Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223

Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

Lecture 2

PROPERTIES OF
FLUID
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

Chapter Summary
n What is Property ?
n Properties Involving Mass and Weight
n Properties Involving Flow of heat
n Shear Stress in Moving Fluid and Viscosity
n Surface Tension
n Vapour Pressure
n Speed of Sound
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.1. What is Property ? Properties

?????
n Characteristics by which physical conditions
can be described
n Extensive properties ~ properties that varies
in proportion to mass of system
n Intensive properties ~ properties that are
independent of mass
n Properties are expressed in basic dimensions
~ length (m), mass (kg), time (s) and
temperature (C) ~ use SI unit
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.2. Properties Involving Mass and Weight

n Mass Density, r : -
– Formula : mass / volume
– Unit : kgm-3
– Dimension : ML-3
– Typical Values : water (1000), air (1.23)
n Specific Weight, g : -
– Formula : weight / volume = rg
– Unit : Nm-3
– Dimension : ML-2T-2
– Typical Values : water (9810), air (12.07)
n Pressure, P : -
– Formula : force / Area
– Unit : Nm-2 & Dimension : ML-1T-2
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.2. Properties Involving Mass and Weight

n Specific Gravity, SG : -
– Relative density as compared to a reference value
– The reference value is normally water at standard
temperature and pressure
– Formula : SG = rfluid / rwater
– Dimension : dimensionless
– Typical Values : water (1), oil (0.9)
n Specific Volume, u : -
– Formula : volume / mass = 1 / r
– Unit : m3/ kg
– Dimension : L3M-1
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.3. Properties Involving Flow of Heat

n State postulate - r = r (p,T) , h = h (p,T) etc.
n Ideal gas equation of state : p = r RT
n Specific Heat, C : -
– Capacity of substance to store thermal energy
– Energy that must be transferred to a unit mass of a
substance to raise its temperature by 1 degree
– Unit : kJ/(kgK)
– Cp ~ specific heat capacity at constant pressure
– Cv ~ specific heat capacity at constant volume
– k = Cp / Cv = isentropic exponent, R = Cp - Cv
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.3. Properties Involving Flow of Heat

n Specific Heat, C : -
– Cp and Cv generally
increases with
temperature
– k is general gradually
dcrease with
temperature
– k for common 8
gasses
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.3. Properties Involving Flow of Heat

n Specific Internal Energy, u : -

– energy substance possess because of the state of
molecular activity in the substance
– Function of temperature and pressure
– Unit : J/kg
n Specific Enthalpy, h : -
– combination of : u + p / r
– Basically = internal energy + flow work
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.4. Shear Stress in Moving Fluids

~ Consider fluid moving close to a flat wall
~ Fluid can be envisaged as consisting of multiple layers of filaments
~ At the wall velocity is zero ~ no slip conditions
~ Far from wall, finite velocity exist ~ thus exist velocity gradient
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity

~ NEWTON observed experimentally : -
Shear stress a Rate of change of shear strain

~ Rate of change of shear strain = dV/dy

NEWTON’s
~ Thus :
Law of Viscosity
(NLV)
~ m is the DYNAMIC VISCOSITY ~ the measure of fluid
resistance to shear when there is relative motion within the fluid
~ KINEMATIC VISCOSITY : Dynamics Viscosity / Density
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity

~ 2 Mechanisms are responsible for shear stress : -
• Intermolecular bonding ~ small for fluid especially gas
• Momentum transfer between the layers
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity

 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity

~ Fluids that obey the NLV is called NEWTONIAN fluids
~ Fluids that dont obey the NLV is called NON-NEWTONIAN fluids
~ E.g. blood, slurries (mixture of liquid and solid) etc
~ Rheology - study of NON-NEWTONIAN fluids
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity (Ex 1)

A1m x 1m board that weigh 25 N slides down an inclined
ramp (slope = 20o) with a velocity of 2.0 cm/s. The board is
separated from the ramp by a thin film of oil of 0.05 Ns/m2.
Neglecting edge effects, calculates the spacing between the
board and the ramp
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity (Ex 2)

