Introduction

Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson the student will be able to:

ƒ Explain the WCDMA evolution path

ƒ Describe the difference between the TDMA, CDMA and WCDMA coding
techniques
ƒ Describe the main functions of WCDMA RAN
ƒ Provide an overview of the air interface in WCDMA
Introduction
Background
There has been a tremendous growth in wireless communication technology over the
past decade. The significant increase in subscribers and traffic, new bandwidth
consuming applications such as gaming, music down loading and video streaming
places new demands on capacity. The answer to the capacity demand is the provision of
new spectrum and the development of the new technology, the WCDMA.

WCDMA was developed in order to create a global standard for real time multimedia
services that ensured international roaming. With the support of ITU (International
Telecommunication Union) a specific spectrum was allocated – 2GHz for 3G telecom
systems. The work was later taken over by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership
Project), which is now the WCDMA specification body with delegates from all over the
world. Ericsson has for a long time played a very active role in both ITU and 3GPP and
is a major contributor to WCDMA and the fulfillment of the vision of a global mobile
telecommunication system.

3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)

The main standardization effort for 3rd generation systems is handled in the 3rd
generation partnership project (3GPP). 3GPP is collaboration between regional
standardization bodies as follows:

ƒ European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

ƒ Wireless/Mobile Services and Systems technical subcommittee of the USA’s
Committee T1 (T1P1)
ƒ Telecommunication Technology Committee, Japan (TTC)
ƒ Association of Radio Industries and Businesses, Japan (ARIB)
ƒ Telecommunications Technology Association, Korea (TTA)
ƒ China Wireless Telecommunication Standard group (CWTS)
In 2000, the standardization of GSM was moved from the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to the Third-generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) to ensure the integrity of the GSM/WCDMA platform, thereby eliminating
risks for incompatibility and inefficiency that might have occurred had the standardization
been carried out by separate groups. 3GPP is organized in Technical Specifications
Group (TSG) as shown in the figure below:
A fifth technical specifications group (TSG) called the GSM/EDGE Radio Access
Network (GERAN) has been added to 3GPP to accommodate this work (Figure above).
The main objective of the GERAN TSG is to align GSM/EDGE and WCDMA services,
mainly as relates to providing conversational and streaming service classes. Best-effort
and interactive service classes will also be supported.

These efforts will result in a GERAN system architecture that employs a common core
network for WCDMA RAN and GERAN.

WCDMA Evolution Path

WCDMA is a development from GSM and CDMA. The network structure is based on
GSM and the air interface on CDMA.

The GSM network shown in the figure below consists of the Core network and the Radio
Access Network. The end users are offered voice and low data transmission services.
The network provides the Control logic to setup, maintain and release connections and
the Connectivity capabilities that is the establishment of through connections between
the end user and the requested service. The nodes are interconnected using mainly
TDM techniques.

The traditional GSM network has been monolithic. The Monolithic Network Architecture
provides Network Control and Connectivity in a monolithic implementation, that is,
without any layering. This implies that Network Control and Connectivity are tightly
coupled and located in one physical node.
WCDMA Evolution Path
The WCDMA consists of the Core Network, the Radio Access Network and the Service
Network. The backbone is ATM based but IP is also possible.

The WCDMA network is a layered network consisting of three layers:

ƒ Connectivity layer consisting of MGWs (The Ericsson M-MGW is named

MGW throughout the WBL) and nodes to realize the mobile packet
backbone network
ƒ Control Layer containing the logic to setup, maintain and terminate call or
service connections
ƒ Service Layer containing all services the end user might have access to.
Evolving from the monolithic GSM the WCDMA network architecture follows the concept
of layered network, according to 3GPP standards. The separation into different network
layers is visible on logical level, where new logical nodes and new interfaces are
introduced, as well as on physical implementation where the logical node are being
implemented on different physical nodes/platforms, for example, MSC Server and MGW.

WCDMA Evolution Path

GSM is used for second- and third-generation services since it evolves with EDGE
technology, and the existing core network evolves into a layered architecture that
supports GSM and WCDMA.
WCDMA Evolution Path
The GSM Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and the WCDMA Radio Access Network (RAN)
are both connected to the GSM core network for providing a radio connection to the UE.
Hence, the technologies can share the same core network.

Furthermore, both GSM BSS and WCDMA RAN systems are based on the principles of
a cellular radio system. The GSM Base Station Controller (BSC) corresponds to the
WCDMA Radio Network Controller (RNC). The GSM Radio Base Station (RBS)
corresponds to the WCDMA RBS, and the A-interface of GSM was the basis of the
development of the Iu-interface of WCDMA, which mainly differs in the inclusion of the
new services offered by WCDMA.
The significant differences, apart from the lack of interface between the GSM BSCs and
an insufficiently specified GSM Abis-interface to provide multi-vendor operability, are
more of a systemic matter. The GSM system uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
technology with a lot of radio functionality based on managing the timeslots. The
WCDMA system on the other hand uses CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) which
means that both the hardware and the control functions are different. Examples of
WCDMA-specific functions are fast power control and soft handover.

WCDMA Concepts and Functions

Code Division Multiple Access and WCDMA
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a multiple access technology where the users
are separated by unique codes, which means that all users can use the same frequency
and transmit at the same time.
With the fast development in signal processing, it has become feasible to use the
technology for wireless communication, also referred to as WCDMA and CDMA2000.

WCDMA Concepts and Functions

In cdmaOne (Code Division Multiple Access as specified in IS-95) and CDMA2000
(Code Division Multiple Access as specified in IS 2000), a 1.25 MHz wide radio signal is
multiplied by a spreading signal (which is a pseudo-noise code sequence) with a higher
rate than the data rate of the message. Each information bit is thus represented by a
sequence of “chips”. This gives a considerable bandwidth expansion, as the chip rate is
much higher than the information rate.
The resultant signal appears as seemingly random, but if the intended recipient has the
right code, this process is reversed and the original signal is extracted. Use of unique
codes means that the same frequency is repeated in all cells, which is commonly
referred to as a frequency re-use of 1.

WCDMA is a step further in the CDMA technology. It uses a 5 MHz wide radio signal
and a chip rate of 3.84 Mcps, which is about three times higher than the chip rate of
CDMA2000 (1.22 Mcps).

WCDMA Concepts and Functions

Each user has assigned a unique code used for coding his information elements. The
codes of different users are orthogonal i.e. they do not damage each other so many user
can be combined in the same carrier. For a mixed service connection, each user
(service) is optimized to its own specific requirements (BER, maximum delay, throughput
etc.). After orthogonal coding the different users are multiplexed together onto one
physical channel (carrier).The carrier is the coded with the pseudo-noise code sequence
that is used to separate carriers.
WCDMA Concepts and Functions
The main benefits of a wideband carrier with a higher chip rate are:

ƒ Support for higher bit rates suitable for IP users

ƒ Higher spectrum efficiency thanks to improved trunking efficiency. The
reusability pattern is 1:1, i.e. all carriers are can be used in all cells
ƒ Higher QoS for the offered service classes

WCDMA Concepts and Functions

Experience from second-generation systems like GSM and cdmaOne has enabled
improvements to be incorporated in WCDMA. Focus has also been put on ensuring that
as much as possible of WCDMA operators’ investments in GSM equipment can be
reused.

Examples are the re-use and evolution of the Core Network, the focus on co-siting and
the support of GSM handover. In order to use GSM handover the subscribers need dual
mode handsets.

WCDMA Basic Architecture Concepts

In this section some fundamental views of the WCDMA Core, Radio Access and Service
Networks will be presented. This includes the WCDMA RAN architecture itself, the radio
interface protocol architecture, the Radio Access Bearer concept and the role of the
transport network in a WCDMA RAN.

WCDMA Service Network Architecture

The Ericsson Service Network is a new service creation and delivery solution, designed
to help operators and service providers to bring their Mobile Internet services into a
mass market. Based on the layered network architecture principles the service network
provides open protocols and Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that has been
standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
The figure here presents the Service Network position in the layered architecture.

WCDMA Basic Architecture Concepts

The Service Network is a network server-based solution that enables seamless service
delivery between the many different services and applications, access methods,
underlying technologies and user devices based on IP-technology. The solution is ready
for WCDMA and GSM General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). The GSM/ GPRS and
WCDMA networks offer 'always on' connectivity to the Mobile Internet, and has a defined
evolution path for 3G mobile communications.
From the Service Network point of view the core and access network are seen as a
bearer to access the end users.

For application developers and service providers the Service Network offers open APIs,
which allows developers to make and test applications and get them out into the market
quickly. The Service Network gives service providers an environment where they can
easily market their services to subscribers.

WCDMA Basic Architecture Concepts

WCDMA Core Network Architecture
The move to a third-generation environment in the Core Network results in a horizontally
layered network that separates payload (voice and data), transport, session control, and
applications or services into three distinct layers (networks) with open interfaces. This
makes it possible to develop and expand the layers independently of one another. It also
allows for the unification of transport technologies, such as IP, which brings
telecommunications and data networks together. The common Core Network is actually
an evolved GSM Core Network. The main purpose of the WCDMA Core Network is to
handle the call requests offering control logic to establish connection between the Radio
Access, the service network or the external networks based on the requested QoS
(Quality of Service). The Core Network consists of the following domains:

ƒ CS Domain (Telephony). It contains the nodes involved in voice call cases

and combined to provide complete mobile switching in GSM and WCDMA
networks
 ƒ PS Domain (Packet). The nodes in the packet domain are handling the
packet data calls. They provide functionality for entry level to large-scale
packet data networks for both GSM and WCDMA.
ƒ Transport Domain. It provides transport services to voice and packet data
calls.
ƒ Support Domain. The main function in Support Domain is the Lawful
Interception providing user information to the legal authorities.
ƒ Multimedia Domain. It contains the Video Gateway, ViG and the IP
Multimedia, IPMM solutions.

WCDMA Basic Architecture Concepts

Radio Access Network (RAN) Architecture
The main purpose of the WCDMA Radio Access Network is to provide a connection
between the UE and the Core Network and to isolate all the radio issues from the Core
Network. The WCDMA Radio Access Network consists of two types of nodes:

ƒ The Radio Base Station handles the radio transmission and reception
to/from the UE over the radio interface (Uu). It is controlled from the Radio
Network Controller via the Iub interface. One Radio Base Station can handle
one or more cells.
ƒ The Radio Network Controller is the node that controls all WCDMA Radio
Access Network functions. It connects the WCDMA Radio Access Network
to the Core Network via the Iu interface.

WCDMA Basic Architecture Concepts

Radio Access Bearer (RAB)
The main service offered by WCDMA RAN is the Radio Access Bearer (RAB). A Radio
Access Bearer (RAB) is the connection segment between the UE and the Core Network.
Its characteristics are different depending on what kind of service/information to be
transported.

The RAB carries the subscriber data between the UE and the Core Network. It is
composed of one or more Radio Access Bearers between the UE and the Serving RNC,
and one Iu bearer between the Serving RNC and the Core Network.

3GPP has defined four different quality classes of:

ƒ Conversational (used for e.g. voice telephony)

ƒ Streaming (used for e.g. watching a video clip)
ƒ Interactive (used for e.g. web surfing) – moderate delay
ƒ Background (used for e.g. file transfer) – no delay requirement
Both the Conversational and Streaming RABs require a certain reservation of resources
in the network, and are primarily meant for real-time services. They differ mainly in that
the Streaming RAB tolerates a higher delay, appropriate for one-way real-time services.

The Interactive and Background RABs are so called ‘best effort’, i.e. no resources are
reserved and the throughput depends on the load in the cell. The only difference is that
the Interactive RAB provides a priority mechanism.

The RAB is characterized by certain Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, such as bit
rate and delay. The Core Network will select a RAB with appropriate QoS based on the
service request from the subscriber, and ask the RNC to provide such a RAB.
WCDMA Basic Architecture Concepts
Transport in WCDMA Radio Access Network
The WCDMA Radio Access Network nodes communicate with each other over a
transport network. The 3GPP specification provides a very clear split between radio
related (WCDMA) functionality and the transport technology, meaning that there is no
particular bias to any technology. The transport network is initially based on ATM, but IP
will soon be included as an option.

The platform used in all WCDMA RAN nodes is the Connectivity Packet Platform, CPP,
that is a flexible solution able to provide ATM and IP interfaces.

Radio Interface Overview

The protocol stack of the radio interface between WCDMA Radio Access Network and
the UE consists of a number of protocol layers, each giving a specific service to the next
layer above. The main purpose with each layer is as follows:

ƒ Layer 3: Signaling to control the connection to the UE.

ƒ Layer 2: If there is time for it, to retransmit packets, which have been
received in error.
ƒ Layer 1: To transmit and receive data over the radio, including basic
protection against bit errors.
Radio Interface Overview
L1
The Physical Layer (Layer 1) offers Transport Channels to the MAC layer. There are
different types of transport channels with different characteristics of the transmission.
Common transport channels can be shared by multiple handsets. Dedicated transport
channels (DCH) are assigned to only one UE at a time.

The transmission functions of the physical layer include channel coding and interleaving,
multiplexing of transport channels, mapping to physical channels, spreading, modulation
and power amplification, with corresponding functions for reception.

A frequency and a code characterize a physical channel.

WCDMA RAN nodes control and utilize the air interface by using the standardized
spectrum bands for full duplex connections. The spectrum available for WCDMA/UMTS
is not the same in all regions, as shown here.
The European Radio communications Committee (ERC) Decided 30 June 1997, among
others, to designate the frequency bands 1900 - 1980 MHz, 2010 - 2025 MHz and 2110
- 2170 MHz to terrestrial UMTS applications. Japan and Asia Pasific. The spectrum
allocation in the Asian Pacific states will be similar to those in Europe. Therefore, similar
operator scenarios will appear, as in Europe.

