DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 2017-18

EXPERIMENT-11
MODAL ANALYSIS OF A CANTILEVER BEAM UNDER ITS OWN WEIGHT
(FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS)
Aim: To find the natural frequencies and the mode shapes of a cantilever beam under the action of
self weight

Material properties: Modulus of Elasticty – 200Gpa

Poisson ratio – 0.29
Density – 7830 kg/m3.
Theory about the element:
BEAM 2D node 188 is the suitable element for the present analysis. It is 3 D element and
possesses two nodes, one at the each end. It has 7 degree of freedom. These include translations
in the x, y, and z directions and rotations about the x, y, and z directions. A seventh degree of
freedom (warping magnitude) is optional.
Procedure:
1. Select the required analysis to be performed
Preferences – Structural
2. Select the system of units
Main menu – Preprocessor – Material Props – Material library – Select Units – Select SI
(MKS) – Ok
3. Select the suitable element for meshing
Main menu – Preprocessor – Element type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Beam – 2D node
188 – Ok – Close.
4. Define the cross section
Main menu – Preprocessor – Sections – Beam – Common Sections – Select Rectangle in
the Sub Type – Enter the value for height – H - 0.01 – Enter the value for width – B - 0.01 -
Ok.

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5. Define the material behavior and its properties

Main menu – Preprocessor – Material Props – Material models – Structural – Linear –
Elastic – Isotropic – Enter the value for Young’s modulus – 200e9 – Enter the value for
Poisson ratio – 0.29 – Ok – Density – 7830 – Exit.
6. Prepare the geometric model or physical model
First define the key points at every support and loading point
Main menu – Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Key points – In Active CS – Enter the
KP number (1) – Enter the coordinates (0, 0, 0) – Apply - Enter the KP number (2) – Enter
the coordinates (1.0, 0, 0) –Ok.
Join the above defined key points with lines
Main menu – Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Lines – Lines – In Active Coordinate
system – Pick the key points (1,2)– Ok.
7. Perform meshing operation to define elements and nodes
Initially set the element attributes like real constants, material properties and element type
for all the lines and then define the no. of elements to be generated for each of the line in
the beam. Then perform meshing, resulting in nodes and elements.
Main menu – Preprocessor – Meshing – Mesh tool – Element attributes – Set – Ok – Size
controls – Lines - Set – Pick all – Enter the no. of element divisions – 10 – Ok – Mesh –
Lines – Mesh – Pick all – Close.
8. Plot key points for applying the boundary conditions
ANSYS Utility menu – Plot – Key points – Key points
9. Define Analysis Type
Main menu - Solution - Analysis Type - New Analysis – Modal Analysis – Ok.
10. Set options for analysis type:
Main menu - Solution - Analysis Type - Analysis Options – Select the method – BLOCK
LANZCOZ – Enter the no. of modes to extract – 5 – Enter the no. of modes to expand – 5 –
Ok.
11. Define the support conditions
Main menu – Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement – On Key points
– Pick the key point (1) – Apply – Select ALL DOF – Ok.
12. Solve the problem
Main menu – Solution – Solve – Current LS – Ok – Close

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FOR VIEWING THE RESULTS

13. General post proc – Results summary – (It will display the values of all the 5 natural
frequencies. Write them).
14. To Visualize the Mode Shapes
General Postproc - Read Results - First Set
This selects the results for the first mode shape
General Postproc - Plot Results - Deformed shape - Select 'Def + undef edge'
The first mode shape will now appear in the graphics window.
To view the next mode shape, select General Postproc - Read Results > Next Set.As
above choose General Postproc - Plot Results - Deformed shape - Select 'Def + undef
edge'.
Repeat the same procedure for getting all the 5 mode shapes corresponding to all the 5
frequencies.
15. To visualize the animation
Utility menu – Plot controls – Animate – mode shape – Ok.
16. To save the Images of all mode shapes
First plot the mode shape as mentioned in Step-14. Then go to
Utility menu – Plot controls – write meta file – Invert white/black – Enter the location to save
the image – Ok.
Repeat the same procedure for all the mode shapes.
17. Result: Modal analysis is performed on the cantilever beam for the given configuration and
the natural frequencies obtained are…………………………………

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EXPERIMENT-12
HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF A CANTILEVER BEAM UNDER ITS OWN WEIGHTAND LOAD
WITH OPERATING FREQUENCY
(DYNAMIC ANALYSIS)
Aim: To study the response of a cantilever beam under the action of self weight and the cyclic
loading.

