SIMPLIFIED

CONSTRUCTION
METHODLOGY
Building as Human Shelter
The purpose of a building is to provide shelter for the
performance of human activities. From the prehistoric time
when man dwelt in caves, shelter is one of the major needs
for protection against the elements of weather. In a more
general sense, the art of building embraces all man’s effort to
control his environment and direct natural forces according
to his needs. The art of building includes other structures like
roads, canals, bridges, dams, aqueducts and others.
The form of a building is an outgrowth of:

Function
Environment
Various Socio Economic Factors
Function
An apartment, office and school building for example,
differs in form because of the difference in functions
that they fulfill. There is a natural limitation as to
width and length of the building. With respect to the
shape and form of the structure, the designer’s
aesthetic view and creativeness is reflected in the
design.
Environment
Environmental condition may affect both the shape
and appearance of the building structure. The design
may adjust depending on the need of the occupants
of the building structure and as prescribed by the
governing laws of a particular location.
Various Socio-Economic Factors
Land Cost. High cost of land in the urban areas, invite high
rise buildings.
Tenancy. A housing project for the rich will have a
different form than the low cost housing project.
Building Budget. A prestigious office building will be more
generously budgeted than other simple offices.
Zoning Restrictions. The classification of building and its
outline maybe limited by the zoning regulations.
Structural Form
In building technology, every structure must work
against the natural force of gravity that tends to pull
down everything to the ground. Therefore, a state of
balance must be attained between the form of
structure and the strength of the materials against
the force of gravity.
Four techniques consistent with the balance
between gravity, form and type of materials used:

The Post and Lintel Type of Construction

The Arch and Vaults
The Trusses
Cantilever Construction
The Post and Lintel Type of Construction
The post and lintel type of
construction is a classical
Greek method of constructing
building and temples where
horizontal beams made of cut
stone or marble are put across
the space between two
supporting posts.
The Post and Lintel Type of Construction
The Post and Lintel Type of Construction
The Arch and Vault
Characteristically a masonry type of construction originated in
Mesopotamia (Iraq) known to be the land of bricks building. The arches
consisting of masonry blocks forming a curved line was stable and very
popular anchored on the principle that:
1. Each wedge shaped masonry block will not fall inward without out the
other block.
2. The whole arch remains stable as long as the force is applied at the base
to keep it from spreading.
The Etruscan arc construction of Bridges and Watergates have inspired the
Roman Builders to copy and improve these types of construction about 600
B.C.
The Arch and Vault
Truss
In the 16th century, Andrea Palladio presented a
design of a truss bridge on the principle that: “If a
single triangle is rigid, combinations of triangles are
also rigid”. Various types of truss commonly used:
1. The Pratt Truss
2. The Howe Truss
3. The Warren Truss
Truss
Truss
Cantilever
Cantilever is defined as an element
projected outward from a fixed support.
Cantilever structure in modern building
construction was made possible after the
introduction of structural steel and
reinforced concrete.
Cantilever
Cantilever
Cantilever
Cantilever
Materials
The Building Code provides that;
“materials for building construction must
have a certain quality and physical
properties to be structurally sound”.
The materials must be able to carry load or weight without
changing in shape permanently.
Deformation of the materials may occur when load is applied, but
must return to its original position when the load is removed.
If a material is not elastic and deformation is present in the
structure after removal of the load, repeated loading and
unloading will eventually increase the deformation to the point
where the structure would become useless.
All structural materials must posses elasticity within a certain
defined range of loading. If the loading is increased above that
range, two types of behavior may occur-brittle and plasticity.
When brittle, the materials will break suddenly. When plastic, the
material will flow to a certain load that will ultimately result to
fracture.
The ultimate strength of material is measured by the stress at
which fracture or failure occur.
Stiffness
The second important property of building material is its
stiffness. This property is defined by the elastic modulus or
the ratio of the stress to the strain of the material.
Structural steel with an elastic modulus of 200 GPa is three
times as stiff as aluminum; ten times as stiff as concrete and
fifteen times as stiff as wood.
Masonry Materials
Masonry materials are classified as natural and
manufactured products. Natural materials are
stone, marble, granite, sand, gravel and the like.
Concrete hollow blocks and mud bricks are
classified as manufactured materials.
Masonry Materials
Construction
A building exists only as a design on paper if the means of
erecting it are not available. Indeed, large construction is
one major problem of the designer. The control and
coordination of each number of people and animal to
accomplish such an exacting task remarkable if not a
miracle. Today, through the use of modern machinery and
equipment, structures are built hauled and transferred
with lesser cost, time and manual efforts.
Role of Machine
The use of modern
equipment in all types of
construction has
substantially ease the
manual efforts in every
phase of the work.
Scheduling
Construction projects scheduling of men,
machine and purchasing activities strictly adhere
to PERT and CPM program focused on the
critical path method. Under this system, each
separate operation required to complete a
project were itemized including the time
duration in relation with other works.
Scheduling
System Design
Building techniques and designs were combined
gradually into unified system. System is defined
as “assemblage of compatible components that
can be arranged together in a variety of ways to
create the difference configurations of a
building”.
System Design – Modular Coordination
Modular buildings and modular homes are sectional
prefabricated buildings, or houses, that consist of
multiple sections called modules. "Modular" is a
method of construction differing from other methods
of building. The module sections are constructed at an
off site (sometimes, remote) facility, then delivered to
the intended site of use. Complete construction of the
prefabricated sections are completed on site.
System Design – Modular Coordination
System Design – Modular Coordination
 System Design – Functional Planning
The functional planning is a pre-requisite of any type of building. A good
planning imparts good environment or living, working and recreation.
Good homes means the house which are well build and well planed or
efficient and comfortable living, with an environment required for
building up of happy, healthy, beautiful, cheerful and peaceful lives.
Also good planning of factory buildings or business buildings improve
working environment. The working conditions should be planned and
developed in such a way that people working there should feel pleasure
rather than feel boresome. This will increase efficiency and out put of
work, which in end is beneficial to national growth and uplift.
System Design – Functional Planning
System Design – Cast In-Place Concrete
Cast-in-place concrete, also known as poured-in-
place, is a concreting technique which is undertaken
in situ or in the concrete component’s finished
position. Cast-in-place concrete is the preferred
choice for concrete slabs and foundations, as well as
components such as beams, columns, walls, roofs,
and so on.
System Design – Cast In-Place Concrete
System Design – Cast In-Place Concrete