USA and North America. The situation is different in North America. The introduction of
PCS services and the auctioning led to a split into licenses of 2 x 15 MHz and 2 x 5 MHz
up to 1990 MHz.

The specifications related to the spectrum and duplex techniques include two modes:
the FDD mode (Frequency Division Duplex) and the TDD mode (Time Division Duplex).
The FDD mode is the mainstream mode that operators are now deploying in WCDMA.
The TDD mode may eventually be deployed as well, as a complement to the FDD mode.

Radio Interface Overview

FDD and TDD modes are characterized as follows:

ƒ FDD: Uplink and downlink transmission takes place in different frequency

bands, which are separated from each other by a duplex distance. The
duplex distance must sufficiently separate uplink and downlink.
ƒ TDD: A duplex method where uplink and downlink transmissions are carried
over the same radio frequency, by using synchronized time intervals. In the
TDD mode, time slots in a physical channel are divided into a transmission
and a reception part.
Radio Interface Overview
L2
Layer 2 handles two protocols; The Medium Access Control (MAC) and the Radio Link
Control (RLC) protocols.

The Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol (Layer 2) offers logical channels to the
layers above. The logical channels are distinguished by the different type of information
they carry, and thus include the Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH), Common Control
Channel (CCCH), Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH), Common Traffic Channel (CTCH),
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) and the Paging Control Channel (PCCH). The MAC
layer performs scheduling and mapping of logical channel data onto the transport
channels provided by the physical layer. Also, for common transport channels, the MAC
layer adds addressing information to distinguish data flows intended for different
handsets. One major difference to GSM is the possibility to dynamically switch one
logical channel (data flow) onto different transport channel types, e.g. based on the
activity of the subscriber. This is called channel type switching.

The Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol (Layer 2) operates in one of three modes:
transparent, unacknowledged or acknowledged mode. It performs segmentation/re-
assembly functions and, in acknowledged mode, provides an assured mode delivery
service by use of retransmission. RLC provides a service both for the RRC signaling (the
Signaling Radio Bearer) and for the user data transfer (the Radio Access Bearer)
Radio Interface Overview
L3
The Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol (Layer 3) provides control of the UE from
the RNC. It includes functions to control radio bearers, physical channels, mapping of
the different channel types, handover, measurement and other mobility procedures.
Because of the flexibility of the WCDMA radio interface, this is a fairly complex protocol.
Radio Interface Overview
Radio Network Functionality
For optimal operation of a complete wireless system i.e. from UE to Radio Access
Network (RAN) several functions are needed to control the radio network and the many
handsets using it. All functions described in this section, except for Handover to GSM,
are essential and therefore necessary for a WCDMA system.

Power control
The power control regulates the transmit power of the terminal and base station, which
results in less interference and allows more users on the same carrier. Transmit power
regulation thus provides more capacity in the network.

With a frequency re-use of 1, it is very important to have efficient power control in order
to keep the interference at a minimum. For each subscriber service the aim is that the
base station shall receive the same power level from all handsets in the cell regardless
of distance from the base station. If the power level from one UE is higher than needed,
the quality will be excessive, taking a disproportionate share of the resources and
generating unnecessary interference with the other subscribers in the network. On the
other hand, if power levels are too low this will result in poor quality.
In order to keep the received power at a suitable level, WCDMA has a fast power control
that updates power levels 1500 times every second. By doing that the rapid change in
the radio channel is handled. To ensure good performance, power control is
implemented in both the up-link and the down-link, which means that both the output
powers of the UE and the base station are frequently updated.

Radio Interface Overview

Power control also gives rise to a phenomenon called “cell breathing”. This is the trade-
off between coverage and capacity, which means that the size of the cell varies
depending on the traffic load. When the number of subscribers in the cell is low (low
load), good quality can be achieved even at a long distance from the base station. On
the other hand, when the number of users in the cell is high, the large number of
subscribers generates a high interference level and subscribers have to get closer to the
base station to achieve good quality.
Radio Interface Overview
Soft and softer handover
With soft handover functionality the UE can communicate simultaneously with two or
more cells in two or more base stations. This flexibility in keeping the connection open to
more than one base station results in fewer lost calls, which is very important to the
operator.

To achieve good system performance with a frequency re-use of 1 and power control,
soft and softer handover is required. Soft and softer handover enables the UE to
maintain the continuity and quality of the connection while moving from one cell to
another. During soft or softer handover, the UE will momentarily adjust its power to the
base station that requires the smallest amount of transmit power and the preferred cell
may change very rapidly.
The difference between soft and softer handover is that during soft handover, the UE is
connected to multiple cells at different base stations, while during softer handover, the
UE is connected to multiple cells at the same base station. A drawback with soft
handover is that it requires additional hardware resources on the network side, as the
UE has multiple connections. In a well-designed radio network, 30–40 % of the users will
be in soft or softer handover.

Introduction
Radio Interface Overview
WCDMA to GSM Handover (inter-system handover)
When WCDMA was standardized a key aspect was to ensure that existing investments
could be re-used as much as possible. One example is handover between the new
(WCDMA) network and the existing (GSM) network, which can be triggered by coverage,
capacity or service requirements.

Handover from WCDMA to GSM, for coverage reasons, is initially expected to be very
important since operators are expected to deploy WCDMA gradually within their existing
GSM network. When a subscriber moves out of the WCDMA coverage area, a handover
to GSM has to be conducted in order to keep the connection. Handover between GSM
and WCDMA can also have a positive effect on capacity through the possibility of load
sharing. If for example the numbers of subscribers in the GSM network is close to the
capacity limit in one area, handover of some subscribers to the WCDMA network can be
performed.
Inter-frequency handover (intra-system handover)
The need for inter-frequency handover occurs in high capacity areas where multiple 5
MHz WCDMA carriers are deployed. Inter-frequency handover, which is handover
between WCDMA carriers on different frequencies, has many similarities with GSM
handover.

Channel type switching

In WCDMA there are different types of channels that can be used to carry data in order
to maximize the total traffic throughput. The two most basic ones are common channels
and dedicated channels. Channel type switching functionality is used to move
subscribers between the common and the dedicated channel, depending on how much
information the subscriber needs to transmit.

The dedicated channel is used when there is much information to transmit, such as a
voice conversation or downloading a web page. It utilizes the radio resources efficiently
as it supports both power control and soft handover.

The common channel, on the other hand, is less spectrum efficient. One benefit is that
the common channel reduces delays as many subscribers can share the same resource.
Hence it is the preferred channel for the transfer of very limited information.
Admission control
As there is a very clear trade-off between coverage and capacity in WCDMA systems,
the admission control functionality is used to avoid system overload and to provide the
planned coverage. When a new subscriber seeks access to the network, admission
control estimates the network load and based on the new expected load, the subscriber
is either admitted or blocked out. By this the operator can maximize the network usage
within a set of network quality levels, i.e. levels depending on what kind of
service/information the subscriber wants to use.
Congestion control
Even though an efficient admission control is used, overload may still occur, which is
mainly caused by subscribers moving from one area to another area. If overload occurs,
four different actions can be taken. First, congestion control is activated and reduces the
bit rate of non real-time applications, to resolve the overload. Second, if the reduced bit
rate activity is not sufficient, the congestion control triggers the inter- or intra-frequency
handover, which moves some sub-white paper scribers to less loaded frequencies. Third,
handover of some subscribers to GSM and forth action is to discontinue connections,
and thus protect the quality of the remaining connections.
Introduction
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson the student will be able to:

ƒ Describe the following WCDMA Subnetworks (Domains)

• Circuit Switched domain
• Packet Switched domain
ƒ User Databases and other common nodes
ƒ Describe the WCDMA RAN functionality and nodes
ƒ Explain the Transport solution for the Core and RAN Networks
ƒ Describe the WCDMA network management function and tools
ƒ Describe the security issues in WCDMA
WCDMA Sub-Networks
The network reference model for WCDMA is shown above. Several Domains (sub-
networks) and interfaces are defined utilizing the offered functions. The interfaces are
shown in the sub-networks, which are discussed further on.

CORE NETWORK CIRCUIT-SWITCHED DOMAIN

Introduction
Core Network Circuit-Switched domain (CNCS) comprises the core nodes and
functionality related to circuit-switched speech and data calls within WCDMA mobile
networks. Both monolithic and layered architecture are supported in current releases of
WCDMA. The Core Network Circuit-Switched domain consists of following nodes:

ƒ Media Gateway (MGW)

ƒ Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
ƒ Transit Switching Center (TSC)
ƒ Signaling Transfer Point (STP)
ƒ Operation Support System (OSS-RC)
MGW
Media Gateway is responsible for connectivity when layered architecture is used.

The MGW handles payload processing, traffic and signaling interworking between
networks.

The user traffic function generates a trough connection path by bridging the termination
points of the interconnected nodes.

The signaling interworking is handled by the Signaling Gateway Function that is

integrated in the MGW.
The MGW contains codecs and echo cancellers in order to process the payload and
make the originating and terminating sides compatible. It contains also announcement
devices, tone generating devices and call conference devices used to send
announcements to the end users, tones to interconnected nodes and interconnect the
users in a call conferences when needed. The figure here shows the media processing
and the through connection.

The WCDMA adapted User Equipment (UE) are using AMR coding in speech
connections.

Ericsson’s MGW is an application based on a platform called Connectivity Packet

Platform, CPP. The CPP platform uses a multi-processor control system built on
commercial processors and real time operating system with telecom and robustness
additions. The internal transport system uses subracks and is suitable for ATM, STM
and IP networks solutions. All these CPP features are inherited to the MGW application.
MSC
MSC is responsible for:

ƒ setting up
ƒ routing
ƒ controlling
ƒ terminating
It also manages the collection of information for charging and accounting and handles
the requests for Supplementary Services.

The MSC (Server or combined) contains the logic to perform inter and intra-MSC
handovers.
MSC is available in various configurations adapted to the operators needs.

The MSC/VLR is a configuration of MSC that handles call control and user plane for
circuit-based services. It includes the following logical nodes:

ƒ MSC/MGW. This is combined node including a MSC Server function and a

MGW function
ƒ MSC Server
ƒ Other options that may be included are HLR (including AUC and FNR as
options)
ƒ GMSC that is an MSC capable to interwork with external networks.
ƒ Transit Switching Centre, TSC
ƒ Signaling Transfer Point, STP

OSS-RC
OSS-RC is Ericsson’s sub-network manager, supporting centralized operation and
maintenance of the radio access as well as the core networks of both GSM and WCDMA
systems. OSS-RC is a solid step toward a completely integrated OSS-RC solution to
support the Core Network and Radio Access Network for both the GSM & WCDMA
Standards.
CS Domain Architecture
Core Network Circuit Switched domain, CNCS, as a part of WCDMA/GSM system, is
schematically shown in the following figure:
The Monolithic Network Architecture provides Network Control and Connectivity in a
monolithic implementation, that is, without any layering. This implies that Network
Control and Connectivity are tightly coupled and located in one physical node. Both
WCDMA access, based on ATM transmission technology, as well as traditional GSM
access, based on TDM transmission, are implemented. The figure above shows logical
relations between nodes within CNCS and towards other part of the CN.

The split CNCS domain architecture follows the concept of layered network architecture,
according to 3GPP standards, where the core network is divided into the two following
different network layers:

ƒ Network Control Layer

ƒ Connectivity Layer
This separation is visible on logical level, where new logical nodes and new interfaces
are introduced, as well as on physical implementation where the logical node are being
implemented on different physical nodes/platforms, for example, MSC Server and MGW.
WCDMA mobile access and CN are mainly using ATM transmission technology but IP is
also possible.

CORE NETWORK PACKET-SWITCHED DOMAIN

Introduction
Core Network Packet-Switched (CNPS) comprises the core nodes and functionality
related to packet-switched data calls within WCDMA mobile networks.

The following nodes are in the scope of CNPS:

ƒ Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

ƒ Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
 ƒ Operation Support System (OSS-RC)

The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and the Gateway GPRS Support Node
(GGSN) are the main network elements in the GPRS part of the core network. Operation
and maintenance of a node is typically performed from a management client with the
node as a server, for example, from the node management terminal.

SGSN
The SGSN is a primary control node in the WCDMA Core Network providing mobility
and session control for the UE. The mobility function makes it possible for the UE to
move in the GPRS serving area by activating routing area updates and handovers
whenever required. The SGSN establishes a logical link towards the UE and a session
towards the Internet. It also enables the UEs to access all network services.
The SGSN contains the control logic to establish links and forward incoming and
outgoing IP packets addressed to/from an UE that is attached within the SGSN service
area. The WCDMA traffic is routed to SGSN and UE via RNC.

The SGSN serves all WCDMA subscribers that are physically located within the
geographical area, SGSN service area. An SGSN performs functions in packet calls,
similar to those an MSC performs for speech.

GGSN
The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is the gateway between mobile radio core
network and other packet data networks, such as the Internet, corporate intranets, and
private data networks.

In this role, the GGSN is responsible for session management within the mobile network,
as well as for encapsulation and de-encapsulation of bearer traffic sent to and from
Serving GPRS Support Nodes (SGSNs).
From the external IP network’s point of view, the GGSN acts as a router for the IP
addresses of all subscribers served by the GSM/WCDMA network. Routing to the
correct SGSN and protocol conversion is also provided by the GGSN.

The GGSN in the current release of the GSM/WCDMA networks are using on J20
platform. This is a new one that has redundant routing engines, redundant switch system
boards, redundant power supplies, and redundant cooling fans, which significantly offer
increased reliability. Moreover, the J20 GGSN offers complete fault tolerance and as
well, an exceptional software stability ensured by separated routing engine and
forwarding engines.

