ggwc mK‡jB K‡i‡Qb| Lye m¤¢eZ GB wej cwi‡kva Kivi
wcQ‡b miKvix Pvc bv _vKvq GgwcMb cÖwZ msm‡`B †Uwj‡dvb e¨envi K‡i wej
e‡Kqv ivL‡Qb| Gi Kvib n‡Z cv‡i Ggwciv nqZ Rv‡bb GRb¨ Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv mvRv
n‡e bv| A_P mvavib MÖvnK hw` GK gvm wej cÖ`vb bv K‡i Zvi †Uwj‡dvb
ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ Kiv nq Ges cieZx©‡Z h‡_ó nqivwbi wkKvi n‡Z nq
cyb:ms‡hvM †`Iqvi e¨vcv‡i|

Zvn‡j ¯úóZB †`Lv hv‡”Q, AvBbcÖbqbKvix‡`iB AvBb gvb¨ Kivi †Kvb †Póv ev
AvMÖn †bB|

e¨emvqx wkícwZ MÖæc:

eo eo e¨emvqx-wkícwZMb miKvix e¨vsK ev evwbwR¨K e¨vsK †_‡K wecyj
cwigvb Fb wb‡q _v‡Kb| wKš‘ Zv hv_vmg‡q cwi‡kva K‡ib bv| hw` †Kvb miKv‡ii
A_©gš¿x GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯ÍyZ K‡ib Fb †Ljvwci Zvn‡j wKQzB †kvbv hvq bv|
Giv cÖPzi Avw_©K ÿgZvi AwaKvix hvi d‡j cÖvc¨ UvKv †diZ †bIqvi e¨vcv‡i
e¨vsK¸‡jvI mÿg nqwb| hw` Fb MÖn‡bi ci miKvi cwieZ©b nq †m‡ÿ‡Î Fb †Ljvwc
e¨emvqx wkícwZ GKwU dz‡ji †Zvov miKvi cÖavb‡K w`‡jB †Kv‡bv Amyweav
nIqvi K_v bv| Kvib miKvi `jB G‡`i Ici wbf©i K‡i _v‡K|

1998 mv‡ji Z_¨ Abyhvqx Abv`vqx F‡bi cwigvb 130 wewjqb UvKv Ges Abv`vqx
F‡bi cwigvb †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| GB Fb †Ljvwc‡`i AwaKvskB e„nr wkícwZ Ges
e¨emvq ev cÖK‡íi bv‡g Fb MÖnb K‡i _v‡Kb| miKvi KovKwo Ki‡j GKwU
wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ F‡bi ÿz`ª Ask cwi‡kva K‡i cy‡iv F‡bi AsKUv‡K bZzb K‡i
†kva ‡`Iqvi Avi GKwU e¨e¯’v K‡i †bb| wKš‘ Gici cwi‡kva nq wKbv Zvi
wbf©i‡hvM¨ †Kvb Z_¨ †bB|

wKQz D`vnib we‡ePbv Kiv hvK| evwbwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi Fb cÖ`v‡bi nvi

D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nv‡i e„w× ‡c‡q‡Q| hv †_‡K Fb UvKv Rgv ivLv I e¨vsK †_‡K
UvKv Fb †bIqvi weivU we¯Í…wZi eZ©gvb nvi 7% †_‡K 8%& Abv`vqx Fb
A_v©r Fb †Ljvwci cvwigv‡b 1/3 Ask‡K wPwýZ Kiv hvq| GB e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K
ÒK¬vwmdvBWÓ ejv nq| Abv`vqx 3/4 Ask‡K Òe¨vWÓ A_ev Òj÷Ó bv‡g
AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| hvi A_© Gme F‡bi UvKv cwi‡kva Kiv n‡e bv KLbB|
cÖvB‡fU †m±‡i wKQz e¨vsK Av‡Q hv‡`i ÒK¬vwmdvBWÓ ‡jv‡bi cwigvb 50%|

