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GFRC Rapid Wall Structural Design Manual

it is GFRG / rapidwall building structural design manual published by IIT madras and BMTPC

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GFRC Rapid Wall Structural Design Manual

it is GFRG / rapidwall building structural design manual published by IIT madras and BMTPC

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singhal siddhant
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GFRG/RAPIDWALL BUILDING STRUCTURAL DESIGN MANUAL Use of Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) Panels in Buildings STRUCTURAL DESIGN MANUAL SE Prepared by Structural Engineering Division Department of Civil Engineering IIT Madras Published by iimlac Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation Government of india ISBN: 978-81-928379-0-1 December, 2013 Disclaimer ‘The information presented in this Manual is supplied in good faith and is based entirely on the test data and design guidelines furnished for GFRG building panel, Indian Institute of Technology Madras is not responsible for incorrectness, if any, in such data furnished for GFRG building panels. Acknowledgment The support of Rapid Building Systems Pty Ltd Australia, RBS India Pvt Ltd, Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers (RCF) Mumbai, FACT-RCF Building Products Ltd (FRBL) Cochin ~ Govt of india Public undertaking, is gratefully acknowledged. FOREWORD The Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) Panel System, commonly known as Rapidwall, is an alternate technology for construction of buildings originally developed and being in use for last ‘two decades in Australia. The panels are manufactured in semi-automatic machine using phosphogypsum - an industrial waste from fertilizer plants and glass fibre rovings. The technology is evaluated by BMTPC under the Performance Appraisal Certified Scheme (PACS). The evaluation of the system is based on various tests performed on the panels. The panels, due to unique configuration and materials have properties different than normal conventional construction. Besides Australia and China, materials properties, strength and behavior of the panels have been studied in India at IIT Madras. While evaluating the system, it was realized that the design Manual used in Australia for the system, needed appropriate modification to ensure conformity with the prevailing Indian standards and to incorporate the research findings of the studies undertaken at IIT Madras. Accordingly, this Designs Manual has been prepared by IIT Madras and being published by BMTPC. The Manuals deals with the engineering design aspect of GFRG Panels and endeavours to provide guidelines to the engineers who intend to design building using GFRG Panels. This Manual is mandatory and required to be followed for design of any buildings using GFRG Panels manufactured by RCF as per the design specifications. BMTPC places deep appreciation for the valuable technical contributions made by Dr. Devdas Menon and Dr. A. Meher Prasad of IIT Madras in developing painstakingly this Manual. | also acknowledge the team at BMTPC specially Shri J.K.Prasad, Shri A.KTiwari and Shri Dalip Kumar for successful operation of the scheme and bringing out the publication in time. hope the Manual will serve the purpose for designing the buildings using GFRG Panels and will 0 a long way in propagating the Rapidwall technology as an alternate technology for building construction. Dr. Shailesh Kr. Agrawal Executive Director, BMTPC PREFACE GFRG is the abbreviation for glass fibre reinforced gypsum. It is the name of a new building panel product, made essentially of gypsum plaster, reinforced with glass fibres, and is also known in the industry as Rapidwall®. This product, suitable for rapid mass-scale building construction, was originally developed and used since 1990 in Australia. GFRG is of particular relevance to india, where there is a tremendous need for cost-effective mass-scale affordable housing, and where gypsum is abundantly available as an industrial by-product waste. The product is not only eco- friendly or green, but also resistant to water and fire. GFRG panels are presently manufactured to a thickness of 124 mm, a length of 12m and a height of 3m, under carefully controlled conditions. The panel can be cut to required size. Although its main application is in the construction of walls, it can also be used in floor and roof slabs in combination with reinforced concrete. The panel contains cavities that may be filled with concrete and reinforced with steel bars to impart additional strength and provide ductility. The panels may be unfilled, partially filled or fully filled with reinforced concreteas per the structural requirement. Experimental studies and research have shown that GFRG panels, suitably filled with reinforced concrete, possess substantial strength to act not only as load-bearing elements, but also as shear walls, capable of resisting lateral loads due to earthquake and wind. It is possible to design such buildings up to ten storeys in low seismic zones (and to lesser height in high seismic zones). However, such construction needs to be properly designed by @ qualified structural engineer. Manufacture of GFRG panels with increased thickness (150 mm, 200 mm) withsuitable flange thickness can facilitate design and construction of taller buildings. GFRG panels can also be used advantageously as infills (non-load bearing) in combination with reinforced concrete(RC) framed columns and beams (conventional framed construction of multi- storey buildings) without any restriction on the number of storeys. Also, GFRG panels with ‘embedded micro-beams and RC screed (acting as T-beams) can be used as floor/roof slabs. Design of an eight storeyed building with GFRG panels as load bearing shear walls as well as infill walls in framed construction is included in this manual for reference. Some of the advantages of construction using GFRG panels are: (i) Substantial reduction in the structural weight of the building; (ii) No plastering requirement for walls and ceiling; (iii) Increased speed of construction with less manpower; {iv) Saving of cement, steel, river sand, burnt clay bricks / concrete blocks and hence saving of energy and reduced CO, emissions, contributing to environmental protection and mitigating climate change; (v) Use of reprocessed / recycled industrial by product, viz., waste gypsum, to manufacture GFRG panel, helping to abate pollution and protect the environment. GFRG building systems can be constructed only with technical support or supervision by qualified engineers and constructors, based on structural designs carried out in detail complying to prevailing standards; this is applicable even for low-rise and affordable mass housing, to provide for desirable safety margins against natural disasters (such as earthquakes and cyclones). GFRG panels can be unfilled when used as partition walls, but when used as external walls, need to be suitably designed (with reinforced concrete filling) in order to resist the design wind pressures. For single-storey construction (suitable for affordable mass housing), unfilled GFRG panels can be used for walls as well as roof (which may be pitched suitably), with local reinforced concrete filling at the joints between walls and between the roof and walls. It is mandatory to provide embedded RC horizontal tie beams over all the walls below the floor slab / roof slab. Based on the experience in Australia, as well as tests and independent evaluation reported by IIT Madras and SERC Chennai, Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC), Government of India, has accorded approval of GFRG panels for construction in India. However, to facilitate