Math 21B - Homework Set 8

Section 8.1:
Z
1. t2 cos t dt

Let u1 = t2 , du1 = 2t dt and v1 = sin t, dv1 = cos t dt

Let u2 = 2t, du2 = 2dt and v2 = − cos t, dv2 = sin t dt

Z Z
t2 cos t dt = u1 v1 − v1 du1
Z
2
= t sin t − 2t sin t dt
 Z 
= t2 sin t − u2 v2 − v2 du2
 Z 
= t2 sin t − −2t cos t + 2 cos t dt

= t2 sin t + 2t cos t − 2 sin t + C

Z e
2. x3 ln x dx
1

1
Let u = ln x, du = x dx and v = 14 x4 , dv = x3 dx.

Z e Z e
e
x3 ln x dx = uv|1 − v du
1
1e Z e
1 1 4 1
= x4 ln x −

x · dx
4 1 1 4 x
e Z e
1 1
= x4 ln x − x3 dx

4 4 1
1e e
1 4 1
x4 
 
= x ln x −
4 16
 4 1  4 1 
e e 1
= −0 − −
4 16 16
3e4 + 1
=
16

Z
3. t2 e4t dt

1
 Let u1 = t2 , du1 = 2t dt and v1 = 14 e4t , dv1 = e4t dt.
1 4t
Let u2 = 2t, du2 = 2dt and v2 = 16 e , dv2 = 41 e4t dt.
Z Z
t2 e4t dt = u1 v1 − v1 du1
Z
1 1 4t
= t2 e4t − 2te dt
4 4
 Z 
1 1 1 4t
= t2 e4t − te4t − e dt
4 8 8
1 2 4t 1 4t 1 4t
= t e − te + e + C
4 8 32

Z
4. eθ sin θ dθ

Let u1 = sin θ, du1 = cos θ dθ and v1 = eθ , dv1 = eθ dθ.

Let u2 = cos θ, du2 = − sin θ dθ and v2 = eθ , dv2 = eθ dθ.

Z Z
eθ sin θ dθ = u1 v1 − v1 du1
Z
= e sin θ − eθ cos θ dθ
θ

 Z 
= eθ sin θ − u2 v2 − v2 du2
 Z 
= eθ sin θ − eθ cos θ + eθ sin θ dθ
Z
= eθ sin θ − eθ cos θ − eθ sin θ dθ + C 0

Z
We can use this to solve for eθ sin θ dθ.
Z Z
e sin θ dθ = e sin θ − e cos θ − eθ sin θ dθ + C 0
θ θ θ

Z
⇔ 2 eθ sin θ dθ = eθ sin θ − eθ cos θ + C 0

eθ sin θ − eθ cos θ
Z
⇔ eθ sin θ dθ = +C
2

2
 Z π/3
5. x tan2 x dx
0

Let u = x, du = dx and dv = tan2 x, v = tan2 x dx = sec2 x−1 dx =

R R

tan x − x.
Z π/3 Z π/3
π/3
x tan2 x dx = uv|0 − v du
0 0

π/3
Z π/3
2
= x tan x − x 0 − (tan x − x) dx
0
 π/3

π/3 1
= x tan x − x2 0 − ln | sec x| − x2 

2 0
√ 2
! 
2

π 3 π π
= − − ln(2) −
3 9 18
√
π 3 π2
= − − ln(2)
3 18

Z
6. z(ln z)2 dz

Let w = ln z, dw = z1 dz. Then we get that z = ew .

Z 2
z (ln z)2
Z Z
z(ln z)2 dz = dz = w2 e2w dw
z

Let u1 = w2 , du1 = 2w dw and v1 = 21 e2w , dv1 = e2w dw.

Let u2 = w, du2 = dw and v2 = 12 e2w , dv2 = e2w dw.

Z Z
w2 e2w dw = u1 v1 − v1 du1
Z
1 2 2w
= w e − we2w dw
2
 Z 
1
= w2 e2w − u2 v2 − v2 du2
2
 Z 
1 1 1 2w
= w2 e2w − we2w − e dw
2 2 2
1 2 2w 1 2w 1 2w
= w e − we + e + C
2 2 4
We now need to go back and substitute z back into the solution.
Z
1 1 1
z(ln z)2 dz = z 2 (ln z)2 − z 2 ln z + z 2 + C
2 2 4

3
 7. Using integration by parts, with u = sin−1 x and dv = dx (so that v =
x = sin u), we get
Z Z
sin−1 x dx = x sin−1 x − sin(u) du

