Gr 11 Maths – Functions and Graphs

GR 11 MATHS – FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

Graphs in general: The Straight Line

Background Required
All forms of straight line equations:
y = mx + c ; y = mx ; y = c ; x = k
3 Basic facts about graphs in general

The x-coordinate
 : Axis intercepts is zero y How to draw a straight line
Every point on the y-axis has x = 0. The y-coordinate
(0; 2) is zero Dual intercept method
Every point on the x-axis has y = 0. Find the y-intercept by putting x = 0
O x
(3; 0)
Find the x-intercept by putting y = 0
 : The equation
Gradient-intercept method
The equation of a graph is true for all points on the graph.
Convert the equation into standard form y = m x + c and read off the
e.g. The equation of the y-axis is x = 0 ;
gradient (m) and y-intercept (c)
the equation of the x-axis is y = 0.

 : Types of graph How to determine the equation of a straight line

Different types/patterns are indicated by various equations.
To find the equation of a straight line you will need to determine m and
c in the equation y = mx + c or a and q in the equation y = ax + q
It is critical to successfully identify whether an equation is going to give ( unless the line is a 'grid line' i.e. y = c or x = k ! ).
you a straight line, a parabola, a hyperbola or an exponential graph.
Where does y - y1 = m(x - x1) come from?
If (x1; y1) is a specific (given) point and (x; y) represents any other point
on the line, then
y - y1
4 types of graphs x - x1
= m, the gradient of the line (x; y)

% (x - x1) : â y - y1 = m(x - x1)

 Straight Lines
Apply this equation : (x1; y1)
 Parabolas e.g. Given point (2; - 3) and m = 4 :
 Hyperbolas y - (- 3) = 4(x - 2)
â y + 3 = 4x - 8 A very quick
 Exponential Graphs â y = 4x - 11 
and easy method !

Copyright © The Answer 1

 Gr 11 Maths – Functions and Graphs

The Parabola The Hyperbola

The 3 General forms are:

Turning point form Root form Standard form Equation in standard form:
a
y = +q
y = a(x - p)2 + q y = a(x - A)(x - B) y = ax2 + bx + c x-p

t.p. (p; q) roots A & B y-intercept

How to draw a sketch of a parabola How to draw a sketch of a hyperbola

– Decide on the shape ² a > 0: or a < 0: – Draw the asymptotes: x = p & y = q . . . note the 'new grid'

Decide on the quadrants on the grid. a > 0: or a < 0 :

Then, in any order, determine:

— the turning point ² the axis of symmetry & the min/max value of y
Put x = 0 to find the y-intercept
— Calculate the axis intercepts.
Put y = 0 to find the x-intercept
˜ the axis intercepts ² Put x = 0 to find the y-intercept
Put y = 0 to find the x-intercept(s), if any y = x ² y = (x - p) + q and
˜ Determine the axes of symmetry.
y = - x ² y = - ( x - p) + q
The form of the equation will determine the order : — or ˜ first.

How to determine the equation of a parabola How to determine the equation of a hyperbola

Case 1 : Given the turning point, (p; q), use y = a(x -- p)2 + q – : Determine p and q
 Substitute (p; q) in the turning point form of the equation; Write down the equations of the asymptotes : x = p and y = q ;
 Then substitute any other point to find a then, substitute the values of p and q into the equation:
a
y= +q
Case 2 : Given the roots, A and B, use y = a(x -- A)(x -- B) x-p
 Substitute A and B in the root form of the equation; — : Determine a
 Then substitute any other point to find a. Substitute any point, (x; y), on the graph to determine the value of a.

Copyright © The Answer 2

 Gr 11 Maths – Functions and Graphs

NOTES
Exponential Graph

Equation in standard form:

y = ab x - p + q

How to sketch an exponential graph, given the equation

– Determine the equation of the asymptote : y = q

— Determine the axis intercepts, i.e. y-int (x = 0) & x-int (y = 0)

˜ Interpret the parameters : a shifts up and down

p shifts left and right
b determines direction of graph

How to determine the equation of an exponential graph,

given a sketch.

There are 4 parameters to be considered :

– Write down what you can, e.g. q = . . . , if the asymptote has been shown.

— Find the remaining parameters by substituting points.

0
Note : The 'zero value' of x , i.e. when x = p, eliminates b because b = 1,
so always substitute this point first.

This package of summaries contains extracts from our Gr 11 Maths 3 in 1 study guide.
We trust that this will help you to grow in confidence as you prepare for your exams.

The Answer Series study guides have been the key to exam success for many
learners. Visit our website to find appropriate resources for your success !
www.theanswer.co.za

Copyright © The Answer 3

 Gr 11 Maths – Functions: Questions
2.2 Write down (a) → (f ) and say whether the graph represents 5.1 Given any function, y = f (x), line, hyperbola, parabola or
a one-to-one, a many-to-one or a one-to-many relationship exponential, describe the transformation required for the
FUNCTIONS between the values of x (the domain) and the values of y
(the range). (6)
following images of f to be obtained :
A y = f (x) + 1 B y = f (x) - 2 C y = f (x + 1)
QUESTIONS 2.3 Which of the graphs (a) → (f ) are not functions?
Why not? (4)
D y = f (x - 2) E y = f (- x) F y= - f (x) (6)

