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COMM2LAB Exp3 PDF

This document reports on an experiment to construct and simulate the I-V characteristic curves of a resistor, diode, and NPN transistor. The resistor curve showed that as voltage increases, current decreases per Ohm's law. The diode curve in forward bias showed low current and voltage initially, then a rapid increase. In reverse bias the diode blocks most current. The transistor curve showed collector current increasing with input voltage while base current remained constant.

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Fritz Fatiga
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
64 views

COMM2LAB Exp3 PDF

This document reports on an experiment to construct and simulate the I-V characteristic curves of a resistor, diode, and NPN transistor. The resistor curve showed that as voltage increases, current decreases per Ohm's law. The diode curve in forward bias showed low current and voltage initially, then a rapid increase. In reverse bias the diode blocks most current. The transistor curve showed collector current increasing with input voltage while base current remained constant.

Uploaded by

Fritz Fatiga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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San Sebastián College – Recoletos de Cavite, Inc.

Cavite City

College of Engineering, Computer Studies & Technology

ECE5 SATURDAY 10:30PM – 1:30 PM PHYSLAB


Section Day Time Room

COMM2LAB: Transmission Media and Antenna System Laboratory


Experiment Report No. 3
I-V CURVE PARTS

August 25, 2018 September 1, 2018


Date Performed Date Submitted

Remarks Grade

FATIGA, Fritz Joseph D.


BSECE / 5th Year
Group No. 2

Engr. Carl John S. Carlos


Instructor
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Figure 1: I-V Curve using Resistor Circuit

Figure 2: I-V Curve using Diode Circuit

Figure 3: I-V Curve using 2N222 Transistor


OUTPUT

Graph 1: The Plotted Waveform of I-V


Curve resistor; V(vin) in green ; I(r1) in
Blue ; I(V1) in Red
Graph 2: The Plotted Waveform of I-V
Curve of Diode; V(Vin) in Green; I(D2) in
Blue; I(v1) in Red (FORWARD BIAS)

Graph 3: The Plotted Characteristic


curve of Diode in Reverse Bias
Graph 4: The Plotted Waveform of I-V
Curve of a NPN Transistor; V(Vce) in
Green; Ic(Q1) in Red; Ib(Q1) in Blue ;
Ie(Q1) in Violet
INTERPRETATION

This activity was about constructing


and simulating the I-V characteristic
curve of a Resistor, a Diode and NPN
Transistor.
Resistor
The first part is constructing the circuit,
a DC source is connected in series to a
1k-ohm resistor, and the DC source is set
with 0v source. To gather the data of the
characteristic curve, we have simulated
it with DC sweep linearly with the setting
.dc(V1 0 10v 1v) in which start to sweep
with 0v up to 10v with an increment of 1v.
The plotted Waveform shows that as the
voltage increase, the value of the
current decrease. These can be proven
according to the ohm’s law that states
that the current through a conductor
between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage across the
two points.

Diode

To record the characteristic curve of


the diode, we just replaced the Resistor
with a diode that is placed in forward
biased. We set the DC sweep value to
.dc( V1 0 550mV 750mV 10mV) where
the starting input voltage is 550mv then
stop value is 750mv with increment of
10mv. As shown in the graph 2, we have
the characteristic curve of the Diode
with its current. To further explain, when
the diode is forward biased, anode
positive with respect to the cathode, a
forward or positive current passes
through the diode and operates in the
top right quadrant of its I-V
characteristics curves. Starting at the
zero intersection, the curve increases
gradually into the forward quadrant but
the forward current and voltage are
extremely small. When the forward
voltage exceeds the diodes P-N
junctions’ internal barrier voltage, which
for silicon is about 0.7 volts, avalanche
occurs and the forward current
increases rapidly for a very small
increase in voltage producing a non-
linear curve. The “knee” point on the
forward curve.

Likewise, when the diode is reversed


biased, cathode positive with respect to
the anode, the diode blocks current
except for an extremely small leakage
current, and operates in the lower left
quadrant of its I-V characteristic curves.
The diode continues to block current
flow through it until the reverse voltage
across the diode becomes greater than
its breakdown voltage point resulting in
a sudden increase in reverse current
producing a fairly straight line downward
curve as the voltage losses control. This
reverse breakdown voltage point is used
to good effect with Zener diodes.

Transistor

For constructing the I-V characteristic


curve of a transistor, we have used a
2N22 NPN transistor, we also have a
current source connected to the base of
the transistor with a 0A value and a DC
source connected to the collector of the
transistor as seen on Graph 4.Then we set
the DC sweep setting for simulation in
which the 1st source value is linearly
sweep with 0 to 15v and increment of
10mV, then the 2nd source is the current
source which is linearly sweep as well
with a 0A to 100uA and increment of
10uA. In the plotted characteristic curve,
as the Vinput is increases, so is the
collector current, Ic, while the emitter
current decreases in proportion to the
collector current, then the Base current
stays approximately constant with 0mA
at 8v.
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the I-V Characteristic


Curves, also known as Current-Voltage
Characteristic Curves or simply I-V curves
of an electrical device or component,
are a set of graphical curves which are
used to define its operation within an
electrical circuit. As its name suggests, I-
V characteristic curves show the
relationship between the current flowing
through an electronic device and the
applied voltage across its terminals. It is
generally used as a tool to determine
and understand the basic parameters of
a component or device and which can
also be used to mathematically model
its behavior within an electronic circuit.
In the Resistor, I have learned the
basic relationship of voltage to current
as the resistance is constant, to simplify
the learn things from ohm’s Law.
In the Diode, diode are non-linear
and very different to that of the previous
resistors linear I-V curves as their
electrical characteristics are different. It
is observed that the current is constant
at below barrier potential and would
only operate if it is forward biased.
Lastly, the characteristic curve of the
transistor shows how the collector
current, IC, varies with the Collector-
Emitter voltage, VCE, for a specific fixed
value of the Base current, IB. NPN
transistor is largely controlled by the
current flowing into the base, positive
current. For the usual collector-emitter
voltage drops , the active region, the
collector current IC is nearly independent
of the collector-emitter voltage ,VVCE,
and instead depends on the base
current IB. Usually more voltage
produces to more current, but in here
the current only increases slightly with
increasing voltage input.

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