such construction, it was felt necessary to bring out appropriate design and construction manuals that meet the statutory requirements of relevant Indian Standards. The task of preparing the Design Manual has been entrusted to IIT Madras by Rapidwall manufacturers and technology promoters, viz. Rahstriya Chemicals and Fertilizers(RCF) Ltd, Mumbai, a Govt of India fertiliser company. RCF and The Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore(FACT) Ltd, another fertiliser company owned by the Government of india, are also jointly setting Rapidwall manufacturing plantin Cochin, kerala. This Manual deals the engineering design aspects of GFRG panel construction. Much of the material presented here is adapted from the design manual presently in use in Australia (“Rapidwall® Engineering Design Guidelines”, prepared by Dare Sutton Clarke, Australia). Appropriate changes have been made to ensure conformity with the prevailing indian Standards, and to incorporate recent research findings atllT Madras. There is a need for continued structural testing of various aspects of GFRG panels, manufactured in India. GFRG panels, manufactured by RCF, Mumbai have been tested by IIT Madras and found to match the strength and performance of panels manufactured in Australia, as specified by the technology provider.Details regarding the method of construction and its sequence, including erection of GFRG panels, are explained in the GFRG building construction manual. Itis strongly recommended that structural engineers and building designers associated with GFRG panel construction should be thoroughly familiar with the various structural design aspects, as outlined in this Manual. It is also recommended that architects and construction engineers who undertake GFRG / Rapidwall building design and construction gain familiarity with the properties and material characteristics of Rapidwall and its applications and construction systems. Dr. Devdas Menon (Professor) Dr. A. Meher Prasad (Professor) Structural Engineering Division Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036, India December 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE eCmvranewne 10 a 12 13 14 15 16 7 18 19 20 REFERENCES INTRODUCTION .. NOTATION PRODUCT DIMENSIONS ........ APPLICATIONS .. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES DESIGN PHILOSOPHY AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY ...... OUT-OF-PLANE BENDING CAPACITY ...... SHEAR STRENGTH .. IN-PLANE BENDING CAPACITY DESIGN OF LINTEL... DESIGN OF FLOOR / ROOF SLAB .. ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF A TYPICAL MULTI-STOREYED BUILDING ..... LOW RISE AFFORDABLE MASS HOUSING . GFRG PANEL AS INFILL WALL IN RC FRAMED CONSTRUCTION .... ANNEXURE 1... ANNEXURE 2.... ANNEXURE 3 ANNEXURE 4.... ANNEXURE 5... 1. INTRODUCTION This Design Manual provides guidelines and recommendations for the design of GFRG /Rapidwall building panels as structural walling and flooring systems in buildings. The Manual is intended to be used by structural design engineers, for the purpose of ensuring that adequate strength and safety requirements are met with in the design of such buildings. Designers are also advised to follow the guidelines given in the Construction Manual for construction using GFRG building panels, joint details, ete. This Manual, which is a revision of an earlier 2003 version,has been prepared, essentially based on the following references: 1. RAPIDWALL'(2002) Engineering Design Guidelines, compiled by Ms Dare Sutton Clarke Engineers, Adelaide, Australia, RAPIDWALL (2001) Report on Physical Testing and Development of Design Guidelines for the structural application of Rapidwall” in building construction prepared by Ms Dare Sutton Clarke Engineers, Adelaide, Australia. IS: 456 (2000), Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete for general building construction, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. IS: 1905 (1987), Code of practice for structural use of unreinforced masonry, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi SERC (2002), Evaluation of seismic performance of gypcrete building panels, Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai, India; August 2002. Project no. CNP 053241/2. SERC (2002), Investigation on the behaviour of gypcrete panels and blocks under static loading, Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai, india; ‘August 2002. Project no. CNP 053241/1. IITM (2002), Material properties and assessment of gypcrete building panels, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India; September 2002. Project no. CE/BTCM/2557/2002. Sreenivasa, R. L (2010), Strength and behaviour of glass fibre reinforced gypsum wall panels, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, PhD Thesis. 9. Janardhana, M. (2010), Cyclic behaviour of glass fibre reinforced gypsum wall panels, Indian Institute of Technology Madras,PhD Thesis. The main content of this Manual deals with the design of GFRG panels subject to (i) axial compression, (ii) compression with out-of-plane bending and (ii) compression with in-plane bending and shear. The design of lintels, slabs and pitched roofs are also included. GFRG building panels are considered with and without reinforced concrete as infill in the cavities. Other data related to building design, such as fire resistance and sound transmission, are also included in the guidelines. The guidelines are presented in various Sections, each covering a specific property of GFRG building panel. To facilitate design calculations, example problems are taken up for demonstration, wherever appropriate. In Sections 13-15, detailed examples are provided for the design of GFRG shear walls in multi-storeyedand low-rise buildings. The use of GFRG panels as infill walls in RC framed construction is also demonstrated. All design load calculations in this Manual in general are in accordance with IS:875 1987 - (Parts 1- 5) 1944324929) and IS:1893 2002 -(Part 1), The design methodologies presented in this Manual may be treated as a set of guidelines for the safe and efficient structural use of GFRG building panel in general building construction, rather than as a strict code of practice. The guidelines are for use by appropriately experienced and qualified structural engineers who are familiar with concrete and masonry design and construction. The designers are expected to have knowledge about the general behaviour of GFRG building panel 2. NOTATION A= A= a mM = Be Ay Aw = B & = o = DL d= dg = 4 = e = El = EL = fa = Mz = Muc-pero= Gross cross-sectional area of panels with cavities Net area of cross-section of concrete infill Net area of cross-section of the panel Design horizontal seismic coefficient Total area of steel bars in a panel Area of steel bar in a cell Area of stirrup steel bars Breadth of a section Total design compressive force (factored) Depth or width of cross-section Dead load Effective depth of cross-section Base dimension of the building at the plinth level along the direction of lateral force. Effective depth Eccentricity Flexural ity Earthquake load Characteristic cube strength of concrete Stress in steel bars Characteristic strength of stee! Height of the building Height of i" floor measured from base Second moment of area Importance factor Length of panel Live load Factored bending moment Out-of-Plane moment capacity, rib parallel to span Out-of-Plane moment capacity, perpendicular to span x) xy % Ym % % te Design bending moment capacity Number of floor levels at which masses are distributed Percentage of tension steel Factored axial load Uni-axial Compressive Strength Design axial load capacity Design lateral force at i" floor Response reduction factor Spacing of stirrups (steel bars) Thickness of panel Time period of