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Introduction of Efficiency of Transformer

Transformers are important links between power systems and loads. Their efficiency directly impacts performance and aging, typically ranging from 95-99% and up to 99.7% for large transformers. To calculate rated core and winding losses for efficiency, no-load current and short-circuit tests are used without load measurements that can incur errors. Transformer efficiency is important to operate at constant voltage and frequency, as temperature rise from heat generation affects oil properties, cooling needs, and equipment ratings. Efficiency is calculated from output power as a fraction of rated loading and power factor, divided by input power which includes copper losses, iron losses, and other losses.

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123 views

Introduction of Efficiency of Transformer

Transformers are important links between power systems and loads. Their efficiency directly impacts performance and aging, typically ranging from 95-99% and up to 99.7% for large transformers. To calculate rated core and winding losses for efficiency, no-load current and short-circuit tests are used without load measurements that can incur errors. Transformer efficiency is important to operate at constant voltage and frequency, as temperature rise from heat generation affects oil properties, cooling needs, and equipment ratings. Efficiency is calculated from output power as a fraction of rated loading and power factor, divided by input power which includes copper losses, iron losses, and other losses.

Uploaded by

musaveer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction of Efficiency of Transformer

Transformers form the most important link between supply systems and
load. Transformer’s efficiency directly affects its performance and aging.
The transformer’s efficiency, in general, is in the range of 95 - 99 %. For
large power transformers with very low losses, the efficiency can be as high
as 99.7%. The input and output measurements of a transformer are not
done under loaded conditions as the wattmeter readings inevitably suffer
errors of 1 - 2%. So for the purpose of efficiency calculations, OC and SC
tests are used to calculate rated core and winding losses in the
transformer. The core losses depend on the transformer rated voltage, and
the copper losses depend on the currents through the transformer primary
and secondary windings. Hence transformer efficiency is of prime
importance to operate it under constant voltage and frequency conditions.
The rise in the temperature of the transformer due to heat generated
affects the life of transformer oil properties and decides the type of cooling
method adopted. The temperature rise limits the rating of the equipment.
The efficiency of transformer is simply given as:

 The output power is the product of the fraction of the rated loading (volt-
ampere), and power factor of the load
 The losses are the sum of copper losses in the windings + the iron loss
+ dielectric loss + stray load loss.
 The iron losses include the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the
transformer. These losses depend on the flux density inside the core.
Mathematically,
 Hysteresis Loss :


 Eddy Current Loss :

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