APPROVAL SHEET

The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of Faculty of Engineering and Technology, have
examined the thesis entitled,

“Benchmarking the Current state of construction safety practices in Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan’’

Presented by,

Asad Masroor Registration #SU-12-01-079-251

Waqar Shah Registration #SU-12-01-079-201
M.Luqman Registration #SU-12-01-079-131

The candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Technology (B-Tech Hons) in civil and hereby
certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance.

Internal Supervisor ( Engr.Muhammad Ali Musarat)

External Examiner

Engr. Muhammad Faisal Khan

Coordinator, Department of Technology

Dr.Wasil Khan
Director,Department of Technology
“Benchmarking the Current state of construction safety practices
in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan’’

By

Asad Masroor Registration #SU-12-01-079-251

Waqar Shah Registration #SU-12-01-079-201
M.Luqman Registration #SU-12-01-079-131

A thesis
Presented to the Sarhad University of Science & IT, Peshawar
in partial fulfillment for the degree requirement of
Bachelor of Technology
In
CIVIL

2016
Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION

We hereby declare that we are the sole authors of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis,
including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. It is further declared,
that we have fulfilled all the requirements in line with the Quality Assurance guidelines of
the Higher Education Commission.

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ABSTRACT

Risk to human health and safety is the common issue throughout the world in different
industries, but it is commonly present in construction industry. Study shows that the mention
issue almost exists in developing countries that are struggling to minimize the hazards to
human health and safety. In developing countries, Pakistan is also facing the problem of
safety practices and their implementation in construction industry. People are affecting
because of this serious problem in routine life. The objective of this study is to insure the
safety of workers that are exposed to hazard on construction sites. The assessment and
analysis of these hazards and risks are important to seek out the root causes of such hazards.
There is a need to mention a framework for practical implementation of safety practices on
construction sites. One of the main objectives is to establish such culture that should have a
batter awareness of worker’s health and safety. Pilot survey and structured interview was
used to collect critical factors influencing work site safety. These factors were included in
questionnaires that are distributed in different construction sites to get response from
technical experts (Engineers, contractors and supervisors). Collected data was analyzed on
statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to get the statistics of current situation of safety
practices. Two tests run i.e. Frequency test and the 2nd one Descriptive test. The response of
majority of respondents shows that there is no sophisticated system of safety rules and
regulations. As we know it is a collective effort, so the management as well as workers, all
had to respond positively and get awareness, education and site safety training to maintain
safe work environment.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

First of all my heartiest thanks to Almighty ALLAH for his mercy and health without which
this research what have been impossible to accomplish.
I would like to give credit and say thank you to my project supervisor, Engr.Muhammad Ali
Musarat for his excellent guide line and tremendous encouragement at every stage of
preparation and completion of thesis. His kindness and patience was much appreciated. I
considered it a proud to have worked under the supervision of such great caliber supervisor. I
truly believe that the completion of these thesis to have become very hard without his
sophisticated support.

Special thanks to Coordinator of technology Department, Engr.Faisal khan who provided

comparative, qualitative and qualitative plate form for study. Without his effective and
efficient management it was very difficult to achieve the goal. His managerial skills
encouraged, motivated and appreciated our thought and achievement in terms of this
research.

Courtesy to all of those teachers who help me regarding completion of this research, because
of their help and kind response made easier to successfully complete this research.

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate my dissertation work to my family and many friends. A special feeling of gratitude
to my loving parents, Abdulqayyum and “N” whose words of encouragement and push for
tenacity ring in my ears. My sisters and my brothers Ahsanullah, Muhammad Ali, Taqi
ahmad hamza and Muhammad Shahid, have never left my side and are very special. I also
dedicate this dissertation to my fiancé, ”A” who supported me throughout the process. I
will always appreciate all they have done.

I dedicate this work and give special thanks to my best friend Muhammad Abbas for being
there for me throughout the entire bachelor program. All of these have been my best
cheerleaders.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page No

Author's Declaration----------------------------------------------------------------- i
Abstract------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii
Acknowledgements------------------------------------------------------------------ iii
Dedication---------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv
Table of Contents-------------------------------------------------------------------- v
List of Tables------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii
Chapter 1
Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Study background----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1.1 Technology advancement----------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1.2 Labor safety issue-------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.1.3 European construction industry---------------------------------------------------- 2
1.1.4 Safety practices in developing countries------------------------------------------ 3
1.2 Problem statement------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
1.2.1 Gap of communication-------------------------------------------------------------- 4
1.2.2 Unsafe work environment---------------------------------------------------------- 5
1.2.3 Lack of modern safety practices in Pakistan------------------------------------- 5
1.2.4 Lack of technological improvement in Pakistan--------------------------------- 5
1.2.5 Lack of understanding of the job and poor equipment maintenance---------- 6
1.3 Objectives----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
1.4 Significance of Research------------------------------------------------------------ 7
1.5 Scope and limitations---------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Chapter 2
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 Literature review--------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
2.1. Health and safety--------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
2.2 Technology Advancement---------------------------------------------------------- 13
2.3 Infrastructure growth---------------------------------------------------------------- 13
2.4 Top Management role--------------------------------------------------------------- 14
2.5 Middle Management role----------------------------------------------------------- 14
2.6 Safety culture------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
2.7 Training at construction industry-------------------------------------------------- 15
Chapter 3
Methodology------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
3.1 Study of literature review----------------------------------------------------------- 17
3.2 Location of survey------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
3.3 Development of Questionnaire----------------------------------------------------- 17
3.4 Questionnaire Content-------------------------------------------------------------- 17
3.5 Questionnaire's factors coding----------------------------------------------------- 18
3.6 Structure interview------------------------------------------------------------------ 20
3.7 Questionnaire survey for the safety climate-------------------------------------- 20
3.8 Collection of data-------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
3.9 Analysis of collected data---------------------------------------------------------- 20
Chapter 4
Results and discussions------------------------------------------------------------- 21
4.1 Frequency test------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22
4.2 Descriptive test----------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
Chapter 5
Conclusion and Recommendation ------------------------------------------------ 29

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Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
Recommendation-------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
References---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Appendices
Appendix A Sample of questionnaire---------------------------------------------
34
Appendix B Structure interview format------------------------------------------ 41
Appendix C Factors Coding-------------------------------------------------------- 42
Appendix D Filled Questionnaires------------------------------------------------ 45

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61
 LIST OF TABLES

S.NO TITLE PAGE NO

3.1 Questionnaires factor’s coding 18-19

4.1 Types organizations which are observed in this research: 21
4. 2 Frequency test 23-24
4. 3 Descriptive Test 26-27
4.4 Top Eight factors 28

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 Chapter 01

INTRODUCTION:

1.1 STUDY BACKGROUND:

Developed and developing countries relies heavily on economic growth .A lot of factor effect
economic growth ,one of the most important factor in construction industry in European
countries, gross national product comes from construction industries. Construction industries
both economically and socially important. However, the construction industry, at the same
time, is also recognized to the most hazardous. It’s very important to be discussing the safety
practices adopted in different construction industries throughout the world.

Construction industry plays vital role in increasing the economy of many countries. It
provides the platform required for other parts for the development, thus reflecting the level of
economic development of the countries. However, it is also reported that the construction
industry has the highest rate of accidents among all industries. Safety in developing countries
in particular is often at much lower levels mainly due to an absence of strict safety
regulations. In developing countries, safety rules hardly exist and can often not work
appropriately and effectively. This problem is generally due to the lack of effectiveness of the
authority in implementing safety rules and programs. In Pakistan the importance of
construction industry can’t be negotiated, because it is vital rules in over all development a
lot of infrastructural project are ruining through outwit modern needs and requirments.For
this purpose the improvement of technology is must.