the building Uni-axial Tensile Strength Uniformly distributed load Factored shear force Ultimate shear strength Design shear capacity Design wind speed at a height z from the ground Seismic weight of i"floor Wind load Distance from the centre of the panel to the centre of the rebar in each cavity Depth of compression zone Distance to centroid of cross ~ section from base Zone factor Partial safety factor for load Partial safety factor for GFRG building panel Partial safety factor for reinforcing steel Ratio of infilled cavities to total number of cavities Stress Nominal shear stress Permissible shear stress 3. PRODUCT DIMENSIONS These design guidelines are applicable to GFRG building panels, presently manufactured as Rapidwall®, for the typical dimensions and material properties described in this manual. Typical dimensions of a GFRG building panel are 12.0m x 3.0m x 0.124 m, as shown in Fig. 3.1. Each 1.0 m segment of the panel contains four ‘cells’. Each cell is 250 mm wide and 124 mm thick, containing a cavity 230 mm x 94 mm, as shown in Fig. 3.2. The various cells are inter-connected by solid ‘ribs’ (20 mm thick) and ‘flanges’ (15 mm thick), comprising gypsum plaster, reinforced with 300 - 350 mm glass fibre roving, located randomly but centrally. Ss filam Elevation 12 m: > A Plan 0.124m Fig. 3.1: Typical Cross Section of GFRG Panel 250 Gypcrete glass fibre (gypsum “7 plaster+glass fibre S&S +other oe ‘nange’ y Me > 20 << 230 ———_____> All dimensions are in mm Fig. 3.2: Enlarged View of a Typical Cell 4. APPLICATIONS GFRG building panels are generally used structurally in the following four ways: 1. Asload bearing walling(refer Fig.4.1) in buildings. When the cavities are filled with concrete, the compressive strength gets enhanced considerably, and when reinforcing bars are introduced, the panel's ability to resistlateral loads is also enhanced, rendering such load bearing constructions suitable for multi-storeyed housing. In single or two storeyed constructions (refer Fig. 4.2), the cavities may be filled with alternative non-structural material, such as quarry dust mixed with 5% cement. In any case, it is recommended that every third or fourth cavity, and at every joint or opening location, filling shall be done with M20 concrete and reinforced with one 8mm reinforcing bar. 2. As partition infill walls in multi-storey framed buildings. Panels can also be filled suitably. Such walls can also be used as cladding for industrial buildings or sport facilities, ete. 3. As compound walls / security walls(refer Fig. 4.3). 4. As horizontal floor slabs / roof stabs(refer Fig. 4.4): with reinforced concrete micro beams and screed (T-beam action). This system can also be used in inclined configurations, such as staircase waist slabs and pitched (sloped) roofing(refer Fig. 4.5) 4,1 Use as Load Bearing Structural Walling In typical multi-storeyed constructions involving the use of GFRG as load bearing structural walling, the connections between cross walls and with the foundations and floor/rocf are achieved through reinforced concrete filling or R.C beams. All GFRG wall panels at the ground floor are to be erected over a network of RC plinth beams supported on suitable foundation (typically, strip masonry footings). ‘Starter bars’ shall be embedded in the RC plinth beams, at the precise locations where the cavities are to be filled with reinforced concrete, with appropriate lap length (refer Figs 4.6 and 4.7). In the case of multi-storeyed buildings, where the base shear due to lateral loading (wind or earthquake) is required to be transferred to the foundation, appropriate detailing, such as provision of shear keys at the starter bar locations, shall be provided. a ic a a a 7 Fig. 4.2GFRG demo building at IIT Madras Note: A video describing details of the construction can be seen at: http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=UUQEUCB7¢MM Fig. 4.3 GFRG compound wall (b) Fig. 4.4 GFRG floor slab with micro beam and screed Fig. 4.5 Small GFRG house with pitched roof Fig. 4.6Erection of GFRG panels over plinth beam at site 3 starter bars ¢ cross beam RC plinth beam = minimum v 150 mm. & minimum. 100 mm Fig. 4.7 Provision of starter bars in RC plinth beams for the erection of GFRG panels 10 For constructing an additional GFRG floor above an existing RC building, connectivity between GFRG wall and the existing floor can be achieved by proper detailing (insertion of starter bars with proper anchorage) as shown in Fig. 4.8. If the existing floor slab does not have sufficient depth for anchorage, an ad ional RC beam may be constructed above the roof before erecting the GFRG walls. imum 150mm deep with suitable diameter hole drilled to insert starter bars & apply lock fix solution starter bars min. 50d Fig. 4.8 Starter bars in case of an existing RC floor/roof slab When GERG panel is used as structural walling, an embedded horizontal RC tie beam has to be provided on top of all the walls. Tie beam size of 200 mm depth and 94 mm width is suggested by cutting and removing the top portion of the web of GFRG panels as shown in Fig. 4.9. 4.2 Use as Floor /Roof Slabs GFRG panel can also be used for intermediate floor slab/roof slab in combination with RC (Refer Figs 4.4). The strength of GFRG slabs can be significantly enhanced by embedding reinforced concrete micro beams. For providing embedded micro beams, top flange of the respective cavity is cut and removed in such a way that minimum 25 mm flange on both end is protruded as shown in Fig. 4.4, RC concrete screed of minimum 50 mm thickness is provided above the GFRG floor panel, which is reinforced with weld mesh of minimum size of 10 gauge 100 mm x 100 mm. This RC screed and micro beam act together as series of embedded T-beams. The thickness of the RC screed, reinforcement and interval of embedded RC micro beams depends on the span and intensity of imposed load. The connectivity between the horizontal tie beam, embedded RC micro beams, concrete screed and vertical rods in GFRG wall, ensures perfect connection between floor/roof slab and walling system (refer Fig. 4.9). ‘external wall {174mm reinforcement bar inter ‘connecting ‘micro beams atexternal end | at floor slab \ evel ______GFRG wall panel for upper ra floor ae 10 gauge weld mesh at 100 x 100 mm at c/e special ‘C’ anchorage >< [1m tong)@ 0.75m ¢/c between verticalrebars and micro beam. 50 mm RC screed embedded RC micro beam in floor slab @ 0.75 m c/c —=}- GFRG panel Re pa at bearing into wall | exnbedied RChorizonta tie beam 200x84 mm below floor slab —. vertical rebar ~ ——GFRG wall panel Fig. 4.9 Connectivity between floor slab and wall oe MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Table 5.1 provides a summary of typical mechanical properties of the GFRG building panel. These properties have been determined from tests on GFRG building panel’*®"*°), The compressive strength to be considered when the panel is filled with concrete is given in Table 5.2'"5°7), Table 5.1Mechanical Properties of GFRGBuilding Panel (Unfilled) ‘Mechanical Property Nominal Value Remarks Unit weight : (0.433 kN/m? Modulus of elasticity, Ee 7500 N/mm? Uni-axial compressive strength, Pye 160 kN/m Strenettnebtetrad from longitudinal compression / tension tests with axial tensile strength, Tue 34-37 N/m oe longitudinal direction Ultimate shear strength, Voe 22.6 kN/m Out-of plane moment capacity, Rib parallel 2.1 kNm /m to span, Mec ‘Out-of plane moment capacity, Rib (0.88 kNim /m Perpendicular to span, Mycperr Mohr hardness 16 Out-of-plane flexural rigidity, E, Rib parallel ee 35x10" Nmm'/m to span Outof plane flenural rigidity, El, Rib me 1.710" Nmm'/m perpendicular to span Coefficient of thermal expansion 240° mm/mm /°C 1.0%: ihr ‘Average water Water absorption absorption by weight ne % after certain hours: of immersion Fire resistance: aie 140/140/140 minutes Structural adequacy/Integrity/Insulation Gina Alasah Sound transmission cass (STC) 4048 150 1403-1996 12 Table 5.2 Properties of compressive strength of GFRG building panel (filled with minimum M20 grade concrete in all the cores) Property Nominal Value Remarks Obtained from longitudinal eee een Be 1310kN/m’ | compression tests with ribs 7 in the longitudinal direction Uni-axial compressive strength, Poe asealaunt a = (one end fixed and other end hinged) 2s above Ultimate shear strength, Vac 61 kN/mt Leng crt owe Fire resistance: reas minutes woe Structural adequacy/Integrty/Insulation CSIRO, Australia L The nominal value of uniaxial compressive strength and in-plane shear strength of partially infilled GRFG panel with M120 concrete (both ends fixed) may be calculated as follows. P= (160-+12007)kN/m (5.1) V,,. = (21.6+38.47)kN/m (5.2) where sis given by Number of infilled cavities in the panel 5.3) Total number of cavities in the panel ia The typical stress-strain curve of GFRG under compression, obtained from tests on 4, small prisms of 250mm high and 520mm wide is shown in the Fig. Stress (MPa) ° © 0.0005 0,001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 Strain Fig, 5.1 Stress — strain curve of GFRG unfilled prism under compression * Wu, Y. F, and M. P. Dare (2004), Axial and shear behaviour of glass fibre reinforced gypsum wall panels: tests. Journal of Composites for Construction ASCE, 8(6), 569-78 + Janardhana, M. (2010), Cyclic behaviour of glass fibre reinforced gypsum wall panels, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, PhD Thesis. 13 14 6. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY The design capacities given in these guidelines are based on limit states design procedures, considering the ultimate limit state for strength design, treating the 3.0 m high GFRG building panel as the unit material, and considering the strength capacity as obtained from test results. The design should be such that the structure should withstand safely all loads (as per relevant Indian Standards) likely to act on the structure during its lifetime. It shall also satisfy serviceability requirements, such as limitations of deflection and cracking. In general, the structure shall be designed on the basis of the most critical limit state and shall be checked for other limit states. 6.1 Limit States Design For ensuring the design objectives, the design should be based on the characteristic values of material strengths and applied loads (actions), which take into account the probability of variations in material strength and load. The design values are derived from the characteristic values through the use of partial safety factors, both for material strengths and for loads, for limit states of collapse and serviceability. 6.1.1Partial Safety Factors for Load, y, The design must account for various combinations of loads acting on the structure simultaneously. The various load combinations and corresponding partial safety factor for loads shall be used as given in IS 456: 2000 "! as summarized in Table 6.1. Table 6.1 Values of Partial Safety Factor y, for Loads Load Combination Limit State of collapse Limit State of Serviceability DL u WL/EL ao | WiLL Duele 15 1s - 10 10 : | 15 0r DL+WL/EL ue . 4s 1.0 - 10 DL+LL+WL/eL 12 12 12 10 oa os Note: - For the limit state of serviceability, the values of ygiven in this table are applicable for short-term effects. While assessing long term effects due to creep, the dead load and that part of live load likely to be permanent should be considered. "this value is to be considered when stat ity against overturning or stress reversal is critical 6.1.2 Partial Safety Factor for Material, ym The magnitude of partial safety factor for the material must take into account the uncertainty related to the material strength. Although GFRG building panels are manufactured under carefully controlled conditions, it is considered prudent to treat the material like concrete, for which the partial safety factor specified in 1S 456: 2000 is 1.50, The partial safety factor for the GFRG building panel (with and without concrete infill) shall be taken as 7m =1.50 in general. The above partial safety factor yn = 1.50 is applicable to situations involving out of plane bending where the observed mode of failure is brittleas well as in plane bending of RC filled GFRG panels where the mode of failure is expected to be ductile. In the case of reinforcing steel, the partial safety factor shall be taken as y= 1.15 in all cases, as recommended in IS 456 : 2000. While investigating serviceability limit states, the partial safety factor for all materials should be taken as unity. 6.2Response Reduction Factor for Earthquake Resistant Design Earthquake resistant design shall be carried out in compliance with the requirements of IS 1893 (Part 1). In such design, an important and difficult task is the determination of the response reduction factor (R). This is traditionally arrived at, based on the general observed performance of similar buildings during past earthquakes, estimates of general system toughness and the amount of damping present during inelastic response. As GFRG buildings constitute a new type of structure, a reasonable choice of R factor can only be made by comparing the GFRG building system with traditional structures, such as reinforced concrete wall building systems for which the response modification factors are already available. GFRG walls are composite members with partial interaction, and the ductility of a partially interactive member is generally greater than that of a fully interactive reinforced concrete member. In terms of strength reserve, it is recommended that the safety margin adopted for the design of GFRG walls be at least as large as that adopted for concrete structures. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to treat buildings constructed with GFRG walls as reinforced concrete shear wall structures and to 16 adopt the R values from the respective code of practice (Wu 2009)"""!. Hence, the response reduction factor (R) is taken as 3.0 (IS 1893-2002) for seismic load calculations. 7. AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY While assessing the axial load capacity of GFRG building panel (under compression), it is important to consider possible eccentricities in loading. A minimum eccentricity (causing out-of-plane bending) must always be accounted for in the design. 7.1 Minimum Eccentricity According to IS 456: 2000 (cl.32.2.2), the design of a reinforced concrete wall shall take into account the actual eccentricity of the vertical force subjected to a minimum. value of 0.05t (6.2 mm for panel thicknesst = 124 mm). As per IS 1905: 1987, the design of a masonry wall shall consider appropriate eccentricity, which in no case shall be taken to be less than t/24 (5.2 mm for t= 124 mm). In the case of wall panels supporting floor slabs from one side only, the eccentricity to be considered should be more than the minimum values indicated above. It is recommended that a value of minimum eccentricity equal to /6 (i.e., 20.7 mm) shall be considered conservatively. Additional value of eccentricity may be considered when out-of-plane bending is explicitly involved (for example, action of local wind effects on an exposed walll panel). 7.2 Axial Compressive Strength The characteristic values of axial compressive strength of the GFRG building panel, expressed in kN/m, are obtained from compression test results on GFRG building panel for full height panel, subject to various eccentricities of loading (20 mm, 30 (gan mm and 45 mm) and different boundary conditions’ In general, it is conservative to assume pinned — pinned condition, as shown in Fig. 7.1. 