LESSON 5
Gap Elements
(1) (2) (3)
(4) (5)
Objectives:
■ Use of GAP contact elements
■ Small deformation theory
■ Varying contact condition
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LESSON 5 Gap Elements
Model Description:
Three parallel cantilever beams are initially separated, but have
possible contact points in five locations, as shown in the figure on
the following page. A pair of pinching loads is applied, as shown.
The pinching loads are increased from no load at the beginning of
the step, to full load, 200 lbs, at the end of the step. Only small
displacements are considered, so that each beam responds in pure
bending. The problem is entirely linear, except for the switching
contact conditions. The sequence of events is readily imagined:
1. The top and bottom beams bend as the pinching
forces are applied, and the first contact occurs when
the tip of the top beam hits the tip of the middle beam
(gap 3 closes). Up to this point the problem is
symmetric about the middle beam, but it now loses
that symmetry.
2. Subsequent to this initial contact, the top and middle
beams bend down and the bottom beam continues to
bend up, until contact occurs at gap 5.
3. As the load continues to increase, gap 2 closes.
4. Next, gap 3 opens, as the support provided to the top
beam by gap 2 causes the outboard part of the top beam
to reverse its direction of rotation. At this point (when
gap 3 opens), the solution becomes symmetric about the
middle beam once again.
5. Finally, as the pinching loads increase further, gaps 1
and 4 also close. From this point on, the contact
conditions do not switch, no matter how much more load
is applied.
Initially all gaps are open, with an initial gap clearance of 0.01. The
pinching loads are increased monotonically from 0 to 200. The beam
lengths, modulus, and cross-section are shown on the following
page.
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.
P wall thickness = 0.10”
0.01”
3”
gap A
P Circumscribing radius = 0.50”
Material Properties Length = 50. units
E = 108 force/length2
ν = 0.10
Suggested Exercise Steps:
■ Create a new database and name it gapuni.db.
■ Change your analysis code preference to P3⁄ADVANCED
FEA.
■ Create the 3 lines 50 units long, and mesh each of them
with 5 cubic beam elements.
■ Specify material properties and element properties.
■ Apply the loads and boundary conditions.
■ Analyze the model and post process the results.
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LESSON 5 Gap Elements
Exercise Procedure:
1. Create a new database named gapuni.db.
File/New ...
Database Name: gapuni.db
OK
2. The viewport will appear along with a New Model
Preference form. The New Model Preference sets all
the code specific forms inside MSC/PATRAN. In the
New Model Preference form set the analysis
preference to MSC/ADVANCED FEA.
Analysis Code: MSC/ADVANCED_FEA
OK
3. Create the geometry for the model using the curve XYZ
option with <50, 0, 0> for the vector and [0 0 0], [0 3 0],
and [0 6 0] for the starting points.
First, turn on the entity labels using the following toolbar icon:
Show Labels
For Curve 1.
◆ Geometry
Action: Create
Object: Curve
Method: XYZ
Vector Coordinates List: <50 0 0>
Origin Coordinates List: [0 6 0]
Apply
For Curve 2 and 3 modify the Origin Coordinates List to read
[0 3 0] and [0 0 0] respectively.
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These curves will represent the three beams for this example. Your
model should appear as shown in Figure 6.1:
Figure 6.1 - Three beams
4. Create a new group, fem, to hold all the FEM entities.
Make it the current group.
Group/Create ...
New Group Name: fem
■ Make Current
Apply
Cancel
5. Mesh the three beams with 10 as the global length,
choose bar 2 elements.
◆ Finite Elements
Action: Create
Object: Mesh
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LESSON 5 Gap Elements
Type: Curve
Global Edge Length: 10
Element Topology: Bar2
Curve List: select all three curves
Apply
Your model should appear as shown in Figure 6.2:
Figure 6.2 - Three beams meshed with bar elements
6. Create group gap and make it current. It will hold the
gap elements.
Group/Create ...
New Group Name: gap
■ Make Current
❐ Unpost All Other Groups
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Apply
Cancel
7. Create the gap elements between the node pairs (2, 8),
(4, 10), (6, 12), (8, 14), (10, 16). These are modeled with
Bar2 elements.
◆ Finite Elements
Action: Create
Object: Element
Method: Edit
Shape: Bar
Topology : Bar2
Pattern: Standard
Node1: Node 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
Node2: Node 8, 10, 12, 14, 16
Apply
Your model should now look like the one shown in Figure 6.3:
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LESSON 5 Gap Elements
Figure 6.3 - Beams with gap elements
Note: It should be noted that the creation direction of all the bar
elements, (u2 - u1), is in the negative Y direction. This
direction will be used later when we define the contact
closure direction under Element Properties. To review,
contact closure is defined below:
n node 2
node 1
h = d + n ⋅ ( u2 – u1 ) ≥ 0
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8. Create the material, beam_material. It is elastic, with
Young’s Modulus of 1E8, and Poisson’s Ratio of 0.10.