= x sin−1 x + cos u + C
p
= x sin−1 x + cos sin−1 x + C = x sin−1 x +


1 − x2 + C

Section 8.4:
Z Z
x+4 x+4
1. dx = dx
x2 + 5x − 6 (x + 6)(x − 1)
x+4 A B
= + ⇔ x + 4 = (A + B)x + (−A + 6B)
(x + 6)(x − 1) x+6 x−1
(
1=A+B
⇔
4 = −A + 6B
2 5
⇔ A= , B=
7 7
Therefore, going back to our integral we get:
Z Z  
x+4 2 1 5 1
dx = · + · dx
x2 + 5x − 6 7 x+6 7 x−1
2 5
= ln |x + 6| + ln |x − 1| + C
7 7

Z Z
x+3 x+3
2. dx = dx
2x3 − 8x 2x(x − 2)(x + 2)
x+3 A B C
= + + ⇔ x + 3 = (A + 2B + 2C)x2 + (4C − 4B)x − 4A
2x(x − 2)(x + 2) 2x x − 2 x + 2

0 = A + 2B + 2C

⇔ 1 = 4C − 4B

3 = −4A


3 1 5
⇔ A=− , B= , C=
4 16 16
Therefore, going back to our integral we get:
Z Z  
x+3 3 1 1 1 5 1
dx = − · + · + · dx
2x3 − 8x 4 2x 16 x − 2 16 x + 2
3 1 5
= − ln |x| + ln |x − 2| + ln |x + 2| + C
8 16 16

4
 1 1
x3
Z Z  
3x + 2
3. dx = x−2+ dx (by long division)
0 x2 + 2x + 1 0 x2 + 2x + 1
3x + 2 A B
= + ⇔ 3x + 2 = Ax + (A + B)
x2 + 2x + 1 x + 1 (x + 1)2
(
3=A
⇔
2=A+B
⇔ A = 3, B = −1

Therefore, going back to our integral we get:

Z 1 Z 1
x3

3 1
2
dx = x−2+ − dx
0 x + 2x + 1 0 x + 1 (x + 1)2
 2 1
x 1 
= − 2x + 3 ln |x + 1| + 
2 x + 1 0
 
1 1
= − 2 + 3 ln 2 + − (1)
2 2
= 3 ln 2 − 2

Z 1
dx
4.
0 (x + 1)(x2 + 1)
1 A Bx + C
= + 2 ⇔ 1 = (A + B)x2 + (B + C)x + (C + A)
(x + 1)(x2 + 1) x+1 x +1

0 = A + B

⇔ 0=B+C

1=C +A


1 1 1
⇔ A= , B=− , C=
2 2 2
Therefore, going back to our integral we get:
Z 1 Z 1 
dx 1 1 1 1−x
2
= · + · dx
0 (x + 1)(x + 1) 0 2 x + 1 2 x2 + 1
1 1
Z  
1 1 x
= + 2 − 2 dx
2 0 x+1 x +1 x +1
 1
1 −1 1 2

= ln |x + 1| + tan x − ln |x + 1| 
2 2 0
 
1 π ln 2
= ln 2 + −
2 4 2
1 π
= ln 2 +
4 8

5
 √
3
3t2 + t + 4
Z
5. dt
1 t3 + t
3t2 + t + 4 A Bx + C
2
= + 2 ⇔ 3t2 + t + 4 = (A + B)t2 + Ct + A
t(t + 1) t t +1

3 = A + B

⇔ 1=C

4=A


⇔ A = 4, B = −1, C = 1

Therefore, going back to our integral we get:

Z √3 2 Z √3  
3t + t + 4 4 1−t
dx = + 2 dt
1 t3 + t 1 t t +1
Z √3  
4 1 t
= + 2 − dt
1 t t + 1 t2 + 1
 √3
1
= 4 ln |t| + tan−1 t − ln |t2 + 1| 

2 1
√
   
π 1 π 1
= 4 ln( 3) + − ln 4 − − ln 2
3 2 4 2
π π 1
= 2 ln 3 + − ln 2 − + ln 2
3 4 2
1 π
= 2 ln 3 − ln 2 +
2 12

x4
Z Z  
1
6. 2
dx = x2 + 1 + 2
dx
x −1 x −1
1 A B
= + ⇔ 1 = (A + B)x + (A − B)
x2 − 1 x−1 x+1
(
0=A+B
⇔
1=A−B
1 1
⇐ A= , B=−
2 2
Therefore, going back to our integral we get:
x4
Z Z  
2 1 1 1 1
dx = x + 1 + · − · dx
x2 − 1 2 x−1 2 x+1
1 1 1
= x3 + x + ln |x − 1| − ln |x + 1| + C
3 2   2
1 3 1  x − 1 
= x + x + ln  +C
3 2 x + 1

