Wireless Communication Multiple Access Technique
Wireless Communication Multiple Access Technique
MULTIPLE ACCESS
TECHNIQUES
1
CLO
1. Apply the knowledge of wireless standards, fundamentals,
multiple access techniques in wireless communication
system and various wireless communication services. (C3,
PLO1)
2. Solve related well-defined problems in frequency re-use,
free-space propagation and two-ray model using
designated formula. (C3, PLO2)
3. Construct and test various applications of related wireless
communication equipment in performing the assigned
practical work using standard test equipment. (P4, PLO5)
4. Demonstrate good communication skill in oral presentation,
on assigned end of chapter question within a stipulated
time frame. (A3, PLO6)
2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Know multiple access technology in wireless
communication.
2. Understand Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).
Describe FDMA with an illustration.
Identify the need for duplexer in FDMA.
Explain frequency division duplex in FDMA.
3. Understand Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Describe Time Division Multiple Access.
Describe the following TDMA methods:
a. Wideband TDMA
b. Narrowband TDMA
Explain time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division
duplex (FDD) in TDMA.
Describe TDMA frame structure.
4. Apply TDMA/FDD in GSM 900
Implement TDMA/FDD in GSM 900
3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
4
Channel access method in Wireless
Communication
5
Multiple access in wireless
communication.
Multiple Access
Technique enables
many subscribers from
widely different locations
or local stations share
the use of a
communication channel
at the same time in
transmitting information.
6
Objectives of multiple access.
It permits the
communication
resources of the Transmitter 1
by a large number of
users seeking to Channel Receiver 1
communicate with
each other.
It is desirable that the Transmitter k
sharing of resources be
A multiple access system
accomplished without
causing serious
interference to each
other. 7
WHY MULTIPLE ACCESS
8
Duplexing & Multiple access
Forward
frequency band
domain Reverse
band
Duplexing
Forward
time Time slot
domain Reverse
Time slot
9
Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
11
Types of Channels
Control channel
oForward (Downlink) control channel
oReverse (Uplink) control channel
Traffic channel
oForward traffic (traffic or information)
channel
oReverse traffic (traffic or information)
channel
12
Types of Channels
f1’
f2’
…
fn’
f1
f2
…
fn
MS
Forward channels BS
Traffic channels (Downlink)
13
Types of Communication
Duplex systems
FDD
TDD
(Frequency Division
(Time Division Duplex)
Duplex)
Two distinct band These bands are Time is used to separate forward
of frequencies for separated by a and reverse channels
each user; guard band
DOWNLINK
(Reverse Channel -from
Mobile to Base Station).
14
Duplexing - FDD
Consists of two simplex channel F
M
with different carrier frequencies B
Base R Mobile
Station Station
Reverse Forward
Channel Channel
Frequency separation
15
Duplexing - TDD
A single radio channel (carrier frequency) is
shared in time in a deterministic manner.
The time is slotted with fixed slot length B M
(sec)
Some slots are used for forward channel Base Mobile
Some slots are used for reverse channel Station Station
Slot number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 …
channel F R F R F R F R ….
Reverse Forward
Channel Channel
Ti Ti+1 time
Time separation 16
Duplexing
For example
o FDMA/FDD (e.g. NMT)
o TDMA/FDD (e.g. GSM)
o TDMA/TDD (e.g. DECT)
o CDMA/TDD (e.g. UMTS TDD)
o CDMA/FDD (e.g. UMTS FDD)
o OFDMA/TDD (e.g. WiMAX)
o OFDMA/FDD (e.g. LTE)
17
Types of Multiple Access Techniques
FDMA
TDMA (Time
(Frequency
Division Multiple
Division Multiple
Access)
Access)
OFDMA
CDMA (Code (Orthogonal
Division Multiple Frequency
Access) Division Multiple
Access)
18
Types of Multiple Access Techniques
20
FDMA
21
FDMA
22
FDMA – features of FDMA
f 1’ f1
MS #1
f 2’ f2
MS #2
…
…
…
f n’ fn
MS #n
BS
Reverse channels Forward channels
(Uplink) (Downlink)
24
FDMA
o Bandwidth of FDMA channels are relatively low (30kHz).
1 2 3 4 … N Frequency
f 1’ f 2’ f n’ f1 f2 fn
… …
Advantages Disadvantages
26
TDMA
o Multiple channels per carrier
o The radio spectrum is divided into Frequency
time frames that are divided into Guard Time
time slots
o Each user is allocated a short
duration of time called a time slot
User 1
User 2
User n
o Buffer zones in the form of guard …
times are inserted between the
assigned time slots to separates
the users or to reduce
Time
interference between users.
