BASIC DISK VS.

DYNAMIC DISK
What is a basic disk?
Basic disks are the most common type of partition used in Windows operating systems. This disk uses
primary partitions and logical drives that are formatted with a file system, typically NTFS.
Basic disks support two styles of partitions — master boot record (MBR) and GUID partition table (GPT).

MBR
MBR partition style uses a partition table that contains the location where partitions are stored on the
disk. This is the only partition style available on x86-based computers prior to Windows Server 2003, so
it is used automatically.
In MBR, you can create up to four partitions — three primary and one extended or all four primary. The
extended partition, in turn, can contain four logical drives within it.

GPT
Computers running Windows Server 2003 or later versions can choose from MBR and GPT partition
styles. A GPT partition supports up to 128 primary partitions, so there is no need for you to create a
logical drive at all.
Also, GPT allows partitions to be larger than 2TB and is more reliable because it supports cyclic
redundancy checks.

Operations in basic disk

Regardless of whether you use MBR or GPT styles, you can do the following operations in a basic disk.
 Create primary and extended partitions
 Create logical drives in extended partitions, though this is more likely when using MBR style.
 Delete primary and extended partitions and logical drives.
 Format a partition at any time and mark it as active.

What is a dynamic disk?

A dynamic disk gives more flexibility than a basic disk because it does not use a partition table to keep
track of all partitions. Instead, it uses a hidden logical disk manager (LDM) or virtual disk service (VDS) to
track information about the dynamic partitions or volumes on the disk.
This tracking system allows you to create partitions (volumes) that span across many disks such as
spanned or striped volumes, and you can even create fault-tolerant partitions such as RAID-5 or
mirrored volumes. Like basic disks, dynamic disks also support GPT and MBR partition styles.

Dynamic volumes
Dynamic disks support five types of volumes, and they are:
 Simple volumes — Functions like primary partitions on a basic disk.
 Mirrored volumes — Creates a copy of the data contained in this volume, and in the process
provides fault tolerance.
 Striped volumes — Distributes I/O requests across disks to improve disk input/output performance.
 Spanned volumes — Combines the disk space available in two or more hard disks to create a
dynamic volume.
 RAID-5 volumes — Stripes data and parity across three or more disks.
As you can see, these different volumes allow you to do so much more than a basic disk.
 Operations in dynamic disk
Since dynamic disks are more flexible than basic disks, you can do a lot more operations. Here’s what
you can do with dynamic disks.
 Create and delete simple, striped, spanned, RAID-5 and mirrored volumes
 Remove a mirrored volume or break it into two volumes
 Reactivate a missing disk
 Repair RAID-5 and mirrored disks
 Extend a simple or spanned partition.

Now that we have a good understanding of basic and dynamic disks, let’s take an in-depth look into
their differences.

Differences between basic and dynamic disks

Here are the differences between these two types of disks.

Feature Basic disk Dynamic disk

Uses a hidden logical disk

Tracking partitions and manager (LDM) or virtual disk
volumes Uses a partition table service (VDS)

These are supported by

Windows 2000, XP, 2003,
Basic disks are supported by 2008, 2011, 2012, Vista,
all Windows operating Windows 7 and Windows 8
systems starting from MS- only. The older operating
DOS, Windows 95/98 to systems do not support
Supported operating systems Windows 8 dynamic disks

No. Once a partition is

created, you cannot change Yes. You can expand the
its capacity directly. You capacity of partitions without
Expanding the capacity of require third-party tools to do even restarting. There is no
volumes this. loss of data at any time.

Disk space The maximum capacity is Partitions can be larger than

 limited to 2TB. 2TB.

If you’re using MBR partition

style, then a maximum of
four partitions. All four can be
primary partitions or you can
have three primary partitions
and one extended partition.
The extended partition can
have logical drives. If you’re
using GPT style, a maximum Unlimited number of
Number of partitions of 128 partitions. partitions.