CNPS Domain Architecture

The packet switched domain complies to 3GPP standards but is not split. The SGSN
controls the logical connections with the UE and the sessions towards the IP network.

USER DATABASES, AUTHENTICATION AND

PROVISIONING
Home Location Register, HLR
The Home Location Register (HLR) is a real time mobile telecommunication node for
Ericsson’s WCDMA system fulfilling the 3GPP specifications. The HLR node is designed
with maximum consideration to economy for very high subscriber densities in large
urban areas.
When the subscription is sold the operator enters the mobile identity, subscribed
services and several other parameter in the network. The HLR holds all this data
together with the current location and takes a fundamental part in the set up of calls in
the network, as well as controls the roaming of the subscribers. The HLR application
based on a modular concept provides flexibility in various network topologies.

Authentication Center, AUC

The Authentication Center (AUC), originally a GSM-specific application, produces
information to verify the identity of mobile subscribers upon request from the Home
Location Register (HLR). The AUC has now been adapted for WCDMA Systems
standards as well. The main purpose of the security features included in the WCDMA
Systems version of the AUC is to provide enhanced authentication processes in the 3rd
Generation of mobile networks, thus preventing the weak points presented by the 2nd
Generation (2G) networks. The WCDMA Systems AUC offers the same or better
security than the fixed network
The basic functional responsibility of the AUC is to provide authentication and ciphering
data. Authentication is performed to ensure that the mobile subscriber accessing the
network is the one he/she claims to be. Ciphering is needed to ensure the privacy of the
subscriber information, that is, speech, data, and user-related signaling elements (for
example, International Mobile Equipment Identity, or IMEI; International Mobile
Subscriber Identity, or IMSI; and Mobile Station ISDN, or MSISDN). Ciphering is
performed on the radio path between the mobile and the radio network to ensure privacy
and confidentiality of the communication over the radio path.

FLEXIBLE NUMBERING REGISTER, FNR

The Flexible Numbering Register (FNR) is a real time mobile telecommunication node
for Ericsson’s GSM and WCDMA system fulfilling the 3GPP specifications.
The FNR node supports two main independent functions: Flexible Allocation of MSISDN
and Mobile Number Portability functions. Both functions can be simultaneously active in
the node.

The Flexible Allocation of MSISDN function administers MSISDN and International

Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) relationship providing mobile operators with the ability
to allocate a subscriber identity in a flexible way without considering the existing
attachment between the MSISDN and IMSI series. Without the function the operator
should tie a dedicated MSISDN number series to each HLR and make the routing table
in the GMSC accordingly. The function allows the operator to allocate any MSISDN to
any HLR, just inform the FNR about it. The GMSC doesn’t need any MSIDN routing
table pre-implemented.

The Mobile Number Portability function enables a mobile subscriber to retain their
subscriber directory number (MSISDN) when changing network operators. The
subscriber shown in the here changed the subscription from Operator A to B keeping the
same MSISDN.

EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER (EIR)

The EIR database validates mobile equipment. The MSC/VLR can request the EIR to
check if an MS has been stolen (black listed), not type-approved (gray listed), normal
registered (white listed), or unknown.
WCDMA RAN
Introduction
WCDMA RAN (Radio Access Network) corresponds to Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) in
3GPP specifications.

WCDMA RAN Architecture

WCDMA RAN is the Radio Access Network for WCDMA Systems that connects the
Core Network (CN) and the User Equipment (UE). The WCDMA RAN also comprises
interfaces towards different external management systems.

The following RAN functionality is covered:

ƒ Radio Network Controller (RNC)

ƒ Radio Base Station (RBS)
ƒ Radio Access Network Operation Support (RANOS)
ƒ O&M Infrastructure (OMINF)
See the figure below for a depiction of the WCDMA RAN architecture:
RNC
The Ericsson RNC 3810 is used as the Radio Network Controller for the WCDMA RAN
system. RNC 3810 is a high capacity RNC with a scalable, modular architecture to
support the variety of capacity requirements required in different networks and
deployment phases. The RNC is in charge of controlling the use and integrity of the
radio resources. The unit can handle different types of RBSs and a time-varying traffic
mix between packet and circuit services, such as, voice and IP traffic. Depending on the
UE state the RNC roles are:

ƒ SRNC. Serving RNC is the node controlling the resources used by UE

ƒ DRNC. Drift RNC is the node controlling the second RBS in the Soft
Handover case
ƒ Controlling RNC, CRNC. Each RNC acts as Controlling RNC for the directly
connected Node B’s and their cells
RBS
The RBS (Radio Base Station) 3101,RBS 3202, and RBS 3104 belong to the RBS 3000
family and are used as radio base stations for the WCDMA RAN system. These units
provide both indoor (3202) and outdoor (3101, 3104) installations. The RBS provides
radio resources and maintains the radio links to the UE within cells. The RBS also
handles radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to and from the UE.

With the RBS 3000 family, Ericsson provides products for single sector and multiple
sector configurations. The architecture of the RBS 3000 supports a number of
configurations and establishes a basis for future development of RBSs supporting macro,
micro and Pico cell structures.

The RBS 3000 models facilitates a cost efficient solution for different network
configurations based on different capacity, coverage, power supply source, space and
environmental requirements.
RXI 820/810
Ericsson’s RXI 820/810 Real-time Router has been developed in response to specific
requirements associated with a new generation of IP and ATM-based wireless networks.
The real-time IP routing and ATM aggregation features of the RXI 820/810 makes it ideal
for deployment in wireless access networks, allowing for a smooth migration from ATM
to IP. The RXI 820/810 can be used as:

ƒ A real-time IPv4/IPv6 router

ƒ An ATM/AAL2 aggregator
ƒ As a combined ATM/AAL2 aggregator and real-time IPv4/IPv6 router
These three options can be combined with the feature of carrying TDM connections over
ATM or IP networks through circuit emulation. This allows operators to carry legacy
WCDMA traffic over the same ATM or IP network, which gives operational savings
through the use of shared network resources.

Radio Access Network Operation Support (RANOS)

Radio Access Network Operation Support (RANOS) is a suite of software that handles
O&M tasks for the WCDMA RAN. Therefore, RANOS provides the operation support
system for Ericsson WCDMA RAN nodes. It provides the interfaces for transferring
information from NEs to the Network Management Layer. RANOS provides a solid view
of WCDMA RAN information, such as alarms, configurations, and basic performance. In
addition, RANOS facilitates the integration of existing management systems with UMTS
using a variety of standard interfaces and protocols.

RANOS is designed to support the day-to-day network operation and maintenance

procedures. Coordinated management capabilities are provided including full status and
properties views of the RNCs and the RBSs. The RANOS functionality includes alarm
status and configuration data viewing, product searches on all the nodes, and
performance monitoring of the WCDMA RAN. RANOS applications run on the RANOS
Server. The corresponding GUI applications run as applets in a web browser on a thin
client located anywhere on the O&M Intranet. RANOS can send data such as fault
notifications or configuration data to the Network Management System.

O&M Infrastructure (OMINF)

The O&M Infrastructure (OMINF) makes up the components used to implement the
O&M Intranet. This O&M Intranet is used to connect all NEs for O&M control signaling.
OMINF is intended for O&M data traffic only (not for user data). The IP-based network
for O&M signaling is called O&M Intranet and interconnects all NEs in the WCDMA O&M
system.

The O&M Intranet enables the RNCs and RBSs to be controlled remotely using RANOS
and the RNC and RBS Element Managers. This means that all O&M activities, such as
Element Management of one or all the nodes in the WCDMA RAN, can be performed
anywhere on the O&M Intranet.

LAWFUL INTERCEPT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LI-IMS)

Introduction
The Lawful Intercept Management System (LI-IMS) is a mediation node that forwards
Intercept Related Information (IRI) and Content of Communication to one or more Law
Enforcement Agencies (LRA). Administrative interaction between the LRA and a Core
Network node is also exchanged via LI-IMS.

Lawful interception is the activity that allows law enforcement agencies to access end-
users in a packet switched service environment. This feature enables the operator to
fulfill national or state security organization requirements to monitor packet switched
traffic for specific end-users and/or terminals.

For lawful intercept the WCDMA System supports all relevant 3GPP and ETSI
specifications.

LI-IMS Architecture
The Operator’s network is used for connecting each Network Element (NE) to the
common LI-IMS. In the standard two new functions are introduced:

ƒ The Administration Function, ADMF, for activation/deactivation of the

interception as well as controls all the other attending network elements.
Because of its central role in lawful interception, the security requirements
for ADMF are very strict. ADMF contains an (user) interface for both
Authorisation Authorities (AAs) and Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs).
ƒ The Delivery Function, DF, for delivering the intercept data to the LEAs. It
receives the intercept data from GSM/WCDMA network elements, and
arranges it according to LEA identity, target identity and direction of data
transfer. DF delivers the intercept data to the correct LEA(s).
LAWFUL INTERCEPT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LI-IMS)

Basic Lawful Interception Functionality supported in current release:

 ƒ System Administration.
It is possible to administrate Network Elements (Intercept Access Points,
IAP’s), Law Enforcements Agencies, LEA, and Law Enforcement
Management Facilities, LEMF.
ƒ Handling of Court Orders by the System Operator. Court order can be
registered, activated, removed etc. via a GUI or an API
ƒ Interception in the Intercept Access Points, IAP’s. The actual interception of
IRI and Content of Communication (CC) is performed in the Intercept
Access Points.
ƒ Intercept Related Information, IRI, mediation to the LEMF. The IRIs are
mapped on the relevant standard message, formatted and distributed to the
Law Enforcement Monitoring Facilities (LEMFs).
ƒ Sending the Content of Communication, CC, to the LEMF. The contents of
communication are distributed directly from the IAP’s or from the LI-IMS,
depending on node type.
ƒ Security and service functions. The administration and IRI and CC
distribution is handled via secure channels.

TRANSPORT SOLUTIONS IN WCDMA

Transport in WCDMA System network consists of:

ƒ Transport Solutions - Packet Backbone

ƒ Transport Solutions - Radio Access
Transport Solutions - Packet Backbone
The Mobile Packet Backbone Network (Mobile-PBN) is a modular, scalable, and secure
transport solution for the circuit-switched and packet-switched functions of the mobile
Core Network.

Mobile-PBN provides a comprehensive feature set for GSM and WCDMA networks,
including its key role in facilitating the transition towards a completely packet-based IP
transport for mobile networks.

Mobile-PBN interconnects all the Core Network nodes (such as MSCs, GSNs, HLRs,
and so on) and provides connections to the required external networks and elements
(including RNCs, O&M networks, GSM/GPRS networks, ISPs, GRXs, PSTNs, ISDNs,
Service Networks, and Corporate Access Networks).

The modular Mobile-PBN is both flexible and scalable. It consists of different module
types combined to provide various additional network functions and services. This highly
flexible design is standards-based, with all modules being pre-validated to function
independently.

Mobile-PBN is a scalable solution and caters for mobile operator networks of all sizes,
from small networks comprising only one site to very large networks containing hundreds
of sites.
While transport is one important solution element, Mobile-PBN comprises modular
solution components and provides additional functionality of great importance to a
mobile Core Network. The following functions are included in the Mobile-PBN solution:

ƒ A backbone solution for GSM and WCDMA networks (both for user and
control traffic), based on IP and (optionally) ATM
ƒ Secure Corporate Access
ƒ Secure Roaming Gateway services
ƒ Connectivity solutions for ISP and GRX networks
ƒ A security solution for the whole mobile Core Network protecting user data,
billing information, and network elements
ƒ Additional server nodes needed in the network, such as DNS and RADIUS
for address look-up and AAA
ƒ An O&M transport solution (including FM, PM, CM, charging, and LI traffic)
ƒ O&M applications for Mobile-PBN products (Mobile-PBN Management Suite
The Mobile-PBN solution segments the WCDMA mobile Core Network requirement by
site type and function, and comprises modules that can be combined to fulfill the specific
operator's service requirements.

The full Mobile-PBN reference solution comprises Primary, Secondary, and

Concentrator Sites. These sites are redundantly interconnected providing maximum
network resilience.
Primary Sites host the main functional elements of GSM/WCDMA networks, including
service nodes, servers, and external network connectivity. Examples of elements and
functions within the Primary Site include SGSNs, GGSNs, MGWs, MSC servers, HLRs,
and optional O&M and LI functionality. They also offer ISP, GRX, and corporate
connectivity. Primary Sites, like Secondary and Concentrator Sites, contain a transport
module providing inter-site routing and switching capabilities.

Secondary Sites serve as distribution sites and are dual-homed to Primary Sites
providing connectivity to other PLMNs, the Internet, and corporate customers.
Secondary Sites aggregate traffic from Concentrator Sites to the Primary Sites.
Concentrator Sites aggregate and transport GSM and WCDMA subscriber traffic to
Primary and Secondary Sites.

Concentrator Sites also provide connections to local corporate networks.

The Mobile-PBN IP transport design is built using high-performance core IP routers and
Ethernet switches. ATM traffic is transported over the backbone using layer 2 transport
technologies, which allow ATM or Frame Relay connectivity over MPLS backbones. This
functionality is provided by Ericsson's AXI 520 IP Router family.

A pair of AXI 520 routers is located at each site, creating the core functionality of the
packet backbone network. These site routers are redundantly inter-connected via
Gigabit Ethernet links within the sites and via Packet-over-SONET or Synchronous
Digital Hierarchy (SDH) between the sites. All user traffic inside the core is directly SDH-
encapsulated MPLS traffic.

The edge functionality is provided by the same site routers, which are configured as
combined MPLS label edge routers (LER) and label switch routers (LSR). MPLS is used
to provide BGP-based VPNs. MPLS is also used in conjunction with standards-based
layer 2 VPN technologies to provide ATM and Frame Relay transport across the
backbone network. The AXI 520 routers support MPLS, either as LERs or LSRs, and
provide Class-of-Service-based packet forwarding.