◆ Materials
Action: Create
Type: Isotropic
Method: Manual Input
Material Name : beam_material
Input Properties...
Constitutive Model: Elastic
Elastic Modulus: 1E8
Possion’s Ratio: 0.10
Apply
Cancel
9. Post the beam finite element group, fem.
Group/Post ...
Select Groups to Post: fem
Apply
Cancel
10. Create the element property, beam_prop. The thickness
is 0.1, the direction is the global y direction, the material
is the beam_material. This is applied to the beam
elements only.
◆ Properties
Action: Create
Dimension: 1D
Type: Beam in XY Plane
Property Set Name: beam_prop
Options:
Hexagonal Section
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LESSON 5 Gap Elements
Cubic Interpolation
Input Properties...
Material Name: beam_material
Circumscribing Radius: 0.5
Wall Thickness: 0.1
OK
In the Application Region part of the Element Properties form, click
in the Select Members databox. The select menu will appear. Select
the icon for the Beam elements as shown below.
Beam Elements
Select all posted entities in the viewport. This should correspond to
elements 1:15.
Add
Apply
11. Post the gap finite element group, gap.
Group/Post ...
Select Groups to Post: gap
Apply
Cancel
12. Create the element property, gap_prop. The initial
clearance is 0.01, the direction is <0 -1.0 0>. This is
applied to the gap elements only.
Action: Create
Dimension: 1D
Type: Gap
Property Set Name: gap_prop
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Options:
Uniaxial
True Distance
Input Properties...
Initial Clearance: 0.01
Vector: <0 -1.0 0>
OK
Note: Remember, the opening/penetration of the gap contact is
determined by comparing the relative displacements of the
nodes in the contact direction, n, to a user specified initial
distance, d. The gap opening can be defined by:
h = d + n ⋅ ( u2 – u1 ) ≥ 0
The relative displacements of the nodes are defined by the node
ordering of the bar elements, node 1 and node 2 (which corresponds
to u1 and u2). The normal direction, n, of the closure is defined in
the form above.
In the Application Region part of the Element Properties form, click
in the Select Members databox. The select menu will appear. Select
the icon for the Beam elements as shown below.
Beam Elements
Select all posted entities in the viewport. This should correspond to
elements 16:20.
Add
Apply
13. Create a new group all_fem.
This group will have all the finite elements for the entire model in it.
Group/Create ...
New Group Name: all_fem
■ Make Current
■ Unpost All Other Groups
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LESSON 5 Gap Elements
Group Contents: Add All FEM
Apply
Cancel
14. Create the loads and boundary conditions. The ends are
fixed in all three translations and rotations.
First, fit the display to the model using the following toolbar icon:
Fit View
◆ Load/BCs
Action: Create
Object: Displacement
Type: Nodal
New Set Name: fixed_end
Input Data...
Translations <T1,T2,T3>: <0, 0, >
Rotations <R1,R2,R3>: < , , 0>
OK
Select Application Region...
Geometry Filter: ◆ FEM
Select Nodes: see Figure 6.4
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Figure 6.4 - Fixed ends of beams
Screen select left
edge nodes of each bar
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6
16 17 18
7 6 8 7 9 8 10 9 11 10 12
19 20
13 11 14 12 15 13 16 14 17 15 18
Z X
Add
OK
Apply
15. Create a force on node 3 pointing down and a force on
node 15 pointing up. The force vectors are <0, -200, 0>
and <0, 200, 0> for node 3 and 15, respectively.
Action: Create
Object: Force
Type: Nodal
New Set Name: down
Input Data...
Force <F1,F2,F3>: < , -200, >
OK
Select Application Region...
Geometry Filter: ◆ FEM
Select Nodes: see Figure 6.5
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LESSON 5 Gap Elements
Click in the Select Nodes databox and select Node 3 in the middle of
the top beam as in Figure 6.5:
Figure 6.5 - Load application locations
LBC Name = down
Upper load application node
Node 3
1126 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6
16 17 18
7126 6 8 7 9 8 10 9 11 10 12
19 20
126
13 11 14 12 15 13 16 14 17 15 18
Lower load application node
Node 15
Y
LBC Name = up
Z X
Add
OK
Apply
Similarly, create a second load applied to node 15 in the opposite
direction with the name of up. The force vector will be < ,200, >,
and the application region is Node 15 in the middle of the bottom
beam as shown in Figure 6.5.