5.2 Match the black graph in each of these sketches to the

Hint : If a vertical line cuts a graph more than once, equations A, B, C, . . . in 5.1. (The grey graph is the
it is not a function. original graph f in each case.) (6)
CHARACTERISTICS OF
If all vertical lines will cut a graph once (only), (i) y (ii)
GRAPHS & FUNCTIONS then the graph is a function.
y

f f
2
Examinable in both Grade 11 and Grade 12. 2.4 Write down the domain and range of graphs (a) → (f ) . (12)
1
2.5 Write down the equations of the asymptotes in (c) and (d). (3)
O x O x
2
Identifying different types of graphs is very important! 3.1 Draw sketches to show the reflections of point P(5; 2)
(iii) y (iv)
(a) in the y-axis (b) in the x-axis (c) in the line y = x (6) y
1. On a separate set of axes, for each, draw graphs of :
3.2 Describe the change in the coordinates in each case. (3) f
2 1 f
1.1 y=4-x 1.2 y= 1.3 y=4-x
x-4 3.3 Note the reflections of the graphs in the line y = x in the -1
O x
x x following cases :
1.4 y=- 4 1.5 y= 1.6 y=4 O x
x 4
(6 % 3 = 18) (a) y (b) y (c) y
f
y = 2x + 2 x
y=x+1 y=2
2.1 Six graphs named (a) → (f ) are sketched below. y=x (0; 2)
(0; 1) y=x (2; 8) y=x
They are followed by 10 equations. Match the graphs with the (v) (vi) y
y
equations. Write down (a) → (f ) and alongside these, the number (-1; 0) (0; 1) F f
O 2
selected from (1) → (10) that is the equation of the graph. (-1; 0) A x O
C x O
E x
B D
(a) y (b) y (c) y O x O x
(2;
f
O O 2
- x x 3.3.1 Write down the coordinates of the points A to F which
O are reflections of the given points in the line y = x. (6) 6.1 Four graphs (a) → (d) are sketched below. Are any of
x
these graphs functions? Give reasons. (2)
3.3.2 Determine the equations of the reflected graphs in
(d) y (e) y (f) y (a), (b) and (c) by inspection. (3) (a) y (b) y (c) y (d) y

4.1 Draw the reflections of the following graphs in the line O

O y = x. (6) x O
O
x x x O
O O x
x (a) y = x2 (b) y = x2 ; x ≥ 0 (c) y = x2 ; x ≤ 0 x

List of possible equations

y y y 6.2 Match graphs (a) → (d) with the equations (1) → (6) below.
Write down (a) → (d) and alongside these the number
(1) xy = 2 (2) xy = - 2 (3; 9) (3; 9)
selected from (1) to (6) that is the equation of the graph.
(- 2; 4) (- 2; 4)
(3) y = -2 (4) x = -2 (1; 1) (1; 1) (-1; 1) (1) y = x
2 2
(2) y = x ; x ≤ 0
2 2
(5) y=x (6) x=y (0; 0) x (0; 0) x (0; 0) x (3) y = - x
2
(4) y = - x ; x ≥ 0
2

y = 2x
x 2
(7) (8) y = (5) x = - y (6) y = x ; x≥0 (4)
2 4.2 Are the reflections drawn in 4.1 functions? (3)
x+1 x-1
(9) y=2 (10) y = 2 (10) 4.3 Determine the equations of the reflections drawn in 4.1. (6) 6.3 Draw the graph defined by y = ± x . (2)
Copyright © The Answer 4
 Gr 11 Maths – Functions: Questions
7. Which of the following graphs (if any) are not functions? 12. The accompanying sketch, not y 14.3 the coordinates of points B, C and D. (5)
Why? (2) drawn to scale, shows the graphs E C 14.4 the value of r if the curve of g touches the x-axis. (2)
A y B y C y of the functions defined by :
D H
2
f (x) = - x + 2x + 3 and 14.5 the nature of the roots of the equation g(x) = 0 by
O x g(x) = mx + c. making use of the graph. (2)
O x O x
14.6 the values of m and k. (3)
12.1 Find the coordinates A B
y of C, the turning point O x 14.7 the length of AE. (E is the point of intersection of h
D y E F y K
f g
of the curve of f. (4) with the axis of symmetry of f and g.) (4)
2
O x O x O x
12.2 Determine the length of KC. (1) 15. Given : f (x) = 2x + 4x - 6 ; g(x) = 4x - 4
12.3 If A and B are the x-intercepts of the curve of f, 15.1 On the same system of axes, draw neat sketch
find the length of AB. (4) graphs of the functions f and g. Indicate all
8.1 If point P(1; 8) lies on the graph of the function 12.4 Determine the equation of g. (2) intercepts with the axes, as well as the coordinates
x+a of the axis-intercepts and of the turning point. (8)
f (x) = 2 , determine the value of a. (2) 12.5 If H and D are mirror images of each other with
respect to KC, determine the coordinates of H. 15.2.1 Now, use your answer in 15.1 to write down the
8.2 If h is the graph f moved 2 units to the right and 5 units
(D is the y-intercept of f and g.) (2) x- and y-intercepts and the turning point of the
down, write down the equation of the graph in this
12.6 Through C a tangent is drawn to the curve of f. following functions :
new position, i.e. the equation of h. (2)
2 2
12.6.1 What is the gradient of this tangent? (1) h(x) = x + 2x - 3 & p(x) = - 2x - 4x + 6. (6)
8.3 Write down the equation of the asymptote of the shifted
graph, h, in Question 8.2. (1) 12.6.2 What are the coordinates of the point E where 15.2.2 Describe how h and p relate to f as far as shape
this tangent and the graph of g intersect? (4) is concerned. (2)
9.1 Do the points (-1; 2) and (-1; - 2) lie on a function?
12.7 Explain how you would shift the graph of f so that it 15.3.1 Does the turning point of f lie on graph g? (1)
Why (not) ? (2) 2
represents the function defined by y = - x + 2x + 5. (2)
9.2 For which value(s) of x would the points P(2x ; x + 6) 15.3.2 Use your sketch to write down the points of
12.8 Use the graph and 12.3 to write down the values of
and Q(x + 5 ; x) NOT lie on a function? (2) intersection of f and g. (2)
x for which f (x) > 0. (2)
-1 15.3.3 Confirm your answers in 15.3.2 by determining
10.1 Determine the domain of the function y = (x - 4) . (2) the points of intersection algebraically. (5)
13. In this figure the graph is defined y
10.2 Write down the equations of the asymptotes of this 2 (- 3; 1)
by the equation y = ax + bx + c. 15.3.4 Write down the solution of the equation
function. (4)
f (x) = g(x). (2)
10.3 If the graph in 10.1 is moved 2 units left and 1 unit up,
13.1 Determine the range of O x
the graph. (2) -2 15.4 By using only your graph, determine the value(s)
write down :
2
(a) the equation of the graph in this new position, and (2) 13.2 For what values of x is of d for which the equation 2x + 4x + d = 0 will
y increasing? (1) have real roots. (2)
(b) the equations of the asymptotes. (2)
13.3 How must the graph be shifted to : 15.5 By using your graph and one other, determine
2
11. Given : f (x) = x - 4x - 5, calculate the 13.3.1 just touch the x-axis? (1) the value(s) of k for which the equation
2
11.1 x-intercepts of f. 11.2 y-intercept of f. (3)(1) 13.3.2 satisfy the equation y = ax + bx ?
2
(1) 2x + 4x - 6 = k will have no real roots. (2)
11.3 coordinates of the turning point. (5) 2
14. The diagram, which is not drawn y 16. f (x) = ax + bx + c is a y
11.4 Draw a neat sketch graph of f, showing clearly all to scale, shows the functions h parabola that passes
A
intercepts on the axes and the coordinates of the defined by through the points A(-1; 0), E g
D
turning point. (5) f (x) = - x2 + 3x + 10, E B(0; 6), C and D(3; 0). C
11.5 What is the largest value of c for which g(x) = - x2 + 3x + r and B
C is the turning point.
B F C
x2 - 4x - 5 ≥ c for every value of x? (2) h(x) = mx + k. O x
g(x) = d x + e is a straight line
f
2
11.6 Use the graph to solve for x if x - 4x - 5 ≥ 0. (2) D, B, F and C are the intercepts that passes through the points A F D
g f
-1 O 3
x
of f, g and h. A is the turning D, C and E.
11.7 Without any further calculations, sketch the graph
2 point of f. Determine :
of g(x) = - x + 4x + 5. (2) Determine by calculation :