1991 mv‡ji GKwU mgxÿvq †`Lv hvq †h, AwaKvsk wkícwZ e¨emvqx‡`i
†hvMv‡hvM Av‡Q ÿgZvi m‡½ Ges Fb MÖnb K‡i‡Qb| 1980-81 mv‡ji †k‡l gvÎ
6% dvg© Zv‡`i we‡`kx wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i A_© cwi‡kva K‡ib| Avi 78.6%
dv‡g©i Abv`vqx Fb i‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K 1985 mv‡j 45 wU eo e¨emvqx cÖwZôvb
†Ljvwc wn‡m‡e wPwýZ nq|
Gfv‡eB Fb cwi‡kva bv Kivi GKwU ms¯‹…wZ M‡o D‡V‡Q| GB Ae¯’v‡ZB bZzb
bZzb e¨vsK Rb¥jvf Ki‡Q| 2000 mv‡ji †k‡l 27 wU †`wk †emiKvix e¨vsK Ges 13
wU we‡`kx e¨vsK KvR K‡iwQj| e¨vsK e„w× A_©B `ÿZv e„w× bq| e¨vs‡Ki
gvwjKMbB e¨w³MZ e¨emv‡qi ¯^v‡_© †KvwU UvKv Fb wb‡q _v‡Kb& e¨vsK
widg© Kwgkb Gi 1999 mv‡ji Z_¨ Abyhvqx 152 Rb e¨vsK gvwjK wW‡i±iMb
†gvU 1349 †KvwU UvKv Fb K‡i‡Qb| Zviv hZ UvKv LvwU‡q‡Qb A_v©r Zv‡`i
†kqvi‡`i Ask hZ UvKv Zvi‡P‡q A‡bK ‡ewk Zviv Fb wb‡q‡Qb Ges G KvR
e¨vswKs wbqg ewn©fyZ| e¨vsK widg© Kwgkb (1999) `vwe K‡i‡Qb †h, G ai‡bi
Awbqg Pj‡Q A_P cÖvB‡fU e¨vsK ¸‡jv‡K Pj‡Z †`Iqv n‡”Q| 2000 mv‡ji GKwU
cÖwZ‡e`‡b cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q, ivRbxwZi m‡½ RwoZ Ges †Kv‡bv e¨vswKs
AwfÁZv †bB Ggb †jvK‡KB bZzb me e¨vs‡Ki wW‡i±i wbhy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k e¨vsK 40 Rb †Ljvwc wW‡i±i‡K Acmvib K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ mevi †ÿ‡Î G
c`‡ÿc †bqv nqwb| †Ljvwc‡`i msL¨v GLbI h‡_ó| GL‡bv 39 wU e¨vs‡K KzF‡bi
cwigvb mv‡o wek nvRvi †KvwU UvKv Ges Av`vq Kivi m¤¢vebv G‡Kev‡iB Kg|
GRb¨B e¨vsK¸‡jv g‡b Ki‡Q Hme Fb Ae‡jvcb Kivi Rb¨ A_© gš¿bvjq GKwU
bxwZgvjv cÖbqb Ki‡Qb|

ivóªxq gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwZôvbmg~n:

ivóªxq gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwZóvbmg~n‡K Bs‡iRx‡Z ejv nq Ô State Owned

Enterprise (SOEs). G‡`i msL¨v 153, Kg©Pvix‡`i msL¨v 4 jÿ| Giv miKv‡ii KvR
K‡i _v‡K, †hgb: Dc‡hvM LvZ (cvwb, we`y¨r, M¨vm, †Uwj‡dvb), †hvMv‡hvM
LvZ (†ijI‡q, wifve, Uªv݇cvU©), e¨vsK, RyU wgj, †KwgK¨vj, †c‡Uªvwjqvg, w÷j
wgj, Gfv‡e cÖvq me ¸iæZ¡c~b© †m±‡iB SOEs mg~‡n Kg©iZ| G‡`i wcQ‡b
miKvi cÖwZ eQi ‡KvwU UvKv †jvKmvb w`‡”Qb| SOE- Gi n‡”Q miKvi e¨w³Mb
e¨emvqx‡`i gZ e¨emv evwYR¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †`Lv hv‡”Q GRb¨B evsjv‡`‡k
SOE cÖwZôvbmg~n jv‡fi cwie‡Z© †jvKmvb w`‡”Qb cÖwZeQi| Public Sector G
miKv‡ii wb‡qwRZ Kg©Pvix‡`i msL¨v 10 jÿ ev 1 wgwjqb| mvavibZ ivóªxq
gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwZôvb mg~n GK‡PwUqv e¨emv K‡i, G‡`i †Kv‡bv
cÖwZ‡hvMx †bB| wKš‘ Zv‡`i †mevi gvb LyeB wbPz Ges Kg©PvixMb A`ÿ|
miKvix gvj I my‡hvM-myweav cÖvq meB Pzwi K‡i|

wek¦ e¨vs‡Ki cwimsL¨vb Abyhvqx 1992-93 A_© eQ‡i 33 wU SOE 418 wgwiqb
gvwK©b Wjvi †jvKmvb †`q| Gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk †jvKmvb †`q we`y¨r Dbœqb
†evW© I evsjv‡`k RyU wgj Ki‡cv‡ikb| hvi Rb¨ wek¦ e¨vsK gšÍe¨ K‡ib- ÒGB ÿwZ
hw` miKvi‡K w`‡Z bv n‡Zv Zvn‡j cÖwZ ermi hgybv weªR ˆZwi Kivi LiP miKvi
wb‡RB enb Ki‡Z cvi‡ZbÓ|