Allows simple, spanned,

Allows only primary or logical striped, mirrored, and RAID-5
Volume types partitions volumes.

All volumes on the dynamic

disk should be deleted to
convert a dynamic disk to a
Basic disks can be converted basic. The only option to
to dynamic disks without any avoid losing data is to use
Convertibility data loss third-party tools.

Thus, these are the major differences that are present between the two disk types.
Next, let us see how we can convert one type to another, and the considerations that come with it.

How to convert a basic disk to a dynamic disk

Converting a basic disk to a dynamic one is fairly easy because it is nothing but an upgrade in many
ways. Here are the steps to make this conversion.
 Right-click on basic disk and from the pop-up menu, choose “convert to dynamic disk” option.
 Click “OK” and tap “convert.” This will open a dialog box, in which you can select the disks you want
to convert.
 Choose the disks you want to convert and confirm.
Next, you’ll get a rather long message. Essentially, this message will tell you that except the current
operating system, others will be unbootable. This is a system warning to users who have dual or multi-
booting Windows on the same disk, as this conversion will not allow you to boot other operating
systems anymore.

 When you understand this message and click OK, the basic disk will be converted to a dynamic one.
A note here: The system will throw an error if you don’t have enough space for this conversion.

To fix this error, shrink the last partition.

 With these steps, your basic disk is now a dynamic disk.

How to convert a dynamic disk to a basic disk

Converting a dynamic disk to a basic disk is a little tricky. In disk management, the option “revert to
basic disk” is grayed out, which means, you can’t convert a dynamic disk to a basic one directly.
That said, there are three ways to do this conversion, and they are explained below.
 Converting the disk with manual deletion
You can manually convert your dynamic disk to a basic one by cleaning all the volumes on your dynamic
disk. This means you’ll have to back up all your data elsewhere before you begin this process. Once the
partition is reverted back to basic, you can copy your data to the partitioned disk.
While this is doable, it is time-consuming and can be frustrating as well, especially if you have large
volumes of data.
If you prefer to convert with this option, here are the steps.
 Log into your Windows system with administration privileges.
 Go to start menu -> run and type “diskmgmt.msc”
 When disk management opens, delete all the volumes on the dynamic disk. Do a backup before you
start this process if you want to save your data.
 Now, if you right-click on your disk, you can see the option “convert to basic disk.” Click on it, and
confirm your choice. Your dynamic disk will be changed to a basic disk.

Using diskpart.exe
Diskpart.exe is a built-in command line tool that converts dynamic disks to basic disks. The steps to use
this tool are as follows.
 Open a command prompt with administrator privileges
 Type diskpart.exe
 At the prompt, type the name of the disk you want to revert. For example, Disk1 or Disk2
 In the next prompt, type, “clean.” This command will clean the disk you want to convert
 Finally, type “convert basic” to convert the disk to basic.
Though this process is easier than manual conversion, there will still be data loss. You have to back up
your data before running this tool.

Using third-party tools

The most convenient option is to use third-party tools that will convert your dynamic disk to a basic one.
There will be no loss of data and you don’t have to do any backup. However, these tools are mostly paid,
so you’ll have to buy the license.
As you can see, although there are a few similarities between basic and dynamic disks, dynamic disks
offer a lot more flexibility to store your data in the way you want. It supports more partitions and even
allows you to store volumes across multiple disks.
The best part about these disks is you can convert from one to the other. Converting from basic to
dynamic is simple and straightforward, while the other way is a little tricky. You’ll have to back up your
data or use third-party tools.

1) Differentiate between NTFS & FAT.

NTFS is the current file system used by Windows. It offers features like security permissions (to limit
other users' access to folders), quotas (so one user can't fill up the disk), shadowing (backing up) and
many other features that help Windows.