The length of the beam is taken as 1.0 m and the width and depth of the beam as 0.01 m. The load
applied on the beam is cyclic load (harmonic) of magnitude 100 N with a frequency range of 01 –
100 Hz.
Material properties: Modulus of Elasticity – 200Gpa
Poisson ratio – 0.29
Density – 7830 kg/m3.
Theory about the element:
BEAM 2D node 188 is the suitable element for the present analysis. It is 3 D element and
possesses two nodes, one at the each end. It has 7 degree of freedom. These include translations
in the x, y, and z directions and rotations about the x, y, and z directions. A seventh degree of
freedom (warping magnitude) is optional.
Procedure:
1. Select the required analysis to be performed
Preferences – Structural
2. Select the system of units
Main menu – Preprocessor – Material Props – Material library – Select Units – Select SI (MKS)
– Ok

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3. Select the suitable element for meshing

Main menu – Preprocessor – Element type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Beam – 2D node
188 – Ok – Close.
4. Define the cross section
Main menu – Preprocessor – Sections – Beam – Common Sections – Select Rectangle in
the Sub Type – Enter the value for height – H - 0.01 – Enter the value for width – B - 0.01 -
Ok.
5. Define the material behavior and its properties
Main menu – Preprocessor – Material Props – Material models – Structural – Linear –
Elastic – Isotropic – Enter the value for Young’s modulus – 200e9 – Enter the value for
Poisson ratio – 0.29 – Ok – Density – 7830 – Exit.
6. Prepare the geometric model or physical model
First define the key points at every support and loading point
Main menu – Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Key points – In Active CS – Enter the
KP number (1) – Enter the coordinates (0, 0, 0) – Apply - Enter the KP number (2) – Enter
the coordinates (1.0, 0, 0) –Ok.
Join the above defined key points with lines
Main menu – Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Lines – Lines – In Active Coordinate
system – Pick the key points (1,2)– Ok.
7. Perform meshing operation to define elements and nodes
Initially set the element attributes like real constants, material properties and element type
for all the lines and then define the no. of elements to be generated for each of the line in
the beam. Then perform meshing, resulting in nodes and elements.
Main menu – Preprocessor – Meshing – Mesh tool – Element attributes – Set – Ok – Size
controls – Lines - Set – Pick all – Enter the no. of element divisions – 10 – Ok – Mesh –
Lines – Mesh – Pick all – Close.
8. Plot key points for applying the boundary conditions
ANSYS Utility menu – Plot – Key points – Key points
9. Define Analysis Type
Main menu - Solution - Analysis Type - New Analysis –Harmonic Analysis – Ok
10. Set options for analysis type:
Main menu - Solution - Analysis Type - Analysis Options – Solution Method – Full - DoF
printout format – Real + Imaginary – Ok – Choose Equation solver – Sparse solver – Ok

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Main menu – Solution – Load step options – Time/Frequency – Enter the range of
frequency – 1 & 100 – Pick the type of Boundary condition – Stepped - Enter the no. of
substeps – 100 – Ok
In stepped boundary condition, substep values are 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz, ……100 Hz. For
each substep, the load remains constant at 100 N. In ramped input, substep values
are 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz, ……100 Hz and the corresponding load values are 1 N, 2 N, 3 N,
………. 100 N respectcively.
11. Define the support conditions
Main menu – Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement – On Key points –
Pick the key point (1) – Apply – Select ALL DOF – Ok.
12. Define the loads
Main menu – Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – Force/Moment – On Key points
– Pick the key point (2) – Apply – Select the direction of force - FY – Enter the magnitude of
force – Real part value – -100 – Imaginary Part value – 0 - Ok
13. Solve the problem
Main menu – Solution – Solve – Current LS – Ok – Close
FOR VIEWING THE RESULTS
14. Plot UY vs. frequency
Main Menu – Time History post proc – Click on (+) symbol on the top of the window (Add
the variables)- Dof Solution – UY – Ok – Pick a node on the beam – (2) – Ok – Click on
List data – (3rd button beside “+” in the window) – Window will display the variation of Uy
with the frequency.
In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'Plot' button, 2 buttons to the left of 'Add'.
To get a better view of the response, view the log scale of UY.
Select Utility Menu – Plot Controls - Style - Graphs - Modify Axis
Enter X-Label – Frequency – Enter Y-Label – Deflection-log (Uy) – Thickness of the Axes –
Single – X-axis scale – Linear – Y-axis scale – Logarithmic – Ok
Utility Menu - Plot – Replot.
Plot Controls – Write meta file – Invert white/black – Specify the location - Save
15. Plot ϴz vs. frequency
Main Menu – Time History post proc – Click on (+) symbol on the top of the window (Add
the variables)- Dof Solution – ϴz – Ok – Pick a node on the beam – (2) – Ok – Click on
List data – (3rd button beside “+” in the window) – Window will display the variation of ϴz
with the frequency.
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In the 'Time History Variables' window click the 'Plot' button, 2 buttons to the left of 'Add'.
To get a better view of the response, view the log scale of ϴz.
Select Utility Menu – Plot Controls - Style - Graphs - Modify Axis
Enter X-Label – Frequency – Enter Y-Label – Angular Deflection-log(ϴz) – Thickness of the
Axes – Single – X-axis scale – Linear – Y-axis scale – Logarithmic – Ok
Utility Menu - Plot – Replot
Plot Controls – Write meta file – Invert white/black – Specify the location - Save