17 18 as ie Ia tt et at teeta | Fig. 7.1 Experimental setup for pinned — pinned panels It may be noted that, for design purposes, the reported nominal values should be divided by ym = 1.5. The design values (including partial safety factor) are depicted in Figs 7.2 and 7.3, corresponding to unfilled and filled cases respectively, assuming a linear variation of axial load with eccentricity. Unfilled Panels The design axial load capacity (Pz), including partial safety factor, of the unfilled GFRG building panel can be found from the following equation for all heights of the wall less than 3.0m (assuming pinned-pinned end conditions). Pg = (680.92) (7.4) where, e is eccentricity in mm and Pug is in KN/m. 80.0 60.0 400 200 Axial load capacity PyskN/m. 00 ° 5 10 15 20 2s Eccentricity, e (mm) Fig.7.2 Axial Load capacity of unfilled GFRG building panel for all heights of walls < 3 m with both ends pinned 19 Filled Panels The design axial load capacity (P,.), including partial safety factor, of the filled GFRG building panel (filled with minimum M 20 grade concrete) can be found from the following equation for all heights of the wall less than 3.0m (assuming pinned-pinned end conditions). P., =(600-13.75e) (7.22) where, e is eccentricity in mm and Py is in kN/m. The contribution of reinforcing bars in compression shall be ignored. Experimental studies"have established that there is no significant enhancement in strength under pure compression due to the presence of rebars, as the failure is caused by buckling of the panel. 600.0 E z = 2000 = | 7 2 E 200 +—+_+_+ + } 1} 1 fy 3 | & } | | 00 ! ° 5 10 15, 20 25 Eccentricity, e (mm) Fig 7.3 Axial load capacity for concrete filled ( > 20 MPa) GFRG Building panel for all wall heights (< 3m) with both ends pinned 7.3 Design Example ‘An external GFRGbuilding panel of 3.0 m high, filled with 20MPa concrete, is required to resist a vertical load from the roof, comprising a dead load of 7SkN/m and alive load of 25kN/m at service stage. Check the adequacy of the panel to resist the vertical load. The factored axial load on the wall panel is given by 1.5 DL + 1.5 LLas: P, = 1.5 x (75 +25) = 150 kN/m Minimum eccentricity =t/6 =20.7mm Applying equation (7.2), design capacity in axial compression, P., =(600-13.75x20.7) = 315.4 kN/m >P,= 150 kN/m;Hence, OK. 2 8. OUT-OF-PLANE BENDING CAPACITY Unfilled GFRG Panels The out-of-plane design flexural strength of the 124 mm thickGFRGbuildingpanel without concrete filling is given in Table 8.1. The bending capacity depends on the orientation of the ribs, with respect to the direction of bending. Higher capacity is obtained when the ribs are oriented parallel to the span. Table 8.1 Out-of-Plane Design Flexural Capacity of Unfilled GFRG Panel Ribs parallel to span _—Ribs perpendicular to span Deslpu Moment 1.4 kNm/m 0.59 kNm/m. Capacity, Mag - J Filled GFRG Panels When the cavities are filled with concrete, some enhancement in strength can be expected, provided the ribs are aligned parallel to the span. However, full composite action of GFRG and concrete cannot be mobilized on account of bond slip at the inferface. A conservative estimate of the moment capacity can be arrived at by ignoring the contribution of GFRG and considering the action of the concrete beams occupying the cellular cavities (230 mm wide and 94 mm deep), spaced at 250 mm intervals. Accordingly, considering modulus of rupture of concrete as 0.7\//, and applying a partial safety factor of 1.5, the design moment capacity can be derived as follows My =[(0 71120) x(230%94" /6)x10 “Vousxo. 250) = 2.83 kNm/m Further enhancement in capacity is possible by embedding and anchoring reinforcing bars in the middle of the cavities, and designing the reinforced concrete beam elements in accordance with requirements of IS 456-2000. This is demonstrated, by means of an example in section 8.1. 8.1 GFRG Wall Panel Resistance against Wind Loading The external walls of the building are subjected to wind pressures. It is necessary to check the flexural resistance of the GFRGwallpanel against such loading. One way bending action of the panel (full height of 3m) can be assumed conservatively, with simply supported end conditions and a pressure coefficient of unity. Unfilled GFRG Panels From Table 8.1, design moment capacity, Mug =1.4kNm/m ).6(V2)° x3? x(1/8) x 1.5 Equating this moment to the design moment capacity of the panel, 0.6 (V,)? x 3? (1/8) x 1.5 = 1.4.x 1000Nm/m Design bending moment in the panel due to wind load = => V, = 37.2 m/s. (max. safe wind speed for unfilled panel) Filled GFRG Panels If the wind speedV.exceeds the above limit, the panel needs to be filled with concrete and suitably reinforced, as required. In the absence of any reinforcement, considering filling with concrete of minimum M20 grade, 0.6(V.) x3? x(1/8)x1.5 = 2.83 x 1000 Nm/m. =, =52.9m/s. The capacity can be further enhanced by providing one or two rebars in the middle of each cavity. However, as the bar location is close to the centroidal axis of the section, the enhancement in capacity may not be significant, for out-of-plane bending (unlike in-plane bending). For example, providing 210 mm dia bar (Fe 415 grade steel) at the centre of each cal filled with M20 concrete and designing as a reinforced concrete beam section as per IS 456: 2000. Effective depth,d = (124-2 15)/2 As = (78.5 1000) /250 47mm 314 mm?/m Neutral axis depth, x,, assuming the section to be under reinforced = (0.87 x 415 x 314) / (0.36 x 20 x 1000) = 15.7 mm < 0.48 x 47 = 22.6 mm (under reinforced) Mus = (0.87 x 314x 415 x (47 0.42 x 15.7) = 4,58 x 1000 Nm/m 24 Equating the above value to the design bending moment in the panel due to wind load, 0.6(V.)° 3? x(1/8)x1.5 = 4.58 x 1000 Nm/m =, =67.3 m/s. In the case of tall buildings, special care shall be taken to ensure that the panels have the desired flexural strength to resist the prescribed design wind speeds (as per IS 875 part 3), including the enhancement in wind speed with height. 9. SHEAR STRENGTH The unit shear strength capacity of the 124 mm thick, 3.0 m high GFRGpanel is given Table 9.1. The ultimate design shear strength of a GFRGpanel is given by the unit shear capacity in Table 9.1 multiplied by the length of the panel??""4), Table 9.1 Shear Strength of GFRG Panel as Vertical Walls Application Design Shear Capacity, V4 (kN/m) Untled GFRG panel aa {FRG panelled with 20 MPa concrete =] GFRG panel partially filled with 20 MPa 442567 concrete ad (where,1) is defined asin Eq. 5.3) In a multi-storeyed construction, using GFRG wall panels as load bearing construction, different walls will be subjected to different shear forces, at any storey level under consideration. Longer walls, which are stiffer, will attract more lateral shear. The maximum length of an individual shear wall segment may be limited to 3.5 m in the finite element model used for analysis under factored loads. The average value of factored shear force calculated for all walls in any one direction at any storey level shall not exceed the value indicated in Table 9.1. In few walls, some local increase (up to 20 percent) in shear capacity may be permited, provided the average value for all walls (combined) is within the prescribed limit. Double walls may be provided, if there is a higher demand for shear strength. In wall construction for multi-storeyed buildings, all cavities should be filled with concrete (of grade not less than M20) and reinforced appropriately. The design of such reinforcement discussed in the Chapter 10. The rebars shall be provided for the full height in filled GFRG panels. In any case, for both filled and unfilled GFRG wall panels at the interface with foundation plinth beam, starter bars should be provided in each cell embedded in concrete (of strength not less than 20 MPa) for a depth of 450 mm for adequate shear transfer. 