1.1.1 TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT:

The use of modern technology is very important and beneficial but some time in construction
industry it becomes dangerous and hazardous to the environment of the construction industry.

1
This hazard can result the loss of human life, loss of capital as well as lose money. The
minimization of those hazardous factors is essential to prevent losses. The safety insurance of
men, money and machinery become a great challenge to the modern world. To face this
challenge it very important to realize the nature of construction industry to realize the nature
of construction industry psychology of people site condition and other such reason that result
and the unsafe work method.

1.1.2 LABOR SAFETY ISSUE

Research shows the major causes of accident are related to the unique nature of the industry,
human’s behavior, difficult work site condition, and poor safety management, which results
in unsafe work method and equipment.

Labor safety remains an issue of concern for all the developing as well as the developed
countries because work hazards which exist at the construction sites are either alleged to be
less dangerous than the severity they have inexperienced employee cause accidents which
effects development of industry as well as country.

Construction industry is made of six sub sectors which are architectural and engineering
activities and related technical consultancy, site preparation, building of complete
constructions, building installations, building completion, renting of construction.

This research is based on benchmarking the safety practices in Pakistan with a standard
commonly used at world’s developed countries. So it is important to check the importance
and value of construction industries at different part of the world.

1.1.3 EUROPEAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Construction sector is one of the most important sectors in the European Union. It produces a
large scale of GDP and positively affects the growth of employment in other related
economic activities. The sector is classified by snow ball, rather low efficiency in comparison
with other industries and grade number of micro enterprises. The majority of the employees
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are men. Construction is also classified by a great number of migrant workers and the extent
of subcontracting. Work on construction sites is one of the most dangerous. More accidents
constantly occur on construction sites than in any other European economic sector.

But on the other hand European countries have a great achievement to mitigate hazards and
risks at sites. They consist modern technology but they have controlled technology according
to safety rules and regulation. In Europe safety is preferred to be the first and foremost
responsibility because it is directly in touch with human life. There are number of firms and
organizations working to ensure the safety practices at European countries. They have issued
standards for work and activities with keeping in mind the safety rules and regulations. In
fact, the rules regulations for safety also devised by these organizations to prevent accidents.
These organizations consist of a committee which check and analyze the work at construction
industry and also analyze the risk and hazards during work.

The risk assessment is a tremendous job done by this safety organization which has a key
role to minimize risk and hazards related to construction work. Reports are written when
accidents occurs or bad site condition exist which can lead to an accident. These reports are
further analyzed and checked to sort out the reasons that caused accidents.

The fatality rate and rate of injuries are very least at European construction industries
because of above mentioned policies from their safety organizations and firms. Worker
training programs are found to be at every site at European countries which is a
comprehensive role to protect from risk or injuries.

1.1.4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Construction companies around the globe are implementing safety, health, and environmental
management systems to reduce injuries, eliminate work-related illnesses, and to provide a
safe work environment for their employees.
In developed countries, recent advancements in technology have contributed positively to
industry productivity, but on the other hand, also created a more challenging and unsafe work
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environment. Clearly, construction accidents and the associated damage caused to the
employees, property, equipment and morale generate negative effects on construction
industry profitability and, to some extent, overall productivity.

Developing countries such as Pakistan have yet to respond to recent technological

improvements. Lack of response to technology, however, has not resulted in safer
construction sites. A lot of factors are obstacles in implementation of safety practices at these
industries; one of the main factors is type of project and contractor working in an industry.
Later, the factors will be discussed briefly which effect safety practices at construction sites
of Pakistan.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Problem statement is important portion of any research study. Problem statement highlight
the problem in the current state which main purpose of any research to solve the problem.
There are a lot of problems being exist in Pakistan construction industry which increase the
fatality and injury rate.

The following are the common problems which affect the safety performance in Pakistan
construction industry.

1.2.1 GAP OF COMMUNICATION:

Communication is very important in construction industry as important in other field. Poor
communication between the top management and labor or employee cause different problems
at construction sites.Labour performs well if they know about their task well. Poor
communication is main problem of Pakistan construction industry which arise many and
more issues in construction industry.

`
1.2.2 UNSAFE WORK ENVIRONMENT:
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Safe work environment is main requirement of construction industry which secure the people
working at the construction site. Safe work environment reduces the chances of any accident.
The developed countries more focus on the safe environment and also train the employee
according to environment which result less injuries and fatality rate, but unfortunately
Pakistan is being focus less on the safe work environment which cause high fatality and
injuries in Pakistan construction industry.

1.2.3 LACK OF MODERN SAFETY PRACTICES IN PAKISTAN:

Modern safety practices are very important to reduce chances of accident at construction
sites. Developed countries focus and use modern safety practices at construction sites which
reduce accidents. They provide personal protective equipments to the employee regarding to
their activity but unfortunately there are a lot of construction industry which provides safety
equipment to labors according to their activity which cause labor death or injury and some
time the labor is not able to perform more and listed disabled.

1.2.4 LACK OF TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENT IN PAKISTAN AS

COMPARE TO OTHER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES:
Developed countries using new technology to minimize the project duration and also mitigate
the accidents. Developed courtiers provide training and give knowledge to their employee to
use the new technology. Pakistan not listed in countries which did technological
improvement it’s the main issue which Pakistan facing.
a) Concrete done mainly by labour and cement burn due to un availability of personal
protective gloves and boots are common
b) Workers sustain injuries on head, feet, face, hand, in the absence of personal
protective equipments.

1.2.5 LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF THE JOB AND POOR

EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE:

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Employees should know about their job how to perform. In the developed countries top
management give proper training and education to perform any job and activity but in
Pakistan construction industry lake of employee training exist that’s why Pakistan
construction industry face a lot of accidents in other hand equipment maintenance is very
important if the the equipment under full maintenance the chances of accidents will less but
if the equipment not under full maintenance its cause a lot of injuries and deaths. Pakistan
construction industry has less employee training and equipments maintenance which
outcome accident.
a) While excavating in deep trenches with no proper shoring or bracing accidents will
occur.
b) Workers fall due to weak scaffolding and poor maintenance of scaffolding.

1.3 OBJECTIVES:
This study is an attempt to investigate the basic factors that prevent the accidents at
construction site. The idea behind this study is to find out facts that indicate why the safety
practices being not adopted in Pakistan.

 To assess the current state of construction safety practices

 To mention a framework to standardize the construction safety practices for achieving
improved
 Assessment of Risk management performance to find and fill the weak areas
 Promoting health and safety awareness to maintain safe work environment
 Establishing safety culture to mitigate issues related to human health

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH:

This research discusses safety and encouragement of employee health by preventing and
eliminating risks, accident and mishaps at the construction project. This study totally focuses
on health of employee and discusses the weak areas of health and safety at the different

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construction sites. This research is helpful to decline accident rate and also aware the worker
concerning safety. This study improves the psychological and physical fitness of employee
and increases their work ability which result the rapid progress of the project. This study will
be foundation for safety culture and every worker will educate regarding construction safety.

This study intends to develop a safety basics model that can help all construction companies
develop and implement an effective safety program. People working at the construction site
will aware, how to operate machinery and handling of tools which secure the life of workers
and eliminate risks at the construction sites. This study identifies risks and increasing interest
in the health and safety program.