11.8 For which values of x does g(x) decrease as 14.1 the equation of the axis of symmetry of f and g. (2) 16.1 the values of a, b and c (6)
x increases? (1) 14.2 the maximum value of f (x). (2) 16.2 the length of OF and FC (6)
Copyright © The Answer 5
 Gr 11 Maths – Functions: Questions
16.3 the values of d and e (4) 20.1 Determine the coordinates of A. (2) 23. The sketch represents y
the graphs of A
16.4 the length of BE (2) 20.2 Write down the equation of the axis of symmetry 2
of f. (2) f (x) = - x + b x + c C D
16.5 the range of f (2)
and g(x) = x + k.
20.3 Show that the coordinates of B are (2; 8). (2) (2; 4)
17. The sketch represents the graph y The point (2; 4) lies on
⎛1 ⎞ 20.4 Find the values of a, b and c. (6) B f
of the parabola f, which intersects ⎜ ; n⎟ the axis of symmetry of f.
⎝4 ⎠
the x-axis at (m; 0) and (2; 0). (0; 6) (k; 6) 21. Sketched (not drawn to y A is the turning point of O x
E F G
It is further given that ⎛⎜ 1 ; n⎞⎟ is f f and B and C are g
scale) are the graphs of A
⎝4 ⎠ f 2 D respectively the points
f (x) = x - 9 and
the turning point of the 2 F where g and f intersect the y-axis.
parabola while (0; 6) and (k; 6) (m; 0) (2; 0) g(x) = - x + 4x + 5 O x
O E The two graphs intersect at D and E.
are also on the curve of f. 1 x 21.1 Determine the
4 C B g 23.1 Determine the values of k, b and c. (8)
Determine : coordinates of A,
2
the turning point of g. (4) 23.2 If f (x) = - x + 4x + 12 and g(x) = x + 2, determine
17.1 the value of k (1)
(a) the coordinates of A by completing the square. (4)
17.2 the value of m (2) 21.2 AB is parallel to the y-axis, with B on f.
Calculate the length of AB. (3) (b) the length of BC. (2)
17.3 the value of n (show all the necessary calculations) (6)
21.3 Calculate the length of EF. (6) (c) the coordinates of D, the intersection of f and g. (5)
18. Determine the equation of the parabola which passes
21.4.1 Determine an expression for the length of AB if 2
through (1; 13) and has a turning point at (-1; 5). (5) 24.1 Draw a sketch graph of the curve of f (x) = x - x - 6.
AB || y-axis and A lies on g between C and D. (2) Show the intercepts with the axes and the coordinates
2
19. Given : f (x) = (x - 2) - 9 21.4.2 Hence determine the maximum possible length of the turning point clearly on your graph. (6)
of AB. (4)
19.1 Write down the coordinates of the turning point of 24.2 Draw on the same system of axes the straight line
the graph of f. (1) 22. The graph is not drawn y defined by g(x) = mx + c which intersects the parabola
19.2 Calculate the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of f. (5) according to scale and at (- 2; p) and (4; q). (2)
represents the functions f
19.3 Draw a neat sketch graph of f and show the D M A(4; k) 24.3 Calculate the values of p, q, m and c. (7)
of f and g where :
intercepts of the axes as well as the coordinates of 2 24.4 Deduce from the graph for what values of k, the equation
the turning point clearly. (5) f (x ) = x - 2 x + 4 ;
g(x) = x + 1
Q
g
x2 - x - 6 = k will have one negative and one positive
19.4 Hence write down the range of the function. (2) B real root. (4)
DM ⊥ y-axis and
19.5 For which values of x is f (x) decreasing? (1) O
AB ⊥ x-axis. x
25. The graph of the parabola given by
y
2
19.6 Use your graph to solve the inequality : f (x) ≤ 0. (2) y = ax + bx + c is drawn alongside.
2 2
19.7 Write down the equations (in turning point form) 22.1 Write x - 2x + 4 in the form y = (x - p) + q Write down the letter with appropriate
of the graphs obtained by : and write down the coordinates of Q, the turning values of a, b and c. O x
(a) shifting f 2 units left and 9 units up. (2) point of f. (4) A a < 0, b < 0, c<0
(b) reflecting f in the y-axis (2) 22.2 Calculate the coordinates of D if OM = 12. (4) B a < 0, b > 0, c<0
(c) reflecting f in the x-axis (2) C a < 0, b > 0, c>0
22.3.1 Write down the value of k. (1)
D a < 0, b < 0, c>0 (2)
22.3.2 Determine the length of AB. (2)
20. Sketched (not drawn to y 26. Draw a neat sketch graph of the curve of
scale) are the graphs of 22.4.1 If A were any point ( x; y) on f, and B on g such 2
2 f (x) = ax + bx + c from the following information :
f (x) = ax + bx + c and C g that AB ⊥ x-axis, determine, in terms of x,
g(x) = - 4x + 16 B an expression for the vertical length AB. (2)  The roots of f (x) = 0 differ by 4.
intersecting at A and B, 22.4.2 Hence, calculate the minimum length of AB. (4)  The line of symmetry of the graph is x = - 2.
where O and A are A  The range of f is y ≥ - 2.
O x
x-intercepts and B is the f
turning point of the parabola. Indicate the coordinates of the turning point of f,
its axis of symmetry and the x-intercepts. (6)
Copyright © The Answer 6
 Gr 11 Maths – Functions: Questions
y
27. The sketch shows the graph of the B 30. The function y = f (x) y
NOTES
parabola given by A
2 is illustrated alongside. 1
y = - x + 3x + 10.
Sketch graphs of the
B is the turning point and functions
C D O x
A, C and D are the O x -2 2
(a) y = f (x) - 1 (1)
intercepts on the axes.
(b) y = f (x - 1) (1) f
(c) y = - f (x) (1)
27.1 Determine the coordinates of B, C and D. (7)
(d) y = f (- x) (1)
27.2 Use the graph to determine the values of x for
2 Label each graph clearly. (4)
which x - 3x - 10 ≥ 0.
27.3 Explain how you would shift the graph so that
2
- x + 3x + k = 0 will have only one solution. (2)
27.4 Give the equation of the parabola obtained by the
shifting in 27.3. (2)
27.5 For which values of p will the equation
2
- x + 3x + 10 = p have 1 negative and 1 positive
root? (3)
27.6 What is the average gradient of the curve between
C and A? (3)

