UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA ESTATAL QUEVEDO

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INGENIERÍA

ESCUELA DE ELÉCTRICA
INGENIERÍA EN TELEMÁTICA

INGLES TECNICO BAJO

TEMA:

GRAMMAR

ALUMNA:

Flores Pacheco Alejandra Elena

DOCENTE:

Lcdo. Miguel Montalvo

FECHA:

21/12/16

QUEVEDO – LOS RÍOS – ECUADOR

2016 – 2017

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 ADVERBS MODIFY VERBS, ADJECTIVES, AND OTHER ADVERBS

Adverbs are words which modify (adds description to) a verb. Often – but not
always – they end in -ly.

Tom Longboat did not run badly . (adverb)

It’s easy to identify the adverb in this sentence.

That cake looks good . (adjective used as adverb)

My elderly neighbor looks well . (adverb)

These two descriptive words are a little more difficult. Even though good is
usually an adjective, it’s modifying looks (How does the cake look? It looks good.)
so it’s an adverb. We can’t answer the question “what is the cake” because we
haven’t tasted it yet, so we don’t know if it’s good cake or bad cake.

Adverbs can also modify adjectives and other adverbs.

The woman is quite pretty.

This book is more interesting than the last one.

The weather report is almost always right.

The adverb almost is modifying the adverb always, and they’re both modifying
right.

An adverb can tell to what extent another adverb modifies a word. An adverb that
modifies another adverb is called an intensifier.

My sister runs very fast. (Very tells how fast she runs.)
Almost daily my teacher gives us a quiz. (Almost tells how daily.)

Position of Adverbs

Adverbs that modify other adverbs must go directly before the adverbs they
modify.It seems like my dog can run unusually quickly when she's chasing a cat.

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 PRESENT PERFECT: FOR, SINCE

Empleando el "present perfect" podemos definir un periodo de tiempo anterior al

momento presente, considerando bien su duración, caso en el que utilizamos
"for" + periodo temporal,, o bien su inicio o punto de partida, caso en el que
utilizamos "since" + momento concreto. "For" y "since" pueden asimismo
emplearse con el "past perfect". "Since" admite únicamente tiempos verbales
perfectos. "For" puede también emplearse con el "simple past".

"FOR" + PERIODO DE TIEMPO

for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours

I have worked here for five years.

"SINCE" + MOMENTO CONCRETO

since this morning, since last week, since yesterday

since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock

I have worked here since 1990.

"PRESENT PERFECT" CON "FOR"

She has lived here for twenty years.

We have taught at this school for a long time.

Alice has been married forthree months.

They have been at the hotel for a week.

"PRESENT PERFECT" CON "SINCE"

She has lived here since 1980.

We have taught at this school since 1965.

Alice has been married since March 2nd.

They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday.

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 QUANTIFIERS / DETERMINERS

Quantifiers state precisely or suggest approximately the amount or the number

of a noun. (They quantify) They can be grouped by the noun types they quantify.
These expressions are mainly “some, any, many, much, a lot of, a little, a few etc.

Some & Any

“Some and any” are determiners and they express an indefinite quantity or number.
“Some and Any” are used when it is not easy, necessary or important to say exactly how
many / how much we want to mean. They are both used with countable and uncountable
nouns.
“Some” is often used in affirmative statements.

1. SOME + COUNTABLE NOUNS: In this case, “some” means “a few”.

There are some postcards in my bag.

There are some students in the class.

There are some cherries in the basket.

There are some mistakes in the list.

2. SOME + UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

There is some dust on the floor / There is some cheese in the fridge.

There is some fruit in the basket /There is some fish on the plate.

3. ANY + COUNTABLE NOUNS

“Any” is often used in negative sentences and questions.

There aren’t any people on the moon.

There aren’t any skyscrapers in our town.

There are not any empty chairs for the guests.

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Are there any doctors in your family?

Yes, there are some doctors in my family.

No, there aren’t any doctors in my family.

4. ANY + UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

There isn’t any milk in the bottle / There isn’t any honey at home.

There isn’t any cold water here / Is there any bread on the table?

Yes, there is some bread on the table.

No, there isn’t any bread on the table.

NOTE:
In a negative sentence, we can use “no” in place of “not any”; However, “no” can also be
used with countable singular nouns. When “no” is used, the verb is always positive.

There aren’t any wild animals in the forest.

There are no wild animals in the forest.

There isn’t any milk at home.

There is no milk at home.

Some is also used in offers and requests.

Would you like some cake?

Could you do some typing for me?

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 THE FIRST CONDITIONAL

The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in
the other clause:

 if + present simple, ... will + infinitive

It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we
can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things,
which could easily come true.

 If it rains, I won't go to the park.

 If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
 If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
 She'll be late if the train is delayed.
 She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.
 If I see her, I'll tell her.

First vs. Zero Conditional:

The first conditional describes a particular situation, whereas the zero

conditional describes what happens in general.

For example (zero conditional): if you sit in the sun, you get burned (here I'm
talking about every time a person sits in the sun - the burning is a natural
consequence of the sitting)

But (first conditional): if you sit in the sun, you'll get burned (here I'm talking
about what will happen today, another day might be different)

First vs. Second Conditional:

The first conditional describes things that I think are likely to happen in the
future, whereas the second conditional talks about things that I don't think will
really happen. It's subjective; it depends on my point of view.