This research helps to decrease the project budget and complete the project faster the budget
faster than original schedule. Lower injury rate among the workers and increase their ability
to contract new work. This study constructs a good platform for the construction safety which
creates good relation between contractor and workers.

In this research labors health and safety are totally focused because labor or worker is the the
backbone of the any construction industry if the labor is secure and healthy the task will be
easily accomplished. This research create outline for the health and safety which improves
the current condition of the safety and decrease the fatality and injury rate in the construction
industry of Pakistan.

Factors which affect the health of workers working at construction industry are tried to
identify through this research and helpful to reach to the root cause of these factors and give
a guideline to manage these factors positively. Study also helpful regarding analysis of
contract system of construction works and issues existing in this system.

Research will helpful for researchers who want to research on the current state of
construction safety practices because there are a lot of factors are included in this research.

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Researcher will get help to reach the depth of the problem and find the root causes of issues
related to the safety practices in Pakistan.

This study also shows the diversity between the safety condition of developing countries and
developed countries so the researcher will get help to find the gap between the current state
of construction safety practices in Pakistan and developed countries like UK, USA.

The regulatory authority, management, engineering staff related to the construction work will
guide through this study to assess and implementation of the issues and regulation regarding
construction safety. The organization related to the construction industry can get help from
this research to mention the path and form to their employees about managing the policies
and actions necessary y to maintain effectiveness and efficiency of construction industry.

The studies helpful for the regulatory authority who are directly involved and making to
rule and regulation for construction industry to make and effective policy and fill the weak
areas of safety system in construction works. It’s very important because the government
regulatory authority is mainly responsible of health and issues related to the health of
workers in any industry.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS:

Safety management is not an individual process it’s a collective effort of all the stakeholders
including the owners, Consultants, contractors, subcontractors, suppliers, regulating bodies
etc. There are different mega project running in the different provinces of Pakistan but our
research fully focuses on KP (PAKISTAN).
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The study is based upon the stakeholders I.e. contractor, consultant and clients who are
directly involve in a construction industry and construction works. Surveys and interviews
related to the project was conducted from these stake holders in kp(Pakistan).the study
focused KP(Pakistan), because there is a lot of similarity in the nature of construction
projects in Pakistan
There is a lot of industry of Pakistan which required safety practices but one of the most
dangerous industries which are directly exposed to the risk and hazard is construction
industry of Pakistan. Pakistani construction industry is facing a lot of safety issues which
occur due to unused of personal protective equipment. These issues are the following
Fall injuries, Struck injuries, Injuries by weak scaffolding, Heat stroke, Head injuries, Eye
injuries, burning cases. Hence this research assesses the safety management practices of
contractors on construction work sites in Pakistan with the objective to diagnose the current
safety practices among contractors associated with the Construction industry of Pakistan.
Hence, this study identify the safety performance in the construction industry of Pakistan and
helpful to recover the weak areas of construction industry

Chapter 02
LITERATURE REVIEW
The study of literature relevant to safety practices in Pakistan is a key factor to collect solid
and effective information. Different study throughout the world identified the common root
causes of occurring accident in the construction industry of Pakistan. Study showed the key
61
factors affecting Pakistani construction industry’s safety environment, initiatives to mitigate
the problem and recommendation regard maintaining safe work environment in the
construction industry of Pakistan.

Keith Clarke mention has in book that site safety not an option it is the right of all the
members which are engaged in construction industry it’s not the process are making policy
its actually education empowerment and leadership. Everyone in construction industry it’s
helpful by getting information about the safety this information also helpful in recent changes
in health and safety legislation for example the work at height 2005.

Bielby, S and Gilbertson , A L CIRIA (2008) Company general policy in written statement is
provided by employer with few employees. The employers that should keep it updated and
have to share it with all the employees working in the construction industry.

By hence 1997 accidents or the combination of physical condition on side and worker
activities .so if the result shows that 98-100 percent is due to combination of unsafe behavior
and unsafe condition then it realized that both should be addressed. The construction sector
has role in producing tremendous changes about increasing trade globalization and
internationalism (Alleyne, 1997).By (TC HAUPT, 2001) on of the most important topic in all
over the world is human right issues worker health and safety are further classification but it
should be treated as same as human right issues. Advantage of safe work environment, are
the improvement of productivity, cost reduction and profitability improvement. (Hinze, 1997:
Levitt and samelson, 1993).By health and safety executive (HSE) construction industry still
remain a high risk industry and expose to high percentage of fatality and injuries rate. Every
year more working days are lost due to work-related illness compared to injuries.
The statistics reveal that construction workers have a high risk of developing diseases from a
number of health issues.
There are many reasons why construction workers have a high risk of developing
occupational disease. This includes.

The construction site environment – unlike a factory, construction work takes place in many
and varied environments. Different sites can present a range of health risks, including

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existing ones like asbestos. The extent of these risks can also vary between areas of the same
site.

The dynamic nature of the work – construction sites are constantly changing and a large
number of trades may all be carrying out tasks potentially dangerous to their health and that
of others.

Risk appreciation – there is generally a low awareness of health risks and the controls
needed. It can take many years for serious ill health conditions to develop and the immediate
consequence of a harmful workplace exposure may often be dismissed as not significant
compared to the immediate impact of injuries caused by accidents.

Employment – many workers are either self-employed, work for small companies, or
frequently change employers. Others work away from home. These situations can make it
problematical for workers to easily look after their own health and they often have little or no
contact with occupational health professionals.

BY (OSHA,2016)A risk assessment is not about creating huge amounts of paperwork , but
rather about identifying sensible measures to control the risks in your workplace. You are
probably already taking steps to protect your employees, but your risk assessment will help
you decide whether you have covered all you need to.

Think about how accidents and ill health could happen and concentrate on real risks – those
that are most likely and which will cause the most harm OSHA, 2016.

In order to ensure chemical safety in the workplace, information about the identities and
hazards of the chemicals must be available and understandable to workers. OSHA's Hazard
Communication Standard (HCS) requires the development and dissemination of such
information:

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Chemical manufacturers and importers are required to evaluate the hazards of the chemicals
they produce or import, and prepare labels and safety data sheets to convey the hazard
information to their downstream customers;

All employers with hazardous chemicals in their workplaces must have labels and safety data
sheets for their exposed workers, and train them to handle the chemicals appropriately.

A careful review of 15 research articles was studied to identify the key factors related to the
subject. A lot of research has been done regarding this important matter to overcome this
issue through effective recommendation and suggestions. Following are some important
factors about safety of construction industry those are being discussed by different
researchers in their research

(Rogers, 1994) Mentions that work is an essential part of our lives and most adults spend
their time in work and perceive it as a part of their self-identity. The access to health care and
health status is not too good in various countries which causes to dangerous diseases such as
respiratory illness, gastrointestinal disease, and other health problems (Dembe 1999).

(Eich, 1996) Found that construction is the occupation which is exposed to a high level of
hazards. It is dangerous and demanding industry in USA.by Hinze (2002), “most of the firms
related to construction works have mentioned the safety as a man factor in reducing injuries
rate and cost related to workers accidents. The cost becomes 20 times more when worker’s
compensation losses are added to the cost of injuries (Nelson, 1996).

2.1 HEALTH AND SAFETY

This study focuses on the management role in terms of providing safe work environment and
maintaining best and effective work place. (Ganapathi, Sidde, 2013)
. (Ganapathi, Sidde, 2013) mentions that Importance of health safety exists in every type of
industry but very important in construction industry which is the most exposed sector to
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hazard and risks. Due to high rate of fatality and injuries construction industry requires good
management to make policies and planning to overcome these issues.
(Zain Abbas1, Muhammad Qasim2 and Aroj Bashir 2014) explain that Evaluation of workers
training with respect to Health, Safety and Environmental and awareness regarding Health,
Safety is very important in industry.