6
Section 8.2:
1.
Z π/2 Z π/2
2
5
sin x dx = sin x 1 − cos2 x dx
0 0
Z π/2
sin x − 2 cos2 x sin x + cos4 x sin x dx


=
0
 π/2
2 3 1 5

= − cos x + cos x − cos x 
3 5 0
 
2 1
= − −1 + −
3 5
8
=
15

2.
Z 1 Z 1  2
4 cos(4πx) + 1
8 cos (2πx) dx = 8 dx
0 0 2
1
cos2 (4πx) + 2 cos(4πx) + 1
Z
=8 dx
0 4
Z 1 
cos(8πx) + 1
=2 + 2 cos(4πx) + 1 dx
0 2
Z 1
= [cos(8πx) + 4 cos(4πx) + 3] dx
0
 1
1 1 
= sin(8πx) + sin(4πx) + 3x 
8π π 0
=3

3.
2π
r r2π
1 − cos x
Z Z x
dx = sin2 dx
0 2 0 2
Z 2π   
x 
=  dx

2
sin
0
Z 2π x  x 
= sin dx sin ≥ 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
0 2 2
 x 2π
= −2 cos

2 0

= 2 − (−2)
=4

7
4.
Z π/4 p Z π/4 p
2
sec x − 1 dx = tan2 x dx
−π/4 −π/4
Z π/4
= | tan x| dx
−π/4
Z π/4
=2 tan x dx
0
π/4
= (2 ln | sec x|) |0
√
= 2 ln( 2)
= ln 2

5.
Z π/4 Z π/4
sec4 x dx = sec2 x(tan2 x + 1) dx
0 0
Z π/4
= (sec2 x tan2 x + sec2 x) dx
0
 π/4
1
tan3 x + tan x 

=
3 0
1
= +1
3
4
=
3

6.
Z π/4 Z π/4
6 tan4 x dx = 6 tan2 x(sec2 −1) dx
−π/4 −π/4
Z π/4
=6 (tan2 x sec2 x − tan2 x) dx
−π/4
Z π/4
=6 (tan2 x sec2 x − sec2 x + 1) dx
−π/4
 π/4
1 3

=6 tan x − tan x + x 
3 −π/4
   
1 π 1 π
=6 −1+ − − +1−
3 4 3 4
= 3π − 8

8
 7.
Z 0 Z 0  
1 1
sin(3x) cos(2x) dx = sin x + sin(5x) dx (see p465 )
−π −π 2 2
 0
1 1 
= − cos x − cos(5x) 
2 10 −π
   
1 1 1 1
= − − − +
2 10 2 10
6
=−
5

Section 8.3:
Z
1
1. p dy
9 + y2

"

Let y = 3 tan θ, dy = 3 sec2 θ dθ for − π2 < θ < π

2.

3 sec2 θ
Z Z
1
p dy = √ dθ
9 + y2 9 + 9 tan2 θ
Z
= sec θ dθ

= ln | sec θ + tan θ| + C
   y    y 
= ln sec tan−1 + tan tan−1 +C
 
p 3 3
 9 + y2 y  p 
= ln  + +C or ln  9 + y 2 + y  + C 0
  
 3 3

Z 2
dx
2.
0 8 + 2x2

9
 Let x = 2 tan θ, dx = 2 sec2 θ dθ for − π2 < θ < π
2.

2 tan−1 (1)
2 sec2 θ
Z Z
dx
= dθ
0 8 + 2x2 tan−1 (0) 8 + 8 tan2 θ
π/4
2 sec2 θ
Z
= dθ
0 8 sec2 θ
Z π/4
1
= dθ
0 4
π/4
θ 
= 
4 0
π
=
16

OR
Z 2 Z 2
dx 1 dx
= dx
8 + 2x 2 8 x 2


0 0 1+ 2
1  x 2
= · 2 tan−1 
8 2 0
π
=
16

Z 3/2
dx
3. √
0 9 − x2

Let x = 3 sin θ, dx = 3 cos θ dθ for − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π

2.
Z 3/2 Z π/6
dx 3 cos θ
√ = p dθ
0 9 − x2 0 9 − 9 sin2 θ
Z π/6
3 cos θ
= dθ
0 3 cos θ
Z π/6
= dθ
0
π/6
= θ|0
π
=
6

Z
5 3
4. √ dx for x > 5
25x2 − 9

10
 


3 3 π
Let x = 5 sec θ, dx = 5 sec θ tan θ dθ for 0 ≤ θ < 2

5 · (3/5) sec θ tan θ

Z Z
5
√ dx = p dθ
25x2 − 9 25 · (9/25) sec2 θ − 9
Z
3 sec θ tan θ
= √ dθ
3 sec2 θ − 1
Z
sec θ tan θ
= √ dθ
Z tan2 θ
= sec θ dθ