Connectivity and traffic separation are provided by a combination of Ethernet switches

and site routers. Ethernet switches provide VLANs and 100/1000 Mbit/s Ethernet
interfaces. Ericsson's AXI 520 site routers feature a wide range of interface types and
service-provider-proven routing protocols, such as OSPF and BGP-4.

The Mobile-PBN IP/ATM transport design uses the proven "IP/ATM Overlay" model. In
contrast to the "MPLS-integrated" approach, the overlay model uses a layered
architecture where the AXI 520-based IP/MPLS connectivity is transported on top of
ATM PVCs.

The core of backbone network is built using high-performance multi-service switches,

that is, Ericsson's AXD 30x product family. Any combination of IP/MPLS, ATM, Frame
Relay, and circuit emulation services can be delivered using this carrier-class ATM
switch. Furthermore, due to its telecom-grade characteristics, only one switch is required
at each site. The ATM switches are redundantly interconnected by ATM links.

Transport Solutions - Radio Access

In order to have a radio network up and running in an efficient way, it is necessary to add
the transmission and transport infrastructure, which are described in this chapter. The
WCDMA Radio Access transport solution contains:

ƒ Infrastructure that enables the communication between the Network

Elements in the WCDMA RAN
ƒ Transmission that aggregates the traffic on the links between the RBSs and
the RNCs
Radio Access Network Aggregator (RANAG)
The Ericsson RXI 820 ATM product in WCDMA RAN (acting as RANAG) provides
transmission, by aggregating ATM traffic from low-speed transmission links from the
RBS to high-speed transmission links to the RNC. An RXI 820 ATM hub site provides
significant aggregation gains.

TNINF
TNINF enables communication between the different NEs in the WCDMA RAN and
between the WCDMA RAN and the CN. The Transport Network can be built either with
external ATM and Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) and Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy (SDH) equipment, or with direct connections, such as fiber lines, copper lines,
or microwave systems. All connections between NEs use ATM-based transport
protocols. The NEs can, therefore, be interconnected either through direct physical layer
transmission services, such as those provided by a PDH or SDH network, or through an
intermediate ATM network.
WCDMA NETWORK MANAGEMENT ASPECTS
Network management is the fundamental underlying layer of telecom management. It is
the set of functions required from a sub-network interface by telecom management to
enable controlling, planning, allocating, deploying, coordinating, and monitoring the
resources of the sub-network.

The functional areas of Ericsson's WCDMA network management include the following:

Fault Management
Fault management is the detection and correction of abnormal network operation. It
provides the means to collect and correlate alarms from the network elements and to
present this information to the network operator, in a clear and meaningful way. This
information is presented so that the appropriate corrective action can be taken as quickly
as possible. The operator's revenue is thereby preserved by minimizing the time that a
particular service cannot be provided due to a fault situation. Consequently, the end-
users QoS perception is enhanced.
Configuration Management
Configuration Management encompasses activities, such as providing and updating the
network elements with the data, parameter settings, and connectivity information
necessary for them to provide the services and functions within the network for which
they were intended. This also includes software update and maintenance.

It consists of the following main parts:

Node deployment
These are the installation / routine configuration tasks normally carried out on a
managed element.

Connection management
This involves the deployment of associations across the network between managed
elements to carry traffic or signalling.

Inventory Management
Inventory management provides information on all equipment in the network. It presents
a view of hardware assets, software versions, and configurations. An example of
configuration information is a view of logical entities available to the network, such as
network connection terminations defined that are available for use.

Topology Management
This is a layered information tool that provides a view of all connections from physical to
logical that can be discovered from the network.

Software Management
Software management is the controlled handling (from a central point, that is, the
network management system) of upgrades and changes to the software versions
running on network equipment.

Performance Management
Performance Management provides functions to report upon and evaluate the behavior
and the effectiveness of the network or network element. Its role is to gather and analyze
statistical data for the purposes of monitoring and correcting the behavior and
effectiveness of the overall network, as well as that of the individual network elements. In
addition, Performance Management plays an important role in facilitating network
planning, dimensioning, provisioning, maintenance, and measurement of quality. In
particular, it can be used to assist in verifying customer SLAs.

Security Management
Security management is the control and monitoring of access to a network, its elements,
and the services it provides.

Element management provides the management interface from either a centralized point,
that is, the network management system, to many managed elements or directly to each
managed element.
Network Management Solutions
The WCDMA System consists of several sub-networks and a network management
solution is provided for each sub network. The integration of the specified functions for
each sub-network towards an operator's existing or new Telecom Management
infrastructure is performed at NMS (multi-vendor Network Management System). NMS
can be considered an integrator to the Customer and Service management or can
actually be used to perform these functions.

It is the NMS at the integration layer and the OSS suites of functions that Ericsson
provides, which are focused upon here.
OSS-RC
Ericsson Mobile Network OSS (OSS-RC) is the Network Management solution for GSM
and WCDMA Mobile Networks. Each product supports or implements one or more
Network Management functions).

OSS-RC provides a framework and all specified network management functions for the
GSM and WCDMA network management in the following ways:

ƒ Common Platform - Aligned hardware and third party product licences

ƒ Common functions and interfaces - (for example, FM, PM, and software
functions) common applications for network supervision, performance
monitoring, and Software Management
ƒ Domain-specific functions - functions specific to each sub-network's
technology are included, mainly for configuration management tasks.
RANOS
RANOS is aligned with but not integrated to OSS-RC. Later releases of RANOS will be
integrated to OSS-RC but currently can share the same pyhsical hardware and
environment. Any RANOS installation will be upgradeable to the fully integrated OSS-RC.
RANOS provides network management for WCDMA Radio Access Networks. It supports
all the specified network management functions for such a network.

The supported node list includes CPP nodes: RBS and RNC.

SNOS
SNOS provides network management for Service networks and many IP-based services
where a generic service configuration interface is required towards the service providing
managed elements. SNOS also supports the other specified network management
functions. SNOS is an enabler in the Service Network Framework (SNF). As such,
SNOS can manage any system that is SNF-compliant.

OSS-PB
OSS-PB provides network management for IP backbone networks. It supports all the
specified network management functions for such a network.

OSS-AT
OSS-AT provides network management for access transmission networks (SDH,
minilink..). Fault and performance data from OSS-AT can be escalated to OSS-RC for
the purposes of engineering towards faults or traffic from the telecom network
perspective down to the transmission layer. OSS-AT supports all the specified network
management functions for such a network.
Introduction
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson the student will be able to:

ƒ Describe the WCDMA Service Network

ƒ Describe the Service Network Framework, SNF
Service Network, Introduction
The service network is a layer on the top of the control and connectivity layers
implemented in the WCDMA Core Network.

The Service Network in WCDMA is a highly competitive environment where the

operators need to develop and launch new, easily accessible services that will help them
in their bid to attract end-users and retain existing ones. Reaching these objectives is
dependent on several factors that affect the service network.

First, there is a need for open environments that do not restrict operators in what they
can use or offer. There is also a need for a high degree of flexibility in managing services,
the third-party partners, and the charging arrangements between them. By implementing
open Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) the service network takes advantage of
the WCDMA Core and Access subnetworks functions and establishes sessions between
the end users and the requested service.
Secondly, to allow for future growth, the service network must be flexible and scalable.
The operators must enable rapid development and a subsequent launch of services.
However, the implementation requires in-depth technical knowledge, skill and business
expertise plus the ability to manage numerous interrelationships between third parties,
such as:

ƒ service providers
ƒ content providers
ƒ application developers
ƒ equipment suppliers and software vendors
These parties are the driving forces forming the sharing, content, and the provisioning of
services and applications.
The use of standards-oriented and product-neutral reference architecture is instrumental
in delivering well-designed service networks which possess the set of technical qualities
that is required to efficiently, flexibly and reliably deliver functionality in the service layer.

Service Network, Introduction

The Service Network Framework, SNF
The Ericsson reference architecture for creating horizontally layered solutions in the
service layer is called the service network framework (SNF). This is defined as an
architectural framework that consists of reusable designs for products and solutions in
the service layer.

The architectural framework of the SNF is expressed using a set of architectural views.
Each view provides insight into a particular architectural aspect as:

ƒ domain
ƒ structure
ƒ system type
ƒ deployment
ƒ tier
 ƒ data model
ƒ applied

Each view works in concert with the other views to capture the architectural statements
provided by the framework and, over time, to enable the addition of further statements.
In addition, the architectural rules and best practices, which are presented along
functional and qualitative lines, add support in helping to apply the architecture and
provide guidelines. These are held in the SNF rule and SNF guideline catalogs
respectively.

Domain view
The domain view describes an ideal boundary for the service network and defines how
the service network interconnects and collaborates with other systems present in its
environment.

The domain view captures and reflects the SNF view of the service network environment
and identifies the domains with which service networks generally collaborate, making
explicit the demarcation and interfaces between it and other domains.
Structural view
The structural view provides a set of abstractions that architects can use for uniformly
analyzing, modeling and expressing SNF architectures. Uniform expression is a
necessity for creating solutions from a portfolio of reusable systems.

The highest level in the view is a compound system, which consists of one or more
systems. Much of the architectural guidance in the SNF comes from what it terms the
system level, which defines a system as a logical and modular building block that
provides certain services over established interfaces. A set of systems works as such a
building block to deliver the services that are available in a service network.
A service is an object that represents a collection of functionality accessed via protocols.
The service is the SNF mechanism for indicating interfaces. One or more services may
be provided from a compound system, a system or a component.

Finally, within this view, the service contract is the description that specifies how a
service can be accessed. It is a combination of the functionality in the service and the
protocol transfer mechanisms. The service contract is independent of, and is not
connected to, a specific compound system, system or component. Normally the Service
Contract is open in form of an API. The figure here shows the structural view for an IP
Multimedia service provided by an operator.
System type view
The system type view introduces and specifies a recurring set of SNF systems, which
are a set of logical building blocks for creating service networks. Each system type plays
a special role in a service network and is specified in terms of responsibility and service
(interface).

Solution architects may thus refer to system types as specifications for logical building
blocks within the service network.
Deployment view
Much of the SNF architecture rests on the assumption that Internet protocol (IP)
connectivity is present in the complete solution. Core network (CN).

The IP network is a key aspect of the deployment environment for every system in the
service network. The SNF deployment view provides guidance for ensuring that the IP
network possesses a set of common services and qualities on which every deployed
system can rely. Examples of common services include naming, addressing, routing,
load-balancing, firewall and security gateway services. Likewise, common qualities
include performance, scalability, flexibility, security, and high availability.
Figure here presents a conceptual depiction of how systems are deployed to, and make
use of, an IP network with various common services and qualities.

An example of how a highly available IP network infrastructure can be realized when

systems are deployed onto virtual local area networks (VLAN) is shown here.

In this example, the application servers have been deployed on VLAN 1, whereas the
gateways have been deployed on VLAN n.

Tier view
The use of N-tier architectures is an accepted and proven approach toward partitioning
or organizing distributed computing architectures that require high levels of scalability
and availability. The SNF recommends that N-tier architecture should be employed for
organizing systems into scalable and available solutions in a distributed computing
environment.

The various tiers include client, presentation, business, integration, resource, and data.
The client tier is concerned with every device that accesses systems or applications.
Data model view
Data modeling is an important part of all architectural efforts. The SNF data model view
specifies a uniform data model for user and service-related data and associated
provisioning within the service network. The SNF data model has been designed:

ƒ to support various business and service life-cycle models

ƒ to enable designs that distribute user related data throughout the service
network
ƒ to support and enable the SNF common provisioning model
ƒ to support information on how services are dependent on various systems
ƒ to support extensions that accommodate solution-specific requirements
Deployment of the data model is generally made through a directory server (system type
Common Directory System, CDS) within an actual service network. Although the data
model can be used to provide access to all user and service related data in a service
network, it does not necessarily follow that all data is modeled within the data model.
Instead, data can be referenced, which allows for easy integration of existing, stand-
alone data models, called affiliate data models. This gives the solution architect room to
design service networks using the main data model and affiliate data models.
Applied view
The applied view introduces the SNF blueprint, which provides a reference architecture
that maps SNF system types, their interfaces, and collaborations to a single view. Some
typical and important collaborations depicted in the SNF blueprint are:

ƒ the central provisioning entity (CPE), CDS, and system component registry
(SCR) - to achieve common provisioning of SNF systems that require
provisioning
ƒ the central management entity (CME) collaborating with all other SNF
systems - to achieve common management
ƒ the common charging entity (CCE) collaborating with all other SNF systems
- to achieve common charging
ƒ the border gateway (BGW), central authentication entity (CAE), and central
session entity (CSE) - to achieve single sign-on for HTTP
Introduction
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson the student will be able to:

ƒ Describe the main functions in WCDMA

ƒ Describe the WCDMA network Services:
• Telephony call service
• Packet call service
• Supplementary services
• Multimedia Messaging
• Streamed services
• Videotelephony
• Browsing
• Location-based services
• IN services
• Single Sign On Service
WCDMA System Functions & Operator
Services
Mobility Support
Mobility management allows a subscriber to move around geographically. It provides
functionality to keep track of subscribers or User Equipment (UE), so that they can be
reached from the network, in case of a terminated session. It also contains functions to
ensure that a session is maintained during geographical movements, and that a
subscriber has a seamless experience in the process.

In WCDMA Systems, mobility management depends on the state of the UE. Basically,
when the UE is attached, it can be either Idle or Connected.