2.2 TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT

Technology improvement and advancement in world has a significant role in positive
contribution but on other hand it creates difficulties regarding workers safety. Inexperience
workers fail to operate equipment properly which causes serious damages to workers health.
Pakistan still remained slow in recent technology advancement, this lack of response has
made Pakistan construction industry unsafe.

2.3 INFRASTRUCTURE GROWTH

(Muhammad S. and Ali t, 2005) found that as compared to the past decades the recent
infrastructure growth of Pakistan construction industry is effective and broad. These projects
can give high level of recognition and glory to the local industry, but it requires positive and
colossal efforts regarding issues such as safety issues. The effort that should be the priority is
to raise awareness among the members of construction industry about health and safety at
construction sites.

2.4 TOP MANAGEMENT ROLE

Several studies and research are being done about the management role in construction
industry regarding safety issues. Most of studies have heavily focused on management role
and identify it as a key factor.

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Toole et al. (2006) mentions that there is no specific agreement made by management about
safety at site. This is the responsibility of every group of management to ensure safe work
environment through their abilities.

(Gillen et al. (2002) evaluated that union workers are more effective than non-union workers
because they are helpful to understand their supervisors as caring about their safety, to make
aware of safety practices and receive safety instructions when hire.

2.5 MIDDLE MANAGEMENT ROLE:

(Thompson et al. (1998) Empirical show that middle management which consist on
supervisor have an important role in safe work environment .A model which show the safety
affect of manager and supervisors is focused on two central path ways
 _ from ‘organisational politics’ to ‘manager support for safety’ to ‘safety conditions’
 _ From ‘supervisor fairness’ to ‘supervisor support for safety’ to ‘safety compliance’.

Thompson et al. (1998)For safety has found that management support has positively ruins
supervisor support its means that safety conditions are managed by top management but the
work force managed with safety regulation by the middle management (supervisor).
O’Dea (2002) Found that middle management rule for safety was predictive of worker
intensions to safety actions, and obeying rules.

Tomas et al. (1999) has found that in accident prevention supervisor’s plays central rule by
shifting the element of safety environment to workforce member. Some time supervisor
apply too much pressure on workers which has a negative impact on safety conditions Brown
et al. (2000)

2.6 SAFETY CULTURE:

Cooper, Z.M.D. (1998) has defined the term “culture” is the way we do things around here he
further explained that culture is a summery for action which brings different component in
organization system together to achieve specific goal. In safety culture members made efforts

61
to ensure that all the activities are done safely. A better safety culture contributes to
competiveness’ in variety of ways for example making the difference between getting or
losing a contract, people also affect by safety culture by affecting thinking of people.

Hampden-Turner (1990) define corporate culture as “a specimen of basic assumptions in

vented or discovered by a specific group as it learns to cope with its problems of external
adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be valid and to be taught
to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to these
problems.”. Safety culture may be imagining as a particular aspect of corporate culture. The
organization has one underlying culture, which has characteristics that may be more or less
supportive of safety, quality, productivity or any other goal.

By (Clements, 1995) one of the important factors for accident control is the design of the
safety training system. However, for implementing the safety practices at work site buddy
system was introduced this was an unstructured approach to training on the job and is
beneficial and term of cost and time

2.7 TRAINING AT CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

(Datta, M.2000) has mentioned about the gap at different levels. He also shows that for the
improvement of productivity right skill is need. Also identify the need of training at different
level of construction industry as mentioned below.

 Top management level training need career structures to be created to develop leader
of excellence.

 Project manager level at this level the need of training is essential in integrating
projects and progressing performance. Training institutions are necessary to make
such training programme.

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Supervisor’s level this is known in developing countries as a key character in a variety of
ways. The absence of this grade should be removed through a solid need of training.

Chapter 03
METHODOLOGY
The research methodology consist on the following steps

3.1 STUDY OF LITERATURE REVIEW:

In the first step, the literature review was done to find out the safety condition in global and
Pakistani construction industry. Studied different research paper of different researchers and
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collect the necessary data which can helpful in our research and also evaluating common
construction accidents in Pakistan.

3.2 LOCATION OF SURVEY:

The ground reality show that the issue of safety practices in construction sector existing
throughout Pakistan .But our study mostly focus on the KP(Pakistan) which locate at north
Pakistan, because this is the region which has fast going rate of infrastructure projects. In this
research we strongly focus on the four region of KP which is KOHAT, PESHAWAR,
NOSHERA and MARDAN.

3.3 DEVELOPMENT OF QUESTIONNAIRE:

The development of questionnaire is important part of this research and it was carry out likert
scale type questionnaire .the preparation of the questionnaire was totally on base of academic
research purpose

3.4 QUESTIONNAIRE CONTENT:

As mentioned above the questionnaire was prepared on likert scales which consist upon three
different parts (areas) of information. In first part of the questionnaire , personal information
of the stakeholder (related to construction works) are mentioned, the second part of the
questionnaire, information about the organization , company or firm of stakeholder (client
,consultant , contractor) are mentioned. The third part consists on the factors causing
accidents.

3.5 QUESTIONNAIRE’S FACTORS CODING:

Factors Coding:
S\NO Factors Codes
1 Poor safety awareness of top management. F1
2 Inadequate contractor F2
3 Experience Employees F3
4 Low speed of decisions making F4
61
5 Employees physical fitness F5
6 No Risk assessment F6
7 Employee moral character verification F7
8 Incompetent Project team (designers and contractors ) F8
9 No accident Prevention plan F9
10 Unfair relationship sub-contractor with employees F10
11 Trapped by something collapse/overturning F11
12 Worker fit dress related to activity F12
13 Rules and Regulations F13
14 Natural disasters (earthquake, flood, etc) F14
15 Not definite about material F15
16 Lack of training F16
17 Type and method of construction. F17
18 Proper installation and operation of various systems F18
19 Increased job-related pressure on workers F19
20 Excessive overtime work for employees F20
21 Conducting safety training and Orientation. F21
22 Protective Equipment (PPE) and other safety resources. F22
23 Slip trip and fall F23
24 Hazard perception and recognition F24
25 Poor safety management system. F25
26 Poor Environmental condition. F26
27 Cost and time frame F27
28 Recording and reporting of daily safety issues. F28
29 Displaying safety posters F29
30 Supervision Shortage of site Workers F30
31 Medical facilities F31
32 Poor Scaffolding.(falling injuries) F32
33 First aid facilities for employees F33
34 Training of staff member for first aid F34
35 Preparation of emergency response plan (ERP) F35
36 Compliance with national laws during work F36
37 Injuries due to loads(carrying and lifting) F37
38 Contact with electricity F38
39 Struck by moving vehicles F39
40 Strike against something fixed F40

TABLE NO. 3.1 Questionnaire’s factors coding

61
3.6 STRUCTURE INTERVIEW:
Before the questionnaire survey some common factors which cause accident and increase
fatality rate are collect through structured interview from some experts. Structure interview
was conducted for the purpose of modification of the questionnaire through adding new
factors.

3.7 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY FOR THE SAFETY CLIMATE:

The Questionnaire is prepared which consist on different safety factors which cause accidents
and increase the fatality rate of Pakistan construction industry. This questionnaire was based
on a five- point Likert type scale,
Strongly Agree=5, Agree=4, Undecided=3 , Strongly Disagree=2, Disagree=1
This Likert use to evaluate the safety climate of Pakistan construction industry and identified
the risks which cause mishap in Pakistan construction industry.

