STAT1 Module Modified 1
STAT1 Module Modified 1
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
DEFINITION OF STATISTICS
Statistics is a set of numerical data.
It is a branch of science which deals with the collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of
data.
NATURE OF STATISTICS
General Uses of Statistics
a. Statistics aids in decision making
provides comparison
explains action that has taken place
justifies a claim or assertion
predicts future outcome
estimates unknown quantities
b. Statistics summarizes data for public use
Examples on the Role of Statistics
In the biological and medical sciences, it can help researchers to discover relationships
worthy of further attention.
Example: A doctor can use statistics to determine to what extent is an increase in blood
pressure dependent upon age.
In business, a company can use statistics to forecast sales, design products and produce
goods more efficiently.
Example: A pharmaceutical company can apply statistical procedures to find out if a new
formula is indeed more effective than the one being used. Results can help the
company decide whether to market new formula or not.
In engineering, it can be used to test properties of various materials.
Example: A quality controller can use statistics to estimate the average lifetime of the
products produced by their current equipment.
FIELDS OF STATISTICS
a. Statistical Methods of Applied Statistics – refers to procedures and techniques used in the
collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.
Descriptive statistics
- methods concerned with the collection, description and analysis of a set of data without
drawing conclusions or inferences about a larger set.
- the main concern is simply describe the set of data.
Inferential Statistics
- methods concerned with making predictions or inferences about a larger set of data
using only the information gathered from a subset of this larger set.
- the main is not merely to describe but actually predict and make inferences based on
the information gathered.
b. Statistical Theory of Mathematical Statistics – deals with the development and exposition of
theories that serve as bases of statistical methods.
1. Yesterday’s attendance shows that five (5) employees were absent due to dengue fever.
2. If the present trends continues, architects will construct more contemporary homes than
colonials in the next 5 years.
3. In certain cities, arsonists deliberately set 3% of all fires reported last year.
4. At least 30% of all new homes being built today are of a contemporary design.
5. Based from the present sales trend, it is expected that after two years sales will be doubled.
Example: A manufacturer of a kerosene heater wants to determine if customers are satisfied with the
performance of their heaters. Toward this goal, 5,000 of his 200,000 customers are contacted
and each is asked, “Are you satisfied with the performance of the kerosene heater you
purchased?” Identify the population and the sample for this situation.
Example: In order to estimate the true proportion of students at a certain college who smoke cigarettes,
the administration polled a sample of 200 students and determined that the proportion of the
students from the sample who smoke cigarettes is 0.12. Identify the parameter and statistic.
Sample: __________________________________________________________________________
2. A recent survey of 2,625 elementary school children found that 28% of the children could be
classified obese.
Population: _______________________________________________________________________
Sample: __________________________________________________________________________
3. The average weight of every sixth person entering the mall within 3 hours period was 146 lb.
Population: _______________________________________________________________________
Sample: __________________________________________________________________________
2. The average salary of all assembly-line employees at a certain car manufacturer is $33,000.
3. The average late fee for 360 credit card holders was found to be $56.75.
SLOVIN’S FORMULA
𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
Where:
n = sample size
N = population size
e = margin of error (0.05 or 0.01)
Example:
1. Solve for the sample size of 350 patients from Cavite Medical Center.
2. 12,345
3. 1000
4. 1203
PRELIMINARIES
Steps in Statistical Inquiry
1. Define the problem.
2. Formulate the research design.
3. Collect data.
4. Code and analyzed the collected data.
5. Interpret the results.
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLE
1. Discrete vs. Continuous
Discrete – a variable which can assume finite number of values; usually measured by counting or
enumeration.
Continuous – a variable which can assume infinitely many values corresponding to a line number.
Example:
a. The dean of a certain college would like to determine the average weekly allowance of BS
Education students.
Population: _______________________________________________________
Variable: _________________________________________________________
Type of Variable: ___________________________________________________
b. The CvSU – CCC Admissions Office would like to conduct a survey on the preferred courses of
4th year high school students in Cavite.