25 26 10. IN-PLANE BENDING CAPACITY 10.1 Introduction GFRG panels can be used not only as load bearing walls, but also as walls transferring lateral loads, resisting axial force (P), lateral in-plane shear force (V) and in-plane bending moment (M). Invariably, such wall panels shall be filled with concrete and reinforced with steel. The in-plane bending capacity of the walls depends on its length, the reinforcement provided, as well as the level of axial load and lateral shear. The design in-plane bending capacity (M,g) and its relationship with the design axial load capacity (Pus) is usually described by means of a Pys - Mus interaction diagram. The values of Mus increase with the length of the wall. However, experimental studies of GFRG panels subjected to lateral loading have shown that failure is initiated by vertical cracking caused by shear failure of the GFRG skin", Following such vertical cracking, the wall segments separated by the vertical cracks tend to behave independently, although their deformations at the top and bottom are governed by the corresponding deformations in the connecting floor diaphragm. Hence, for all practical purposes, the in-plane bending capacity is limited by the corresponding shear capacity. Longer shear walls tend to attract larger lateral loads and will form vertical shear cracks in the middle region, causing a further redistribution of forces, and possible further vertical shear cracking. Hence, under factored lateral loads (earthquake or wind), it is recommended that in the finite element model, the long walls are suitably segmented such that no segment exceeds 3.5 m in length. Also, while modelling, care should be taken to consider T, Land | shaped flanged sections as being made up of separate rectangular segments with no shear transfer between them. Tests have shown that providing two vertical bars in each cavity generates improved performance than a single bar”), At the end of this chapter, axial load ~ moment interaction diagrams (design charts), for various wall lengths, varying from 1.0 m to 3.5m with increments of 0.25 m, for various bar diameters (8 to 18 mm) of Fe 415 and Fe 500 grade steel, M20 and M25 grade concrete, are furnished for convenient use in the design office. The basis for generating these design charts is explained in Section 10.2. 10.2 Basic Design Procedure for P,g- Mug Interaction Diagram Generation Generation of the interaction diagram of a typical GFRGbuildingpanel is based on a simplified procedure, which is a modified version of the ‘lower bound solution’, originally proposed by Wu (2009). Certain assumptions are made to develop the approximate interaction curve from the principles of mechanics. The cross section of a typical GFRG panel infilled with concrete and reinforcement bars in each cell is shown in Fig. 10.1a. The behaviour of theGFRG panel infilled with concrete depends on the bond between the concrete and the GFRG panel. This is reflected in the variation of normal strain (in the vertical direction) along the length of the wall, as shown in Fig. 10.1. If there is no bond, there would not be any interaction between them, resulting in small strain with multiple neutral axes, as shown in Fig. 10.1b. If it is assumed that the concrete cores are fully bonded to the GFRG panel, then the “plane section remain plane” assumption is valid for the entire section and the strain profile will be a straight line with a single neutral axis, as shown in Fig. 10.1c. This behaviour is similar to a reinforced concrete flexural wall However, the limited bond between the concrete cores and the GFRG panel is difficult to quantify. The probable strain profile is likely to be as shown in Fig. 10.14. linear ‘lower bound’ assumption of strain profile can be assumed with the ultimate compressive strain (£,), as shown in Fig. 10.1d. The value of ¢., is limited by the out- of plane buckling strength of the panel and includes enhancement due to strain gradient for short wall lengths. 27 Reinforeement bys GFRG panel Coneee Strain profile for full | interaction ‘Average noflinear stain profile for fartial Stl profile op lower frmemection ound soluon | (d) Strain profile- partial interaction case OD Fig. 10.1 Strain Profiles for Nil, Full and Partial Interaction between GFRG panel and Concrete 10.2 .1 Distribution of Strain at Ultimate limit state Fig. 10.2 depicts how the value «,, is to be computed depending on the location of the neutral axis x, (from the extreme compression location), which in turn depends on the eccentricity of loading, e= M,,/P.,. Case 1: Pure compression (x,->0) Under pure compression, (¢>0, x, >),<., is limited to: (10.1) where p is the compressive stress of the wall at the axial buckling load (to be taken as 1360/1.5 = 907 kN/m, refer table 5.2) and E is the effective Young’s modulus of the composite wall given by Fedct Eo Ae (10.2) Act, where Ac and Ag are the areas of the concrete and the GFRG panel, respectively; and F, = 5000/7, (in MPa) and Ez are the values of elastic modulus of concrete and the GFRG panel (refer table 5.1) respectively. Typical values of E using M20 and M25 grades of concrete are 17860 MPa and 19500 MPa respectively. D Edge 1 [SSR EES Cen eas] Edgez] t= 124 i Pivot point e=0,x,=0 (case 1) Ey = (1+ ale Eu = (1405 Qe fe—_——De nto, —___| __} Fig. 10.2 Recommended strain profile for design Case 2: Pure bending (xu= kumi For the extreme case of pure in-plane bending (¢—> 0, x, =X, nu, , an enhancement over é,. is proposed as follows: Ex = B(14) (10.3) (10.4) 0.8(2-D) : for 1s D<2.0m where ale 0 : for D> 2.0m Case 3: Neutral axis at edge of section (x,= D) For the case, x, =D, the value of ¢., shall be taken as: 29 9 (1+0.5a) (10.5) Case 4: Neutral axis outside section (x,>D) When the neutral axis lies outside the section (x, > D), the maximum compressive strain ¢., =6,,. can be calculated by linear interpolation. The point of intersection of the two limiting strain profiles, corresponding to x, = D and x, = , acts like a ‘pivot’ point through which all strain profiles pass when x, >D, as shown in Figure 10.2. The values of the maximum compressive strain at edge 1, eaux, and strain at edge 2, Eqw2are accordingly given by: for x,>D (10.6) for x.>D (10.7) 1 where, -of2 ) (10.8) 1+05a Case 4: Neutral axis inside section (x, pDIkN/m; =0kNm/m where Dis in m. Nala Fig.10.3 Typical Py ~ My interaction curve Between points A and B:x, > D (10.10) (10.11) (10.12) Between points B and C:x,,, fy, ote b) Stress variation Fig. 10.5 Stress and strain variation across cross section after steel yields The resultant compressive force (F,), the resultand tesile force (F,), and the values of P_and M,. can be calculated from Fig.10.5, as follows. pa lite)pts, (9.16) F,=05f,a, x (9.17 where, (9.18) (9.19) (9.20) (9.21) (9.22) where Xp is the distance from the right side of the panel, as shown in Fig.10.5, through which the resultant of forces Frrand Facts. 