FAT32 is the older Microsoft filesystem, primarily used by the Windows 9X line and Window could be
installed on a FAT32 parition up to XP. In comparision, FAT32 offers none of what was mentioned above,
and also has a maximum FILE (not folder) size of 4GB, which is kind of small these days, especially in
regards to HD video.
2) What Is VOIP.

VOIP - Short for Voice Over Internet Protocol, a category of hardware and software that enables people
to use the Internet as the transmission medium for telephone calls by sending voice data in packets
using IP rather than by traditional circuit transmissions.

3) What is loop back.

Loopback address is 127.0.0.1,
An address that sends outgoing signals back to the same computer for testing.
4) What is Proxy Server.
A proxy server is a computer that acts as a gateway between a local network (e.g., all the computers at
one company or in one building) and a larger-scale network such as the Internet. Proxy servers provide
increased performance and security. In some cases, they monitor employees' use of outside resources.

5) Differentiate between FIREWALL/ANTIVIRUS.

Antivirus:
The prime job of an anivirus is protect your system from computer viruses. Your computer may be
standalone or part of network or connected to Internet you need an antivirus program. It actively
monitors when you are using your system for any virus threat from different sources. if it found one it
tries to clean or quarantine the virus ultimately keeping your system and data safe.

Firewall:
Firewall is in other hand a program which protects your system from outsider/intruder/hacker attacks.
These attacks may not be virus type. In some cases hackers can take control of your system remotely
and steal your data or important information from system. If your system is directly connected to
internet or a large network than you can install a software firewall in your PC to protect your self from
unauthorized access. Firewall is available either in software or in hardware form. For a single PC you
may need a software firewall while a large corporate implements hardware firewall to protect all of
their systems from such attacks.
6) Differentiate between Frond end & Back End Server.
Backend server:
A back end server is a computer resource that has not been exposed to the internet. In this regard the
computing resource does not directly interact with the internet user. It can also be described as a server
whose main function is to store and retrieve email messages.
Frontend server:
A frontend server is a computer resources that has exposed to the internet.
7) What is APIPA.
Stands for Automatic Private IP Addressing
APIPA is a DHCP fail over mechanism for local networks. With APIPA, DHCP clients can obtain IP
addresses when DHCP servers are non-functional.
APIPA exists in all modern versions of Windows except Windows NT.
When a DHCP server fails, APIPA allocates IP addresses in the private range 169.254.0.1 to
169.254.255.254.
8) How Release and renew IP address from Command prompt.
Ipconfig / release
ipconfig / renew
9) What is wins server.
Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) servers dynamically map IP addresses to computer names
(NetBIOS names). This allows users to access resources by computer name instead of by IP address. If
you want this computer to keep track of the names and IP addresses of other computers in your
network, configure this computer as a WINS server.
If you do not use WINS in such a network, you cannot connect to a remote network resource by using its
NetBIOS name.
10)What is the Windows Registry.
The Windows Registry, usually referred to as "the registry," is a collection of databases of configuration
settings in Microsoft Windows operating systems.
11) System Volume Information (SVI) Folder.
Windows XP includes a folder named System Volume Information on the root of each drive that remains
hidden from view even when you choose to show system files. It remains hidden because it is not a
normally hidden folder you can say it is a Super Hidden Folder. Windows does not shows Super Hidden
Folders even when you select "Show Hidden Files."
12 ) What is MBR.
Short form Master Boot Record, a small program that is executed when a computer boots up. Typically,
the MBR resides on the first sector of the hard disk. The program begins the boot process by looking up
the partition table to determine which partition to use for booting
13) What is Bit Locker.
BitLocker is an encryption feature available in Ultimate and Enterprise versions of Windows 7 and Vista,
To encrypt an entire drive, simply right-click on the drive and select Turn on BitLocker from the context
menu.
14) Difference b/w sata and IDE.
IDE and SATA are different types of interfaces to connect storage devices (like hard drives) to a
computer's system bus. SATA stands for Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (or Serial ATA) and IDE
is also called Parallel ATA or PATA. SATA is the newer standard and SATA drives are faster than PATA
(IDE) drives. For many years ATA provided the most common and the least expensive interface for this
application. But by the beginning of 2007, SATA had largely replaced IDE in all new systems.
15)Main Difference Between Windows server 2012R2 and 2012
1) New Server Manager: Create, Manage Server Groups
2) Hyper-V Replication : The Hyper-V Replica feature allows you to replicate a virtual machine from one
location to another with Hyper-V and a network connection—and without any shared storage required.
This is a big deal in the Microsoft world for disaster recovery, high availability and more. VMware does
this, too, but the vendor charges new licensees extra for the capability.
3) Expanded PowerShell Capabilities
4) IIS 8.0 and IIS 7 in 2012R2
5) Hyper-V 4.0
6) PowerShell 4.0
16) How Long My Computer Has Been Running? Get to Know My Computer’s Uptime.
Start Task manager, and select Performance tab.
In performance tab we can see system up time
Method 2: By typing systeminfo in command prompt we can find out up time of your server
In system boot time.
17)Event viewer in Windows server
Control panel - Administrative tools - Computer Management - event Viewer
Three types events
Error.
Warning.
Information.
18) Manage Multiple, Remote Servers with Server Manager.
Server Manager is a management console in Windows Server® 2012 R2 Preview and Windows Server®
2012 that helps IT professionals provision and manage both local and remote Windows-based servers
from their desktops, without requiring either physical access to servers, or the need to enable Remote
Desktop protocol (RDP) connections to each server. Although Server Manager is available in Windows
Server 2012R2 R2 and Windows Server 2012R2, Server Manager was updated in Windows Server 2012,
to support remote, multi-server management, and help increase the number of servers an administrator
can manage.
19) What happens when we type URL in browser.
First the computer looks up the destination host. If it exists in local DNS cache, it uses that information.
Otherwise, DNS querying is performed until the IP address is found.
Then, your browser opens a TCP connection to the destination host and sends the request according to
HTTP 1.1 (or might use HTTP 1.0, but normal browsers don't do it any more).
The server looks up the required resource (if it exists) and responds using HTTP protocol, sends the data
to the client (=your browser)
The browser then uses HTML parser to re-create document structure which is later presented to you on
screen. If it finds references to external resources, such as pictures, css files, javascript files, these are is
delivered the same way as the HTML document itself.