2
28. Given : f (x) = - x - 4x - 5
28.1 Does f have a maximum or a minimum value? (1)
28.2 Determine the coordinates of the turning point
of f by completing the square. (4)
28.3 Without any further working out, decide whether
or not f cuts the x-axis. (1)
2
29.1 Given : g(x) = (x - 1) y
29.1.1 If g is moved 4 units down,
what will be the equation
g This package is an extract from our Gr 12 Maths 2 in 1
of the parabola in its study guide, essential for both Grade 11s & 12s.
1
new position?
O x We trust that this will help you to grow in confidence
Write the equation in the
2 as you prepare for your exams.
form y = ax + bx + c. (2)

29.1.2 Determine the equation (in any form) of the The Answer Series study guides have been the
parabola if g is moved 2 units left. (2) key to exam success for many learners.
2
29.2 Given the function f (x) = x . Visit our website to find appropriate resources
Write down the equations of the functions one would get for your success !
if you moved : www.theanswer.co.za
(a) f . . . . 2 units to the right
(b) f . . . . 1 unit to the left
(c) f . . . . 3 units up
(d) f . . . . 3 units down (4)

Copyright © The Answer 7

 Gr 11 Maths – Functions: Answers
2.3 (a) and (f) are not functions ; 4.1 (a) y y=x (b) y y=x (c) y y=x

FUNCTIONS A graph is only a function if for each x-value there is only

one y-value. In the case of (a) and (f), each x-value has more
(9; 3) (9; 3)

ANSWERS than one y-value.

(0; 0)
(1; 1)
x
(0; 0)
(1; 1)
x
(0; 0) (1; -1)
x
The vertical line test : A vertical line would cut
(4; - 2) (4; - 2)
these graphs more than once.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
GRAPHS & FUNCTIONS 2.4 Domain Range Locate the 'critical points' by swopping x and y.