16. Result: Harmonic analysis is performed on the cantilever beam for the given cyclic loading
and the maximum deflections obtained on logarithmic scale
are…………………………………
Peak deflection – 1 for UY -____________at frequency______________
Peak deflection – 2 for UY -____________at frequency______________
Peak angular deflection – 1 for ϴz -____________at frequency______________
Peak angular deflection – 2 for ϴz -____________at frequency______________

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EXPERIMENT – 13
STRESS ANALYSIS OF A PLATE WITH A CIRCULAR HOLE AT THE CENTRE
SUBJECTED TO PLANE STRESS AND PLANE STRAIN CONDITIONS

Aim: To find the stress and strain distributions in a plate with a central circular hole under biaxial
loading subjected to plane stress and plane strain conditions.

The breadth and depth of the plate are 0.75m and 0.5m respectively. Diameter of the hole in the
plate is 0.2m. The modulus of elasticity is 200 Gpa, Poisson ratio – 0.29, Density – 7830 Kg/m3.

Theory about the element:

Plane stress: When the thickness of a plate is finite and could not be neglected, then the stresses
along the thickness direction are assumed to be zero. But the strains along the thickness direction
are finite, because of the effect of Poisson ratio.
Applications: Analysis of plates with finite thickness.
Equations governing the plane stress are:
z  0

x y   y
x    z  x 
E E E E E
y   y 
y   x  z   x
E E E E E
z  y  y
z   x    x  
E E E E E

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Plane strain: When the thickness of a plate is infinitely long, then the strain along the thickness
direction is assumed to be zero. But the stress along the thickness direction is finite, because of the
effect of Poisson ratio. In this case, area perpendicular to the thickness direction is considered and
it is analyzed.
Applications: Analysis of tunnels, long pipes subjected to internal pressures, stress analysis of rails
etc.
Equations governing the plane strain are:
z  0
y x 
y    z
E E E
z  
z    x   y  0   z    x   y 
E E E
Where µ - Poisson ratio and  x ,  y ,  z , - stress components in x, y, and z – directions

respectively and  x,  y ,  z, - strain components in x, y,

and z – directions respectively.

Here the problem to be solved is two dimensional.
Hence, Plane 42 is the suitable element for the present
analysis. It is 4-node, 2-D quadrilateral element and
possesses twodegree of freedom(two in translation (Ux,
Uy)), at eachnode (one at the each of the corners of the
quadrilateral). This element is suitable for solving 2-D plane
problems (both stress analysis and vibration analysis), and
for the linear elastic loading conditions. It has two behaviors
– 4-node quadrilateral (used for meshing regular geometry)
and 3-node triangle (used for meshing irregular geometry).