10.2.3 Design Charts Design interaction curves of GFRG panels fully infilled wi reinforced concrete (with ‘two reinforcement bars in each cavity) for 1.0m to 3.5m with intervals of 0.25m, are shown in Figs 10.6 to 10.16. For low/medium rise buildings, all cavities need not be infilled with reinforced concrete. In general, for low rise (up to 3 storeyed) GFRG houses/buildings, it is recommended that not more than three cavities may be provided in between the infilled ones, and those cavities may be suitably filled with concrete or alternative materials such as mixture of quarry dust and grout, sound insulating materials, etc. Since the lateral forces due to earthquake are lesser in low/medium rise buildings, the infilled cavities may be reinforced with a single reinforcing bar, as per the design requirement. Design interaction curves of GFRG panels partially/fully infilled concrete and reinforced with a single bar are given in ‘igs 10.17 to 10.40. The application of these curves are demonstrated in Chapter 14, 1050 z —27-8mm 200 —27-10mm 750 z= © 450 300 1.0 m wide 4150 -|M20 concrete Fe4is ~ Fe 500 0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 M, (kN-m) (a) using M20 concrete 1200 Seis) —2v-8mm 1050 —27-10mm —27-12mm 900 —2v-16mm —27-18mm 750 z = 600 e 450 300 1.0m wide M25 concrete oon Feais 7 Fe S00 0 3s 50 7s 100-1250 180175200 ™, (kN-m) (b) using M25 concrete Fig. 10.6 Design P,-M, plots for 1.0 m wide GFRG panel with two bars in each cavity 1200 Baaeeees — 2.8mm 1050 2-10 mm 212mm 900 —2Y-16mm —2y-18mm 750 z = 600 “d 450 300 11.25 m wide M20 concrete 150 Fe 415 Fe 500 ° 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225, 250 ™, (kN-m) {a) using M20 concrete 1350 1200 1050 900 z 750 e 600 450 1.25 m wide M25 concrete Fe ais Fe 500 300 150 0 25 50 oEy 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 ‘M,, (kN-m) (b) using M25 concrete 10.7 Design P,-M, plots for 1.25 m wide GFRG panel with two bars in each cavity 35 1500 + ‘asd —2-8mm —27-10mm 1200 212mm 1050 —27.16mm —27.18mm _ 900 z 3 750 = 609 450 300 1.50 m wide M20 concrete 150 Fe ais 2====" Fe 500 a ° | 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 ™M, (kN-m) (a) using M20 concrete 1650 —2)-8mm a —27-10mm 1350 2.2mm 216mm aad —2y-18mm 1050 J 200 a 750 600 450 1.50 m wide 300 | M25 concrete 150 Fe 41s ~-->>" Fe 500 ° © 25 SO 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 M, (kN-m) (b) using M25 concrete Fig. 10.8 Design P,-M, plots for 1.50 m wide GFRG panel with two bars in each cavity 1800 1500 2100 1800 1500 -1200 = 500 00 300 278mm 2710 mm 272mm 27-16 mm 2718 mm 1.75 m wide M20 concrete Fe ais Fe 500 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 1M, (kN-m) {a) using M20 concrete 1.75 m wide M25 concrete Fe ais Fe 500 Sees] 2mm —21-10mm —2¥-12mm 276mm —2V-18mm 50 100180200250, 300350400 M,(kN-m) (b) using M25 concrete Fig. 10.9 Design P,-M, plots for 1.75 m wide GFRG panel with two bars in each cavity 37 2100 —2V-amm 1800 — 210mm —2)-12mm 2-16 mm i508) —2V-18mm = 1200 2 * 900 600 2.0m wide 300 M20 concrete Fe 415 ~---~ Fe 500 ° ° so 100» 150-200-250 300380400 (M,(kN-m) (a) using M20 concrete 2100 1800 1500 120 * 900 600 2.0m wide goo M25 concrete Fe ais ~---~- Fe 500 ° 0 50 100150. 200-250-300 380400450 M, (kN-m) (b) using M25 concrete Fig. 10.10 Design P,-M, plots for 2.0 m wide GFRG panel with two bars in each cavity 2100 Aaa] 272mm 1800 —2Y-10mm —2y12mm —27-16mm =e 218mm g10 © 900 600 fa 2.25 m wide M20 concrete 300 Fe 415 Fe 500 ° 0 50 100-150-200 250-300-350 400450500 M, (kN-m) (a) using M20 concrete 2400 ee SSS) 2.8mm 2100 —2y-10mm 212mm 1800 —27-16mm 218mm 1500 =z = 1200 = 900 600 12.25 m wide M25 concrete 20 Feais Fe 500 ot 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 1M, ({kN-m) (b) using M25 concrete Fig. 10.11 Design P,-M, plots for 2.25 m wide GFRG panel with two bars in each cavity 2400 278mm —27-10mm 2000 27-122 mm 216mm Sa 218mm z 21200 < 800 2.50 m wide 400 M20 concrete Fe ais Fe 500 ° | o 100 200 300 400 500 600 ™, (kN-m) (a) using M20 concrete 2800 —2v.8mm —27-10mm —27-122mm —2¥-16mm 2000 —27-18mm =1600 z ©1200 800 + 2.50 m wide M25 concrete Feais Fe 500 ° 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 ™,{kN-m) (b) using M25 concrete Fig. 10.12 Design P,-M, plots for 2.50 m wide GFRG panel with two bars in each cavity [Eales View ale aisle Se ses) (ae gm 2400 210mm 212mm 2000 —2y-16mm 218mm = 1600 z a 1200 800 2.75 m wide M20 concrete 4 Pe Feais ooo7 Fe 500 ° © 100-200-300 400-500 600700800 1M, (kN-m) (a) using M20 concrete 3200 Soe an 2800 + 21-10 —2V-12mm ciate —2v-16 mm —21-18mm 2000 + E 1600 | = 1200 4 800 12.75 m wide M25 concrete 400 Fe 415 ~ Fe 500 ° 0 100» 200 300 400«S S00. 600-700» 800 'M, (kN-m) (b) using M25 concrete Fig. 10.13 Design P,-M, plots for 2.75 m wide GFRG panel with two bars in each cavity 41 2800 2400 2000 1600 P, (KN) 3.0 m wide 4q0 {M20 concrete Feais Fe 500 0 100-200» «300400 500 600.700» 800900 M, (kN-m) {a) using M20 concrete 3200 aa aaa) et —2y-10mm an —2V-12mm —2"-16mm 2000 —2r-18mm z © 1600 = 3200 800 [3.0m wide M25 concrete ana! Fe ais Fe 500 op Pa © 100-200-300 400 500 600-700-800 900 1000 M,, (kN-m) (b) using M25 concrete Fig. 10.14 Design P,-M, plots for 3.0 m wide GFRG panel with two bars in each cavity 3200 2800 2400 2000 1600 P, (kN) 1200 800 73.25 m wide M20 concrete Feais Fe 500 400 —27-8mm —2v-10mm —2V-12mm —2V-16 mm 2-18 mm 0 100-200 3600 3200 2800 2400 (KN) 00 13.25 m wide M25 concrete Fe ais Fe 500 400 300 400 500 600 700 M, (kN-m) {a) using M20 concrete 800 900 1000 —2)-8mm —2V-10mm —2V-12mm —2v-16 mm 27-18 mm 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 ™M, (kN-m) (b) using M25 concrete 900 1000 1100 Fig. 10.15 Design P,-M, plots for 3.25 m wide GFRG panel with two bars in each cavity 3800 ae ton —2710mm 3000 2.2mm —2y-16mm 2500 218mm = 2000 = © 1500 1000 3.50 m wide 120 concrete 500 Fe ais ~Fe 500 o ° 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1m, (kN-m) (a) using M20 concrete 4000 3500 oa —27.18mm 2500 = © 2000 = 1500 1000 3.50 m wide M25 concrete oe Fe 415, Fe 500 ° ° 200 400 600 goo 100012001400 1M, (KN-) (b) using M25 concrete Fig. 10.16 Design P,-M, plots for 3.50 m wide GFRG panel with two bars in each cavity 200 —Temm 1100 10mm —v12mm 1000 —v16mm 900 118mm 800 700 600 500 400 300 11.25 mwide M20 concrete Fe 415} + Fe 500 P, (kN) 200 100 0 2 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.17Design P,-M, plots for 1.25 m wide GFRG panel with all cavities infilled with M20 concrete and alternative cavitiesreinforced with single bar 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 17.25 m wide 150 720 concrete ao Fe 4i5| am Fe 500 oF © 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 M, (kN-m) a= 110mm =3/5 —y-12mm 16mm 18mm P, (KN) Fig. 10.18Design P,-M, plots for 1.25 m wide GFRG panel with alternative cavities infilled with M20 concrete and reinforced with single bar 1800 a 110mm, a n=. —Y-l2mm 1800 —Y.16mm 18mm 1200 (KN) 800 600 400 1.75 m wide M20 concrete! 200 Fe ais Fe 500 ° ° 40-80 = 120 160-200-240 280320 ™M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.19Design P,-M, plots for 1.75 m wide GFRG panel with all cavities infilled with M20 concrete and alternative cavities reinforced with single bar 3100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 P, (kN) 200 +120 concrete| 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 MM, (kN-m) Fig. 10.20Design P,-M, plots for 1.75 m wide GFRG panel with alternative cavities infilled with M20 concrete and reinforced with single bar 2200 a 2000 —V10mm 12mm 1800 116mm 1600 18mm 1400 = 1200 1000 800 £00 13.25 m wide 400. M20 concrete 200 Fe Als Fe 500 i e 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.21Design P,-M, plots for 2.25 m wide GFRG panel with all cavities infilled with M20 concrete and alternative cavities reinforced with single bar a —Ysnm | —V-10mm 1200 = 5/9 ——y-12mm —V16mm —V-18mm 1000 gm = 600 400 2.25 m wide 200 -|M20 concrete Feais ===: Fe 500 ° 0 40 80 120 160 = 200280280 1M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.22Design P,-M, plots for 2.25 m wide GFRG panel with altern: infilled with M20 concrete and reinforced with single bar cavities 2800 2400 2000 P, (KN) 2.75 m wide M20 concrete| 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Fig. 10.23 Design P,-M, plots for 2.75 m wide GFRG panel with all cavities infilled with M20 concrete and alternative cavities reinforced with single bar 1600 oo n=6/11 1400 16 mm 1200 8mm 1000 2 200 = 600 400 12.75 m wide M20 concrete Fe ais Fe500 200 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.24Design