Exercise 2.

3 (Solutions)
MathCity.org Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.MathCity.org, Version: 3.0

Differentiate w.r.t. ' x '

Question # 1
x 4 + 2 x3 + x 2
Solution Let y = x 4 + 2 x 3 + x 2
Differentiating w.r.t. x
dy d 4
dx
=
dx
(
x + 2 x3 + x 2 )
d 4 d d
= x + 2 x3 + x 2
dx dx dx
4 −1
= 4 x + 2 3x (
3−1
+ 2 x 2−1)
3 2
= 4x + 6x + 2x
Question # 2
3
−
−3 2
x + 2x +3
3
−
−3 2
Solution Let y = x + 2 x + 3
Diff. w.r.t x
dy d  −3
=  x + 2 x 2 + 3 
−3

dx dx  
d d − 3 d
= x −3 + 2 x 2 + ( 3)
dx dx dx
 3 − −1 
3
= −3 x −3−1 + 2  − x 2  + 0
 2 
5
dy −
⇒ = −3 x − 4 − 3 x 2
dx
dy  1 1 
or = −3  4 + 5 2 
dx x x 
Question # 3
a+x
a−x
a+x
Solution Let y =
a−x
d d
dy d  a + x  (a − x) (a + x) − (a + x) (a − x)
Now =  = dx dx
 2
dx dx  a − x  (a − x)
=
( a − x )( 0 + 1) − ( a + x )( 0 − 1)
2
(a − x)
FSc-II / Ex- 2.3 - 2

=
( a − x )(1) − ( a + x )( −1)
2
(a − x)
a−x+a+x 2a
= 2
= 2
Answer
(a − x) (a − x)
Question # 4
2x − 3
2x + 1
2x − 3
Solution Let y=
2x + 1
dy d  2 x − 3 
Now =  
dx dx  2 x + 1 
d d
( 2 x + 1) ( 2 x − 3) − ( 2 x − 3) ( 2 x + 1)
= dx dx
2
( 2 x + 1)
=
( 2 x + 1)( 2 − 0 ) − ( 2 x − 3)( 2 + 0 )
2
( 2 x + 1)
=
( 2 x + 1)( 2 ) − ( 2 x − 3)( 2 )
2
( 2 x + 1)
2 ( 2 x + 1 − 2 x + 3)
= 2
( 2 x + 1)
2( 4) 8
= 2
= 2
Answer
[
( 2 x + 1) ( 2 x + 1)
Question # 5
( x − 5 )( 3 − x )
Solution Let y = ( x − 5 )( 3 − x )
= 3 x − x 2 − 15 + 5 x
= − x 2 + 8 x − 15
Now
dy dy
=
dx dx
(
− x 2 + 8 x − 15 )
dy d d
=
dx
( )
− x 2 + 8 ( x ) − (15 )
dx dx
2 −1
= −2 x + 8 (1) − 0 = −2 x + 8 Answer
Question # 6
2
 1 
 x− 
 x

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 FSc-II / Ex- 2.3 - 3

2
 1 
Solution Let y =  x − 
 x
2
 1 
( x )  1 
2
= ( x) +
 x
 −2 
x
1
= x+ − 2 = x + x −1 − 2
x
Now diff. w.r.t x
dy d d d d
dx
=
dx
( dx dx
)
x + x −1 − 2 = ( x) + ( x −1 ) − (2)
dx
−1−1 −2
= 1 + ( −1 ⋅ x ) − 0 = 1 − x
1 x2 − 1
= 1− 2 = Answer
x x2
Question # 7
(1 + x ) ( x − x )
3/2

Solution Consider y =
(1 + x ) ( x − x ) 3/2

x
x 1 − x 2 
1
(1 + x )  
=
x

=
(
x 1+ x ) (1 − x ) 3
Since x 2 = x
1+ 1
2
x
1 −
( ) 
2 2
( ) x 

x
=
x
1 1 3
= x (1 − x ) = x (1 − x ) = x − x
2 2 2

Now
d  2 
1 3
dy
=  x − x 2

dx dx  
1 3
1 2 −1 3 2 −1
= x − x
2 2
1 1
1 −2 3 2
= x − x
2 2
1 1 
=  −3 x Answer
2 x 

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FSc-II / Ex- 2.3 - 4

Question # 8
2
(x 2
)
+1
x2 − 1
2

Solution Let y =
(x 2
+1 )
x2 − 1
Differentiating w.r.t. x
 x2 + 1 2  ( )
dy d  
=
dx dx x − 1 
 2

 
d 2 2 2 d
x2 − 1 ( dx
) (
x + 1 − x2 + 1
dx
x2 − 1 ) ( ) ( )
= 2
x2 − 1 ( )
2 −1 d 2

dy ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1)
2 2

dx
(x 2
) (
+ 1 − x2 + 1 ) (2x)
⇒ = 2
dx (x 2
−1 )
2

=
(x 2
) (
− 1 2 x2 + 1 ( 2x ) − x2 + 1 ) ( ) (2x)
2
(x 2
−1 )
2 x x 2 + 1  2 x 2 − 1 − x 2 + 1 
( ) ( ) ( )
= 2
( )
x2 − 1
2 x ( x + 1)  2 x − 2 − x − 1
2 2 2