Procedure:-
1. Select the required analysis to be performed
Preferences – Structural
2. Select the system of units
Main menu – Preprocessor – Material Props – Material library – Select Units – Select SI (MKS)
– Ok

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3. Select the suitable element for meshing

Main menu – Preprocessor – Element type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add –Solid – Quad 4 node
42 - Ok – Options – Element behavior – Plane stress – Ok - Close.
4. Define the real constants
For this plane element, real constants are not needed.
5. Define the material behavior and its properties
Main menu – Preprocessor – Material Props – Material models – Structural – Linear –
Elastic – Isotropic – Enter the value for Young’s modulus – 200e9 – Enter the value for
Poisson ratio – 0.29 – Ok – Density – Enter the value for density of the material – 7830 Ok
– Material – Exit.
6. Prepare the geometric model or physical model
First mode the rectangle following this procedure
Main menu – Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Areas – Rectangle – By two corners –
Enter the coordinates for x, y - (0, 0) - Enter the value for the width of the plate – 0.75 –
Enter the value for the height of the plate – 0.5 – Ok.
Now create a circular plane at the centre of the rectangular plane
Preprocessor – Modeling – Create – Areas – Circle – solid circle – enter the location for the
centre of the circle – (x – 0.375, y – 0.25) – Enter the radius of the circle – 0.1 – Ok.
Now create a circular hole in the rectangle
Preprocessor – Modeling – Operate – Booleans – Subtract - Areas – Pick the base area –
(Rectangle)- Ok – Apply – Enter the area number – 2 (for circle) – Ok.
7. Perform meshing operation to define elements and nodes
Initially set the element attributes like material properties and element type for all the areas
and then define the no. of divisions in to which each line should be divided. Then perform
meshing, resulting in nodes and elements.
Main menu – Preprocessor – Meshing – Mesh tool – Element attributes – Set – Ok – Size
controls – Lines - Set – Pick horizontal lines in rectangle – Enter the no. of element
divisions – 20 – Apply - Pick vertical lines in rectangle – Enter the no. of element divisions
– 10 – Ok – Mesh – Areas – Triangle shape – Free mesh - Mesh – Pick the area
(rectangle) – Close – Refine at – Lines – Refine – Pick the circle – Ok – Select the level of
refinement – 3 – Ok – Close.
8. Define the support conditions
Main menu – Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement – On Lines –
Pick the left vertical line - Apply – Select ALL DOF – Ok.
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9. Apply the loads on the plane

Main menu – Solution – Define loads – Apply – Structural – Force/Moment – On Key points –
Pick the right top corner of the rectangle – Apply – Select the direction of force – FY –
Enter the value for the force – (-10,000) – Apply - On Key points – Pick the right bottom
corner of the rectangle – Apply - Select the direction of force – Fx – Enter the value for the
force – (20,000) – Ok.
10. Solve the problem
Main menu – Solution – Solve – Current LS – Ok – Close
FOR VIEWING THE RESULTS
11. For support reactions
Main menu – General postproc – List results - Reaction solution – Select all – Ok.
12. For seeing the deflection curve (Uy) and various stresses
Main menu – General post proc – Plot results – Contour plot – Nodal solution – Dof Solution –
Y-component of solution – Ok.
Main menu – General post proc – Plot results – Contour plot – Nodal solution – Pick the
required stress distribution – Ok.
13. To visualize the animation
Utility menu – Plot controls – Animate – deformed results – pick the results required - Ok.
14. To save the Images of results
First plot the required results as mentioned in Steps-12 and 13. Then go to
Utility menu – Plot controls – write meta file – Invert white/black – Enter the location to save the
image – Ok.
15. To observe the material flow direction or the direction of resistive forces
Main menu – General post proc – Plot results – Vector plot – Predefined – DoF solution –
Translation U – Ok.
16. Result: Stress analysis has been performed on the rectangular plate with a circular central
hole subjected to given loading conditions, and it has been tabulated

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In the case of plane strain conditions, there is no need to perform the entire analysis once
again, by modeling the problem and performing meshing etc., because for this problem
everything is same except the nature of the problem. Follow the procedure mentioned
below:
17. Change element behavior
Main menu – Preprocessor – Element type – Pick the element – Options – Element behavior –
Plane strain – Ok – Close.
18. Now solve the problem again.
Main menu – Solution – Solve current LS – Ok – Close.
FOR VIEWING THE RESULTS
19. For support reactions
Main menu – General postproc – List results - Reaction solution – Select all – Ok.
20. For seeing the deflection curve (Uy)
Main menu – General post proc – Plot results – Contour plot – Nodal solution – Dof Solution –
Y-component of solution – Ok.
Main menu – General post proc – Plot results – Contour plot – Nodal solution – Pick the
required stress distribution – Ok.
21. To visualize the animation
Utility menu – Plot controls – Animate – deformed results – pick the results required - Ok.
22. To save the Images of results
First plot the required results as mentioned in Steps-12 and 13. Then go to
Utility menu – Plot controls – write meta file – Invert white/black – Enter the location to save the
image – Ok.
23. To observe the material flow direction or the direction of resistive forces
Main menu – General post proc – Plot results – Vector plot – Predefined – DoF solution –
Translation U – Ok.
24. Result: Stress analysis has been performed on the rectangular plate with a circular central
hole subjected to given loading conditions, and it has been found that