When the UE is Idle, the mobility management is mainly controlled by the UE itself. The
UE will read system information and use it to determine when to perform the UE internal
cell-reselection procedure and when to report location changes to the network. The
network will respond to such information from the UE by updating stored location
information, which is used to reach the UE from the network side, that is, in case of a
mobile terminated session set-up request.

The idle mode mobility management, which includes Roaming and Cell-Reselection,
largely involves the UE and the WCDMA Core Network, that is, the WCDMA Radio
Access Network is not involved except for transporting the signaling messages between
the UE and the Core Network, and broadcasting of cell-information which guides the UE
in the cell-reselection procedure. The WCDMA Network provides functionality to support
Inter- and Intra-PLMN Roaming and Cell-Reselection within the WCDMA Radio Access
Network. Inter- and Intra-PLMN Roaming and Reselection are also supported to and
from GSM.
In connected mode, however, the Core Network relies on the Radio Access Network to
track the UE and will, except for special cases, forward and receive user data to/from a
fixed anchor point (an RNC) in the Radio Access Network. The WCDMA RAN is in
charge of assigning resources for the connection. The RAN can assign either common
channel resources or dedicated channel resources.

Mobility Support
Mobility management is guided by a state machine, which is present in the CS core
network domain and in the PS core network domain. These two state machines are
independent, which means that no relation between the states in each domain exists,
except if it is forced by the UE or application implementation to act as such.

The state in each state machine (domain) is stored in both respective network domains
and in the UE. The network domain state and the UE state is synchronized, except for
the signaling delay between the UE and the core network domain. The basic principles
and the implied symmetry between the two domains are outlined in the figure below

Mobility is managed by separate states in the PS domain and the CS domain of the core
network. The state value is maintained in the core network serving nodes (MSC and
SGSN) and in the UE.

Each state machine has three different states: detached mode, idle mode, and
connected mode. For the two state machines, these states are referred to as CS MM
(Circuit-Switched Mobility Management) state and PMM (Packet Mobility Management)
state. For example, a UE can be in CS MM connected mode and PMM idle mode at a
certain time, meaning that the CS state machine is in connected mode and that the PS
state machine is in idle mode.
Detached mode means that the UE does not communicate with the respective domain in
any direction. If the UE is switched off it will be detached in both domains. Depending on
the UE implementation, attachments can be made to either domain or both.

Attaching to a domain implies that the UE registers with the respective domain via a
radio control channel. This registration cannot be initiated from the network, due to the
fact that in detached mode the UE is not reachable by the network.

Mobile Telephony Call Function

The mobile telephony call WCDMA system function provides support for a number of
different call cases:

ƒ Mobile network user making a call to a user belonging to the same network
ƒ Mobile network user making a call to a user belonging to another network
(can be both another mobile network or a fixed network)
ƒ User belonging to another network making a call to a mobile network user
ƒ Mobile network user making an emergency call
ƒ Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) tone generation during an ongoing call
The Traffic Control in the MSC gives an almost unlimited number of routes, alternative
routes, and elements per route. Certain calls (for example, emergency calls, calls to a
certain B-number) can be provided with a higher priority than others when allocating
resources such as processor capacity or outgoing trunks.

Calls to a mobile user are always routed to a Gateway MSC (GMSC). The GMSC
analyzes the received MSISDN number and interrogates HLR for routing information.
MSC/VLR receives a request for roaming number provision from HLR. The MSC/VLR
identifies the mobile user by means of the IMSI, allocates a roaming number, and sends
it back to HLR. The roaming number is only used during the routing and is released
immediately upon reception of an incoming call in the MSC/VLR. When the routing
information is received in GMSC the call re-routing is started and the call is set up
through the network to the MSC in which the mobile user is located.

The emergency call can be routed to the closest emergency centre by defining an
emergency area category per cell, which then can be used for call routing in the MSC.
DTMF tone generation makes it possible for a mobile user to send digits from the User
Euipment (UE) to a remote end. In this context, "digits" refers to the digits 0 to;9, as well
as the characters A, B, C, D, * and #. Each digit is represented by a specific tone
(frequency). The DTMF tones are not generated by the UE, but by hardware in either the
MSC or the MGW. This is done to avoid the speech coder distorting the tones. When the
mobile user enters a digit on the UE, a signalling message is sent from the UE to the
MSC, which initiates tone sending.

Mobile Internet / Intranet Access for WCDMA (Packet-

Switched)
The WCDMA PS network makes packed data services available to WCDMA Systems. It
provides a basic solution for Internet Protocol (IP) communication between User
Equipment (UE) and the Internet or corporate Local Area Networks (LAN).

WCDMA PS offers the following services in WCDMA:

ƒ Efficient transport of packets in the cellular network

ƒ Efficient use of scarce radio resources
ƒ Fast setup and access time
ƒ Simultaneous circuit-switched and packet-switched services, which means
coexistence without disturbance
ƒ Connectivity to other external Packet Data Networks (PDNs), using IP
WCDMA PS gives end-users access to the Internet or corporate LANs through a packet-
switched network. PS allows a coordinated handling of subscriber and terminal data for
both circuit-switched and packet-switched communication. The packet data function
does not influence the circuit-switched services supported by the WCDMA system.
PS data transfer is IP-based. A message consisting of large quantities of data is divided
into several packets. When these packets reach their destination, they are stored in data
buffers and reassembled to form the original message. Consequently, the packet data
transmission is carried out on an end-to-end basis, including the radio interface.

From an IP point-of-view, the WCDMA PS network can be divided into the following
parts:

ƒ The radio network, which can be regarded as a collection of all IP

subnetworks used for the UE. A UE can be dedicated to CS communication,
to PS communication, or be used for both. CS and PS services can be used
simultaneously, depending on the capabilities of the UE and the radio
networks.
ƒ The PDN, which can be an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or a corporate
network.
ƒ The GPRS backbone network, which connects SGSNs and GGSNs.
ƒ The Operation and Maintenance (O&M) network, which is the network for
O&M systems.
ƒ The service network, which is the network for hosts providing Internet
services for the end-user, for example, public Domain Name System (DNS),
e-mail, and WWW services.
These network parts are all interconnected by routers.

Supplementary Services
The Supplementary Services supported in WCDMA system are the following:

ƒ Enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and Preemption (eMLPP)

ƒ Call Forwarding Services
ƒ Calling Line Indentification Services
ƒ Connected Line Identification Services
ƒ Call Waiting and Call Hold
ƒ Closed User Group
ƒ Multiparty Calls
ƒ Advice of Charge
ƒ Call Barring services
ƒ Call Deflection
ƒ Subaddressing (SUB)
ƒ User-to-User Signaling 1 (UUS 1)
ƒ Direct Dialling In (DDI)
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
The Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) makes it possible for mobile users to send
multimedia messages from MMS enabled handsets to other mobile users with MMS-
enabled handsets and to email users. It also makes it possible for mobile users to
receive multimedia messages from other mobile users, email users, and from
multimedia-enabled applications.

A multimedia messages consists of one or more media elements (text, picture, photo,
video, animation, speech, audio, and so on). A multimedia messages can, for example,
be a photo or picture post card annotated with text and/or an audio clip.

MMS represents the total solution, which consists of the MMS-enabled handsets, the
Multimedia Messaging Center (MMC), plus possibly additional MMS applications,
Multimedia Library (MML), Multimedia Processor (MMP) and Multimedia Client Proxy
(MMCP).

MMC
The MMC implements the network side of MMS, as well as making it possible for an
operator to offer MMS to its mobile subscribers.

The MMC can be deployed in any mobile network that supports WAP. The following
figure shows an example of the MMC and its basic components, as connected within a
mobile network for message traffic.
The different components of the MMC are described below.

Multimedia Messaging Center Relay

The MMC relay is the front-end of the MMC system. The relay provides an interface to
the WAP Gateway/Proxy and various IP network connections/ protocols for message
traffic. The relay also performs message routing. The MMS Relay component also has
the responsibility to communicate with other operators MMS Relays via the standard
MM4 interface.

Multimedia Messaging Service Server

The MMS server is the heart of the MMC. The MMS server provides the MMC
processing engine and is responsible for the Store and Forward function of the MMC
system.

Multimedia Messaging Center Directory Server

The MMC Directory Server provides access to the Operator Services Directory and a
Subscriber Preferences Directory. The Operator Services and a Subscriber Preferences
databases reside on the Multimedia Messaging Center Message Store.

Multimedia Messaging Center Operations and Maintenance Server

The MMC Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Server provides an interface into MMC
management. The MMC Operation and Maintenance Server are responsible for the
collection and preparation of system log files, event log files, statistics of the internal
MMC nodes, alarm collection and delivery, billing data collection and preprocessing, and
delivery to external nodes.

Multimedia Messaging Center Message Store

The MMC message store safely stores all the multimedia messages prior to delivering
the message to the recipient.

Subscriber Directory (Subscriber Preferences)

The Subscriber Preferences Directory contains profiles of each of the subscribers.
Subscriber profiles consist of information controlling the features and functionality of the
multimedia messaging subscription. An interface to the database allows the operator
and/or the subscriber to perform provisioning of the subscriber profile.

Operator Directory (Operator Services)

The Operator Services Directory contains profiles of each of the services. Operator
Services subscription profiles consist of information controlling the features and
functionality of the multimedia messaging subscription. An interface to the database
allows the operator to perform provisioning of the Operator Services Directory.

MML
The MML provides a long-term repository, where multimedia messages and content may
be stored for future use. The Multimedia Message Composer feature facilitates
composing and submitting multimedia messages by WAP and web users without the
need for a MMS-capable phone.

The long-term MML repository can be used by MMS users to store not only their
multimedia messages, but also their pictures and images, audio, text, and video content.
Multimedia messages can be forwarded to a user's personal storage area, the MMBox.
Alternatively, content may be uploaded from a PC to the MML using the web interface.
Content may be organized in different albums and can be used to create new multimedia
messages. Subscribers can have both private and shared albums. A user can invite
guests to visit shared albums. Private albums can only be accessed by the album owner.

Operators and content providers can store multimedia content within the MML for use by
(sold to) subscribers. The operator may have selected content providers automatically to
download multimedia content into the MML using a specific VASP interface. The user
then accesses the MML through the web or WAP interfaces to browse for media content.

MMP
The MMP enables applications to send multimedia messages to any device, regardless
of media format, screen colors, or size. It provides media processing and transcoding for
purposes of media enhancement, as well as non-MMS-capable legacy terminal
compatibility. Due to the fact that naive transcoding may result in unreadable content on
the small screen of a mobile terminal, MMP enhances the image to correct such faults
when the content type is identified.

MMCP
The MMCP provides the intelligence to determine whether a multimedia message is
being sent to a non-MMS-capable mobile terminal. Furthermore, it will notify the recipient
of a location from where the message can be retrieved. It provides the non-MMS-
capable mobile terminal user with the ability to read multimedia messages via an
Internet browser and/or WAP micro-browser.

Streamed Services
The Streaming Services is a function designed for the delivery of Digital Media Content
using streaming, progressive download, and download. Streaming occurs when the
content is consumed during the transport with a minimum of delay. The progressive
download mechanism uses repetitive client HTTP GET request on parts of the target file.
This enables consumption to start prior to the complete file being transferred.
Consequently, progressive download offers a similar experience for the user as
streaming, with the difference being a larger start-up delay. Download happens when the
consumption of the content takes place after the complete file is downloaded.

Digital Media, such as news, music, sport, and movies, encoded in 3GPP, MPEG-4, and
Real Media formats are supported and can be transferred to mobile clients over service
and core networks, as well as UMTS radio networks.

The Quality of Service (QoS) network bearer service and the streaming class is
supported. This allows the operator to assign a fixed radio resource usage to each user
and each session. In addition control mechanisms are present in the service and core
network that secure the transport of the streamed content and keep interruptions to a
minimum under unreliable conditions.
In addition access to streaming service is also supported through a circuit-switched
bearer from 3G.324M mobile terminals through an interworking unit connecting to the
streaming service.

The user scenario starts with the retrieval of a link to media content. This can be
achieved using WAP/WEB, SMS/MMS, or other delivery methods. The next step is to
attach to the content server with an HTTP request in order to retrieve the SDPnfile,
which holds the information about the media file or stream. The information tells the
streaming client in the UE how to retrieve the media. The client then initiates the QoS
set-up in the radio and core network. When QoS is established, the client retrieves the
media content from the content server.

Streamed Services application-related functions are contained in the Content on

demand function, ECDS. It integrates the application administrative and operational
functional areas, Multimedia Content Management, User Session Management,
Streaming Server, Charging Management, and O&M.

Multimedia Content Management

The Multimedia Content Management function is part of the ECDS function. This
function allows the operator to quickly and efficiently build, deploy, and maintain intranet
sites. The integrated tools from Popwire and Real perform authoring and encoding, while
adhering to 3GPP and Real formats. The upload of media function provides content
upload using FTP, RFC 959 into individual workspaces, which can be reserved for
different content providers. This functionality enables dynamic preparation of media
content. The Storage function integrates a Storage Area Network (SAN).
The SAN provides high volume storage capacity of raw data. Furthermore, the SAN
enables storage resources to be treated and managed as a separate entity, allowing for
a distributed and scalable architecture. The content rating function allows the individual
content providers maintain pricing information for their content categories and streams,
based on their agreement with the operator. This LDAP Directory Server database is
partitioned, so that each content provider has only access to self-provided pricing data.