miKvi GB me ÿwZi Rb¨ hviv `vqx KvD‡K †Kv‡bv Revew`wn ev A_©`Û ev

c`vewbZ, mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib bv| A_©vr Gwb‡q miKv‡ii †Kv‡bv ch©‡eÿb †bB|

miKvix Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Zviv †eZb cvb Ges Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM MÖnb K‡ib| GKRb
†cÖwm‡W›U GKwU wn‡me w`‡qwQ‡jb ‡h, GKRb mwP‡ei †eZb QvovI Ab¨vb¨
my‡hvM-myweavi g~j¨ GK jÿ UvKv I †ewk| A_P Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri †Kv‡bv g~j¨vqb
†bB Ges Revew`wnZvI w`‡Z nq bv| ÒThe Hidden Costs of Doing BusinessÓ
wk‡ivbv‡g wek¦e¨vs‡K GK bgybv †ck K‡ib| †hLv‡b RbMb‡K Nyl w`‡Z nq
miKvix Kv‡R| Gi bvg w`‡q‡Qb Speed MoneyÓ. ‡hgb- GK mßv‡ni g‡a¨ we`y¨‡Zi
Rb¨ Avjv`v 1 jÿ †_‡K 1.5 jÿ UvKv M¨v‡mi Rb¨ 14000-20000 UvKv, †Uwj‡dv‡bi
Rb¨ 50000-70000 UvKv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| AvaywbK bMi Rxe‡b GBNi Dc‡hv‡Mi
cÖ‡qvRb KZ A_P mn‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ miKvix wd ev‡` I †ewk cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|

Ab¨w`‡K GKwU †cvkvK wkí d¨v±wi ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ mvaviYZ (K) †UªW jvB‡mÝ
(L) d¨v±wi Kb÷ªvKkb jvB‡mÝ cÖ‡qvRb nq| wKš‘ G¸‡jv †ewk UvKv cÖ`v‡bi
wewbg‡q †eAvBwb fv‡e cvIqv hv‡”Q| mgqgZ †gqv`Kvj e„w× bv K‡iI e¨emv
Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| GB †eAvBbx A_© cÖ`v‡bi AbycvZ †e‡o‡Q 712%|

we¯ÍvwiZ †`L‡j, GLv‡b wZbwU D`vniY cvIqv hvq| RvZxq msm‡`i Ggwc‡`i
Kv‡R AvBb cÖYqb K‡i wKš‘ GB AvBb cÖ‡YZvivB `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb bv|
Aciw`‡K e¨vs‡Ki wW‡i±iMb wb‡RivB e¨vs‡Ki gvwjK wKš‘ wb‡Ri FY †Ljvwc
K‡i _v‡K| D”Pc`¯’ miKvix Kg©KZ©v hv‡`i nv‡Z bvMwiK‡`i Rxeb , A_P ZvivB
ÿgZvi Ace¨envi K‡i‡Q| miKv‡ii KvR RbM‡bi †mev cÖ`vb Ges Zv nqivwb I
w¯úW gvwb QvovB nIqvi K_v wKš‘ †mLv‡b Zv n‡”Q bv| ev¯Í‡e evsjv‡`‡ki
†Kv‡bv miKvix KvRB webv A‡_© m¤úbœ nq bv|

G ch©v‡q weªwUk Avgj‡`i Rb¨ cÖewZ©Z ÔbvMwiK mb`Õ (Citizen’s Charter)

Gi K_v ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki ÿgZvmxb `‡ji Avgjv‡`i `vwq‡Z¡i cÖwZ
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

weªwUk bvMwiK mb‡`i PviwU bxwZgvjv i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv n‡”Q t-