3.8 COLLECTION OF DATA:

Site inspection survey were conducted on 55 construction sites and distribute a
questionnaire to stakeholders ( contractor, engineers, employee ) and get their feedback
about the safety climate of Pakistan construction based on Likert scale.

3.9 ANALYSIS OF COLLECTED DATA:

 Analysing the factors representing manager attitude, worker perception, safety
practises and contractor behaviour through distribution of questionnaire.
 The affects of g manager attitude, worker perception, safety practises and contractor
behaviour on the current state of construction safety practices of Pakistan will assess
through regression analysis.
61
  Different SPSS tests will run on the collected data through questionnaire these tests
are the following

Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Types of organization which are observed in this research:

Type of organization Frequency

Buildings 85%

Roads 45%

Sewerage/ Public Health 39%

TABLE: 4.1 Type’s organization which are observed in this research:

The collected data have been analyzed by using SPSS (statistical package for social
sciences), two SPSS test were run over data i.efrequency test and Descriptive test. The
results of both tests the result of Descriptive test of all factors are shown as bellow above
calculated results from two different tests shows that some of factors are very critical and
cannot be underestimated because of their damages to human safety. In fact, every factor is
important according to safety initiatives experts feedback but few of these factors should be

61
 further explained because if there serious role in construction industry. These factors are as
follows.

4.1 FREQUENCY TEST:

The Frequencies procedure can produce summary measures for
categorical variables in the form of frequency tables, bar charts, or pie
charts. Frequency test was basically used to find the frequency percentage and valid
percentage of each factor’s opinion given by technical participators.

Percentage→ shows the percentage of the people who gave feedback about particular factor
according the mentioned liker scale. for example if factor 1 is poor safety awareness of top
management, now this test will show percentage of agree, strongly
agree,undecided,disagree, and strongly disagreed people. in this study the percentage of
factors will calculate among 100 respondent who responded their views in questionnaire.

Maximum percentage → shows the maximum percentage of people who gave feedback
about particular factor according to mentioned likert scale. it sort out the maximum value
from mentioned percentage of agree,strongly,agree,undecided,disagree and strongly disagree.
It shows the large number or percentage of people commented on a single factor. The value
of maximum percentage varies in all factors because it depends upon factors feedback.

S/NO FACTORS STRONGLY AGREE UNDECIDE STRONGLY DISAGREE MAXIMUM

(CODE) AGREE% % D DISAGREE % % VALUE
% %
1 F1 32 42 0 19 7 42
61
 2 F2 17 32 2 33 16 33
3 F3 61 36 0 1 2 61
4 F4 11 39 1 24 25 39
5 F5 65 29 0 5 1 65
6 F6 39 25 0 10 26 39
7 F7 11 26 1 15 47 47
8 F8 11 22 6 22 39 39
9 F9 33 29 0 15 23 33
10 F10 13 18 3 27 39 39
11 F11 20 39 5 20 16 39
12 F12 28 15 0 11 46 46
13 F13 26 25 0 14 35 35
14 F14 52 45 1 1 1 52
15 F15 11 17 4 23 45 45
16 F16 41 23 0 8 28 41
17 F17 25 57 1 7 6 57
18 F18 26 36 5 18 15 36
19 F19 6 18 0 36 40 40
20 F20 7 18 1 34 40 40
21 F21 14 9 2 30 45 45
22 F22 36 25 0 19 20 36
23 F23 41 54 1 2 2 54
24 F24 32 28 0 15 25 32
S/NO FACTORS STRONGLY AGREE UNDECIDE STRONGLY DISAGREE MAXIMUM
(CODE) AGREE% % D DISAGREE % % VALUE
% %
25 F25 44 24 0 13 19 44
26 F26 35 31 2 18 14 35
27 F27 9 55 10 10 16 55
28 F28 16 11 0 16 57 57
29 F29 15 11 1 22 51 51
30 F30 11 18 0 31 40 40
31 F31 17 38 0 22 23 38
32 F32 10 21 0 21 48 48
33 F33 22 38 0 24 16 38
34 F34 9 12 0 13 66 66
35 F35 11 34 1 17 37 37
36 F36 10 19 6 21 44 44
37 F37 47 44 0 5 4 47
38 F38 36 41 4 2 17 41
61
39 F39 41 42 0 8 9 42
40 F40 63 28 1 6 2 63

TABLE 4.2 Frequency test

4.2 DESCRIPTIVE TEST:

The descriptive test was basically run over data to find mean and std. Deviation of each
factor. Descriptive statistics can be used to summarize the data. If data is scale level then
descriptive is used to analyze data. this test shows values of
factor,numbers,minimum,maximum,mean and standard deviation.

Where,

Factors → shows each factor of questionnaire.forexample; factor 1 Poor Safety Awareness

of Top Management.

No → it shows the total number of people who participated in particular survey. In this study

the total numbers of people (respondent) were 100. So the value of NO will remain constant.

Minimum→ minimum ranked value of likert scale which is “1”. The values on likert scale

were further ranked to analyze the data. There are 5 values which are strongly disagree,

61
disagree, undecided, agree and strongly agree. Strongly disagree value has minimum value,

which is “1”.

Maximum→ maximum ranked value of likert scale which is “5”.in this study analysis

“strongly agree “is ranked maximum which is “5”.

Mean →mean is the average result of each factor based on likert scale values. It is the mean

value among 5 values of strongly disagrees, disagree, undecided, agree and strongly agree

Std.Deviation→A quantity expressing by how much the number of people differ from the

Mean value. It shows the nearest possible value among five values of response

S/NO FACTORS NO Minimum Maximum Mean Std.

(CODE) Deviation
1 F1 100 1.00 5.00 3.6100 1.47638
2 F2 100 1.00 5.00 2.8400 1.57454
3 F3 100 1.00 5.00 4.5400 .70238
4 F4 100 1.00 5.00 2.8800 1.43041
5 F5 100 1.00 5.00 4.4800 .95853
6 F6 100 1.00 5.00 3.5700 1.47199
7 F7 100 1.00 5.00 2.7100 1.30496
8 F8 100 1.00 5.00 2.6100 1.34010
9 F9 100 1.00 5.00 3.4200 1.51211
10 F10 100 1.00 5.00 2.5100 1.39621
11 F11 100 1.00 5.00 3.2300 1.45543
12 F12 100 1.00 5.00 3.0300 1.48021
13 F13 100 1.00 5.00 3.1400 1.48406
14 F14 100 1.00 5.00 4.4600 .67300
15 F15 100 1.00 5.00 2.4800 1.31410
16 F16 100 1.00 5.00 3.6100 1.45571
61
17 F17 100 1.00 5.00 3.9500 1.08595
18 F18 100 1.00 5.00 3.3700 1.46787
19 F19 100 1.00 5.00 2.1800 1.26635
20 F20 100 1.00 5.00 2.2400 1.28802
21 F21 100 1.00 5.00 2.3200 1.36241
22 F22 100 1.00 5.00 3.3900 1.58844
23 F23 100 1.00 5.00 4.3000 .77198
24 F24 100 1.00 5.00 3.3700 1.51528
25 F25 100 1.00 5.00 3.6700 1.51127
26 F26 100 1.00 5.00 3.5100 1.52749
27 F27 100 1.00 5.00 3.3700 1.16042
28 F28 100 1.00 5.00 2.5400 1.32893
29 F29 100 1.00 5.00 2.4600 1.35154
30 F30 100 1.00 5.00 2.3800 1.37642
31 F31 100 1.00 5.00 3.0500 1.47966