P,-M, plots for 2.75 m wide GFRG panel with alternative cavities infilled with M20 concrete and reinforced with single bar P, (kN) 800 13.25 m wide 20 concrete| Feais Fe 500 0 100 200 300 400 s00 600 700 800 900 1000 m, (kN-m) Fig. 10.25Design P,-M, plots for 3.25 m wide GFRG panel with all cavities infilled ies reinforced with single bar (KN) 3.25 m wide Fe4is ~~ Fe 500 © 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.26Design P,-M, plots for 3.25 m wide GFRG panel with alternative cavities infilled with M20 concrete and reinforced with single bar 1000 800 — 600 z = 400 1.0 m wide 200 | |M20 concrete Fe 415 Fe 500} i 3 o 20 40 60 80 100 120 © 140 ™, (kN-m) Fig. 10.27Design P,-M, plots for 1.0 m wide GFRG panel with all cavities infilled with M20 concrete andend cavities reinforced with single bar 550 500 450 350 300 250 P, (kN) 200 150 4[1.0 m wide M20 concrete| Feais ~- Fe 500 100 50 ov @ ££ Oo Se oS DM fb wf M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.28Design P,-M, plots for 1.0 m wide GFRG panel with end cavities only infilled with M20 concrete and reinforced with single bar 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 PAKN) 600 1.75 m wide 400 + M20 concrete Fe als Fe 500 200 © 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.29Design P,-M, plots for 1.75 m wide GFRG panel with all cavities infilled with M20 concrete andevery third cavityreinforced with single bar 900 =o — en an 20mm n=3/7 —¥a2mm y6mm 0 —Y-18mm 600 = 500 & 400 300 200 [175m wide M20 concrete 100 Fe 415 o [oo Feso0] 0 82 8640 «| 820060 M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.30Design P,-M, plots for 1.75 m wide GFRG panel with every third cavity filled with M20 concrete and reinforced with single bar on ame ne joan in i i om 1000 800 600 |2.50m wide Fp ouedl = Fe 415. =~ Fe 500 P. (KN) 200 © 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 ™, (kN-m) Fig. 10.31Design P,-M, plots for 2.50 m wide GFRG panel with all cavities infilled with M20 concrete andevery third cavityreinforced with single bar 1200 1000 800 600 (KN) 2.50 m wide 200 {M20 concrete| Fe ais Fe500 ° 40 80 120, 160 «= 200 240,280 M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.32Design P,-M, plots for 2.50 m wide GFRG panel with every third cavity infilled with M20 concrete and reinforced with single bar 52 3200 eo SSS) vem 110mm 2800 net —ya2mm 1.6mm 2400 2000 : 2 1600 = 3200 800 13.25 m wide M20 concrete Fe 415 bE Fe 500 400 © 100 200 300 400 S00 600 700 800 900 1000 M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.33Design P,-M, plots for 3.25 m wide GFRG panel with all cavities infilled with M20 concrete andevery third cavityreinforced with single bar 1600 so) 1400 n=5/13- —y.12 mm 16mm 1200 1000 = 800 a 600 400 {3.25 m wide M20 concrete| Fe 41s = Fe 500 200 4 0 50 100150 200» 250-300-350 400450 1M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.34Design P,-M, plots for 3.25 m wide GFRG panel with every third cavities infilled with M20 concrete and reinforced with single bar 1200 eT 1100 —V10mm 12mm seat —Y-16mm 900 118mm 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 P, (kN) 1.25 m wide M20 concrete| Fe 415 Fe 500 0 2 4 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.35Design P,-M, plots for 1.25 m wide GFRG panel with all cavities infilled with M20 concrete andend cavities reinforced with single bar 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 41.25 m wide 100 -|M20 concrete! Fe ais Fe 500| (kN) 50 0 10 2 3 4 So 60 70 80 90 100 M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.36Design P,-M, plots for 1.25 m wide GFRG panel with end cavities infilled with M20 concreteand reinforced with single bar an em 2000 ve 10mm 12mm 1800 116mm —V.18mm 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 {2.25 m wide 400 {M20 concrete| Fe ais Fe 500 P,, (kN) 200 © 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 M1, (kN-m) Fig. 10.37Design P,-M, plots for 2.25 m wide GFRG panel with all cavities infilled with M20 concrete andevery fourth cavityreinforced with single bar 900 Soo oss as =3/9. 12mm "16mm 800 700 600 500 P, (kN) 490 300 290 225m wide M20 concrete| 100 Fe ais Fe 500 ° 0 2 40 60 8 100 120 140 160 180 200 M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.38Design P,-M, plots for 2.25 m wide GFRG panel with every fourth cavity infilled with M20 concrete and reinforced with single bar 55 3200 SSS SSeS —V-10mm 2800 2400 2000 11600 (KN) 1200 300 [325m wide M20 concrete Fe ais Fe 500 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 M,(kN-m) Fig. 10.39Design P,-M, plots for 3.25 m wide GFRG panel with all cavities infilled with M20 concrete andevery fourth cavityreinforced with single bar 1400 =r rr): YS 1200 n=4/13, —y12mm 16mm 50 18mm z = 600 400 3.25 m wide M20 conerete 200 Fe ais -----+ Fe 500 ° 0 50 100150, 200250 300350400 M, (kN-m) Fig. 10.40Design P,-M, plots for 3.25 m wide GFRG panel with every fourth cavity infilled with M20 concrete and reinforced with single bar 11. DESIGN OF LINTEL GFRGpanels above window and door cut-outs can be used as lintels to support superimposed loads. These design guidelines are based on simply supported conditions. For lintels that are actually framed above an opening, to limit creep deflection, they may be treated as simply supported. ribs 250 mm. 1 1 t unfilled i lintel i D | i i span (a) 20 MPa or above concrete filling ribs reinforcing bar oe ! | i use j i i D i i v i som i A 350mm ! <> span (b) Fig. 11.1 Details of lintels Note: To maintain a continuous concrete compression zone, the top 150 mm of connecting ribs must be removed. 11.1 Unfilled Lintels The design moment capacities of unfilled lintels are given in Fig.11.2°), Shear strength checks are not required for beams with aspect ratios (D/L) less than 0. Design moment capacity, M, (kNm) 300 400 00 600 700 800 Depth of lintel (mm) Fig. 11.2 Design moment capacity of unfilled lintel The displacement of lintels can be calculated with the flexural rigidity €/ provided in Fig. 11.3. Note: Due to the variable influence of the connecting ribs, Elvaries with both depth and span of the lintel. 250 200 £1x10"9(N/mm?) 50 ° os 1 1s 2 25 3 35 ‘Span of lintel (m) Fig. 11.3 Elastic ri ity of unfilled lintels 11.2 Concrete Filled Lintels Flexural strength The flexural strength of lintels shall be calculated in accordance with 1S:456-2000 based upon the cross-section shown in Fig. 11.4. 94mm <> reinforcement bar Fig. 11.4 Lintel cross ~ section for flexural strength calculation ‘Shear strength The typical shear failure mode for concrete filled lintels is illustrated Fig.11.5. The ultimate design shear strength at any shear plane is Vig = 25KN. This lintel ultimate shear strength is applicable for all values of depthD. ee i) { concrete D 50 mm| RA pein) reinforcing bar QQ Fig. 11.5Typical shear failure mode in lintel 11.3 Design Example: A3 metre long simply supported lintel filled with 25 MPa concrete carries design UDL of 14 kN/m. It is reinforced with Fe415 steel. Design the lintel cross-section. Let the overall depth be 300 m. Assume that the lintel is reinforced with 16mm meter bar with a clear cover of 30mm. 0.0035 OASha — ee FY Loss 1¥-16 —or i Fig. 13.6 Stress and strain variation in lintel The effective depth, d = 300-30-8= 262mm. Design shear force, Vi= (3/2 -0.262) x 14 = 17.4 KN < 25.0 KN shear strength. O.K. Depth of neutral axis assuming section as under reinforced tg «8 0.87 fy Ax / (0.36 fir b) " (0.87 x 415 x 201) / (0.36 x 25 x 94) 85.8 mm < (0.48 x 262 = 126 mm) Hence, the section is under reinforced. Moment of resistance, Mur = Design bending moment, M, = Hence the section is safe. 0.87 f, Ase (d-0.42 xu) 0.87 x 415 x 201 (262 -0.42 x 85.8) x10° 16.4 kNm wP/8 = 14 x 37/8 = 15.8 kNm

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