User Session Management

Streamed Services function User Session Management is part of the ECDS function.
When a user session is created, each IP address will be associated with a user request.
If a user session does not exist and cannot be created, the user request is refused. User
identification is achieved through IP address-MSISDN-resolution. When a user request
arrives in the ECDS, the user is already authenticated by the GGSN/NAS. Moreover, the
GGSN/NAS has transferred the parameter pair IP-address/MSISDN to the AAA server
used on the Intranet. Subsequently, when the ECDS is to process this request, it is
aware only of the temporary IP address assigned to the user's Mobile Terminal by the
GGSN/NAS. In order to fully identify the user, the ECDS interrogates the external AAA
server by means of the RADIUS Access Request message. The User Session
Management component containing a RADIUS client communicates with the AAA server.
The IP-address/MSISDN resolution is provided in the reply from the AAA server,
assuming that access is granted.
User-request authorization is realized by using URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)-access
control. For this, the ECDS contacts the Subscriber Database that contains black- and
white lists with URIs. Therefore, depending on the match, the user may or may not be
allowed to view a particular URI.

User' subscribed Quality of Service is checked via reading in the subscriber database.
Maximum subscribed bandwidth is checked.

Streaming Server
Streamed Services function streaming server is part of the ECDS function. It stores and
delivers media content. The delivery can be performed from the streaming server itself
or through a proxy function allowing content to be retrieved from the outside of the
operator domain. The streaming server supports the 3GPP standards, as well as media
content of Real format. An operator may choose to provide 3GPP content, Real content,
or both. Therefore, it supports both protocols and content formats of the 3GPP standards,
as well as RealAudio® and RealVideo® content over the RealNetworks® Data Transport
(RDT) protocol.
Charging Management
The charging management function for Streamed Services is controlled by the ECDS. It
supports a standardized and configurable file-based charging in the form of periodically
generated Charging Data Records (CDRs). It also supports postpaid charging, Hot
Billing, and Real-Time charging over DIAMETER and PARLAY. Various events, such as
abrupt termination, trigger the generation of charging data. Consequently, the charging
module ensures that a user does not get charged for services that are not received.

The GGSN initially generates a Charging Identifier at set-up of the PDP context. If this is
unavailable, the ECDS can generate a Charging ID. Also, the ECDS generates
identifying tags to the sub sessions within the PDP context. This information allows
partial records to be incorporated in CDR files, thus supporting a flexible payment model
towards end-users and content providers. This feature can also be used to make sure a
user is not charged for data volume or airtime when premium services are accessed.

In case of a failure in CDR generation, the ECDS can be configured to either continue
without charging or to refuse all new connections until the error condition is cleared.
Loss of connection to the billing system can be notified by a log file entry in the O&M
system.

Operation & Maintenance

Streamed Services function O&M is part of the ECDS function. It provides functionality
for Fault Management (alarms and fault logging), Performance Management (logging),
Configuration Management, Management (provisioning of pricing data), Statistics and
Logging, Installation, Start and Stop, Restart, and Backup and Recovery.

Streaming Client
Streamed Services is designed for terminals supporting transparent end-to-end Packet-
Switched Service (PSS), 3GPP 26.233, 26.234. Streamed Services does not include
terminals.

Videotelephony
The 3G videotelephony function enables end-to-end multimedia communication over the
circuit-switched domain in the WCDMA network.

The standard for videotelephony over 3G networks has been set by 3GPP in release 99
and is called 3G.324M. This standard is based on the ITU-T H.324 standard and
describes how 3G.324M multimedia services can be implemented in the WCDMA circuit-
switched domain with interworking with the IP domain through H.323/SIP. The figure
below outlines the reference architecture for 3G videotelephony.

Call Set-Up
When setting up a 3G videotelephony call a transparent 64K kbps circuit-switched
bearer has to be first set up on the air interface and through the core network and then
on the B-terminals air interface, in the case of the mobile-to-mobile call. In the case of
interworking with another network, typically Internet, the 64 kbps circuit-switched bearer
is set up to the video gateway system ViG. The setup of the video communication is
subsequently done end-to-end using in-band signaling between the two terminals or
between a terminal and the ViG using the H.245 protocol according to the 3G.324M
standard.

During call setup the terminal will send information in the setup message in DTAP
indicating that a 64kbps circuit-switched bearer for unrestricted digital information (UDI)
is to be established. It will also be indicated that it is a video telephony call, which will
use H.245/H.223 signalling. As a result, the core network is able to charge the call
accordingly, and in case of interworking with other networks, also can connect the ViG. It
should be noted that this low layer information in the setup message from the terminal
will be transparently sent through the core network towards the B-terminal, in order for
both sides to understand that this will be a video call. Further information and call setup
will be achieved through in-band signalling.

Requirements on Radio Access Network

In the WCDMA Radio Access Network the conversational Radio Access Bearer (RAB)
for 64 kbps multimedia is required for videotelephony. This is a transparent
conversational RAB for 64 kbps multimedia to the circuit-switched core network domain.

Requirements on Core Network

In the WCDMA Core Network the multimedia functionality using UDI 64 kbps
synchronous transparent bearer supports the following call cases:

ƒ Multimedia calls between WCDMA subscribers

ƒ Multimedia calls between WCDMA and NetMeeting/XP Messenger
subscribers. (This call case requires the ViG.)
WCDMA handovers to/from GSM are not supported for multimedia calls.

Interworking with IP networks via ViG

The Video Gateway System (ViG) comprises a fully featured network that allows for
video call scenarios between 3G.324M mobile terminals and H.323/SIP terminals over
an IP network.

The 3G.324M mobile terminal accesses the ViG network through a 64kbps Circuit-
Switched Data connection in the 3G mobile network, indicating that a multimedia service
is requested. After call setup the media streams will be sent directly between the clients
and the MGW.

Subscribers to the ViG system are associated in the network with two unique identifiers
that can be used for user identification and call routing. They are, as follows:

ƒ A ViG user name (H.323 ID), with the format of an e-mail address
(mandatory)
ƒ A personal E.164 telephone number (optional)
The routing of calls between 3G.324M mobile terminals and H.323/SIP terminals will be
carried out in the core network. Roaming call cases can, therefore, be supported by
configuring routing data in the core network, provided that the ViG is accessed using a
public number (E.164).

Service Network
The HLR provides the administrative means to provide mobile subscribers with the
appropriate basic service (Synchronous General Bearer Service - BS30) to handle
multimedia calls.

Charging
In the 3G Video Telephony function both pre-paid and post-paid charging is supported.
The MSC and the ViG will generated the necessary charging information for a
multimedia call.

The Charging Data Record (CDR) will contain an indication of whether it is a multimedia
call or not. Based on this information, it is possible to apply different tariffs for 3G
videotelephony.

Browsing
Browsing enables a user to access applications and services on the Internet, Mobile
Internet, and corporate intranet using standard browsers, which support a variety of
mark-up languages.

The browsing system function is based on the Mobile Internet Enabling Proxy (MIEP).
As well as incorporating the functionality of a WAP gateway, MIEP serves as the bridge
between the mobile network and the applications and services. MIEP can be seamlessly
integrated with the core network.

The Browsing system function in WCDMA is implemented by the Ericsson MIEP.

MIEP offers the following types of functionality:

ƒ The implementation of Mobile Internet services through better usability and

operator control. In addition to basic Pull and Push functionality, features,
such as Single Sign-On (SSO) of end-users, user information forwarding,
user friendly error messages, and auto provisioning are offered.
ƒ The ability to process content that is independent from the content type,
resulting in support for all mark-up languages. Therefore, a wide range of
content can be downloaded to the user's mobile device.
 ƒ The availability of multiple protocol stacks, making it possible for users to
access services with a wide range of devices.
ƒ The ability of operators to control user and service access, gather extensive
statistics, and collect different types of charging data.
ƒ Encrypted User Information Forwarding, which enables the user to access,
for example, location-based services and push services without revealing
their identity.
Location-Based Services
The Location-Based Services (LBS) function is based on Ericsson's Mobile Positioning
System (MPS), a commercially proven concept that delivers the location co-ordinates of
handsets. The position can be used to provide mobile subscribers with information and
services that take advantage of their given geographical location. LBS works with all
WCDMA handsets, enabling mobile operators to reach a mass market immediately.

In addition to MPS, LBS includes content and application middleware, as well as a range
of professional services to ensure that location-based services can be quickly and
smoothly integrated into the operator's mobile network. MPS supports WCDMA (MPS-U).

MPS-U consists of the Gateway Mobile Positioning Center (GMPC) and network
features in the form of software extensions for the MSC/VLR, HLR, and RNC. The
GMPC is the Ericsson implementation of the standardized node Gateway Mobile
Location Centre (GMLC). MPS-U delivers the position of the subscriber to the
applications, referred to as LoCation Service Clients (LCS Clients). The position co-
ordinates are then used by LCS clients, which are provided either by the operator or by
service providers on the Internet.
The LCS client is not a part of the MPS, but rather a part of the LBS solution. The LCS
Client contains applications that make use of the positioning information. It
communicates with the GMPC through a standardized Application Programming
Interface (API), that is, the Mobile Location Protocol (MLP) protocol according to Open
Mobile Alliance (OMA). The standardized API makes it easy for third party application
developers to build new services. MLP positioning requests from the LCS client to the
GMPC and positioning answers from the GMPC to the LCS client are exchanged. The
GMPC can handle connections from multiple LCS clients simultaneously.

In order to support different accuracy demands, a number of positioning methods have

been standardized, both for GSM and for WCDMA. The only method supported in 2003
for WCDMA is the Cell-Id positioning method.

Privacy and Roaming

In order to protect the end-user privacy, 3GPP has standardized a wide set of
possibilities . MPS supports these standards. The possibility to position users while
roaming is also supported, according to standards.

LBS Evolution and Migration GSM-WCDMA

LBS Evolution and Migration GSM-WCDMA MPS has the same GMPC (and API) for
both GSM and WCDMA. The API is the protocol between the GMPC and the application
or application middleware. It is possible to run the previous releases of the API in parallel
with the new, so that two versions of the API run simultaneously.

IN Services
The Intelligent Network (IN) is a key element in the Service Network Architecture. It
provides the means to introduce innovative and competitive telecom services in a cost-
effective way with a short lead-time. The following are examples of available services for
WCDMA:

ƒ The Virtual Private Network (VPN) service provides the corporate customer
with a private numbering plan for fixed and mobile end-users within the
public telephone network.
ƒ The Information & Business (I&B) service can operate as one or more of
three services: Free phone, Premium Rate and Universal Access Number.
 ƒ The Intelligent Router & Data Server (IR&DS) is a framework containing
several IN regulatory services including, for example, Route selector,
Access screening, and Number Portability.
Number portability means that the end user can keep the same telephone number when
changing from one Service Provider to another.

The Intelligent Network is an architecture where call control logic is separated from the
switches into a centralized node (the Service Control Point [SCP]) that communicates
with the switching platform (the Service Switching Point [SSP]) using a service-
independent protocol (for instance, CS1, CS1+, CAMEL). Service data is contained on
the Service Data Point (SDP) and management of the IN services is done through the
Service Management System (SMAS). The Intelligent Peripherals (IP) or IVRs are the
nodes or devices that perform the Specialized Resource Function (SRF) within the IN
architecture.

The signaling towards the SCP from the other IN nodes can either run over a classical
SS7 network or using SIGTRAN.

SCP
The Service Control Point (SCP), which holds the SCP function (SCF), is the heart of the
Intelligent Network where every IN call asks the SCP for instructions on how to execute
the IN service. In WCDMA two different implementations of the SCP are supported, AXE
based (SCP) and TSP based (INS).

The AXE SCP supports co-location with Ericsson's AUC, FNR, HLR, and MSC products.
Special consideration is needed if gsmSSF and gsmSCF are to be located in one
physical node when using CAMEL.
The TSP-based INS middleware offers an open Customer Administration Interface (CAI)
towards the customer administration system. The INS also supports generation of Call
Data Records (CDR) directly from the SCP. It also supports an interface to allow
services to retrieve and update call rating data (prepaid account data) stored in the
Rating Engine (RE).

SSP
The Service Switching Point (SSP) executes tasks for the SCP. Its main functions are to
switch IN calls through the network, play recorded announcements, trigger and invoke IN
calls, generate charging details and very important control of network congestion. The
SSP function (SSF) is part of the MSC/VLR (gsmSSF) and the SGSN (gprsSSF). The
MSC/VLR also supports the Specialized Resource Function (gsmSRF), which is used to
order the announcement machine to play announcements.

SDP
The most important task for the Service Data Point (SDP) is to provide the Intelligent
Network with high capacity data storage with full data integrity, and is accessible via a
well-defined interface. It interfaces the SCP over SS7 and the SMAS system via a Binary
interface (BIF) over TCP/IP.

SMAS
The Service Management System (SMAS) is Ericsson's product for installing,
provisioning, and managing IN services towards the AXE-based SCP. SMA Base is a
set of tools and applications that give service providers a common platform for service
provisioning and end user control of IN services.

SDE
The Service Development Environment (SDE) is an application for developing IN
services for the AXE SCP.

SDK
The Service Development Kit (SDK) allows operators to develop their own services with
the IN capabilities offered by the INS and TSP platform.

Principles for service development for the Ericsson Intelligent Network Server (INS) are
based on Openness, Industry Standards, and Reuse of software components.

Openness means that operators can easily develop their own service logic to execute on
the INS. Industry standards such as the Rational Unified Process (RUP) for software
engineering process support, the Unified Modeling Language (UML) for Visual Modeling,
and the Java programming language for implementation are used for service
development.

Service development is performed outside the actual INS node, on standard computer
hardware and software platforms. After the service logic has been developed, it can be
deployed onto the INS target node.
Single Sign On (SSO)
Single Sign On (SSO) allows users to access content from various sources and content
providers without making a manual authentication and authorization each time. If the
user, for example, wants to retrieve a multi-media message or watch a football clip, the
network will take care of authentication and authorization.

The SSO solution depends on the business model of the operator. Several business
models are developed the most important are the Walled Garden SSO and the HE-
VASP SSO (Home Environment Value Added Service Provider ).