DHCP:
1) How DHCP work?
DHCP Stands for Dynamic host configuration protocol.
DHCP is a protocol used for automatic configuration IP address in client computers connected to IP
networks. DHCP operates on a client server model in four phases.

Discover: A client broadcasts DHCP Discover message when it comes alive on the network.

Offer: When a DHCP server receives the DHCP Discover message from the client, it reserves an I P
address for the client and sends a DHCP Offer message to the client offering the reserved IP address.

Request: The client receives the DHCP offer message and broadcasts a DHCP request message to show
its consent to accept the offered IP address.

Acknowledge: When the DHCP server receives the DHCP Request message from the client, it sends a
DHCP Ack packet to the client. At this point the IP configuration process is complete.
2) What is DHCP Scope?
A range of IP address that the DHCP server can assign to clients that are on one subnet.
3) What protocol and port does DHCP use?
UDP protocol and 67 port in client and 68 port in server.
4) What is a DHCP lease?
A DHCP lease is the amount of time that the DHCP server grants to the DHCP
client permission to use a particular IP address. A typical server allows its
administrator to set the lease time.
5) Can DHCP support statically defined addresses?
Yes.
6) Define Dora Process & why it is used.
Discover, Offer, request and acknowledgement. it is used to assign ip address automatically to client
systems.
7) What is Authorizing DHCP Servers in Active Directory?
If a DHCP server is to operate within an Active Directory domain (and is not running on a domain
controller) it must first be authorized to Active directory.
8)How to Backup and Restore DHCP in Windows Server 2012R2
In Windows Server 2012R2, backup of DHCP database and settings has gotten simpler. You may want to
back up your DHCP server from time to time to prepare for disaster recovery scenarios or when
migrating DHCP server role to a new hardware.
Backup DHCP Server
1. Open Server Manager > DHCP role
2. Right click server name, choose Backup..
3. Choose a location for backup, click OK
Restore DHCP Server
1. Open Server Manager > DHCP role
2. Right Click server name, choose Restore
3. Choose the location of the backup, click OK
4. Restart the DHCP Service