(a) x = - 2 y∈R
1.1 y 1.2 y 4.2 (b) and (c) are, but (a) is not.
(0; 4) (b) x ∈ R y∈R
Note : Restricting the domains (x ≥ 0 or x ≤ 0)
(c) x ∈ R y > 0 ; y∈R ensured that the reflections are functions.
O x
O x 4 (d) x ≠ 0 ; x ∈ R y ≠ 0 ; y∈R
-2 2 1
-
4 4.3 (a) x = y2 (b) y = (+) x  (c) y = - x 
(e) x ∈ R y ≥ 0 ; y∈R
2
â y = x
(f) x ≥ 0 ; x ∈ R y∈R Note : The graph y = ± x is split
y y â y = ± x 
1.3 1.4 into 2 graphs:
2.5 (c) y = 0  . . . the x-axis
4 y = + x and y = - x
(-2; 2)
(d) y = 0  . . . the x-axis
O x & x = 0  . . . the y-axis
O x 5.1 A translated up 1 unit
4 (4; - 1)
B translated down 2 units
3.1 (a) reflection (b) reflection (c) reflection
C translated 1 unit to the left
in the y-axis in the x-axis in the line y = x
D translated 2 units to the right
y y y y y
1.5 1.6
(2; 5) E reflection in the y-axis
1 (2; 16) (5; 2)
(- 5; 2) (5; 2) F reflection in the x-axis
4 1
O x (5; 2)
O O
O x
x x O 5.2 (i) A (ii) D (iii) C (iv) E (v) B (vi) F
(5; - 2)
x

6.1 All except (c), because in (c), there are 2 values of y for each
2.1 (a) (4) (b) (8) (c) (9) 3.2 (a) x → - x (b) x → x (c) x → y i.e. x & y
x-value (except for x = 0).
(d) (1) (e) (5) (f) (6) y→y y → -y y→x swop
Note : This graph will be cut twice by a vertical line.
3.3.1 A(1; 0), B(0; -1), C(2; 0), D(0; -1), E(1; 0), F (8; 2)
(All other graphs will only be cut once.)
2.2 (a) one-to-many  For one value of x (x = - 2),
y
y can have 'many' values. 3.3.2 (a) y = x - 1  (b) y = 1 x - 1  (c) x = 2 
(b) one-to-one  2 6.2 (a) (3) (b) (2) (c) (5) , (d) (6)
For each value of x Note : • In (c), understandably, x and y are swopped in the
(c) one-to-one  , Note : (d) • One has to have x ≥ 0 in y = x
there is only 1 y-value. equation to get the reflection in y = x.
(d) one-to-one  ... a negative number is imaginary
• Now swop x & y in the given equations in (a) & (b) :
(e) many-to-one  (f) one-to-many  Given : (a) y = x + 1 (b) y = 2x + 2 • y=+ x ² y≥0
â Only the 'top arm'
y y ...
2 of the parabola.
The reflection : x = y + 1 x = 2y + 2 • y= x ² y = x
9 3 2
Now make y the subject : i.e. x = y , but y ≥ 0 (& x > 0)
O x y+1 = x â 2y + 2 = x
9 2
O x 6.3 y = ± x ² y = x and y can be + or -.
-3 3 -3 â y = x - 1  â 2y = x - 2
x y 'Both arms' of
â y = - 1  ...
2 x -values give 1 x -value gives 2 â The sketch : the parabola.
O x
These are the equations determined by inspection above.
one y-value 2 y-values x = y2 or y = ± x
Copyright © The Answer A1
 Gr 11 Maths – Functions: Answers
7. B is not a function  11.2 y-intercept: f (0) = - 5  12.6.2 At E, y = 4 (the equation of the tangent)
For each value of x (in the domain) there is not only one y-value. & y = - x + 3 (the equation of g)
y
(A vertical line would cut this graph twice.) 11.3 At the t. pt., x = 2 11.4
f â -x + 3 = 4
& y = f(2) O x â -x = 1
x+ a 2 (- 1; 0) (5; 0)
8.1 Equation of f : y = 2 y = (2) - 4(2) - 5 â x = -1
f
If a point lies on a graph, its = 4-8-5 Note Q19 with â E (-1; 4) 
co-ords make the eqn. true ! 4 = -9 (0 ; - 5) the same graph
but with
12.7 You would shift it up 2 units 
O x â Turning point is
1+a equation in a
Subst. pt (1; 8) : 8 = 2 x+2 (2; - 9)  12.8 -1 < x < 3 
Eqn. of f : y = 2 (2 ; - 9) different form.
â 1+a = 3
â a = 2  11.5 -9 . . . y is ≥ -9 for all x  13.1 y ≤ 1 ; y∈»  13.2 x < -3 
y x
y = 2
x+2- 2 For these x’s f lies 13.3.1 down 1 unit  13.3.2 up 2 units 
8.2 h : y = 2 -5 ... 11.6 x ≤ -1 or x ≥ 5  ...
1 above or on the x-axis.
x h
â y = 2 - 5  O x
11.7 y (2 ; 9)
14.1 x = - b = - 3
= +
3
2a 2(- 1) 2
-4
8.3 y = - 5 
y = -5 â x = 11 
(0 ; 5) 2 2
g y = - x + 4x + 5
9.1 No ; 9.2 Not a function if x P = x Q 2
i.e. y = - (x - 4x - 5) 14.2 Maximum f (x) :
For x = -1, i.e. if 2x = x + 5 – a reflection of f in the x-axis 2
3 3 3 9 9
y can be 2 or - 2. â x = 5  f ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = - ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ + 3 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ + 10 = - + + 10 = 12 1 
y O x ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ 4 2 4
y (10; 11) (- 1; 0) (5; 0)
(-1; 2) 14.3 At B & C, f (x) = 0
(10; 5)
x 2
O
O x â - x + 3x + 10 = 0
2
(-1; - 2) 11.8 g (x) decreases for x > 2  â x - 3x - 10 = 0
A vertical line will cut â (x + 2)(x - 5) = 0
the graph more than once. 12.1 At C, x = - b = - 2 = 1 OR : â x = - 2 or 5
2a 2(-1) 2
f(x) = - (x - 2x + 1 - 1 - 3) â B(-2; 0) & C(5; 0) 
2
y & Max. y = - (1) + 2(1) + 3 2
10.1 x ≠ 4 ; x∈»  1 = - [(x - 1) - 4] & at D, x = 0 & f (0) = 10
y=
x-4 = -1 + 5 = 4 = - (x - 1) + 4
2
â D(0; 10) 
In y = 1 : x - 4 ≠ 0 â x ≠ 4 â C (1; 4) 
x-4 g is : f moved down 12 1 units
r = -2 1 
4
O y=0 14.4 ...
4 12.2 KC = 4 units  4
x . . . see point A to point F
10.2 x=4 & y=0  -1
4 x=4 12.3 At A & B, y = 0 â y-intercept D down 12 1 units
4
2
â - x + 2x + 3 = 0
1 1 2 14.5 The roots are real, equal and rational 
10.3 (a) y = +1 y y= + 1 â x - 2x - 3 = 0
x-4 +2 x-2
â (x + 1)(x - 3) = 0 ( and equal to 1 21 !!! )
â y = 1 + 1  â x = -1 (at A) & x = 3 (at B)
x-2 1
y=1
Gradient, m = - 10 = - 2  ; k = 10 
1
2 â AB = 4 units  14.6
5
(b) x = 2  and y = 1  O
1 2 x
12.4 Point D is (0; 3) (D on f) 14.7 At E, x = 3 & h(x) = - 2x + 10
x=2 2
â For g, y-intercept, c = 3
3 3
â h ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = - 2 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ + 10
& gradient, m = - 3 = - 1 . . . B(3; 0) ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
11.1 x-intercepts : f (x) = 0 ² x2 - 4x - 5 = 0 3
â (x - 5)(x + 1) = 0 = 7 (= yE )
â Equation of g : y = - x + 3 
â x = 5 or - 1 
â AE = 12 1 - 7 = 5 1 units 
12.5 H (2; 3)  12.6.1 0  4 4