On the Internet, a Walled Garden refers to a browsing environment that controls the
information and Web sites the user is able to access. This is a popular method used by
ISPs in order to keep the user navigating only specific areas of the Web, whether for the
purpose of shielding users from information -- such as restricting children's access to
pornography -- or directing users to paid content that the ISP supports.

In the Walled Garden SSO business model, the operator provides all services. An end-
user can then use SSO for the services within the walled garden for which the user has
a subscription and for which the operator has activated the service.

In the HE-VASP (Home Environment-Value Added Service Provider) business model,

the operator also handles the delivery of services (authorization and a bit-pipe) that
belong to an external service provider. An end-user can then use SSO for the services
within the walled-garden and for services offered by a third-party service provider that
has a business agreement with the operator.

The SSO Infrastructure consists of the nodes AAA, HTTP Proxy, and MIEP, and also an
SSO SDK.
WCDMA Main Interfaces and Signaling
Protocols

WCDMA RAN Interfaces:

ƒ Uu interface
ƒ Iu interface
ƒ Mub interface
ƒ Mur interface

Circuit-Switched Interfaces:

ƒ Iu CS interface
ƒ C interface
ƒ D interface
ƒ F interface
ƒ CAMEL interface
ƒ Mp interface

Packet-Switched Interfaces:

ƒ Iu PS interface
ƒ Ge interface
 ƒ Gi interface
ƒ Gr interface
ƒ Gp interface
ƒ Gom interface

Application Enablers Interfaces

ƒ Lg interface
ƒ Lh interface

Circuit-Switched Interfaces
Iu CS interface
The WCDMA RAN - Circuit-Switched interface is used to carry the user plane (user data
as speech and CS data) and control plane (signalling as information concerning
WCDMA RAN management, call handling, and mobility management).

The interface is specified in the 25.41x-series of the 3GPP Technical Specifications.

In a layered architecture, the Media Gateway manipulates and transports the user plane
part of the Iu interface. The control plane part of Iu is relayed to the appropriate MSC
(which acts as the Media Gateway Controller).

C interface
In the Circuit-Switched (GMSC) - Authentication, User Databases, and Provisioning
(HLR) interface, the MAP protocol is used to perform the interrogation needed to set up
calls to a mobile subscriber. To forward a short message to a mobile, the Circuit
Services interrogates the User Databases to obtain routing information.

Signaling on this interface uses the Mobile Application Part (MAP), which, in turn, uses
the services of Transaction Capabilities. See TS 29.002.

D interface
On the Circuit-Switched (VLR) - Authentication, User Databases and Provisioning (HLR)
interface, the MAP protocol is used to exchange data related to the location of the
mobile station and to the service management of the subscriber.

Signalling on this interface uses the Mobile Application Part (MAP), which, in turn, uses
the services of Transaction Capabilities. See TS 29.002.

F interface
On the Circuit-Switched (MSC) - Authentication, User Databases and Provisioning (EIR)
interface, the MAP protocol is used to exchange data, in order that to verify the status of
the IMEI retrieved from the Mobile Station.

Signaling on this interfaces uses the Mobile Application Part (MAP), which in turn uses
the services of Transaction Capabilities. See TS 29.002.
CAMEL interface
CAMEL (Customised Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic) provides the
mechanisms to support operator-specific services that are not covered by the
standardised GSM services and also when roaming outside the HPLMN by using
Intelligent Network (IN) principles.

The CAMEL-specific interfaces are detailed in 23.078.

Mp interface
Inter-working with the PSTN network is achieved by TTC ISUP, standard ETSI TUP+
and market variants such as SSUTR2 and CAS R1 signalling. ISDN inter-working is
supported via ETSI PRA and BRA.

Packet-Switched Interfaces
Iu PS interface
The WCDMA RAN - Packet-Switched interface is used to carry the user plane (user data)
and control plane (signalling as information concerning mobility management, session
management, and packet data transmission).

The Iu_PS interface is defined in the 3GPP TS 25.41x-.

Ge interface
The Ge Interface is the logical interface between the SGSN in Packet-Switched and the
SCP in Application Enablers for real-time support of a users activity in the network. In
other words, it allows the SCP to control how and if the Mobile Station may connect to
the network, as well as its network resource usage. One example of SCP control is the
prepaid functionality.

Signalling on this interface uses the Mobile Application Part (MAP), which, in turn, uses
the services of Transaction Capabilities (TCAP). See TS 29.002.

Gi interface
This interface connects the PLMN to external public or private packet data networks.
The Gi interface is used for GGSN control signalling towards ISP servers located in IP
networks, such as the ISP network. The Gi interface is also used for transportation of all
end user IP data between the mobile network and external IP networks.

The Gi interface is defined in the 3GPP TS 29.061.

Gr interface
The Gr interface is the Packet-Switched (SGSN) interface towards the Authentication,
User Databases, and Provisioning (HLR). The interface is used for storage/retrieval of
subscriber data. It is also used to update the HLR of the location information of the MS.

Signaling on this interface uses MAP, which, in turn, uses the services of Transaction
Capabilities (TCAP). See TS 29.002.

Gp interface
The Gp interface is used between Packet Services located in different mobile networks,
allowing visiting subscribers to be routed through their home network. Signaling on this
interface uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP/IP). The Gp interface is defined in TS
29.060.

Gom interface
The Gom interface connects O&M equipment to the Packet-Switched network, making it
possible for an operator to communicate with the Packet-Switched.

The Gom interface is Ericsson-specific, and it is not part of the GPRS standard.

Application Enablers Interfaces

Lg interface
The Lg interface is used between the Location Services, within Application Enablers,
and the Circuit-Switched. This interface is used by the Location Services to convey a
location request to a particular UE/MS. The location results is returned to the Location
Services.

The Lg interface is an Ericsson proprietary interface.

Lh interface
Interface between the Location Services, within Application Enablers, and the HLR
within Authentication, User Databases, and Provisioning. This interface is used by the
Location Services to retrieve the address of the visited MSC or SGSN for a particular
target UE/MS, whose location has been requested.

The Lh interface is an Ericsson proprietary interface.

2G 2rd Generation mobile telecommunication system

3G 3rd Generation mobile telecommunication system

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

A
AA Authorization Authority

AAA Authentication, Accounting and Authorization functions

AAL ATM Adaptation Layer

A-bis Interface between BSC and BTS

ADMF Administration Function

AGCH Access Grant CHannel

A-GPS Assisted Global Positioning System

AH Authentication Header

AHM AXE HW Management Module

AICH Acquisition Indication Channel

ALI ATM Link Interface

AMAX Access Multiplexed Switch

AMR Adaptive Multi Rate Codec

AMR-FR Adaptive Multi Rate-Full Rate

AMR-HR Adaptive Multi Rate-Half Rate

AN Access Network

ANSI American National Standards Institute

AP Adjunct Processor Commands

APG Adjunct Processor Group

API Application Programming Interface

APN Access Point Name

ARP Address Resolution Protocol

ARQ Automatic Repeat on Request

AS Access Stratum

ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuits

ASD Administration Statistical Database

ASCC ATM Switch Core Circuit

ASM AXE SW Management Module

AST Announcement Service Terminal

A-ter Interface between BSC and TRC

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ASV Alarm Status Viewer

ATMIWU ATM Interworking Unit

AUC Authentication Center

AXD ATM switch

B
BA List BCCH Allocation List
BAR BA-List Recording

BCCH Broadcast Control Channel

BCH Broadcast Channel

BCM Base Station Management

Bellcore Bell Communications Research

BER Bit Error Rate

BFU Battery Fuse Unit

BG Border Gateway

BGP Border Gateway Protocol

BGW Billing Gateway

BICC Bearer Independent Call Control

BLER Block Error Rate

BOOTP Bootstrap Protocol

BPC Basic Physical Channel

BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

BS Base Station

BSC Base Station Controller

BSD Basic Statistical Database

BSIC Base Station Identity Code

BSMCM BSM Configuration Management

BSMWZ Base Station Planning Wizard

BSS Base Station Subsystem

BSSAP Base station Support System Application Part

BSSGP Base Station System GPRS Protocol

BTS Base Transceiver System

C
CA Capacity Allocation

CAA Capacity Allocation Acknowledgement

CADE CPP Application Development Environment

CAMEL Customised Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic

CAP CAMEL Application Part (protocol)

CAS Channel Associated Signaling

CAS Customer Administration Systems

CAT Code Answer and Tone Sender

CBR Constant Bit Rate

CC Call Control

CCCH Common Control Channel

CCD Conference Call Device

CCITT Consultative Comittee for International Telephone and Telegraph

CCN Cost Control Node

CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel

CCTCH Coded Composite Transport Channel

CD Capacity Deallocation

CDA Capacity Deallocation Acknowledgement

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CDM Network Statistics, Statistical Data Mart

CDR Channel event recordings

Call Data Record

CDS Call Distribution Services Subsystem

CDU Combining and Distribution Unit

CER Capacity Deallocation

CGI Cell Global Identity

CGSN Combined GPRS Service Node

Co-located GPRS Support Node

CHA Command Handling Application

CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol

CHM CPP HW Management Module

C/I Carrier to Interference Ratio

CIF Common Integration Framework

CIM Common Information Model

CK Ciphering Key

CM Configuration Management
Circuit Mode
Connection Management

CM IRP Configuration Management -Integration Reference Point

CN Core Network

CNA Cellular Network Administration

CNAI Cellular Network Administration Interface

CNAM Cellular Network Activity Manager

CNCS Core Network Circuit-Switched

CNM Customer Network Management

CN-OSS Core Network Operations Support System

CNPS Core Network Packet-Switched

COPS Common Open Policy Service Protocol

CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture

CoS Class of Service

CP Central Processor

CPP Connectivity Packet Platform

Cello Packet Platform

CPCH Common Packet Channel

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRL Certificate Revocation List

CS Circuit Switched

CSD Complementary Statistical Database

CSCF Call/Session Control Function

CSE CAMEL Service Environment

CSFSKD Code Sender Frequency Shift Key Device

CSKD Code Sender Key-set Device

CTDMA Code Time Division Multiple Access

CTR Cell Traffic Recording

D
D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System

DBM Device Board Module

DBMS Database Management System

DC Dedicated Control SAP

DCA Dynamic channel allocation

DCCH Dedicated Control Channel

DCH Dedicated Channel

DCIR Detailed Call Information Recording

DCN Data Communications Network

DDNS Dynamic Domain Name Service

DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications

DEN Directory Enabled Networking

DES Data Encryption Standard

DF Delivery Function

DGPS Differentiated GPS receiver

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DiffServ Differentiated Services

DL Downlink (Forward link)

DLHB Digital Link Half Board

DNS Domain Name Service

DoS Denial of Service (attack)

DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel

DPCH Dedicated Physical Channel

DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel

DR (AST- Digital speech phrasing and Random access memory Announcement
DR) Service Terminal

DRNS Drift RNS

DRX Discontinuous Reception

DS-CDMA Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access

DSCH Downlink Shared Channel

DSCP DiffServ Code Point

DT Data Transcript

DTAP Direct Transfer Application Part

DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel

DTI Data Transmission Interworking

DTMF Dual Tone Multi Frequency

DTX Discontinuous Transmission

DWS Data Warehouse System

DXU Distribution Switch Unt

DXX Digital Cross Connector

E
EAH External Alarm Handler

ECP Echo Canceller Pool

ECU Energy Control Unit

EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

EFR Enhanced Full Rate

EGPRS EDGE GPRS

EGT Ericsson GPRS Terminal

EIR Equipment Identity Register

EMA Ericsson Multi Activation server

EM, EMS Element Manager, Element Management System

EMM Ericsson Multi Mediation

ENUM Electronic Numbering

E-OTD Enhanced Observed Time Difference

ERP Effective Radiated Power

ESP Encapsulated Security Payload

ET Exchange Terminal

ETB Exchange Terminal Board

ETC Exchange Terminal Circuit

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute

EXALO External Alarms Object

F
FACCH Fast Associated Control CHannel

FACH Forward Access Channel

FAUSCH Fast Uplink Signalling Channel

FAS Frequency Allocation Support

FBI Feedback Information

FCCH Frequency Correction CHannel

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

FE Fast Ethernet

FEC Forward Error Correction

FER File Input Output Link, (An old DOS version) Terminal application for remote
control of switches

FIOL File transfer and on-line program

FNR Flexible Number Register

FOX Frequency Optimization Expert

FPC Flexible PIC Concentrator

FR Full Rate

FSB File Server Board

FTP File Transfer Protocol

G
GARP Generic Application Regional Processor

GC General Control (SAP)

GCC Geographical Cell Configuration

GCP Gateway Control Protocol

GE Gigabit Ethernet

GEM Generic Ericsson Magazine

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

Gi Interface between GGSN and external PDN

GMLC Gateway Mobile Location Centre

GMPC Gateway Mobile Positioning Centre

GMSC Gateway MSC

GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

Gn Interface between SGSN and GGSN

GP Guard Period
GPB General Processor Board

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GPS Global Positioning by Satellite

Gr Interface between the HLR and SGSN

GRE Generic Routing Encapsulation

GRX GPRS Roaming

GS Group Switch

Gs Interface between SGSN and VMSC/VLR

GSHM GSN HW Management Module

GSL Group Switch Link

GSM Global System for Mobile Telecommunications

GSM OSS Global System for Mobile Telecommunications Operations Support System

GSM RAN Global System for Mobile Telecommunications Radio Access Network

GSM-SCF Global System for Mobile Telecommunications Service Control Function

GSMSSF GSM Service Switching Function

GSN GPRS Support Node

GSN-CM GSN SW Management Module (GSSM)