DHCP Databse location: C:\WINDOWS\System32\DHCP directory.

DNS
1) Define DNS .
Domain Name System, DNS is an Internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses.
Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to remember.
Two types of lookup in DNS.
Forward lookup : it converts Domain name to ip address.
Reverse lookup: it converts ip address to Domain name.
Three types of zone.
Primary zone
secandary zone and stub zone.

what is the port no of DNS.

UDP and port number - 53
What is NSlookup.
Nslookup.exe is a command-line administrative tool for testing and troubleshooting DNS servers. This
tool is installed along with the TCP/IP protocol through Control Panel.
MS-DOS utility that enables a user to look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network.

Active directory and Domain

1) What is LDAP? Why it is used.
LDAP is the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. Its an active directory protocal ,Basically, it's a
protocol used to access data from a database
2) What is Active Directory? Why it used.
Active Directory is a Directory Service created by Microsoft. It is included with most Windows Server
operating systems.
Active Directory is primarily used to store directory objects like users and groups and computers
printers.
Using Active Directory brings a number of advantages to your network,
Centralized user account management
Centralized policy management (group policy)
Better security management
4) What is the order in which GPOs are applied .
Local Group Policy object
site ,
Domain and
organizational units.
5) What is the difference between software publishing and assigning.
Assign Users : The software application is advertised when the user logs on. It is installed when the user
clicks on the software application icon via the start menu, or accesses a file that has been associated
with the software application.
Assign Computers :The software application is advertised and installed when it is safe to do so, s uch
as when the computer is next restarted.
Publish to users : The software application does not appear on the start menu or desktop. This means
the user may not know that the software is available. The software application is made available via the
Add/Remove Programs option in control panel, or by clicking on a file that has been associated with the
application. Published applications do not reinstall themselves in the event of accidental deletion, and it
is not possible to publish to computers.
6) Can I deploy non-MSI software with GPO.
create the fiile in .zap extension.

7) Name some GPO settings in the computer and user parts.

Computer Configuration, User Configuration Name

8) Name a few benefits of using GPMC.

Easy administration of all GPOs across the entire Active Directory Forest
View of all GPOs in one single list
Backup and restore of GPOs Migration of GPOs across different domains and forest.

9) How frequently is the client policy refreshed ?

90 minutes give or take.

10) Where are group policies stored ?

C:\Windows\System32\GroupPolicy.

11) Group policy backup

To backup a single GPO, right-click the GPO, and then click Back Up.
To backup all GPOs in the domain, right-click Group Policy Objects and click Back Up All.
12) Define DSRM Mode?
Directory Services Restore Mode (DSRM) is a special boot mode for repairing or recovering Active
Directory. It is used to log on to the computer when Active Directory has failed or needs to be restored.

To manually boot in Directory Services Restore Mode, press the F8 key repeatedly. Do this immediately
after BIOS POST screen, before the Windows logo appears. (Timing can be tricky; if the Windows logo
appears you waited too long.) A text menu menu will appear. Use the up/down arrow keys to select
Directory Services Restore Mode or DS Restore Mode. Then press the Enter key.

13) Where is the AD database held? What other folders are related to AD?
 The AD data base is stored in c:\windows\ntds\NTDS.DIT.

14 ) Have you ever Installed AD?