Population: _______________________________________________________
Variable: _________________________________________________________
Type of Variable: ___________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 4: __________
C. Identify the data set’s level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).
_______________1. Hair color of women on a high school tennis team.
_______________2. Number of milligrams of tar in 28 cigarettes.
_______________3. Temperatures of 22 selected refrigerators.
_______________4. The ratings of a movie raging from “poor” to “good’ to “excellent”.
_______________5. List of zip codes for Chicago.
D. Identify the population, variable of interest, and type of variable of the following:
1. From all students registered this semester, the Mathematics Department would like to know how
many students like mathematics.
Population: _________________________________________________________________________
Variable: ___________________________________________________________________________
Type of Variable: ____________________________________________________________________
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
1. Primary vs. Secondary
a. Primary Source – data measured by the researcher/agency that published it.
b. Secondary Source – any republication of data by another agency.
Example: The publication of the National Statistics Office (NSO) is primary sources and all
subsequent publications of other agencies are secondary sources.
2. External vs. Internal
a. Internal Data – information that relates to the operations and functions of the organization
collecting the data.
b. External Data – information that relates to some activity outside the organization collecting the
data.
Example: The sales data of SM is internal data for SM but external data for any other organization
such as Robinson’s.
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
Data Collection Methods
1. Survey method – questions are asked to obtain information, either through self-administered
questionnaire or personal interview.
2. Observation method – makes possible the recording of behavior but only at the time of occurrence.
3. Experimental method – a method designed for collecting data under controlled conditions. An
experiment is an operation where there is actual human interference with the conditions than
can affect the variable under study.
4. Use of existing studies – e.g., census, health statistics, and weather bureau reports.
Two type:
Documentary sources – published or written reports, periodicals, unpublished documents, etc.
Field sources – researchers who have done studies on the area of interest are asked personally
or directly for information needed.
5. Registration method – e.g., car registration, student registration and hospital admission.
A. Cross out the column that defines the statement, whether it is a self-administered questionnaires or
personal interview.
Self-Administered Personal
Questionnaires Interview
1. It is more appropriate in obtaining objective information
2. lower response rate
3. higher response rate
4. Respondents may feel cautious particularly in answering
sensitive question
5. It is administered to a person or group one at a time
6. The respondents may feel free to express views and opinions
7. Obtained information is limited
8. Vague responses are minimized
9. It is appropriate in obtaining emotional responses or opinion
10. It can be administered to a large number of people
simultaneously
B. Identify which data collection method is best used on the following statements:
Identify the sampling technique used (random, cluster, stratified, convenience, systematic).
_______________1. Every fifth person boarding a plane is searched thoroughly.
_______________2. At a local community College, five math classes are randomly selected out of 20 and all
of the students from each class are interviewed.
_______________3. A researcher randomly selects and interviews fifty male and fifty female teachers.
_______________4. Based on 12,500 responses from 42,000 surveys sent to its alumni, a major university
estimated that the annual salary of its alumni was 92,500.
_______________5. A community college student interviews everyone in a biology class to determine the
percentage of students that own a car.
Advantages Disadvantages
When a large mass of quantitative data are
It gives emphasis to significant figures and included in a text or paragraph, the
comparisons. presentation becomes almost
incomprehensible.
It is simplest and most appropriate approach Paragraphs can be tiresome to read especially
when there are only a few numbers to be if the same words are repeated so many
presented. times.
Graphical Presentation – a graph or chart is a device for showing numerical values or relationships in pictorial
form.
Advantages:
Main features and implications of a body of data can be grasped at a glance.
Can attract attention and hold the reader’s interest.
Simplifies concepts that would otherwise have been expressed in so many words.
Can readily clarify data; frequently bring hidden facts and relationships.
2. Construct a bar graph presentation of the monthly sales of a medical representative for a
period of six months.
Month Sales (in thousand pesos)
January 120
February 89
March 94
April 125
May 75
June 100
82 82 83 72 79 71 84 59 77 50 87
83 82 63 75 50 85 76 79 68 69 62
79 69 74 53 73 71 50 76 57 81 62
72 88 84 80 68 50 74 84 71 73 68
71 80 72 60 81 89 94 80 84 81 50
84 76 75 82 76 53 91 69 60 89 79
59 62 79 82 72 81 60 84 68 66 94
77 78 87 75 86 82 74 73 72 84 51
50 69 75 70 77 87 86 77 75 96 66
87 73 84 68 85 62 87 92 69 52 65
An array is an arrangement of observations according to their magnitude, either in increasing or
decreasing order.
Example: Final grades of Stat 101 students arrange in array.