1. Avgjv‡`i †mevi gvb e„w× Kivi Rb¨ bZzb bZzb Kvh©µg _vK‡e|
2. RbM‡bi Zv‡`i cQ›`gZ †mev †bqvi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK †mev _vK‡e|
3. ‡mevi gvb m¤ú‡K© RbMb Rvb‡Z cvi‡e Ges
4. bvMwiKM‡bi A_© †Kvb Lv‡Z e¨en„Z n‡”Q Zv Zviv Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
GB mb` Abyhvqx Adjudicator’s office RbM‡bi wbKU †_‡K Avgjv‡`i weiæ‡×
Awf‡hvM MÖnb I Z`‡šÍi wfwˇZ cÖwZKv‡ii e¨e¯’v wb‡q‡Q|
GLb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹„wZ‡Z `„wó †`Iqv hvK| G †`‡k bvMwiK mb`
†bB hvi wfwˇZ bvMwiKMb Zzjbvg~jK †mev `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡ib| weªwUk
cvm‡cvU© G‡RwÝ †_‡K cvm‡cvU© †c‡Z mgq jv‡M gvÎ 10 w`b Ges GgbwK
GRb¨ cvm‡cvU© Awd‡mI †h‡Z nq bv| †mLv‡b GKRb mvaviY evsjv‡`kxi c‡ÿ
cvm‡cvU© nv‡Z †c‡Z †M‡j K‡qK gv‡mI Zv m¤¢e nq bv| GQvov cywjwk
nv½vgv, wej¤^, nqivwbi wkKvi n‡Z nq hv Gov‡Z Av‡e`bKvixMb mva¨gZ A_©
cÖ`vb (Speed money) K‡i _v‡Kb| Av‡iKwU jÿbxq welq n‡jv, evsjv‡`‡k †Kv‡bv
Avgjv Zuvi Kv‡Ri `iæb ÿwZMÖ¯’ bvMwi‡Ki Kv‡Q fzj ¯^xKvi ev ÿgv cÖv_©bv
K‡i‡Qb e‡j †kvbv hvqwb| †mLv‡b weª‡U‡b GB f‡`ªvwPZ Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk
AvgjvMb LiP cÖZ¨vc©b, ¯^všÍbvg~jK A_©cÖ`vb Ki gIKzd BZ¨vw` K‡i _v‡Kb|
GLv‡b D‡jøL¨, evsjv‡`‡k miKv‡ii bxwZ I K‡g©i mv‡_ ‡emiKvix †Mvôxi bxwZ
I K‡g©i GKwU m¤úK© i‡q‡Q KviY miKvi Zvi KvR Kivi mgq RbM‡bi wewfbœ
†Mvôxi gZvgZ, Pvwn`v I mgv‡jvPbv we‡ePbvq Av‡bb| GKBfv‡e Gme
Rb‡MvôxI Zv‡`i wewfbœ Kv‡R miKv‡ii wewfbœ gš¿bvjq, wefvM, `dZi I
Kg©KZv-Kg©Pvix‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iv‡Lb|
Dc‡i Av‡jvP¨ wZbwU MÖæc Ggwc, wkícwZ-e¨emvqx Ges D”Pc`¯’ AvgjvMb
me‡P‡q †ewk miKvix myweav †fvM K‡ib| GQvovI evsjv‡`‡k ag©xq MÖæc¸‡jvI
†ek cÖfvekvjx I ÿgZvai| cvkvcvwk wkÿK mwgwZ, cÖavb ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi QvÎ
msMVb Ges kÖwgK msMVb¸‡jv ivR‰bwZKfv‡e h‡_ó mwµq Ges Gme
MÖæ‡ci AskMÖnY miKv‡ii Kg©KvÛ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
†emiKvix †Mvôx hv‡`i Kg©m~Px miKv‡ii bxwZ I K‡g©i mv‡_ RwoZ †mwU
n‡jv GbwRI (NGOs)| GB †Mvôx miKv‡ii mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e wewfbœ Kg©m~Px
MÖnY K‡i Ges G‡`i Ae`vb w`bw`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q|
wKQz D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GbwRI n‡jv BRAC, CARE, RDRS cÖf…wZ| Giv miKv‡ii
mv‡_ wgwjZfv‡e wewfbœ cÖKí ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q †hgb `y:¯’ gwnjv‡`i cÖwkÿb
†`Iqv BZ¨vw`| BRAC Gi Non-Formal Primary Education (NEPE) Program wU
Mbwkÿv cÖmv‡i Ges Primary Health Care Program ¯^v¯’¨Lv‡Z `„óvšÍg~jK
fzwgKv †i‡L‡Q| Gfv‡e GbwRI¸‡jv miKv‡ii bxwZ Kg©m~wP‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q|
GKBfv‡e, cÖKí, e¨e¯’vcbvq (Project Management) miKv‡ii m‡½ civgk©K
(Consultants), `vZv‡Mvôx (Donors) BZ¨vw` †emiKvix †Mvôxi †hvMv‡hvM
evo‡Q| g~jZ miKv‡ii c‡ÿ mewKQz Kiv m¤¢e bq| cwiewZ©Z mgvR MV‡b
miKvix I †emiKvix Dfq `‡ji AskMÖnb I Ae`vb ¸iæZ¡c~b©| wKš‘ we‡`kx`vb-
wbf©ikxiZvi Kvi‡b miKv‡ii wbR¯^ ¯^KxqZv nvwi‡q hv‡”Q| d‡j we‡`kx
`vZv‡Mvôx ¸‡jv miKvi I cÖkvmb‡K cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e Avw_©K wbqš¿‡bi
gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva‡K Zv‡`i AbyKz‡j cwiewZ©Z Ki‡Q|