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Final results are tabulated as

S. No Item Value in Plane Stress Value in Plane Strain
1 Maximum deflection
2 Maximum stress -  x
3 Maximum stress -  y
4 Maximum stress -  xy
5 Maximum stress -  1
6 Maximum stress -  2
7 Maximum stress -  3

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Experiment – 14
STRESS ANALYSIS OF A COMPOSITE PLATE
Aim: To model a composite plate and to determine stresses induced in it.
Software used: ANSYS - 15.0
Material Properties:
Modulus of elasticity: Ex=130Gpa. Ey=9 Gpa. Ez=9 Gpa.
Modulus of Rigidity: Gxy=4.8 Gpa. Gyz=4.8 Gpa. Gzx=4.8 Gpa.
Poissons Ratio : prxy=0.28 Pryz=0.28 Przx=0.28
Procedure:
1. Select the required analysis to be performed
Main menu – Preferences - Structural - Ok
2. Select the system units.
Main Menu - Preprocessor- Material Props - Material Library - Units - Select - Ok.
3. Select the suitable element.
Main Menu - Preprocessor - Element Type - Add/Edit/Select Add - Shell - 4node 181 -
Ok - Options - Storage of Layer Data - All Layers - Ok - Close.
4. Define the material properties.
Main Menu - Preprocessor - Material Props - Material Models - Structural - Linear -
Elastic - Orthotropic - Enter the values of Young's Modulus - Ex(130e9), Ey(9e9),
Ez(9e9) - Enter the values of Shear modulus - Gxy(4.8e9), Gyz(4.8e9), Gzx(4.8e9) -
Enter the Values of Poisson's ratio - prxy(0.28), pryz(0.28), przx(0.28) - Ok - density -
1656 - ok - close.
5. Define the number of layers in the plate.
Main Menu - Preprocessor - Sections - Shell - Lay Up - Add/Edit - Enter the thickness of
the Layer - (0.001) - Select the Material Id - Enter the Orientation - 0 - Add Layer -
Repeat The Above Process For N Numbers Of Layers - Ok.
Change the orientation for various layers if needed.
6. Preparing the geometrical model.
Main Menu - Preprocessor - Modeling - Create - Areas - Rectangle - By Dimensions -
Create a rectangle of dimensions (0.2x0.2).
7. Meshing
Main Menu - Processor - Meshing - Mesh Tool - Element Attributes - Global - Set -
Check for the variables defined - Ok - Size Controls - Lines - Set - Pick All - Enter

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Number of Elements Divisions - 50 - Ok - Mesh - Areas - Mesh - Select the area to be

Meshed - Ok.
8. Applying the boundary conditions
a. Select the type of analysis
Main Menu - Solution - Analysis - Type - New Analysis - Structural - Ok
b. For support conditions.
Main Menu - Solution - Define Loads - Apply - Structural - Displacement - On Lines - Pick
the left and right edges of the Plate - Ok - Select AllDof - Ok.
c. For applying loads
Main Menu - Solution - Define Loads - Apply - Structural - Force/Moment - On Nodes -
Select the Mid Node at the Bottom Edge - Ok -Select The Direction Of The Force - Fz-
Enter The Magnitude Of The Force - (-10,000) - Inertia - Gravity - Global -Fy- (-9.81) -
Ok
9. Solve the problem
Main Menu - Solution - Solve – Current LS- Ok
10. For viewing results.
a. For the x component stress
Main Menu - General Postproc - Plot Results - Contour Plot-Nodal Solution - Stress
- X Component of the Stress - Ok
b. For shear stress
Main Menu - General Postproc - Plot Results - Contour Plot - Nodal Solution -
Stress - Xy Stress - Ok
c. For deflections.
Main Menu - General Postproc - Plot Results - Contour Plot - Nodal Solution - Dot
Solution - Select the Required Component - Ok

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