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Lecture Notes by Saurabh Gupta Sir

The document discusses biomedical equipment used for diagnosis and treatment. It provides examples of different types of diagnostic equipment like medical imaging machines and glucometers. Treatment equipment mentioned include infusion pumps and lasers. Life support equipment maintains bodily functions. The document also lists expectations for reports, coding, prototypes, and presenting recent publications. It provides book recommendations and discusses specific equipment like defibrillators, pacemakers, MRI, CT, and X-ray machines.

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100 views

Lecture Notes by Saurabh Gupta Sir

The document discusses biomedical equipment used for diagnosis and treatment. It provides examples of different types of diagnostic equipment like medical imaging machines and glucometers. Treatment equipment mentioned include infusion pumps and lasers. Life support equipment maintains bodily functions. The document also lists expectations for reports, coding, prototypes, and presenting recent publications. It provides book recommendations and discusses specific equipment like defibrillators, pacemakers, MRI, CT, and X-ray machines.

Uploaded by

lancet
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biomedical Equipments

Class 4,5
24/7/18

1
• All reports in Latex
• All coding in object oriented language
• Comprehensive report of your syllabus. Read from
net and make out what you have understood (latex).
• Try to develop some prototype by the semester end.
TA marks will depend on that, quizzes and recent
publications/patents presentations.
• Movies in which defibrillator, pacemakers, MRI CT, X
Rays has been used.
• Interest groups

2
Books
• The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging: J T
Bushberg
• Principles of Computerized Tomographic
Imaging: Malcolm Slaney, Avinash Kak

3
• What are Biomedical Equipments

– Diagnostic equipment
• medical imaging machines, used to aid in diagnosis. Examples are ultrasound and MRI machines,
PET and CT scanners, and x-ray machines, glucometer.
– Treatment equipment
• infusion pumps, medical lasers and LASIK surgical machines.
– Life support equipment is used to maintain a patient's bodily function.
• medical ventilators, incubators, anaesthetic machines, heart-lung machines, ECMO, and dialysis
machines.
– Medical monitors allow medical staff to measure a patient's medical state.
• measure patient vital signs and other parameters including ECG, EEG, and blood pressure.
– Medical laboratory equipment automates or helps analyze blood, urine, genes,
and dissolved gases in the blood.
– Therapeutic
• physical therapy machines like continuous passive range of motion (CPM) machines

4
• Name some recent one
– https://www.medshare.org/biomedical-equipment/
• Bone densitometer
• Algometer
• C-Arm system – unit, monitor, table

• Which biomedical equipment you have right now with you ?


• Some equipments which is not in your syllabus
• If you have to make a biomedical equipment from the things around you right
now, what it could be
• Expectations from the subjects
• Connection between Disruptive technologies and Medical Equipments
• Wikipedia game (From Interest to Biomedical Equipment Page)

5
• Diagnostic Radiology
– Production of X-rays
• Bremsstrahlung Spectrum
• Characteristic x-ray Spectrum
– x-ray Tubes
• Cathode and Anode
– Heel Effect
• Filters and Collimators
– Factors effecting X-ray emission

6
• CT
• MRI
• Ultrasound
• Hemodialysis
• Electrosurgical Unit

7
Why X Rays
• C u s t o m i ze d t o d i a g n o s t i c i m a g i n g ( v s
therapeutic imaging) in Healthcare
• Because you have not developed it
• Generate ideas to develop some alternative
medical imaging technique
– starting from some radiation in EM spectrum
• Optical Tomography

8
9
x-ray Production, x-ray Tubes,
and x-ray Generators

• x-rays: when highly energetic electrons


interact with matter, converting some of their
kinetic energy into electromagnetic radiation
– electron source,
– an evacuated path for electron acceleration,
– a target electrode, and
– an external power source

10
• electron source and target within an evacuated glass or metal
envelope
• x-ray generator supplies the voltage to accelerate the
electrons
• x-ray beam filters at the tube port shape the x-ray energy
spectrum
• collimators define the size and shape of the x-ray field
incident on the patient
• voltage, current, and exposure time to control x-ray beam
characterstics

final output
required intensity, penetrability and spatial distribution

11
Bremsstrahlung Spectrum

Analysis

12
Production of x-rays
• 1. Bremsstrahlung Spectrum
– What is a spectum

• For diagnostic radiology, a potential difference of 20,000 to 150,000 V is


applied between two electrodes (the cathode and the anode) in the
vacuum.

• Electrons are accelerated by the voltage between the electrodes and


attain kinetic energies equal to the product of the electrical charge and
potential difference
– Eg: kinetic energy of an electron accelerated by a potential difference of 50 kV
is 50 keV

13
• A small fraction of the accelerated electrons
comes within the proximity of an atomic nucleus
and is influenced by its positive electric field.

• E l e c t r i c a l ( C o l u m b i c ) fo rc e s a tt ra c t a n d
decelerate an electron and change its direction,
causing a loss of kinetic energy, which is emitted
a s a n x - ray p h o to n o f e q u a l e n e rg y ( i . e . ,
bremsstrahlung radiation/ braking radiation/
deceleration radiation).
14
• energy of the resulting x-ray are determined
by the distance between the incident electron
and the target nucleus
– since the Coulombic force is proportional to the
inverse of the square of the distance.

• When highest x ray energy is produced ???


– when the decelaration is most
• direct impact of electron on nucleus

15
Design Thinking

• Design thinking refers to creative strategies


designers utilize during the process of
designing.
– designer's sensibility and methods to match
people's needs with what is technologically
feasible
– consideration of the emotional content of the
situation
– visualization is the easiest way to learn

16
• Design a radiology system
– Is MRI, PET, SPECT or CT gantry, US machine is the most
optimised/ efficient design
– Something better to propose with the objective to
reduce the radiations to the patient or in surroundings
in general

• Assignments
– Report on all vital parameters (Assignment)

17
• A bremsstrahlung spectrum is the probability distribution of
x-ray photons as a function of photon energy (keV),
continuous x ray spectrum

18

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