32 F32 100 1.00 5.00 2.5100 1.30651

S/NO FACTORS NO Minimum Maximum Mean Std.
(CODE) Deviation
33 F33 100 1.00 5.00 3.1800 1.53991
34 F34 100 1.00 5.00 2.3800 1.13511
35 F35 100 1.00 5.00 2.8500 1.35121
36 F36 100 1.00 5.00 2.5300 1.29064
37 F37 100 1.00 5.00 4.2400 1.01623
38 F38 100 1.00 5.00 3.9200 1.12528
39 F39 100 1.00 5.00 3.9900 1.22676
40 F40 100 1.00 5.00 4.4000 1.05409

TABLE 4.3 DESCRIPTIVE TEST:

61
The collected data have been analyzed by using SPSS (statistical package for social
sciences), two SPSS test were run over data i.e. frequency test and Descriptive test. The
results of both tests. The result of Descriptive test of all factors are shown as bellow Above
calculated results from two different tests shows that some of factors are very critical and
cannot be underestimated because of their damages to human safety. In fact, every factor is
important according to safety initiatives experts feedback but few of these factors should be
further explained because if there serious role in construction industry. These factors are
as follows

S/No Factors (Code) Maximum value %

1 F1 74
2 F6 64

3 F13 51

4 F16 64

5 F22 61

6 F29 26

7 F28 27

8 F31 55

TABLE NO 4.4 TOP EIGHT FACTORS

61
 Chapter 5
CONCLUSION

Construction managers and firms have the goal to overcome safety issues in their sites but
majority of people and firms have no intensions regarding this important issue. Survey shows
that the large numbers of contractors are mostly focuses on investment and profit from their
projects. Regulatory authority doesn’t have devised any safety rules and regulations system
to be follow by organizations that are in touch with construction works. Structure interviews
also helped in identifying facts about the safety of workers in construction industry.

Result of Factor 1 shows that huge amount (74%) of respondent have strongly agreed that
there is lack of awareness in top management. After that factor no 6 and factor no 16 is also
considered to be a critical factor because of significance response by technical experts.

26% of people agreed with the factor that is about the availability of safety rules regulations
which means very less number of people have positive response in terms of availability of
safety rules and regulations.

Result shows that how critical these eight factors are in any construction industry of Pakistan
that should be managed properly with a committed effort from both contractors and
regulatory authority of Pakistan.

61
RECOMMENDATION:
Analysis and interview are conducted which shows many obstacles regarding implementation
of safety practices on construction projects. Strong initiative and measurement to be taken to
overcome this issue is very essential. Following are some recommendation to mitigate or
minimize these obstacles.

 There is a strong need of superior administration or authority like OSHA OR HSE to

make safety policy, safety practices and to enforce the implementation of such policy
and practices in construction industry of Pakistan.
 The authority should also have to notice the safety implementation and policies of
contractor before giving them contract, project should give only on base of financial
profit.
 The responsible administration like Pakistan engineering council should design a
system to analyse the safety policy and performance level of construction companies
and should safety policy as a part of contract.
 Every organization and firms must keep the first medical aid facility on work sites to
secure their workers from a serious health damage. It will be more batter if a
temporary medical check up clinic existing on sites.

 There should be team of experts within organization to check and report about the
faulty machinery to prevent risks by this machinery. They should also asses the
operators skills those who are operating have machineries or instruments.
 It’s very important that the workers should follow the safety policy defined by
organization management to overcome the risks to their lives.

61
REFERENCES:

Andriessen, J. H. T. H. "Safe behaviour and safety motivation." Journal of Occupational

Accidents 1.4 (1978): 363-376.
Mohamed, Sherif, Tauha Hussain Ali, and A. S. Quresh. "Safety behavior in the construction
industry in Pakistan." MEHRAN UNIVERSITY RESEARCH JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY 25.3 (2006): 207.

Berg, U. "Safety Campaign “fall risk in construction work” Implementation of Safety &
Health on Construction Sites." Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of CIB
Working Commission W. Vol. 99. 1999.

Berger, Joachim. "The Health and Safety Protection Plan and the File containing Features of
the Building according to EEC Directive (92/57)." The Management of Construction Safety
and Health, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Balkema (2000): 39-46.

Okolie, K. C., and P. U. Okoye. "Assessment of national culture dimensions and construction
health and safety climate in Nigeria." Science Journal of Environmental Engineering
Research 2012 (2012).

Budworth, N. "The development and evaluation of a safety climate measure as a diagnostic

tool in safety management." Iosh Journal 1 (1997): 19-29.

Brown, R. L., and Harold Holmes. "The use of a factor-analytic procedure for assessing the
validity of an employee safety climate model." Accident Analysis & Prevention 18.6 (1986):
455-470.

Ahmad, Mumtaz. "The crescent and the sword: Islam, the military, and political legitimacy in
Pakistan, 1977-1985." The Middle East Journal (1996): 372-386.
61
Agrilla, John A. "Construction safety management formula for success."Proceedings of the
2nd International Conference of the International Council for Research and Innovation in
Building and Construction (CIB) Working Commission W. Vol. 99. 1999.

. Ahmed, Syed M., S. L. Tang, and P. T. Kit. "Problems of implementing safety programs on
construction sites and some possible solutions (Hong Kong experience)." Proceedings of the
2nd CIB International Conference on Safety and Health on Construction Sites Honolulu,
Hawaii, USA, March. 1999.

Baxendale, Tony, and Owain Jones. "Construction design and management safety regulations
in practice—progress on implementation." International Journal of Project
Management 18.1 (2000): 33-40.

Bentil, K. K. "Construction site safety: A matter of life and costs." Cost Engineering 32.3
(1990): 7-11.

Sui Pheng, Low, and Shi Yuquan. "An exploratory study of Hofstede's cross-cultural
dimensions in construction projects." Management Decision 40.1 (2002): 7-16.

Andriessen, J. H. T. H. "Safe behaviour and safety motivation." Journal of Occupational

Accidents 1.4 (1978): 363-376.

Mohamed, Sherif, Tauha Hussain Ali, and A. S. Quresh. "Safety behavior in the construction
industry in Pakistan." MEHRAN UNIVERSITY RESEARCH JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY 25.3 (2006): 207.

Berg, U. "Safety Campaign “fall risk in construction work” Implementation of Safety &
Health on Construction Sites." Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of CIB
Working Commission W. Vol. 99. 1999.

61
Chow, Chee W., Yutaka Kato, and Michael D. Shields. "National culture and the preference
for management controls: An exploratory study of the firm—Labor market
interface." Accounting, Organizations and Society 19.4 (1994): 381-400.

Datta, M. "Challenges facing the construction industry in developing countries." 2nd

International Conference on Construction in Developing Countries: Challenges Facing the
Construction Industry in Developing Countries, Gaborone, Botswana. 2000.

Flin, R., et al. Risk perception and safety in the offshore oil and gas industry. Sudbury: HSE
Books, 1996.
Singh, Amarjit, Jimmie Hinze, and Richard J. Coble, eds. Implementation of Safety and
health on Construction Sites. CRC Press, 1999.
Hinze, Jimmie. "Turnover, new workers, and safety." Journal of the Construction
Division 104.4 (1978): 409-417.