GSS Group Switch Subsystem

GSSM Group Switch Subsystem

GTP GPRS Tunnelling Protocol

GTP-C GPRS Tunnelling Protocol Control

GTP-U GPRS Tunnelling Protocol User

GUI Graphical User Interface

H
HCS Hierarchical Cell Structure

HLR Home Location Register

HO HandOver

HPLMN Home Public Land Mobile Network

HR Half Rate

HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data

HSI High Speed Interface

HSL High Signaling Link

HSS Home location Services System

HSSL High Speed Signaling Links

HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HTML Hyper Text Markup Language

HW Hardware

I
IAM Initial Address Message

IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

IAP Intercept Access Points

IAS Internet Access Server

IBAM Interface Board ATM Multi-mode fiber

IBAM Interface Board ATM Single-mode fiber

IBPP Interface Board Packet Processing

ICA Independent Computing Architecture

ICDM Inter-Cell Dependency Matrix

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol

ID Identity

IDL Interface Definition Language (Corba)

IF Infrastructure

IH Internet Host
Integration Hub

IIOP Internet Interoperable ORB Protocol

IK Integrity Key

IKE Internet Key Exchange (formerly ISAKMP/Oakley)

IM Interactive Messaging
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000

IN Intelligent Network

INAP Intelligent Network Application Protocol

IOG Input Output Group

IP Internet Protocol

IPMM IP Multimedia

IPN Inter Processor Network

IPSec IP Security

IPSec IP Security protocols

IRI Intercept Related Information

IRP Integration Reference Point

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

ISI Inter-Symbol Interference

ISL Inter Subrack Link

ISP Internet Service Provider

ISUP ISDN User Part

IT Information Technology

ITU International Telecommunication Union

Iu Interface between WCDMA RAN and Core Network

Iub Interface between RNC and RBS

Iur Interface between RNC and RNC

IWF Inter Working Function

IWMSC Interworking MSC

J
J2AS Java 2 Application Server

JAS Jambala Application Server

JD Joint Detection

K
KRD Key-set Receiver Device

L
L1 Layer 1 (physical layer)

L2 Layer 2 (data link layer)

L2F Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol

L3 Layer 3 (network layer)

LA Location Area
Link Adaptation

LAC Link Access Control

L2TP Access Concentrator

LAI Location Area Identity

LAN Local Area Network

LAPD Link Access Protocol on Dchannel

LBS Location-Based Service

LCT Local Craft Tool

LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

LDP Local Decision Point

LE Local Exchange

LEA Law Enforcement Agency

LEMF Law Enforcement Monitoring Facilities

LER Label Edge Router (MPLS)

LI-IMS Lawful Intercept Management System

LIS Lawful Interception System

LLC Logical Link Control

LMU Location Management Unit

LSR Label Switching Router (MPLS)

M
MA Multiple Access

MAC Medium Access Control

MAHO Mobile Assisted Handover

MAP Mobile Application Part (protocol)

M-AST Modular Announcement Service Terminal

MAXTA Maximum Timing Advance

MC Message Center

MCC Mobile Country Code

Mcps Mega Chip Per Second

MCS Modulation Coding Scheme

Multi-point Control Services

ME Mobile Equipment

MExE Mobile Station Application Execution Environment

MFU Message Function Units

MGC Media Gateway Controller

MGCF Media Gateway Control Function

MGT Mobile Global Title

MGW Media Gateway

MGWF Media Gateway Function

MIB Management Information Base

MIEP Mobile Internet Enabling Proxy

MIM Management Information Model

MIN Mobile Intelligent Network

MM Mobility Management

MMC Microsoft Management Console

MMC Multimedia Messaging Centre

MMCP Multimedia Client Proxy

MMI Man-Machine Interface

MML Multimedia Library

MMP Multimedia Processor

MMS Multimedia Messaging Service

MMR Measurement Result Recording

MNC Mobile Network Code

MNP-SRF Mobile Number Portability Signaling Relay Function

MO Mobile Originated

MOHO Mobile Originated Handover

MoIP Multimedia over IP

MPBN Mobile-Packet Backbone Network

MPC Mobile Positioning Centre

MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group

MPLS Multi Protocol Layered Switch

MPS-G Mobile Positioning System-GSM

MRR Measurement Result Recording

MRU MO (Managed Objects) Replacement Units

MS Mobile Station

MSC Mobile Switching Center

MSISDN Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network

MSRN Mobile Station Reference Number

MSTP Mobile Station Test Point

MT Mobile Terminated
Mobile Terminal

MTP Message Transfer Part

MTR Mobile traffic recordings

MTTR Mean Time To Repair/Recover

MUI Mobile User Identifier

MVNO Mobile Virtual Network Operator

N
NAS Non Access Stratum
NAD/ESC config GUI

NAT Network Address Translation

NBAP Node B Application Protocol

NCB Network Control Block

National Computer Board

NCS Neighbouring Cell Support

NDS Novell Directory Server

NE Network Element

NFS Network File System

N-ISUP Narrow band ISDN User Part

NMS Network Management System

NNA Naming, Numberig and Addressing

NOS Network Operating System

NOX Neighbouring Cell List Optimization Expert

NRR National Roaming Restriction

NRT Non-Real Time

NSAPI Network Service Access Point Identifier

Nt Notification (SAP)

NTP Network Translation Protocol

NWS Network Statistics analyzer

NWS-A Network Statistics analyzer Application

NWS-AC Network Statistics analyzer Application Core network

NWS-AG Network Statistics analyzer Application GPRS

O
ODCH ODMA Dedicated Transport Channel

ODMA Opportunity Driven Multiple Access

OL Overlay

OMC Operation and Maintenance Center

OMS Operation and Maintenance System

OMT Operation, Maintenace Terminal

O&M Operation & Maintenance

OPS Operations Procedure Support

ORACH ODMA Random Access Channel

OSA Open Service Architecture

OSPF Open Sortest Path First

OSS Operation and Support System

OSS-RC Operations Support System for the Ericsson Radio and Core Network

OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (codes)

P
PAP Password Authentication Protocol

PBX Private Branch Exchange

PC Power Control

PCCH Paging Control Channel

PCH Paging Channel

PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect

PCM Pulse Code Modulation

PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association

PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel

PCS Personal Communications System

PCU Packet Control Unit

PDA Personal Digital Assistant

PDC Japanese TDMA Mobile System

PDCH Packet Data Channel

PDN Packet Data Network

PDP Packet Data Protocol

PDP Policy Decision Point

PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

PDSPL2 Pool Digital Signal Processor Platform Loadable no 2

PDU Protocol Data Unit

PEB Power and Ethernet Board

PEP Policy Enforcement Point

PFE Packet Forwarding Engine

PHS Personal Handyphone System

PI Paging Indication

PILTIMER Packet Idle List Timer

PIT Percentage Interfered Traffic

PIU Plug-In Unit

PKI Public Key Infrastructure

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

PM Packet Mode
Performance Management

PMM Packet Mobility Management

PMT Performance Management Tool

PN Pseudo Noise

PPP Point-to-Point Protocol

PPTP Point-to-Point Tunnelling Protocol

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

PS Packet Switched

PSA Performance Statistical Alarm

PSD Packet Switch Domain

PSCCCH Physical Shared Channel Control Channel

PSCH Physical Synchronisation Channel

PSEM Personalised Service Environment Manager

PSK Phase Shift Keying

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

PSU Power Supply Unit

PTM Point to Multipoint

P-TMSI Packet-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

PXM The local Network Element manager for SGSN is the PXM

Q
QoS Quality of Service

QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

R
RA Registration Authority

RA Routing Area

RAB Radio Access Bearer

RAC Routing Area Code

RACH Random Access Channel

RADIUS Remote Access Dial In User Server

RAI Routing Area Identity

RAN Radio Access Network

RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part

RAND Random Number

RANOS Radio Access Network Operation Support

RAS Remote Access Server

RB Radio Bearer

RBS Radio Base Station

RES response

RF Radio Frequency

RFC Request For Comments

RIP Routing Information Protocol

RIR Radio Interference Recording

RLC Radio Link Control

RNC Radio Network Controller

RNO Radio Network Optimization

RNS Radio Network Subsystem

RNSAP Radio Network Subsystem Application Part

RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identity

RP Regional Processor

RPB Regional Processor Bus

RPG Regional Processor with Group Switch Interface

RPP Regional Packet Processor

RRC Radio Resource Control

RRM Radio Resource Management

RT Real Time

RTP Real Time Protocol

RU Replacable Unit

RU Resource Unit
RX Receiver

RX-block Receiver Block

RXI Radio Cross-connection Interface

RXLEV Uplink and downlink signal strength

RXQUAL Uplink and downlink signal quality

S
SA Security Association

SAAL Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer

SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel

SAP Service Access Point

SAPI Service Access Point Identifier

SAT Supervisory Audio Tone

SC Switch Core

SCB-RP Support and Connection Board with RP

SCCP Signaling Connection Control Part

SCF Service Control Function

SCH Synchronisation Channel

SCP Service Control Point

SCS Service Capability Server

SCTP Stream Control Transport Protocol

SDCCH Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel

SDE Software Development Environment

SDM Statistical Data Mart

SDO Standard Development Organization

SDP Service Data Point

SF Spreading Factor

SFN System Frame Number

SG Security Gateway
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

SGW Statistical Gateway

SIGTRAN Signaling Transmission

SIM Subscriber Identity Module

SIP Session Initiation Protocol

SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio

SITE The space where an RBS is installed

SLI Service Logic Interpreter

SLS Single Logon Server

SMIA Statistical Measurement & Initiation Administration

SMIR Single-Mode Intermediate Reach

SMLC Serving Mobile Location Centre

SMPC Serving Mobile Positioning Centre

SMS Short Message Service

SMS-C Short Message Service Center

SMS-GMSC Short Message Service Gateway MSC

SMSIWMSC Short Message Service Inter-working MSC

SNM Sub Network Management system

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

SNOS Service Network Operational System

SOG Service Order Gateway

SONET Synchronous Optical Network

SP Service provider

SP Switching Point

SPD Security Policy Database

SPDP Security Policy Decision Point

SPI Security Parameter Index

SPIC Switch Port Interface Circuit

S-RB Signaling Radio Bearer

SRES Signature Response

SRF Service Resource Function

SRI Send Routing Information

SRNC Serving RNC (Radio Network Controller)

SRNS Serving RNS

SRS Subrate Switch

SS Supplementary Services

SS Switching System

SS7 Signaling System Number 7 (for some markets, the abbreviation C7 is

used)

SSB System Switch Board

SSCP Service Switching and Control Point

SSDT Site Selection Diversit y TPC

SSF Service Switching Function

SSL Secure Socket Layer

SSP Service Switching Point

ST Signalling Terminal

STC Signaling Transport Converter

STM Synchronous Transfer Mode

STP Signaling Transfer Point

STS Statistic Subsystem

STTD Space Time Transmit Diversity

SUDA Subscribers Data

SW Software

T
TA Timing Advance

TA Terminal Agent

TB Tail Bit
TBF Temporary Block Flow

TCAP Transaction Capability Application Part

TCD Transceiver Check Device

TCDM Inter-Cell Dependency Matrix

TCH Traffic Channel

TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

TD/CDMA Time Division/Code Division Multiple Access

TDD Time Division Duplex

TDM Time Division Multiplexing

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

TE Terminal Equipment

TEID Tunnel End-Point Identifier

TET Traffic Estimation Tool

TEMS Test Mobile Station

TeleVAS Telephony Value Added Services

TFCI Transport Format Combination Indicator

TFI Transport Format Identification

TFT Traffic Flow Template

TID Tunnel Identifier

TLLI Temporary Link Level Identity

TLS Transport Layer Security

TMOS Telecommunication Management and Operations Support

TNMS Transport Node Management System

ToS Type of Service

TPC Transmit Power Control

TRA Transcoder

TRAB Transcoder and Rate Adaption Board

TRAM Tools for Radio Access Network

TRAR Traffic Measurement on Routes

TRART Traffic Measurement on Traffic Types

TRAU Transcoding and Rate Adaptation Unit

TRC Transcoder Controller

TRDIP Traffic Dispersion Measurement

TRH Transceiver Handler

TRI Transceiver Interface

TRU Transceiver Unit

TRUD TRansceiver Unit Digital

TRX Tranceiver

TRXC TRansceiver Controller

TS Time Slot

TSC Transit Switching Center

TTM Time To Market

TX Transmit

TX-block Transmitter Block

U
UDP User Datagram Protocol

UE user equipment

UI user interface

UL Uplink (Reverse link)

Um Air Interface

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

URA UTRAN Registration Area

URAN UMTS Radio Access Network

URL Universal Resource Locator

USF Uplink Status Flag

USIM UMTS Subscriber Identity Module

USIM User Services Identity Module

USSD Unstructured Supplementary Service Data

UTOPIA Universal Test & Operations Physical Interface for ATM

UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

UTRAN UMTS Radio Access Network. Ericsson’s term is WCDMA RAN

Uu interface between WCDMA RAN and UE

V
VAS Value Added Service

VBR Variable Bit Rate

VBS Voice Broadcast Service

VGCS Voice Group Call Service

VHE Virtual Home Environment

ViG Video Gateway

VIP Virtual IP address

VLR Visitor Location Register

VoIP Voice over IP

VPLMN Visited Public Land Mobile Network

VPN Virtual Private Network

W
WAP Wireless Application Protocol

WCDMA Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access

WCDMA RAN Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access Radio Access Network

WinFIOL File transfer and on-line program for Windows

WISE™ Ericsson´s Wireless Internet Solution

W-LAN Wireless LAN

WPP Wireless Packet Platform

wTRU wideband Transmitter/Receiver Unit

X
XML eXtensible Markup Language

XRES expected response

XOT Router X.25 Over TCP/IP Router