= ln | sec θ + tan θ| + C
      
 −1 5x −1 5x 
= ln sec sec
 + tan sec +C
3 3 
 √ 
5 25x2 − 9   p 
= ln  x + +C or ln 5x + 25x2 − 9 + C 0
  
3 3 

Z
1
5. √ dx for x > 1
x2 x2 − 1

11
 Let x = sec θ, dx = sec θ tan θ dθ for 0 ≤ θ < π2 .
Z Z
1 sec θ tan θ
√ dx = √ dθ
x2 x2 − 1 sec2 θ sec2 θ − 1
Z
sec θ tan θ
= dθ
sec2 θ| tan θ|
Z
sec θ tan θ  π
= dθ tan θ ≥ 0, 0 ≤ θ <
sec2 θ tan θ 2
Z
= cos θ dθ

= sin θ + C
= sin sec−1 (x) + C


√
x2 − 1
= +C
x

Z
1
6. √ dx
x2 x2 + 1

12
 Let x = tan θ, dx = sec2 θ dθ for − π2 < θ < π
2

sec2 θ
Z Z
1
√ dx = √ dθ
x2 x2 + 1 tan2 θ tan2 θ + 1
sec2 θ
Z
= √ dθ
tan2 θ sec2 θ
sec2 θ
Z  π π
= 2 dθ sec θ > 1, − < θ <
tan θ sec θ 2 2
Z
sec θ
= dθ
tan2 θ
Z
cos θ
= dθ
sin2 θ
1
=− +C
sin θ
1
=−
+C
sin tan−1 (x)
√
x2 + 1
=− +C
x

ln 4
et
Z
7. √ dt
0 e2t + 9

Firstly, let x = et , dx = et dt.

ln 4 4
et
Z Z
1
√ dt = √ dx
0 e2t +9 1 x2 +9


 

 
 

13
 Now, let x = 3 tan θ, dx = 3 sec2 θ dθ for tan−1 1
< θ < tan−1 4



3 3 .

4 tan−1 (4/3)
3 sec2 θ
Z Z
1
√ dx = √ dθ
1 x2 +9 tan−1 (1/3) 9 tan2 θ + 9
tan−1 (4/3)
3 sec2 θ
Z     
1 4
= dθ sec θ > 0, tan−1 ≤ θ ≤ tan−1
tan−1 (1/3) 3 sec θ 3 3
Z tan−1 (4/3)
= sec θ dθ
tan−1 (1/3)
tan−1 (4/3)
= ln | sec θ + tan θ||tan−1 (1/3)
= ln sec tan−1 (4/3) + tan tan−1 (4/3)  − ln sec tan−1 (1/3) + tan tan−1 (1/3) 


 


  √ !
5 4 10 1
= ln + − ln +
3 3 3 3
√ 
= ln 3 − ln 10 + 1 + ln 3
√ 
= 2 ln 3 − ln 10 + 1

Z
1
8. √ dx
x x2 − 1

Let x = sec θ, dx = sec θ tan θ dθ for 0 < θ < π2

Z Z
1 sec θ tan θ
√ dx = √ dθ
2
x x −1 sec θ sec2 θ − 1
Z
sec θ tan θ
= √ dθ
2
Z sec θ tan θ
= 1 dθ

=θ+C
= sec−1 x + C
Z
1
9. √ dx
1 − x2

14
 Let x = sin θ, dx = cos θ dθ for − π2 < θ < π2
Z Z
1 cos θ
√ dx = p dθ
1−x 2
1 − sin2 θ
Z
cos θ  π π
= dθ cos θ > 0, − < θ <
cos θ 2 2
Z
= 1 dθ

=θ+C
= sin−1 x + C

Section 8.7:
1.
Z 1 Z 1
1 1
√ dx = lim √ dx
0 x b→0+ b x
1
√ 
= lim+ 2 x
b→0 b
 √ 
= lim+ 2 − 2 b
b→0
=2

2.
Z 1 Z b
1 1
√ dx = lim dx√
0 1 − x2 b→1− 0 1 − x2
b
= lim sin−1 x

b→1−
0
sin−1 (b) − sin−1 (0)


= lim−
b→1
π
=
2

3.
Z ∞ Z 2 Z ∞
1 1 1
√ dx = lim √ dx + lim √ dx
1 x x2 − 1 b→1+ b x x −1
2 c→∞ 2 x x2 − 1
2 c
= lim+ sec−1 x + lim sec−1 x
 
b→1 c→∞ 2
 −1 b
= lim sec (2) − sec (b) + lim sec−1 (c) − sec−1 (2)
−1
  
b→1+ c→∞
π π π
= −0+ −
3 2 3
π
=
2

15
 Z ∞
4. 2e−θ sin θ dθ
0
Z
We will first consider the indefinite integral 2e−θ sin θ dθ.

Let u1 = sin θ, du1 = cos θ dθ and v1 = −2e−θ , dv1 = 2e−θ dθ.