50 50 50 50 50 50 51 52 53 53 57
59 59 60 60 60 62 62 62 62 63 65
66 66 68 68 68 68 68 69 69 69 69
69 70 71 71 71 71 72 72 72 72 72
73 73 73 73 74 74 74 75 75 75 75
75 76 76 76 76 77 77 77 77 78 79
79 79 79 79 80 80 80 81 81 81 81
82 82 82 82 82 82 83 83 84 84 84
84 84 84 84 85 85 86 86 87 87 87
87 87 87 88 89 89 91 92 94 94 96
Advantage:
1. easier to detect the smallest and largest value
2. easier to find the measure of position
In the construction of a frequency distribution, the various items of a series are classified into groups.
The frequency distribution table shows the number of items falling into each group.
Example:
Class Frequency LCB UCB CM
50 – 54 10 49.5 55.5 52.5
56 – 61 6 55.5 61.5 58.5
62 – 67 8 61.5 67.5 64.5
68 – 73 24 67.5 73.5 70.5
74 – 79 22 73.5 79.5 76.5
3. Determine the lowest class limit. The first class must include the smallest value in the data set.
4. Determine all the class limits by adding the class size to the limit of the previous class.
5. Tally the frequencies for each class. Sum the frequencies and check against the total number of
observations.
6. Determine the lower class boundaries by subtracting 0.5 from the lower limits.
7. Determine the upper class boundaries by adding 0.5 to the upper limits.
8. Determine the class mark by getting the average of the lower and upper limits.
1. Frequency Histogram – a bar graph that displays the classes on the horizontal axis and the frequencies
of the classes on the vertical axis; the vertical lines of the bars are erected at the class boundaries and
the height of the bars correspond to the class frequency.
2. Frequency Polygon – a line chart that is constructed by plotting the frequencies at the class marks and
connecting the plotted points by means of straight lines; the polygon is closed by considering an
additional class at each end and the ends of the lines are brought down to the horizontal axis at the
midpoints of the additional.
ACTIVITY 9 - __________
1. Frequency histogram
3. Ogives
∑𝑥
𝑥̅ =
𝑛
30+15+35+20+25+45+10+25+30+15
= 10
= 25𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
Weighted Mean – this is used when several observations have similar values.
∑ 𝑤𝑥
Formula: 𝑥̅𝑤 = ∑𝑤
Where: 𝑥̅ = mean
𝑥 = value of the particular item
𝑤 = weight or number of observations of the same values
∑𝑤 = sum of the weights
∑ 𝑤𝑥
Solution: 𝑥̅𝑤 = ∑𝑤
10(350)+5(455)+2(600)
= 17
= 𝑃410.29
The weighted mean is also used to compute the weighted average rating of the students in his subjects
with different number of units.
Rating of students in Four Subjects
Subjects Number of Units Rating
Bar Management 6 90%
Statistics 3 85%
Physical Education 2 87%
Personality Development 1 95%
∑ 𝑤𝑥
Solution: 𝑥̅𝑤 = ∑𝑤
6(90)+3(85)+2(87)+1(95)
= 12
= 88.67%
b. Median – It is the middle value after arranging the set of observations into ascending or descending order.
If the number of observation is odd number, the median is the middle value and if the number of
observation is even number, the median is the average of the two middle values or observations.
Formula:
ODD EVEN
𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛
(2) + (2 + 1)
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 =
2 2
Example:
1. A sample of 10 students was taken and was asked how much time they travel from their respective
places of residences to the school. The results are listed below. Compute the mean.
c. Mode – it is the observation that appears most often. Mode is the least preferred measure of central
location.
Example: Find the mode
Observations Mode
3 8 6 7 9 9 3 3 10 3 - unimodal
10 15 15 20 25 25 30 35 45 15 & 25 - bimodal
10 15 15 20 25 25 30 30 35 45 15, 25 & 30 - trimodal
3 8 6 6 7 7 9 9 3 6 3 10 7 9 3, 6, 7, & 9 - multimodal
ACTIVITY 10 - __________
2. A computer shop was able to sell the following unit of laptop for the month of July: two Dell
laptops @ P89, 900 each; 3 Samsung laptops @ P45, 000 each; 2 Toshiba laptops @ P26, 000 each;
3 Acer laptops @ P65, 000 each. Find the average sale for that month.
Example:
Final grades of Stat 110 students arrange in array. Solve for the mean.