= 2
( x − 1) 2

2 x ( x + 1)( x − 3)
2 2

= 2
Answer
( x − 1) 2

Question # 9
x2 + 1
x2 − 3
x2 + 1
Solution Let y = 2
x −3
Differentiating w.r.t. x
dy d  x2 + 1 
=  
dx dx  x 2 − 3 
d 2 d 2
x2 − 3 ( dx
) (
x + 1 − x2 + 1
dx
x −3 ) ( ) ( )
= 2
x2 − 3 ( )
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 FSc-II / Ex- 2.3 - 5

=
(x 2
−3 ) ( 2x ) − ( x 2
)
+ 1 ( 2x )
=
(
2 x x2 − 3 − x2 − 1 )
2 2
( x − 3)
2
(x 2
−3 )
2 x ( − 4) − 8x
= 2
= 2
Answer
(x 2
−3 ) (x 2
−3 )
Question # 10
1+ x
1− x
12
1+ x 1+ x 
Solution Let y = =  
1− x 1− x 
12
dy d 1+ x 
Now =  
dx dx  1 − x 
1 −1
1  1 + x 2 d  1 + x 
=    
2  1 − x  dx  1 − x 

(1 − x ) 
d d
− 1 (1 − x ) (1 + x ) − ( 1 + x )
1 1+ x   2
dx dx
=    2 
2 1− x   (1 − x ) 
 
1
1  1 − x  2  (1 − x )(1) − (1 + x )( −1) 
=    
2  1 + x   (1 − x )
2


1 1
1 (1 − x ) 2  1 − x + 1 + x  (1− x) 2  2 
=   = 1  2 
2 (1 + x ) 12  (1 − x )2  2 (1 + x ) 2  (1 − x ) 
1 1
= 1 1 = 3 Answer
2−

[[
(1 + x ) (1 − x )
2 2 1 + x (1 − x ) 2

Question # 11
2x − 1
x2 + 1
2x − 1
Solution Let y =
x2 + 1
Differentiating w.r.t. x
 
dy d  2x − 1 
=
dx dx  x 2 + 1 1/2 
( )
 
1/2 d d 1/2
(x 2
+1 ) dx
( 2 x − 1) − ( 2 x − 1) x 2 + 1
dx
( )
=
1/2 2
(( x2 + 1 ) )
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.3 - 6

) ( 2) − ( 2 x − 1) 12 ( x + 1) dxd ( x
1/2 −1/2
(x 2
+1 2 2
+ 1)
=
( x + 1) 2

1/2 1
2 ( x + 1) − ( 2 x − 1)
2
(2 x) 1/2
2 ( x + 1) 2

=
( x + 1) 2

 
1  1/2 2x2 − x 
=
x2 + 1 
2
2 x +1 − ( 
)
( 
) x 2
+ 1
1/2

 ( )
 
1  2x2 + 2 − 2x2 + x 
=
( x2 + 1  ) 
1/2

 x 2
+ 1  ( )
x+2 x+2
= or 3/2
Answer
(x 2
)
+1 x +12
(x 2
)
+1
Question # 12
a−x
a+x
Solution
Do yourself as Question # 10
Question # 13
x2 + 1
x2 − 1
x2 + 1
Solution Let y =
x2 − 1
1
x 2
+ 12
=  2 
 x −1
Differentiating w.r.t x .
1
dy d  x2 + 1  2
=  
dx dx  x 2 − 1 
−1
1  x +1 2 2 d  x2 + 1 
=  2   
2  x −1  dx  x 2 − 1 

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 FSc-II / Ex- 2.3 - 7

1
 
1  x − 1   ( x 2 − 1)(2 x) − ( x 2 + 1)(2 x) 
2 2
=  2 
2  x +1  x 2
− 1
2

( )
 
 
1 x 2 − 1  2 x3 − 2 x − 2 x 3 − 2 x 
=
2 x2 + 1  x 2
− 1
2

( )
 
 
1 x 2 − 1  −4 x 
=
2 x2 + 1  x2 − 1 ( )
2

 
−2 x 2 − 1 −2
= 2
= 1
(x 2
−1 ) x2 + 1
(x 2
−1)
2−
2 x2 + 1
−2
= 3
Answer
(x 2
−1 ) 2 x +1 2

Question # 14
1+ x − 1− x
1+ x + 1− x
1+ x − 1− x
Solution Assume y =
1+ x + 1− x
1+ x − 1− x 1+ x − 1− x
= ⋅ Rationalizing
1+ x + 1− x 1+ x − 1− x
2

=
( 1+ x − 1− x )
2 2
( 1+ x ) ( − 1− x )
2 2

=
( 1+ x ) + ( 1− x ) −2 ( 1+ x )( 1− x )
1+ x −1+ x
1 + x + 1 − x − 2 (1 + x )(1 − x )
=
2x