16. Ready the model for analysis. Create an analysis step
called pinching_load. For this analysis step, you will be
using the default load case and default output requests.
◆ Analysis
Action: Analyze
Object: Entire Model
Method: Full Run
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Job Name: gapuni
Step Creation...
Job Step Name: pinching_load
Solution Type: Nonlinear Static
Solution Parameters...
Large Deflection/Strains: OFF
Riks Method: OFF
Automatic Load Increment: OFF
Delta-T: 0.1
Time duration for this step: 1.0
OK
Apply
Cancel
17. Create an analysis job and submit it. You will need to
select the pinching_load step and unselect the default
static step. Only the pinching_load step should appear
in the selected job steps.
Step Selection...
Selected Job Steps: pinching_load
Apply
Apply
18. From another UNIX shell, monitor the analysis by
monitoring the .sta and .msg files. When the jobs are
finished, read in the results.
Action: Read Results
Select Results File...
Available Files: gapuni.fil
OK
Apply
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LESSON 5 Gap Elements
19. Change the scale of the deformation on the Results form
◆ Results
Action: Create
Object: Quick Plot
Select the Deformation Attributes icon from the Results form
Scale Factor: 0.05
◆ Model Scake
20. Create a deformed plot from the results.
Click on the Select Results icon
Select Results Case: select the last increment of step 1,
time = 1.0
Select Fringe Result: None
Select Deformation Results: Deformation, Displacement
Apply
The plot should look like the one shown in Figure 6.6:
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Figure 6.6 - Deformed beams with gap elements
200.0
6
5
5
1126 1 4 18
2 4
16 2 3 17
3
7126 6 8 7 9 8 10 9 11 10 12
19 15 20
12 13
14 16
13
126 11 14
17
15
18
200.0
Z X
21. Generate a report to get the forces to complete the table.
The final step in this assignment is to fill in the chart on the
following page.
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LESSON 5 Gap Elements
Table 1: Summary chart of gap forces for each analysis increment
Pinching Force in gap
Increment force,
P 1 2 3 4 5
1
4
5
6 120 Open 59.82 Open Open 59.82
10
To get the data for the above table, you will generate a report
with all the gap results.
To get the results for the gap elements, those elements need to be in
the current group.
Group/Set Current ...
Set Current Group: gap
Cancel
◆ Results
Be sure you are on the Select Results form, click on View Subcase
then Subcase Select
Select Results View Subcase Subcase Select
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Filter method: All
Filter
Apply
Close
Select Results: Force and Shear Forces
Apply
The results will be printed to the UNIX window that you started P3
up in.You will need to find that shell and get your results from there.
You will get one page of results for each increment. Each page of
results contains results for each gap element for that increment.
Below is an example of the results produced for increment 6
===================================================================
2.1-Force and Shear Forces, Components
Load case 6 = Default, Step1,TotalTime=0.6 - Lid 3 = (NON-LAYERED)
LAYR ELEM EPOS SYS XX-COMP YY-COMP
ZZ-COMP XY-COMP YZ-COMP XZ-COMP
3 16 2 ELEM 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
17 2 ELEM 59.819271 0.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
18 2 ELEM 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
19 2 ELEM 0.000000 0.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
20 2 ELEM 59.819271 0.000000
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
The XX Component indicates the normal force that is transmitted
across the gap. If the value is zero, the gap is not transmitting any
force, and therefore would be an indication that the gap is open.
To find out how much the gaps are open, you could plot the result
“4.1-Rel. Displacements and Shear Slips, Components”. Again, the
XX column indicates the amount the gap is open in the normal
direction.
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LESSON 5 Gap Elements
Question 1: How would you model an Elasto-
plastic gap? Note that as the gap deformations are
in the plastic range, the initial gap size increases.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Elasto-Plastic Force vs. Deflection Curve
Force
New Gap Size
deformation
initial
gap size
Question 2: How would you define the gap closure
direction for a set of coincident nodes.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________.
You may now quit PATRAN.
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This concludes this exercise.
Table 2: Answers for Table 1
Increment Pinching Force in gap
force,
1 2 3 4 5
P
1 20 Open 6.50 0.73 Open 7.97
2 40 Open 18.34 Open Open 18.34
3 60 Open 28.71 Open Open 28.71
4 80 Open 39.08 Open Open 39.08
5 100 Open 49.45 Open Open 49.45
6 120 Open 59.82 Open Open 59.82
7 140 10.71 68.60 Open 10.71 68.60
8 160 31.61 75.88 Open 31.61 75.88
9 180 52.52 83.15 Open 52.52 83.15
10 200 73.43 90.42 Open 73.43 90.42
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