50 50 50 50 50 50 51 52 53 53 57
59 59 60 60 60 62 62 62 62 63 65
66 66 68 68 68 68 68 69 69 69 69
69 70 71 71 71 71 72 72 72 72 72
73 73 73 73 74 74 74 75 75 75 75
75 76 76 76 76 77 77 77 77 78 79
79 79 79 79 80 80 80 81 81 81 81
82 82 82 82 82 82 83 83 84 84 84
84 84 84 84 85 85 86 86 87 87 87
87 87 87 88 89 89 91 92 94 94 96
Solution:
𝐾 = 1 + 3.322 𝑙𝑜𝑔110 = 7.78 𝑜𝑟 8 𝑅 = 96 − 50 = 40 𝐶 = 46 ÷ 8 = 6
Class Frequency CM (x) fx ∑ 𝑓𝑥
50 – 55 10 52.5 525
𝑥̅ = 𝑛
56 – 61 6 58.5 351
62 – 67 8 64.5 516 8175
=
68 – 73 25 70.5 1,762.5 110
74 – 79 22 76.5 1,683
80 – 85 23 82.5 1,897.5 = 74.32
86 – 91 12 88.5 1,062
92 – 97 4 94.5 378
N= 110 fx = 8,175
b. Median
𝑛
( 2 −<𝑐𝑓𝑝 )
Formula: 𝑥̃ = 𝐿𝐶𝐵𝑚𝑑 + [ 𝑓𝑚𝑑
]𝑖
Where: 𝐿𝐶𝐵𝑚𝑑 = lower class boundary of the median class
𝑛 = number of observations
< 𝑐𝑓𝑝 = sum of the frequencies before the median class
𝑓𝑚𝑑 = frequency of the median class
𝑖 = class interval/size
Solution:
1. Determine the median class by dividing the total number of observations by 2.
𝑛 110
= 2 = 55
2
2. Go over the entries in the less than cumulative frequency column. The class that immediately has a
sum of frequencies greater than the result of step 1 is the median class.
𝑛
( 2 −<𝑐𝑓𝑝 )
Class Frequency LCB <cf
𝑥̃ = 𝐿𝐶𝐵𝑚𝑑 + [ ]𝑖
50 – 55 10 49.5 10 𝑓𝑚𝑑
56 – 61 6 55.5 16
62 – 67 8 61.5 24 110
( −49)
68 – 73 25 67.5 49 𝑥̃ = 73.5 + [ 2
]6
22
74 – 79 22 73.5 71 Median class
80 – 85 23 79.5 94
86 – 91 12 85.5 106 𝑥̃ = 75.14
92 – 97 4 91.5 110
N= 110
d. Mode
𝑓𝑚 −𝑑1
Formula: 𝑥̂ = 𝐿𝐶𝐵𝑚 + (2𝑓 )𝑖
𝑚− 𝑑1 −𝑑2
Where: 𝑥̂ = Mode
𝐿𝐶𝐵𝑚 = LCB of the modal class
𝑓𝑚 = Frequency of the modal class
𝑑1 = difference between the frequency of the modal
class and the frequency before the modal class
𝑑2 = difference between the frequency of the modal
class and the frequency preceding the modal class
ACTIVITY 11 - __________
Complete the Frequency Distribution Table to find the mean, median and mode of the data set given:
Class F CM (x) fx LCB <CF
10-19 3
20-29 1
30-39 3
40-49 2
50-59 9
60-69 8
70-79 35
80-89 30
90-99 9
Percentile (P) …10 …20 …25 …30 …40 …50 …60 …70 …75 …80 …90 …100
Decile (D) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Quartile (Q) 1 2 3 4
𝑖(𝑛+1)
a. Percentile – to compute for the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ percentile: 𝑃𝑖 = is the value of the [ ] 𝑡ℎ observation in the array.
100
Where: 𝑃𝑖 = Percentile location
𝑖 = Percentile of interest
𝑛 = number of observation
Example:
Below is the list of the daily wages of 20 workers of XYZ Construction Company. Compute for P 87.