Let u2 = cos θ, du2 = − sin θ dθ and v2 = −2e−θ , dv2 = 2e−θ dθ.

Z Z
−θ
2e sin θ dθ = u1 v1 − v1 du1
Z
= −2e−θ sin θ + 2e−θ sin θ dθ
Z
= −2e−θ sin θ + u2 v2 − v2 du2
Z
= −2e−θ sin θ − 2e−θ cos θ − 2e−θ sin θ dθ
Z
Let I = 2e−θ sin θ dθ. Solving for I we get:

I = −2e−θ sin θ − 2e−θ cos θ − I ⇔ 2I = −2e−θ sin θ − 2e−θ cos θ

⇔ I = −e−θ sin θ − e−θ cos θ
Z
So we have that 2e−θ sin θ dθ = −e−θ sin θ − e−θ cos θ + C. Now let’s
Z ∞
consider the improper integral 2e−θ sin θ dθ.
0
Z ∞ Z b
2e−θ sin θ dθ = lim 2e−θ sin θ dθ
0 b→∞ 0

b

−θ −θ
= lim −e sin θ − e cos θ 
b→∞ 0
−b −b
= lim [(−e sin b − e cos b) − (−1)]
b→∞
=1

5.
Z ∞ Z 0 Z c
−x2 −x2 2
2xe dx = lim 2xe dx + lim 2xe−x dx
−∞ b→−∞ b c→∞ 0
0
2 c
2
= lim −e−x  + lim −e−x 

b→−∞ c→∞ 0
b
 2
  2

= lim −1 + e−b + lim −e−c + 1
b→−∞ c→∞

=0

16
 6.
Z 1 Z 1
x ln x dx = lim x ln x dx
0 b→0+
"b 1 Z 1 #
1 2  1
= lim x ln x − x dx (Integration by Parts)
b→0+ 2 b b 2
 1
1 2 1 2 
= lim+ x ln x − x 
b→0 2 4 b
   
1 1 2 1 2
= lim+ − − b ln b − b
b→0 4 2 4
" #
1 1 ln b
=− − lim
4 2 b→0+ b12


"
#
1
1 1 b

=− − lim (l’Hopital’s Rule)
4 2 b→0+ −2 b3
 
1 1 2
=− + lim b
4 4 b→0+
1
=−
4

7.
Z 4 Z b Z 4
1 1 1
p dx = lim p dx + lim p dx
−1 |x| b→0− −1 |x| c→0+ c |x|
Z b 4 Z
1 1
= lim− √
dx + lim+ √ dx
b→0 −1 −x c→0 c x
b 4
√  √ 
= lim −2 −x + lim 2 x
b→0− −1 c→0+ c
 √  √

= lim −2 −b + 2 + lim 4−2 c
b→0− c→0+
=6

Section 11.2:

17
1. x = cos t, y = 2 + sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, x-axis
Z 2π p
Area = 2π(2 + sin t) (− sin t)2 + (cos t)2 dt
0
Z 2π p
= 2π (2 + sin t) sin2 t + cos2 t dt
0
Z 2π
= 2π 2 + sin t dt
0
2π
= 2π (2t − cos t)|0
= 2π[(4π − 1) − (0 − 1)]
= 8π 2

π
2. x = ln(sec t + tan t) − sin t, y = cos t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 3; x-axis
s 2
π/3
sec t tan t + sec2 t
Z
Area = 2π cos t − cos t + (− sin t)2 dt
0 sec t + tan t
s 2
Z π/3
(sec t)(tan t + sec t)
= 2π cos t − cos t + sin2 t dt
0 sec t + tan t
Z π/3 q
= 2π cos t (sec t − cos t)2 + sin2 t dt
0
Z π/3 p
= 2π cos t sec2 t − 2 + cos2 t + sin2 t dt
0
Z π/3 p
= 2π cos t sec2 t − 1 dt
0
Z π/3 p
= 2π cos t tan2 t dt
0
Z π/3
= 2π sin t dt
0
π/3
= −2π cos t|0
 
1
= −2π −1
2
=π

18