Websites
www.google.com.pk
www.hse.gov.uk
www.osha.gov/

61
APPENDICES

 Appendix A: Questionnaire

 Appendix B: Structure Interviews

 Appendix C: Factors Coding

 Appendix D: Ready Questionnaire

APPENDIX: A
QUESTIONNAIRE
I am student of Bachelors of technology (civil) at Sarhad University of Science and
Information Technology Peshawar (SUIT).As part of my education, a research is being
carried out to examine the current state of construction safety practices in Khyber
pakhtunkhwa (KP) Pakistan.

It will take around 5 minutes of your precious time. You are requested to participate in this
survey .I would be very grateful for the valuable time you will spend to complete this
questionnaire.

This data will be used STRICTLY for educational purpose not personal.
Thanks again your response is highly appreciated.

‘’Benchmarking the Current state of construction safety practices in

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan’’

61
To evaluate the current state of construction safety practices in KP Pakistan a questionnaire
survey is being conducted. Your valuable contribution will go long way in establishing
Benchmark for the current state of construction safety practices in KP Pakistan.

SECTION 1.ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION:

General Information about the Respondent

Personal details: (all details will be kept confidential)

Name:

Telephone: (optional)

Email: (optional)

Highest Qualification Bachelor Master Doctorate Others:___________

Firm/organization information

Name:

Type of organization Employer Consultant Contractor Other

/Owner ______________
_
61
Location of Project Khyber Pakhtunkhwa/FATA Sindh Balochistan

Azad Kashmir Gilgit/Baltistan Sindh

Total Professional Experience (0-9) (10-19) (20-29) (30+)

Which type of products your company Buildings

construct Roads

Sewerage/ Public Health

Please state if any other type of

Project_________________________________

Section 2: Evaluating critical success factor for safety practices:

Please tick the appropriate column the relative importance of each of the following factors

Sr
NO Strongly Strongly
Critical factors Agree Undecided Disagree
agree disagree

1 Poor safety awareness of

top management.

2 Inadequate contractor

3 Experience Employees

61
4 Low speed of decisions
making

5 Employees physical

fitness

No Risk assessment

7 Employee moral character

Verification

8 Incompetent Project team

(designers and
contractors )

9 No accident Prevention
plan

10 Unfair relationship sub-

contractor with employees

11 Trapped by something
collapse/overturning

12 Worker fit dress

related to activity

13 Rules and Regulations

14 Natural disasters
(earthquake, flood, etc)

15 Not definite about material

61
16 Lack of training

17 Type and method of

construction.

18 Proper installation and

operation of various
systems

19 Increased job-related
pressure on workers

20 Excessive overtime work

for employees

21 Conducting safety training

and Orientation.

22 Protective Equipment
(PPE) and other safety
resources.

23 Slip trip and fall

24 Hazard perception and

recognition

25 Poor safety management

system.

26 Poor Environmental
condition.
61
27 Cost and time frame

28 Recording and reporting

of daily safety issues.

29 Displaying safety posters

30 Supervision Shortage of
site Workers

31 Medical facilities

32 Poor Scaffolding.(falling
injuries)

33 First aid facilities for

employees

34 Training of staff member

for first aid

35 Preparation of emergency
response plan (ERP)

36 Compliance with national

laws during work

37 Injuries due to loads

(carrying and lifting)

61
38 Contact with electricity

39 Struck by moving vehicles

40 Strike against something

fixed

APPENDIX: B
STRUCTURE INTERVIEW FORMAT:

1. What is the safety situation on construction sites?

2. What is the response of workers regarding safety practices implementation?

3. Does the safety rules and regulations are following on sites?

4. What are the basic objectives of a contractor while taking contract?

5. Are there any health and safety program devised by construction firms?

6. Does the first aid facility available on construction sites?

7. What are the common factors that affect safety practices implementations?

8. Does safety engineers available on construction sites?

61
 9. Is there any regulatory authority to check safety performance of construction firms?

10. How the contractors behave to the workers in terms of completion of project?

APPENDIX: C

FACTORS CODING:

S\NO Factors Codes

1 Poor safety awareness of top management. F1

2 Inadequate contractor F2

3 Experience Employees F3

4 Low speed of decisions making F4

5 Employees physical fitness F5

6 No Risk assessment F6

7 Employee moral character verification F7

8 Incompetent Project team (designers and contractors ) F8

9 No accident Prevention plan F9

10 Unfair relationship sub-contractor with employees F10

11 Trapped by something collapse/overturning F11

12 Worker fit dress related to activity F12

13 Rules and Regulations F13

14 Natural disasters (earthquake, flood, etc) F14

15 Not definite about material F15

61
16 Lack of training F16

17 Type and method of construction. F17

18 Proper installation and operation of various systems F18

19 Increased job-related pressure on workers F19

20 Excessive overtime work for employees F20

21 Conducting safety training and Orientation. F21

22 Protective Equipment (PPE) and other safety resources. F22

23 Slip trip and fall F23

24 Hazard perception and recognition F24

25 Poor safety management system. F25

26 Poor Environmental condition. F26

27 Cost and time frame F27

28 Recording and reporting of daily safety issues. F28

29 Displaying safety posters F29

30 Supervision Shortage of site Workers F30

31 Medical facilities F31

32 Poor Scaffolding.(falling injuries) F32

33 First aid facilities for employees F33

34 Training of staff member for first aid F34

35 Preparation of emergency response plan (ERP) F35

36 Compliance with national laws during work F36

37 Injuries due to loads(carrying and lifting) F37

38 Contact with electricity F38

61
39 Struck by moving vehicles F39

40 Strike against something fixed F40

APPENDIX D:

FILLED QUESTIONNAIRES

61
 I am student of Bachelor’s of technology (civil) at Sarhad University of Science and
Information Technology Peshawar (SUIT).As part of my education, a research is being
carried out to examine the current state of construction safety practices in Khyber
pakhtunkhwa (KP) Pakistan.

It will take around 5 minutes of your precious time. You are requested to participate in this
survey .I would be very grateful for the valuable time you will spend to complete this
questionnaire.

This data will be used STRICTLY for educational purpose not personal.
Thanks again your response is highly appreciated.

‘’Benchmarking the Current state of construction safety practices in

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan’’
To evaluate the current state of construction safety practices in KP Pakistan a questionnaire
survey is being conducted. Your valuable contribution will go long way in establishing
Benchmark for the current state of construction safety practices in KP Pakistan.

SECTION 1
ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION

General Information about the Respondent

Personal details: (all details will be kept confidential)

Name: Engineer Farhan

61
Telephone: (optional) 0334-8342313

Email: (optional)

Highest Qualification Bachelor Master Doctorate

Others:___________

Firm/organization information
Name: Kohat Model Town (K.M.T)
Type of organization Employer/ Consultant Contractor  Other
Owner ______________
_
Location of Project Khyber Pakhtunkhwa/FATA Sindh Baluchistan

Azad Kashmir Gilgit/Baltistan Sindh

Total Professional Experience (0-9) (10-19) (20-29) (30+)

Which type of products your company Buildings

construct Roads
Sewerage/ Public Health
Please state if any other type of
Project_________________________________

Section 2: Evaluating critical success factor for safety practices:

Please tick the appropriate column the relative importance of each of the following factors
Sr
Strongly Strongly
NO Critical factors Agree Undecided Disagree
agree disagree