Copyright © The Answer A2

 Gr 11 Maths – Functions: Answers
2 2 1
15.1 f : y = 2 x + 4x - 6 y 15.3.3 At the points of intersection : 2x + 4x - 6 = 4x - 4 17.1 k =  (by symmetry) 17.2 m = -1 1  (by symmetry)
2 2 2
y-intercept : y = - 6 â 2x - 2 = 0
f 2 1
y = a ⎛⎜ x + 1 ⎞⎟ (x - 2)
(put x = 0) â x = 1 17.3 Equation of f :
x-intercepts : 2x + 4x - 6 = 0
2 ⎝ 2⎠
O x â x = ±1
-3 1 ⎛3⎞
(put y = 0) â (-1; 8) & (1; 0)  Substitute (0; 6) : â 6 = a ⎜ ⎟ (- 2)
(÷ 2)
2
â x + 2x - 3 = 0
-6 ⎝2⎠
The same as those read off the graph !
â (x + 3)(x - 1) = 0 â 6 = - 3a
â x = - 3 or 1  ÷ (- 3) â -2 = a
15.3.4 x = -1 or x = 1  . . . read at A & B, the points of
intersection of f and g
Turning pt. : x = - 1 . . . halfway between roots
15.4 y-int., d ≤ 2  15.5 k < -8 
â The equation is y = - 2 x 2 - 1 x - 3( 2 )
2 2
& minimum y = 2(-1) + 4(-1) - 6 â y = - 2x + x + 6
y y
= 2 - 4 - 6 2
⎛1
= -8
f
⎜ ; n ⎞⎟ on f : â n = - 2 ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ + 1 + 6
y x ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4⎠ 4
O
â Turning point (-1; - 8) 2 = - 2 ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ + 6 1
g ⎝ 16 ⎠ 4
g : y = 4x - 4 f O x -8 y = -8
= 61 
f 8 -6 8
y-int. : y = -4 O x
-3 B(1; 0) -8
(put x = 0) Lines y = k (|| to the x-axis)
-4 2
x-int. : 4x - 4 = 0 will not cut f at all if drawn 18. Equation of parabola : y = a(x + 1) + 5
A translation 8 units up is 2
-6 lower than y = - 8. Substitute (1; 13) : 13 = a(1 + 1) + 5
(put y = 0) â 4x = 4 the highest f can go while
A(- 1; - 8) -8 â No (real) roots. â 8 = 4a
â x = 1 still having (real) roots.
â a = 2
2 2
15.2.1 f(x) = 2x + 4x - 6 16.1 Equation of parabola : y = a (x + 1)(x - 3) â Equation is : y = 2(x + 2x + 1) + 5
2 1 Substitute (0; 6) : 6 = a (1)(- 3) 2
h(x) = x + 2x - 3 = f(x) â y = 2x + 4x + 2 + 5
2
â 6 = - 3a â y = 2x2 + 4x + 7 
x-intercepts : x = - 3 and 1 . . . the same! ÷ (- 3) â a = -2
y-intercept : y = -3 . . . different 2 19.1 (2; - 9)  19.3
â Equation is y = - 2 (x - 2x - 3) y
2
Turning point : (- 1; - 4) . . . same x; different y â y = - 2x + 4x + 6 2
19.2 y = (x - 2) - 9 O x
2 â a = - 2; b = 4 & c = 6  (- 1; 0) (5; 0)
p(x) = - 2x - 4x + 6 = - f (x) x-intercepts :
16.2 At C, x = 1 . . . halfway between - 1 and 3 2 f
x-intercepts : x = - 3 and 1 . . . the same! (x - 2) - 9 = 0 ... y=0
and y = - 2 + 4 + 6 = 8 2 (0 ; - 5)
y-intercept : y=6 . . . different â (x - 2) = 9
Turning point : (-1; 8) . . . same x; different y â Point C is (1; 8) â x-2 = ±3
â x = 2±3 (2 ; - 9)
OF = 1 unit & FC = 8 units 
â x = 5 or -1 
15.2.2 Sketch h & p yourself to understand these answers. Q11 has the same graph
16.3 d = gradient of DE = - 8 E
C but has the equation in a
2 y-intercept :
h is a wider graph  p is the reflection of f different form.
â d = -4  2
y = (0 - 2) - 9 . . . x = 0
y in the x-axis  Note the difference.
Substitute (3; 0) & d = - 4 8 â y = -5 
h: p: y
h in y = dx + e : 2
F D 19.4 y ≥ -9 
-3
O
1
x f â 0 = (- 4)(3) + e
f O 1 x â 12 = e
-3
â e = 12  19.5 x<2 
p