200 200 265 285 290 300 300 315 330 350
375 450 450 500 550 550 600 615 630 650
Solution:
𝑖(𝑛+1)
𝑃𝑖 = [ ] 𝑃87 = 615 + 0.27(630 − 615)
100
87(20+1)
𝑃87 = [ 100 ] 𝑃87 = 619.05 𝑜𝑟 619
𝑃87 = 18.27𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑖(𝑛+1)
b. Decile – to compute for the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ decile: 𝐷𝑖 = is the value of the [ 10 ] 𝑡ℎ observation in the array.
Where: 𝐷𝑖 = Decile location
𝑖 = Decile of interest
𝑛 = number of observation
Example:
Below is the list of the daily wages of 20 workers of XYZ Construction Company. Compute for D 7.
200 200 265 285 290 300 300 315 330 350
375 450 450 500 550 550 600 615 630 650
Solution:
𝑖(𝑛+1)
𝐷𝑖 = [ ] 𝐷7 = 500 + 0.7(550 − 500)
10
7(20+1)
𝐷7 = [ 10 ] 𝐷7 = 535
𝐷7 = 14.70𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
ACTIVITY 12 - __________
Q3 P45
D3 P89
a. Quartiles – the formula for quartiles will be patterned from the median formula.
𝑘𝑛
( −<𝑐𝑓𝑝 )
Formula: 𝑄𝑘 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵𝑄𝑘 + [ 4𝑓 ]𝑖
𝑄𝑘
Where: 𝐿𝐶𝐵𝑄𝑘 = lower class boundary of the quartile class
𝑛 = number of observations
< 𝑐𝑓𝑝 = sum of the frequencies before the quartile class
𝑓𝑄𝑘 = frequency of the quartile class
𝑖 = class interval/size
Example:
Final grades of Stat 101 students arrange in array. Solve for the Q1.
Class Frequency LCB <cf
50 – 55 10 49.5 10
56 – 61 6 55.5 16
62 – 67 8 61.5 24
68 – 73 25 67.5 49
74 – 79 22 73.5 71
80 – 85 23 79.5 94
86 – 91 12 85.5 106
92 – 97 4 91.5 110
N= 110
Solution:
1. Determine the Quartile class by dividing the number of observation by 4.
𝑛 110
= = 27.5
4 4
2. Go over the entries in the less than cumulative frequency column. The class that has a sum of
𝑛
frequencies greater than the 4 is the quartile 1 class.
𝑛
Class Frequency LCB <cf ( −<𝑐𝑓𝑝 )
4
𝑄1 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵𝑄1 + [ ]𝑖
50 – 55 10 49.5 10 𝑓 𝑄𝑘
56 – 61 6 55.5 16
110
62 – 67 8 61.5 24 (
4
−24)
68 – 73 25 67.5 49 𝑄1 = 67.5 + [ ]6
25
74 – 79 22 73.5 71
80 – 85 23 79.5 94 𝑄1 = 68.34
86 – 91 12 85.5 106
92 – 97 4 91.5 110
N= 110
Solution:
1. Determine the Deciles class by dividing the number of observation by 10.
𝑘𝑛 8 ∗ 110
= =
10 10
2. Go over the entries in the less than cumulative frequency column. The class that has a sum of
𝑛
frequencies greater than the 10 is the deciles 8 class.
𝑘𝑛
Class Frequency LCB <cf (
10
−<𝑐𝑓𝑝 )
𝐷8 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵𝐷8 + [ ]𝑖
50 – 55 10 49.5 10 𝑓𝐷𝑘
56 – 61 6 55.5 16
62 – 67 8 61.5 24
68 – 73 25 67.5 49
74 – 79 22 73.5 71
80 – 85 23 79.5 94
86 – 91 12 85.5 106
92 – 97 4 91.5 110
N= 110
Solution:
1. Determine the Percentile class by dividing the number of observation by 100.
𝑛 57 ∗ 110
= =
100 100
2. Go over the entries in the less than cumulative frequency column. The class that has a sum of
𝑛
frequencies greater than the 100 is the percentile 57 class.