) 2 
1

2 − 2 1 − x2
2 1 − 1 − x 2 (
= = 
2x 2x
1

=
1− 1− x ( )
2 2

x
Now differentiation w.r.t x

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FSc-II / Ex- 2.3 - 8

 1

dy
=
d  1 − 1 − x (
2 2
) 
dx dx  x 

 
d    2 2 d
11
x 1 − 1 − x 2
dx 
(  
) 2
 − 1 − 1 − x  dx x

( )
= 2
x
1   1 1 −1 d   1  
=
x2
⋅  x  0 − 1 − x2 2 ( )
1 − x 2  − 1 − 1 − x 2 ( ) ( ) 2
 (1) 
  2 dx    
1   1 1
2 −2  2 2
1
=
x2
⋅ x  − 1− x ( )
(−2 x)  − 1 + 1 − x  ( )
  2  
   2 1

1  x2 1
2 1  x − 1 − x 2 2
(+ 1 − x2  )
= 2 ⋅
x 1 −1 + 1 − x
2
( )  = x2 ⋅  1 
( 2
 1 − x 2 )   1− x 2 2
(  )
 2 2 
1
1 1− 1− x
= 2 ⋅ 
(  = 1− ) 1 − x2
Answer
1 
x x 2
1− x 2
 1 (
− x 2 2
 )
Question # 15
x a+x
a−x
1
x a+x a+x 2
Solution Let y = = x 
a−x a−x
Diff. w.r.t. x
1
dy d a+x 2
= x 
dx dx  a − x 
1 1
d a+x 2
a+x 2 d
= x   +   x ……….. (i)
dx  a − x  a−x dx
1 1 −1
d a+x 2 1 a + x d a+x 2
Now   =    
dx  a − x  2 a − x  dx  a − x 
 d d 
1a + x
−1
2  ( a − x) (a + x) − ( a + x) (a − x) 
dx dx
=    2 
2 a − x   (a − x) 
 
1
1  a − x  2  ( a − x ) (1) − ( a + x )( −1) 
=    
2  a + x   (a − x)
2



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 FSc-II / Ex- 2.3 - 9

1
1 (a − x)2  a − x + a + x  1 1  2a 
=   = ⋅  
2 ( a + x ) 12  ( a − x )2  2 ( a + x ) 12 ( a − x ) − 12  ( a − x )2 
a a
= 1 1 = 1 3
2−
(a + x)2 (a − x) 2 (a + x) 2 (a − x) 2
Using in eq. (i)
1
dy a a+x 2
= x⋅ 1 3 +   (1)
dx (a + x) (a − x)
2 2  a − x 
1

=
ax
+
(a + x) 2
1 3 1
(a + x) (a − x)
2 2 (a − x) 2
ax + ( a + x )( a − x ) ax + a 2 − x 2
= 1 3 = 3 Answer
(a + x) 2 (a − x) 2 a + x (a − x) 2

Question # 16
1 dy
If y = x − , show that 2 x + y = 2 x
x dx
1
Solution Since y = x −
x
1 1
−
2 2
= x −x
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy d  12 −1 
= x − x 2 
dx dx  
1 − 1 1 − 3
= x 2+ x 2
2 2
Multiplying by 2x
dy  1 −1   1 −3  dy − 1 +1 − 3 +1
2x = 2x  x 2  + 2x  x 2  ⇒ 2x = x 2 +x 2
dx 2  2  dx
dy 1 −1
2x = x2 +x 2
dx
Adding y on both sides
dy 1 −1
2x + y = x 2 + x 2 + y
dx
dy 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1
⇒ 2x + y = x 2 + x 2 + x 2 − x 2 ∵ y= x2 −x 2
dx
dy 1 dy
⇒ 2x + y = 2x 2 ⇒ 2x + y = 2 x Proved
[
dx dx
Question # 17
dy
If y = x 4 + 2 x 2 + 2 , prove that = 4x y − 1
dx
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.3 - 10

Solution Since y = x 4 + 2 x 2 + 2
dy d 4
Now
dx
=
dx
(
x + 2 x2 + 2 )
dy
⇒
dx
(
= 4 x 4−1 + 2 2 x 2−1 + 0 )
= 4 x3 + 4 x
dy
⇒
dx
( )
= 4 x x 2 + 1 ……… (i)

Now y = x4 + 2x2 + 2
⇒ y − 1 = x4 + 2 x2 + 2 − 1
2
= x4 + 2 x2 + 1 = ( x2 + 1 )
(
⇒ y − 1 = x2 + 1 ) i.e. (x 2
+1 =) y −1
Using it in eq. (i), we have
dy
⇒ = 4x y −1 as required.
dx

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Book: Exercise 2.3

Calculus and Analytic Geometry Mathematic 12
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.
Edition: May 2013.
Available online at http://www.MathCity.org in PDF Format
(Picture format to view online).
Updated: September,13,2017.

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