For example (first conditional): If she studies harder, she'll pass the exam (I
think it's possible she will study harder and so she'll pass)

But (second conditional): If she studied harder, she would pass the exam (I
think that she won't study harder, or it's very unlikely, and so she won't pass)

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 FORMING THE INFINITIVE

The infinitive is the base form of a verb. In English, when we talk about the
infinitive we are usually referring to the present infinitive, which is the most
common. There are, however, four other forms of the infinititive: the perfect
infinitive, the perfect continuous infinitive, the continuous infinitive, & the
passive infinitive.

The infinitive has two forms:

 the to-infinitive = to + base

 the zero infinitive = base

The present infinitive base is the verb form you will find in a dictionary.

TO-INFINITIVE ZERO INFINITIVE

TO SIT sit

TO EAT eat

TO HAVE have

TO REMEMBER remember

The negative infinitive is formed by putting not in front of any form of the infinitive.

EXAMPLES

 I decided not to go to London.

 He asked me not to be late.

 I'd like you not to sing so loudly.

 I'd rather not eat meat.

 I might not come.

FUNCTIONS OF THE TO-INFINITIVE

The to-infinitive is used in many sentence constructions, often expressing the

purpose of something or someone's opinion about something. The to-infinitive is

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used following a large collection of different verbs as well. See this page
about verbs followed by infinitives.

THE TO-INFINITIVE TO INDICATE THE PURPOSE OR INTENTION OF AN

ACTION

In this case to has the same meaning as in order to or so as to.

EXAMPLES

 She came to collect her pay cheque.

 The three bears went to find firewood.

 I am calling to ask you about dad.

 You sister has gone to finish her homework.

THE TO-INFINITIVE AS THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE

This is a formal usage and is far more common in written English than spoken

EXAMPLES

 To be or not to be, that is the question.

 To know her is to love her.

 To visit the Grand Canyon is my life-long dream.

 To understand statistics, that is our aim.

THE TO-INFINITIVE TO INDICATE WHAT SOMETHING CAN OR WILL BE

USED FOR

In this pattern, the to-infinitive follows a noun or pronoun.

EXAMPLES

 The children need a garden to play in.

 I would like a sandwich to eat.

 I don't have anything to wear.

 Would you like something to drink?

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 THE TO-INFINITIVE AFTER ADJECTIVES

There is a common pattern using the to-infinitive with an adjective. These phrases
are formed:

subject + to be + adjective + (for/of someone) + to-infinitive + (rest of

sentence).

Subject + to be + adjective (+ for/of someone) + to-infinitive (+ rest of sentence)

It is good to talk.

It is good of you to talk to me.

It is important to be patient.

It is important for Jake to be patient with his little brother.

I am happy to be here.

The dog is naughty to destroy our couch.

THE TO-INFINITIVE TO MAKE A COMMENT OR JUDGEMENT

To use the to-infinitive when making a comment or judgement about a noun, the
pattern is:

Subject + to be + noun phrase + to-infinitive

Subject + to be + noun phrase + to-infinitive

It was a stupid place to park.

That is a dangerous way to behave.

What you said was a rude thing to say.

This is the right thing to do.

Those were the wrong kind of eggs to buy.

Jim is the best person to hire.

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THE TO-INFINITIVE WITH ADVERBS

The to-infinitive is used frequently with the adverbs too and enough to express
the reasoning behind our satisfaction or insatisfaction. The pattern is
that too and enough are placed before or after the adjective, adverb, or noun that
they modify in the same way they would be without the to-infinitive. We then follow
them by the to-infinitive to explain the reason why the quantity is excessive,
sufficient, or insufficient. Normally the to-infinitive and everything that follows can
be removed, leaving a sentence that still functions grammatically.

EXAMPLES

 There's too much sugar to put in this bowl.

 I had too many books to carry.

 This soup is too hot to eat.

 She was too tired to work.

 He arrived too late to see the actors.

 I've had enough food to eat.

 She's old enough to make up her own mind.

 There isn't enough snow to ski on.

 You're not old enough to have grand-children!

THE TO-INFINITIVE WITH QUESTION WORDS

The verbs ask, decide, explain, forget, know, show, tell, & understand can be
followed by a question word such as where, how, what, who, & when + the to-
infinitive.

EXAMPLES

 She asked me how to use the washing machine.

 Do you understand what to do?

 Tell me when to press the button.

 I've forgotten where to put this little screw.

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  I'm not sure I know who to call.

FUNCTIONS OF THE ZERO INFINITIVE

THE ZERO INFINITIVE AFTER AUXILIARIES

EXAMPLES

 She can't speak to you.

 He should give her some money.

 Shall I talk to him?

 Would you like a cup of coffee?

 I might stay another night in the hotel.

 They must leave before 10.00 a.m.

THE ZERO INFINITIVE AFTER VERBS OF PERCEPTION

With verbs of perception, the pattern is verb + object + zero infinitive.

EXAMPLES

 He saw her fall from the cliff.

 We heard them close the door.

 They saw us walk toward the lake.

 She felt the spider crawl up her leg.

THE ZERO INFINITIVE AFTER THE VERBS 'MAKE' AND 'LET'

EXAMPLES

 Her parents let her stay out late.

 Let's go to the cinema tonight.

 You made me come with you.

 Don't make me study that boring grammar book!

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THE ZERO INFINITIVE AFTER THE EXPRESSION 'HAD BETTER'

EXAMPLES

 We had better take some warm clothing.

 She had better ask him not to come.

 We had better reserve a room in the hotel.

 You'd better give me your address.

 They had better work harder on their homework.

THE ZERO INFINITIVE WITH "WHY"

The question word why is followed by the zero infinitive when making
suggestions.

EXAMPLES

 Why wait until tomorrow?

 Why not ask him now?

 Why leave before the end of the game?

 Why walk when we can go in the car?

 Why not buy a new bed?

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