𝑘𝑛
Class Frequency LCB <cf (
100
−<𝑐𝑓𝑝 )
𝑃57 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵𝑃57 + [ ]𝑖
50 – 55 10 49.5 10 𝑓 𝑃𝑘
56 – 61 6 55.5 16
62 – 67 8 61.5 24
68 – 73 25 67.5 49
74 – 79 22 73.5 71
80 – 85 23 79.5 94
86 – 91 12 85.5 106
92 – 97 4 91.5 110
N= 110
Complete the Frequency Distribution Table to find the Q3, D6 and P94 of the data set given:
Class F LCB <CF
10-19 3
20-29 1
30-39 3
40-49 2
50-59 9
60-69 8
70-79 35
80-89 30
90-99 9
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
It indicates the extent to which individual items in a series are scattered about an average.
Some Uses for Measuring Dispersion:
To determine the extent of the scatter so that steps may be taken to control the existing variation.
Used as a measure of reliability of the average value
General Classifications of Measures of Dispersion:
1. Measures of Absolute Dispersion
2. Measures of Relative Dispersion
3. Take the sum of the squared deviations, then divide the sum by N – 1, then take the square root of
the sample variance
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 268 ∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 518
𝑠𝐴 = √ = √8−1 = 6.19 𝑠𝐵 = √ = √8−1 = 8.60
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
ACTIVITY 14 - __________
A pediatrician has clinic hours in two leading hospitals. His clinic schedule in Alabang is 10:00 to 12:00
pm, MWF. His clinic schedule in Makati is 2:00 to 4:00 pm, TTh. The logbook of his secretaries shows the
number of patients who visited him for the last two weeks.
Hospital in Alabang Hospital in Makati
4,800 4,200
4,200 3,600
4,200 3,600
3,000 3,000
2,400 4,800
Example:
Final grades of students in Stat 101 arranged in FDT. Solve for the Standard deviation.
Class Frequency CM (x) 𝑓𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
50 – 55 10
56 – 61 6
62 – 67 8
68 – 73 25
74 – 79 22
80 – 85 23
86 – 91 12
92 – 97 4
N= 110
∑ 𝑓(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 ∑ 𝑓|𝑥− 𝑥̅ |
𝑠=√ 𝑀𝐷 =
𝑛−1 𝑁
Complete the Frequency Distribution Table to find the standard deviation of the data set given:
Class F CM (x) 𝑓𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
10-19 3
20-29 1
30-39 3
40-49 2
50-59 9
60-69 8
70-79 35
80-89 30
90-99 9
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
a. The mean, median, and mode are all equal and are located at the center of the distribution.
b. The distribution is symmetric. The distribution depicts a bell-shaped curve where the left area is a
mirror image of the right area.
c. The total area under the normal curve is 1 or 100%.
d. The distribution is asymptotic.
e. The location of the distribution is determined by the mean and the standard deviation determines
dispersion of the distribution.
𝜇 − 3𝛿 𝜇 − 2𝛿 𝜇 − 1𝛿 𝜇 𝜇 + 1𝛿 𝜇 + 2𝛿 𝜇 + 3𝛿
The mean and the standard deviation determine the shape of the distribution. Below are illustrations
of normal distributions with different means and standard deviations.
As previously stated, there are infinite families of curves depending upon the standard deviation of the
distribution. This may suggest that we have to use different table corresponding to a particular mean and
standard deviation. Well, it is not. It is necessary that we need to standardize a given observation. the
standardized score may also be termed as Z-value, Z statistics, standard deviate, standard normal value or just
normal value. The formula is shown below.
𝑥−𝜇
𝑍=
𝜎
Where: 𝑧 = normal value
𝑥 = value of any particular observation
𝜇 = mean of the distribution
𝜎 = standard deviation of the distribution
Z - values Rules
1. The z – values are positive and negative Add the areas of the corresponding Z – values.
2. Both Z – values are positive or both Z – Value In either case, subtract the smaller area from the
are negative bigger area
3. To the right of a positive z – value or to the left
Subtract the area from 0.5
of a negative z value
4. To the right of a negative z value or to the left
Add area to 0.5
of a positive z value
Examples:
Find the area under the normal distribution curve of the following z values:
1. 0 < z < 1.63
3. z < 2.44
4. z > - 1.63
5. z > 1.63
9.
ACTIVITY 15 - __________
Sketch the normal distribution of the given problem. Show your solutions.
A data set follows a normal distribution with a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 4.75.
What is the area under the normal curve?
a. Between 34.06 and 46.08?
b. Between 28.6 and 35.11?
c. Greater than 49.5?
d. Less than 44.04?