16.4 BE = OE - OB = 12 - 6 = 6 units  19.6 f (x) = 0 on the x-axis and is positive above the x-axis.
15.3.1 Yes  ; g(-1) = 4(-1) - 4 = - 8
â f (x) ≤ 0 ² -1 ≤ x ≤ 5 
15.3.2 A (-1; - 8) and B (1; 0)  16.5 Range of f : y ≤ 8 ; y ∈ R 

Copyright © The Answer A3

 Gr 11 Maths – Functions: Answers
2 2
19.7 (a) y = (x - 2 + 2) - 9 + 9 21.3 At E, f (x) = 0, i.e. x - 9 = 0 22.4.2 METHOD 1 :
2 2 2
â y = x  â x = 9 Minimum value of x - 3x + 3 occurs when
-3
2 reflection in the y-axis
â x = -3 . . . x < 0 at E ! x = - b = - = 3
(b) y = (- x - 2) - 9 ... 2
2a 2(1) 2
2 ² x → - x ; y unchanged & At F, g(x) = 0, i.e. - x + 4x + 5 = 0
â y = (x + 2) - 9  2 â Minimum value of x - 3x + 3, i.e. of AB
2
â x - 4x - 5 = 0
2
(c) - y = (x - 2) - 9
2
... reflection in the x-axis
â (x - 5)(x + 1) = 0 = ⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟ - 3 ⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟ + 3 = 9 - 9 + 3 = - 2 1 + 3
2 â x=5 . . . x > 0 at F ! ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ 4 2 4
â y = - (x - 2) + 9  ² y → - y ; x unchanged
â EF = 3 + 5 = 8 units  x F - x E = 5 - (- 3) = 8 y = 3 unit 
4
20.1 At A, g(x) = 0, i.e. - 4x + 16 = 0 or by inspection, 21.4.1 AB = g(x) - f (x) (x; AB)
3
â - 4x = -16 using the y-intercept 2
= (- x + 4x + 5) - (x - 9)
2 Note : The length of
â x = 4 & the gradient 3 AB is represented by
2
= - 2x + 4x + 14  4 ( 3 3
;
2 4
) this parabola.
â A (4; 0)  (y = 0 on the x-axis) O 3
x
16
21.4.2 Maximum AB occurs when x = - b 4
= - = 1 2
20.2 x = 2  . . . halfway between 0 & 4 2a 2(- 2)
4
2
â Maximum AB = - 2(1) + 4(1) + 14 This 'picture' shows all the possible values that AB can have –
20.3 B on graph g ² yB = - 4(2) + 16 . . . (xB = 2 – see 20.2) Later (in Topic 8)
= 8
= 16 units  you also have the the 'lowest' value (i.e. the lowest y-coordinate) is 3 .
2
â B (2; 8)  [ OR : Complete the square ] choice to use Calculus.
METHOD 2 : By completion of square . . .
20.4 Roots 0 & 4 ² equation is : x2 - 3x + 3
22.1 METHOD 1 : METHOD 2 :
y = a x (x - 4) . . . y = a(x - 0)(x - 4) 2
3
By completing the square Formula for axis of symmetry = x2 - 3x + ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ + 3 - 9
Subst. (2; 8) â 8 = a(2)(- 2) ⎝2⎠ 4
-2
= - b = -
2
â 8 = - 4a y = x - 2x + 4 At Q, x = 1 2
2a 2(1) 3
2
= x - 2x + 1 + 4 - 1 = ⎛⎜ x - ⎞⎟ + 3
â -2 = a ⎝ 2⎠ 4
2
â y = - 2x + 8x
2 & y = x - 2x + 4
= (x - 1)
2
+ 3 â Minimum value = 3  . . . when x = 3
â a = - 2; b = 8; c = 0 
= 1-2+4 = 3 4 2
â Q(1; 3)  â Q(1; 3)  YOU MUST KNOW BOTH METHODS !
2
OR : Turning point (2; 8) ² eqn. is : y = a(x - 2) + 8
2 YOU MUST KNOW BOTH METHODS ! This 'picture' shows the varying
Substitute (0; 0) : 0 = a(- 2) + 8 A y A
lengths of the vertical length AB on A A
â - 8 = 4a 22.2 OM = 12 ² yD = 12
the original sketch – it is clear that A
â a = -2 2
â x - 2x + 4 = 12 A A
2 2 its shortest length is at x = 3 .
â equation is y = - 2(x - 4x + 4) + 8 â x - 2x - 8 = 0 2
2 not at the t. pt. of f ! BB BB
â y = - 2x + 8x - 8 + 8 â (x - 4)(x + 2) = 0 B
BB 3 x
2
â y = - 2x + 8x, etc. â x = - 2 at D . . . x = 4 at A !!! 2
3
This minimum length is then unit.
â D(-2; 12)  4

