CLASSIFICATION OF

YARN
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

MARIB AFTAB 15TE15 SIR KHALIQUE JHATIAL

Marib Aftab 8/25/18 Yarn manufacturing

 Classification of yarn
Yarn
Yarn can be defined as a linear assembly of fibers or continuous filaments formed into a continuous
strand which is having the required characteristics for textile. These textile characteristics referred to
include the good tensile strength & high flexibility so that it can be pliable & to be considered to a yarn,
these yarns must be processable on conventional textile equipment & must possess the visual &
aesthetic characteristics which are usually associated with textile products.

Combination yarns are made by plying the dissimilar components such as staple & continuous filament
yarns.

Classification of yarn
Yarns can be easily classified according to their physical properties & performance characteristics. The
classification of yarn is as given below,

 Staple yarn
 Continuous filament yarn
 Novelty yarn
 Bulk yarn
 High bulk yarn
 Loop bulk yarn
 Stretch Yarn
 Fancy yarn
 Cable yarn
 Slubby yarn
 Blended yarn

 Staple yarn
There are four different system of manufacturing the staple yarn on the commercial level. These four
systems are

1. The carded cotton yarn system

2. The combed cotton yarn system
3. The worsted yarn system
4. The woolen yarn system

In all these four systems of the yarn is made from the staple fibers is nothing but the fibers which are
limited in length. The yarn which is made or formed from the staple fibers is known as staple yarn. The
carded cotton & combed cotton system are used to spin yarn from the short (up to 1 inch) & long (2-3
inch) staple cotton & similar fibers. The woolen & worsted system are used to spun yarn from the short
(up to 2.5”) & long (up to 3.9”) staple fibers & similar fibers. Manmade fibers are usually cut to a fiber
length, diameter & crimp resembling that of cotton & wool for processing on this system. The fabric

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made from staple yarn have the good tactile properties such as a good handle, feel & excellent comfort
along with the good aesthetic appearance.

 Continuous filament yarn

Before the discovery of the manmade fibers, silk was the only filament yarn. In the manufacturing
manmade filaments, a solution is forced through very fine holes of a spinneret, at which point the
solution solidified by coagulation, evaporation or by cooling. The number of holes in a spinneret
determines the number of filaments is the continuous filament yarn. The size of hole and drawing (if any
drawing) then it determines/ affects the diameter of the filament. As soon as the individual filament
solidifies, they are brought together with or without slight twist or entanglement to form the continuous
filament yarn. The main advantage of manmade continuous filament yarn is the physical and chemical
properties of these yarns are can be altered as per the end use requirement. The fabric made from
continuous filament yarn is much stronger & uniform. Continuous filament yarn is much stronger &
uniform than staple spun yarn. But manmade continuous filaments are lack in their comforts properties,
tactile properties, good covering properties & pleasing appearance in their untextured form.

 Novelty yarn
Novelty yarn is also called as ‘effect threads’ or ‘effect yarn’ or ‘fancy yarns’. These yarns are mainly
manufactured or designed for decorative purpose rather than functional purpose. Very rarely the entire
fabric is composed of novelty yarn. Most of the novelty yarns are basically either of fancy effect yarn or
metallic type. The fancy yarn is usually made by the irregular plying of staple or continuous filament
yarns & they are characterized by abrupt, periodic effects. The periodicity of this effect is may be
random or uniform. These fancy effects are more often generated by the programmed twist variation or
by the change in the rate of feeding rate of one or more components during plying. Metallic novelty
yarns are characterized by a glittering appearance & a rectangular cross-sectional shape Durability is
added to the metallic yarn by protecting with a transparent film like the aluminum foil or metallized
material that produces the glittering effect. Mention acetate & maylar metallic yarns are examples of
this categories.

 Bulk yarn
Bulk Yarns are softer and much pliable then tightly constructed twisted yarns. Bulk yarns are also having
a better cover. They create a less transparent fabrics and are of two types:

1. High bulk yarns

2. Loop-bulk or air jet yarns

 High bulk yarn

This is either staple or continuous filament yarn that has normal extensibility but as usually high degree
bulkiness or fullness. These yarns retain their bulkiness under both stressed and relaxed condition. Great
covering power with little weight is possible with this kind of yarns. Same high bulk yarns are made on
staple systems from thermoplastic fibers that shrink differently in treated yarn form. The difference in
shrinkage results in massive buckling or crimping of fiber segment between points of entanglement in
the yarn structure. Continuous filament yarn can be made bulkier by the creation of nonlinearity and
loop formation in the individual filament by entrapping the loops by the twist. Very fine, yet bulky

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structures can be made from the texturized continuous. filament yarns. Combination yarns can also be
textured with differential bulk effect.