61
1 Poor safety awareness of top

management.
2 Inadequate contractor


3 Experience Employees


4 Low speed of decisions


making
5 Employees physical

fitness
6

No Risk assessment
7 Employee moral character

Verification
8 Incompetent Project team

(designers and contractors )
9 No accident Prevention plan


10 Unfair relationship sub-


contractor with employees
11 Trapped by something

collapse/overturning
12 Worker fit dress

related to activity
13 Rules and Regulations


14 Natural disasters (earthquake,


flood, etc)
15 Not definite about material


16 Lack of training


17 Type and method of


construction.
61
18 Proper installation and

operation of various systems
19 Increased job-related

pressure on workers
20 Excessive overtime work for

employees
21 Conducting safety training

and Orientation.
22 Protective Equipment (PPE)

and other safety resources.
23 Slip trip and fall


24 Hazard perception and


recognition
25 Poor safety management

system.
26 Poor Environmental

condition.
27 Cost and time frame


28 Recording and reporting of


daily safety issues.
29 Displaying safety posters


30 Supervision Shortage of site 

Workers
31 Medical facilities 

32 Poor Scaffolding.(falling 
injuries)
33 First aid facilities for 
employees
34 Training of staff member for 
first aid
61
35 Preparation of emergency 
response plan (ERP)
36 Compliance with national 
laws during work
37 Injuries due to loads 
(carrying and lifting)
38 Contact with electricity 

39 Struck by moving vehicles 

40 Strike against something 

fixed

61
I am student of Bachelor’s of technology (civil) at Sarhad University Distance Education
Centre Kohat (ALCET).As part of my education, a research is being carried out to examine
the current state of construction safety practices in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Pakistan.

It will take around 5 minutes of your precious time. You are requested to participate in this
survey .I would be very grateful for the valuable time you will spend to complete this
questionnaire.

This data will be used STRICTLY for educational purpose not personal.
Thanks again your response is highly appreciated.

‘’Benchmarking the Current state of construction safety practices in

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan’’
To evaluate the current state of construction safety practices in KP Pakistan a questionnaire
survey is being conducted. Your valuable contribution will go long way in establishing
Benchmark for the current state of construction safety practices in KP Pakistan.

SECTION 1
ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION
General Information about the Respondent

Personal details: (all details will be kept confidential)

61
Name: Engineer Muhammad Tahir

Telephone: (optional)

Email: (optional) [email protected]

Highest Qualification Bachelor Master Doctorate

Others:___________

Firm/organization information
Name: Kohat University Science And Technology (KUST)
Type of organization Employer/ Consultant Contractor Other
Owner  ______________
_
Location of Project Khyber Pakhtunkhwa/FATA Sindh Baluchistan

Azad Kashmir Gilgit/Baltistan Sindh

Total Professional Experience (0-9) (10-19) (20-29) (30+)

Which type of products your company Buildings

construct Roads
Sewerage/ Public Health
Please state if any other type of
Project_________________________________

Section 2
Evaluating critical success factor for safety practices
Plea`se tick the appropriate column the relative importance of each of the following factors

61
Sr
Strongly Strongly
NO Critical factors Agree Undecided Disagree
agree disagree

1 Poor safety awareness of top


management.
2 Inadequate contractor


3 Experience Employees


4 Low speed of decisions


making
5 Employees physical

fitness
6

No Risk assessment
7 Employee moral character

Verification
8 Incompetent Project team

(designers and contractors )
9 No accident Prevention plan


10 Unfair relationship sub-


contractor with employees
11 Trapped by something

collapse/overturning
12 Worker fit dress

related to activity
13 Rules and Regulations


14 Natural disasters (earthquake,


flood, etc)
15 Not definite about material


16 Lack of training 
61
17 Type and method of

construction.
18 Proper installation and

operation of various systems
19 Increased job-related

pressure on workers
20 Excessive overtime work for

employees
21 Conducting safety training

and Orientation.
22 Protective Equipment (PPE)

and other safety resources.
23 Slip trip and fall


24 Hazard perception and


recognition
25 Poor safety management

system.
26 Poor Environmental

condition.
27 Cost and time frame


28 Recording and reporting of


daily safety issues.
29 Displaying safety posters


30 Supervision Shortage of site 

Workers
31 Medical facilities 

32 Poor Scaffolding.(falling 
injuries)
33 First aid facilities for 

61
 employees
34 Training of staff member for 
first aid
35 Preparation of emergency 
response plan (ERP)
36 Compliance with national 
laws during work
37 Injuries due to loads 
(carrying and lifting)
38 Contact with electricity 

39 Struck by moving vehicles 

40 Strike against something 

fixed

61
 I am student of Bachelor’s of technology (civil) at Sarhad University of Science and
Information Technology Peshawar (SUIT).As part of my education, a research is being
carried out to examine the current state of construction safety practices in Khyber
pakhtunkhwa (KP) Pakistan.

It will take around 5 minutes of your precious time. You are requested to participate in this
survey .I would be very grateful for the valuable time you will spend to complete this
questionnaire.

This data will be used STRICTLY for educational purpose not personal.
Thanks again your response is highly appreciated.

‘’Benchmarking the Current state of construction safety practices in

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(KP), Pakistan’’
To evaluate the current state of construction safety practices in KP Pakistan a questionnaire
survey is being conducted. Your valuable contribution will go long way in establishing
Benchmark for the current state of construction safety practices in KP Pakistan.

61
 SECTION 1
ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION

General Information about the Respondent

Personal details: (all details will be kept confidential)

Name: Shakir Kamal Sub-Engineer

Telephone: (optional) 0333-9618501

Email: (optional)

Highest Qualification Bachelor Master Doctorate

Others: D.A.E

Firm/organization information
Name: C And W Division Kohat
Type of organization Employer/ Consultant Contractor Other
Owner  ______________
_
Location of Project Khyber Pakhtunkhwa/FATA Sindh Baluchistan

Azad Kashmir Gilgit/Baltistan Sindh

Total Professional Experience (0-9) (10-19) (20-29) (30+)

Which type of products your company Buildings

construct Roads
Sewerage/ Public Health

61
 Please state if any other type of
Project_________________________________

Section 2
Evaluating critical success factor for safety practices
Please tick the appropriate column the relative importance of each of the following factors
Sr
Strongly Strongly
NO Critical factors Agree Undecided Disagree
agree disagree

1 Poor safety awareness of top


management.
2 Inadequate contractor


3 Experience Employees


4 Low speed of decisions


making
5 Employees physical

fitness
6

No Risk assessment
7 Employee moral character

Verification
8 Incompetent Project team

(designers and contractors )
9 No accident Prevention plan


10 Unfair relationship sub-


contractor with employees
11 Trapped by something

collapse/overturning
12 Worker fit dress 

61
 related to activity
13 Rules and Regulations


14 Natural disasters (earthquake,


flood, etc)
15 Not definite about material


16 Lack of training


17 Type and method of


construction.
18 Proper installation and

operation of various systems
19 Increased job-related

pressure on workers
20 Excessive overtime work for

employees
21 Conducting safety training

and Orientation.
22 Protective Equipment (PPE)

and other safety resources.
23 Slip trip and fall


24 Hazard perception and


recognition
25 Poor safety management

system.
26 Poor Environmental

condition.
27 Cost and time frame


28 Recording and reporting of


daily safety issues.
29 Displaying safety posters 

61
30 Supervision Shortage of site 
Workers
31 Medical facilities 

32 Poor Scaffolding.(falling 
injuries)
33 First aid facilities for 
employees
34 Training of staff member for 
first aid
35 Preparation of emergency 
response plan (ERP)
36 Compliance with national 
laws during work
37 Injuries due to loads 
(carrying and lifting)
38 Contact with electricity 

39 Struck by moving vehicles 

40 Strike against something 

fixed

61