The device shown consists of a disk that is rotated by a shaft.
The disk is positioned very close to a solid boundary.
Between the disk and boundary is viscous oil. The oil
viscosity is 0.01 Ns/m2 and the spacing is 2 mm. If the rate of
rotation is 5 rad/s and D = 10 cm, calculates the torque
required to rotate the disk.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity (Ex 3)

Some instruments having angular motion are damped by
means of a disk connected to the shaft. The disk in turn is
immersed in a container of oil as shown. Derive a formula
for the damping torque as a function of the disk diameter D,
spacing S , rate of rotation w and oil viscosity m.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity (Ex 4)

A special damping device consists of a
sphere. The sphere is enclosed in a
spherical cavity with the distance between
the sphere surface and the interior wall of
the cavity being 1 mm. The space between
the sphere and the wall is filled with oil
(SAE 10W at 38 oC). The diameter of the
sphere is 100 mm. The sphere is turned by
a shaft that has a diameter much less than
the diameter of the sphere. Neglect the
effects on the shaft. Determine the torque
on the shaft for a rotation of 10 rpm.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.4. Shear Stress and Viscosity (Ex 5)

Suppose that glycerin is flowing (T=20oC) and that the pressure
gradient dp/dx is –1.6 kN/m3. What are the velocity and shear
stress at a distance of 12mm from the wall if the space B between
the wall is 5cm? What are the shear stress and velocity at the
wall? The velocity distribution for viscous flow between
stationary plates is
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.5 Surface Tension

n A liquid will form an interface with a second
liquid or gas
n Molecules near the surface have greater attraction
with each other ~ This give rise to surface tension

Unbalance force
causing surface to
be in tension

Balance force
inside the liquid
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.5 Surface Tension

 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.5 Surface Tension ..

n Surface tension, ¡, is measured as the force acting across a
unit length of line drawn on the surface. Acts in the plane of
the surface and normal to any line in the surface
n Dimension : MT-2
Unit : N/m
n
¡
n Effect of surface tension :
- Reduce the surface of liquid
to minimum ~ droplet tend to ¡
be spherical
- Excess Pressure in droplets ¡
and bubbles
- Capillary effect
¡
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.5 Surface Tension ..

n Surface tension is dependant on temperature.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.5 Surface Tension ..

Excess Pressure
2¡ ¡

4¡

Non wetting Effect

Capillary Effect
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.5. Surface Tension (Ex 2)

Mercury does not adhere to a

glass surface, so when a glass
tube is immersed in a pool of
mercury, the meniscus is
depressed. The surface tension of
mercury is 0.514 N/m. Find the
depression distance in a 1-mm
glass tube.
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.5. Surface Tension (Ex 1)

A water bug is suspended on the

surface of a pond by surface
tension (water does not wet the
legs). The bugs has six legs, and
each leg is in contact with the
water over a length of 5mm. What
is the maximum mass (in g) of the
bug is it is to avoid sinking?
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.6 Vapour Pressure

n Definition ~ Pressure at which a liquid boils and
in equilibrium with its own vapour
n It is a function of temperature and increasing with
temperature
n Conversely boiling temperature decrease with
decrease in pressure and boiling can occur at low
temperature is pressure is low enough
n This phenomena is called CAVITATION
n Occurs in fluid machinery and causes damages
and failures
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.6 Vapour Pressure

n Vapour pressure of water increases with

temperature
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.6 Vapour pressure

Cavitation damage
in fluid machinery

Formation of cavitation
bubbles in low pressure
regions

Damage due to cavitation

- Hydro Dam Spillway
 Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

2.7 Speed of Sound

n Definition ~ The rate of propagation of small
disturbance pressure pulses (sound wave) through the
fluid ~ a
n Formula ~ a = Ö (kRT)
n Air at 20 oC has a of about 343 m/s
n Mach number, Ma = V/a measure the fluid velocity
relative to the speed of sound
n Compressibility becomes important when Ma > 0.3
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 2: Properties of Fluid

End of Lecture 2