 Stretch yarn
The textured yarn which is programmed for extraordinary extensibility is known as stretch yarn. Most
stretch yarns can be extended from one and one and a half to twice their normal or relaxed length. Their
structures are not only highly extensible but highly elastic is used as well. Here term highly elastic is used
to suggest a quick and practically completely recovery towards original yarn geometry or configuration
after substantial extension in the direction of yarn axis. Some stretch yarns are extended up to three or
multiple of their relaxed length. In the relaxed state, stretch yarn resembles high bulk yarns. But where
an extension of stretch yarns, however, the bulkiness is considerably reduced. At full extension, the
stretch yarn resembles an ordinary continuous filament yarn. Most of the stretch yarn are made by
texturizing thermoplastic continuous filament yarn texturizing brings about considerable non-linearity or
crimp in every filament. However, the tactile properties of stretch yarns are not good as high bulk or
staple yarn. However, there are also some serious disadvantages such as filament engaging. Stretch yarn
should not be confused with rubber or elastomeric fiber yarn, they are normally used in power stretch
fabrics where more than a subtle pressure is required.

 Fancy yarn
A fancy yarn can be defined as one that differs from the normal construction of a single or doubled yarn
by deliberately introduced irregularities in its construction. The ‘novelty’ or ‘fancy’ yarns produce
different textures and effects in the fabrics. Fancy yarns can be made from all-natural fibers, all man-
made fibers and their blends. They can be produced from pre-dyed or un dyed fibers and yarns. Fabrics
containing fancy yarns are used for many textile purposes, for instance apparel such as dress fabrics, or
household textiles such as curtains and upholstery.

Basic fancy yarn

Generally, fancy yarns contain two or more of the following: a base or core yarn, around which the yarn
intended to create the fancy effect is wrapped; the effect yarn , which forms the design ; and the binder
which holds the effect yarn in place on the base to prevent it slipping while it is being wound, knitted or
woven.

Fancy yarn

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Gimp and Loop:
All these fancy yarns are produced by delivering the core and effect yarn at different rates.

Gimp and loop

Gimp is a twisted core yarn, with the effect yarn wrapped around the core producing an irregular wavy
surface. The effect yarn has a regular semi-circular appearance, while in loop, the effect yarn appears as
well-formed circular loops.

Snarl:
This is made in the same way as a loop yarn, but using a highly twisted effect yarn which forms snarls
rather than loops.

Snarl

Spiral/Cork screw:
A plied yarn, in which one of the components wraps around the other, rather than the components
twisting regularly together under the same tension. A spiral yarn tends to have a higher twist than a
corkscrew yarn.

Spiral/cork screw yarn

Slub:
This is composed of short, abnormally thick places at regular or irregular intervals. The slub effect is
spun into the yarn.

Slub yarn

Cloud:
A two-color yarn, in which both yarns take it in turn to obscure or cloud the other, giving the appearance
of an intermittent color change.

Cloud yarn

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Fleck:
Small amounts of fibers of either different colors or luster or both, are introduced into the yarn. This
gives it a spotted and short streaky appearance.

Fleck yarn

 Cable yarn
A yarn in which two or more folded yarns are twisted together in one or more operations. Folded and
cabled yarns can be produced from staple yarns, continuous filament yarns or a combination of both.

Cabled yarn

 Slubby yarn
Yarn that is spun intentionally to achieve an irregular shape, in terms of length and diameter. Slub yarn
refers to yarn that has been purposely spun with slubs (thicker sections along the yarn). While it was
once seen only as a defect, slub yarn is now intentionally created to give fabric more personality. By
spinning slub yarn with predictable, repeating slubs, the material woven from it develops roves, or
intentional patterns within the fabric. However, slub yarn reduces the durability of the fabric as the yarn
then inherently has weak spots.

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  Blended yarn
A type of yarn comprised of various fibers being blended together. The purpose of the blend is to
incorporate the properties and characteristics of various fibers into a mixed fiber. Intimate blend yarn
refers to yarn created from two or more types of fibers. If done well, the good qualities of the two fibers
are enhanced while the weaker qualities are minimized. For example, a blend of cotton and polyester
will have both the comfort of cotton and wrinkle-resistance of polyester. Other common blends include
wool/cotton, ramie/polyester, silk/wool, rayon/cotton, and nylon/acetate. Blending, in yarn production,
process of combining fibers of different origins, length, thickness, or color to make yarn. Blending is
accomplished before spinning and is performed to impart such desirable characteristics as strength or
durability, to reduce cost by combining expensive fibers with less costly types, or to achieve special color
or texture effects. Fabrics made from such fibers are called blends. Blending also refers to the process of
combining small amounts of the same fiber taken from different lots to achieve a uniform result.

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