21.1 At A, x = - b OR : 22.3.1 â A(4; 12) . . . x = 4 at A !!!

2a 2 23.1 Equation of ED : y = x+k
g(x) = - (x - 4x + 4 - 4 - 5)
= - 4 2
â k = 12  Subst. (2; 4) ² 4 = 2 + k
2(-1) = - [(x - 2) - 9]
2
â k = 2 
= 2 = - (x - 2) + 9 22.3.2 yB = 4 + 1 = 5 . . . y = x + 1 at B !
â Point E(- 2; 0), by inspection & Point G(6; 0), by symmetry
2
& g(2) = - (2) + 4(2) + 5 = - 4 + 8 + 5 = 9 â AB = yA - yB ... VERTICAL LENGTH FORMULA !
= 12 - 5 = 7 units  â Equation of f : y = a(x + 2)(x - 6) . . . roots - 2 and 6
â A (2; 9) 
But a = - 1 . . . given
22.4.1 For any x if A is the point (x; y) :
21.2 xB = xA = 2 . . . AB ⊥ x-axis â y = - (x - 4x - 12)
2
AB = yA - yB
2 2
& yB = f (2) = (2) - 9 = - 5 . . . B on f 2 â y = - x + 4x + 12
= (x - 2x + 4) - (x + 1)
â AB = yA - yB = 9 - (- 5) = 14 units  2
= x - 3x + 3 â b = 4 & c = 12 

Copyright © The Answer A4

 Gr 11 Maths – Functions: Answers
2
23.2 (a) f (x) = - x + 4x + 12 25. a<0 ² 27.5 p < 10  27.6 Ave. gradient between C & A
2 yA - yC
= - [ x - 4x - 12] y = 10 - 0 = 10
x = - b = - - =
=
2 2 a<0 & b<0 ² - - xA - xC 0 - (- 2) 2
= - [ x - 4x + 2 - 4 - 12] 2a -
10 y = 10 = 5 
= -[ (x - 2)
2
- 16] â Axis of symmetry left of y-axis :
2 or, by inspection: A(0; 10)
= - (x - 2) + 16 . . . the turning point form of c > 0 ² y-intercept is positive â D  O x
the quadratic expression
â A (2; 16) 
26. y
C(- 2; 0)
(b) BC = yC - yB = 12 - 2 = 10 units 
f 2
2 28. f (x) = - x - 4x - 5
(c) At D : y = - x + 4x + 12 and y = x + 2
2
â x + 2 = - x + 4x + 12 28.1 a maximum 
2 O x
â x - 3x - 10 = 0 -4 -2
2
28.2 f (x) = - [x + 4x + 4 - 4 + 5]
â (x - 5)(x + 2) = 0
-2 2
(- 2; - 2) = - [(x + 2) + 1]
â x = 5 at D . . . x = - 2 at E (we already have !)
x = -2 2
= - (x + 2) - 1
& y = 5+2 = 7 . . . D on g

â D (5; 7)  27.1 At C & D, y = 0 28.3 No, it

The maximum
2 does not 
â 0 = - x + 3x + 10 value is negative -1
turning
24.1 & 24.2
2
f (x ) = x - x - 6 2
â x - 3x - 10 = 0 â whole graph
point
â (x - 5)(x + 2) = 0 under the x-axis
y-int. : y = - 6 Turning point :
â C (- 2; 0) & D (5; 0) 
= -2 + 3
(x = 0) x . . . ave. of the roots ! 2
2 2 29.1.1 Then g (x) = (x - 1) - 4
x-ints. : x -x-6 = 0 -2 + 5 'average of roots' 2
â y = x - 2x + 1 - 4
= 1
At B, x = ...
(y = 0) â (x - 3)(x + 2) = 0 2
2
3 or: x = - b = - 3 â y = x - 2x - 3 
2
â x = 3 or - 2 â x = 2a 2(-1)
y 2
2
2 29.1.2 y = (x - 1 + 2)
1 1
y = ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ -
2
& minimum : -6 g ⎛3⎞
- ⎜ ⎟ +
⎛3⎞
3 ⎜ ⎟ + 10 2
⎝2⎠ 2 f
& y = â y = (x + 1)  . . . OR : y = x2 + 2x + 1 
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
= -61 O = - 9
+ 9
+ 10
4 3 4 2 2 2
-2 x 29.2 (a) y = (x - 2)  (b) y = (x + 1) 
1 1
â Turning point : ⎛⎜ 1 ; - 6 1 ⎞⎟ = -2
4
+ 4 + 10
2 (c) y = x + 3 
2
(d)
2
y = x - 3 
⎝2 4⎠
-6
- 6¼
= 12 1
(½; - 6¼) 4
30. (a) y (b) y
3 1⎞
â B ⎛⎜ ; 12 ⎟  (1; 1)
24.3 (- 2; p) on f ² p = 0  . . . see (-2; 0) ! ⎝2 4⎠ O x
2 (- 2; - 1) (2; - 1)
(4; q) on f ² q = 4 -4-6 = 6  O x
27.2 x2 - 3x - 10 ≥ 0 27.3 You would shift the graph -1 3
6-0
â Gradient, m = = 6 = 1  2 y = f (x) - 1 y = f (x - 1)
4 - (- 2) 6 ² - x + 3x + 10 ≤ 0 down 12 1 units 
4
â x ≤ -2 or x≥5 
â y-intercept : c = 2  . . . by inspection 1
. . . ⎛⎜ then k = - 2 ⎞⎟ (c) y (d) Same as the given graph.
⎝ 4⎠ y = - f (x) (Reflection in the y-axis).
24.4 k > -6  y
y
-2 5
O x
All lines y = k, parallel (1½; 12¼) -2 2
to the x-axis, will cut O x 10 -1
f for one negative and
27.4
2
y = - x + 3x - 2
1

x
one positive value of x, -6 y = -6 4
IF k > - 6 !
- 2¼

Copyright © The Answer A5