To Install Microsoft Active Directory:

Ensure that you log on to the computer with an administrator account to perform installation.
Click electing Start > Administration Tools > Server manager > Configure your Server.

In the Welcome page, click Next.

In the Operating system compatibility panel, click Next.

On the Domain Controller Type panel, select Domain controller for a new domain and click Next.

On the Create New Domain panel, select Domain in a new forest and click Next.

On the New Domain Name panel, enter the DNS suffix for your new Active Directory. This name will be
used during Tivoli Provisioning Manager installation, so make a note of it. Click Next.

On the NetBIOS Domain Name panel, enter the NetBIOS name of the domain. The first part of the DNS
name is usually sufficient. Click Next.

On the Database and Logs panel, select the desired folders for the Database and
Logs.C:\Windows\NTDS is the default. Click Next.

On the Shared System Volume panel, enter a valid directory for the system volume.C:\Windows\Sysvol
is the default. Click Next to continue.

If you configured DNS successfully, the Permissions setting panel is displayed. Select Permissions
compatible only with Windows 2000 or Windows Server 2003. Click Next.

On the Directory Services Restore Mode Administrator Password panel, enter a valid password to be
used when running the Directory Services in Restore Mode. Click Next

Verify the settings and Click Next to begin the Active Directory configuration. The server will be
rebooted as part of the process.

15) What is the use of SYSVOL folder

All active directory data base security related information store in SYSVOL folder and it’s only created
on NTFS partition.

17) What is the difference between local, global and universal groups
Domain local groups assign access permissions to global domain groups for local domain resources.
Global groups provide access to resources in other trusted domains. Universal groups grant access to
resoures in all trusted domains.
18) What is group nesting.
Adding one group as a member of another group is called 'group nesting'. This will help for easy
administration and reduced replication traffic
 21) What is Forest?
A collection of one or more Active Directory domains that share a common schema, configuration, and
global catalog.
23) What is tree.
An Active Directory tree is a collection of Active Directory domains that begins at a single root and
branches out into peripheral, child domains. Domains in an Active Directory tree share the same
namespace. An Active Directory forest is a collection of Active Directory trees, similar to a real world
forest. Catalog Server.
24) What is site.
A Site object in Active Directory represents a geographic location that hosts networks.
26) Command to Add client to Domain
NETDOM /Domain:MYDOMAIN /user:adminuser /password:apassword MEMBER MYCOMPUTER
/JOINDOMAIN
27) Setting File Permissions on a Folder Using Group Policy
The setting is located under Computer Configuration, Windows Settings, Security Settings, File System.
Here's the procedure:
Go to the location in the Group Policy listed above.
Right-click File System.
Click Add File.
In the "Add a file or folder" window, select the folder (or file) for which you want the permissions to be
set, and click OK.
In the security box that pops up, you can add a user or a group that needs permission to the folder.

Vertualization
1)Define virtualization.
Hyper-V virtualization will provide an environment in which we can run multiple operating systems at
the same time on one physical computer, by running each operating system in its own virtual machine.
2) What are the benefits of virtualization ?
Reduce the number of physical servers
Reduce the infrastructure needed for your data center
3) What is a Hypervisor.
You can think of a Hypervisor as the kernel or the core of a virtualization platform. The Hypervisor is
also called the Virtual Machine Monitor. The Hypervisor has access to the physical host hardware.
4) What are a host, guest, and virtual machine.
A host system (host operating system) would be the primary & first installed operating system. If you
are using a bare metal Virtualization platform like Hyper-V or ESX, there really isn’t a host operating
system besides the Hypervisor. If you are using a Type-2 Hypervisor like VMware Server or Virtual
Server, the host operating system is whatever operating system those applications are installed into.
A guest system (guest operating system) is a virtual guest or virtual machine (VM) that is installed under
the host operating system. The guests are the VMs that you run in your virtualization platform.
Some admins also call the host & guest the parent and child.