• TDMA systems divide each
FDMA channel into time slots
• Each user occupies a
cyclically repeating time slot.
• TDMA can allow different
number of time slots for
separate user 27
TDMA
28
TDMA OPERATION
29
TDMA OPERATION
… … … … … …
#1
#1
#1
#1
MS #1 t t
… … … … … …
#2
#2
#2
#2
MS #2 t t
…
… … … … … …
#n
#n
#n
#n
MS #n t t
1 2 3 … N 1 2 3 …. N …
Upstream and downstream traffic uses of the two different carrier frequencies.
32
TDMA DUPLEXING
Channels in TDMA/FDD
f
Frame Frame Frame
… … …
#1
#1
#2
#2
#2
#n
#1
#n
#n
t
… … …
#1
#1
#2
#2
#2
#n
#1
#n
#n
t
(b). Reverse channel
• Uplink and downlink will separate frames in different carrier
frequencies.
• Duplex distance is the space between the uplink and downlink
frequencies.
33
TDMA DUPLEXING
Channels in TDMA/TDD
Frame Frame
… … … …
#1
#2
#1
#2
#n
#n
#1
#2
#n
#1
#2
#n
Time
Forward Reverse Forward Reverse
channel channel channel channel
• Duplexing vs Multiple Access Half of timeslots in the
frame will corresponds
Example: TDMA/TDD - DECT
uplink and other half
downlink within same
carrier.
34
34
ADVANTAGES OF TDMA
No inter-modulation impairment - uses one carrier at a time.
No interference from other simultaneous transmissions - separates
users in time, thus no interference from other simultaneous
transmissions.
Flexibility - can be easily adapted for the transmission of data or
voice.
Variable rates - offers the ability to carry data rates of 64 kbps to 120
Mbps (expandable in multiples of 64 kbps). This enables operators to
offer services suc as fax, voice-band data, multimedia and
videoconferencing.
Bandwidth efficient protocol - uses bandwidth more effectively
because no frequency guard bands are required between
channels.
Low power consumption - Since transmission is bursty and non-
continuous, provides user with extended battery life and talk
time since the mobile is only transmitting a portion of the time
(from 1/3 to 1/10) during conversations.
35
DISADVANTAGES OF TDMA
36
Review TDMA
o Multiple channels oDisadvantages
o Time frames o Need for synchronization
o Time slot o No allocation of time slot.
o Guard times o Multipath distortion
o Advantages o Complex and costly
o No inter-modulation impairment.
o No interference
o Flexibility
o Variable rates
o Bandwidth efficient protocol
o Low power consumption
37
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
38
Code division multiple access
(CDMA)
Also known as Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA)
No restriction on time and frequency
All the user can transmit at all time and at all frequency
Multiple users can share the same carrier at the same time at the
same bandwidth simultaneously with each user using code
sequences (spreading code) that are orthogonal to each other
Spread the input data over the entire bandwidth
Power density reduced and spread over the frequency spectrum
39
CDMA
The data stream can be recreated in the receiver by multiplying by
the same spreading code or known as despreading process.
Interference from other users is suppressed because of orthogonally of
spreading code each user uses.
Spreading code is a pseudo-random (or pseudo-noise-PN) periodic
sequence, each bit in the spreading sequences is called a chip.
Multiplying the data by the high data rate PN code results in dividing
the signal into smaller bits, thus, increasing its BW.
40
CDMA
Frequency f ’ Frequency f
MS #1 C1 ’ C1
MS #2 C2 ’ C2
…
…
…
Cn ’ Cn
MS #n
BS
Reverse channels Forward channels
(Uplink) (Downlink)
Note: Ci’ x Cj’ = 0, i.e., Ci’ and Cj’ are orthogonal codes,
Ci x Cj = 0, i.e., Ci and Cj are orthogonal codes
41
CDMA Principle
42
Spread Spectrum techniques in CDMA
Transmitter Receiver
Spreading Despread
Power Power
Code Code
c(t) c(t)
Power
f
f
43
Spread Spectrum techniques – Frequency Hopping
Transmitter Receiver
Spreading Despread
f f
f
44
CDMA Principle
Represent bit 1 with +1
Represent bit 0 with -1
One bit period (symbol period)
1 1
Data
0
PN-Code 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
(codeword)
Coded
Signal
Chip period
Input to the modulator (phase modulation)
45
CDMA
Example of transmission from 2 sources
A Data
1 0 1 1
A 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
Codeword
Data Code 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
A Signal
B Data 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
B
Codeword
Data Code 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
B Signal
Transmitted
A+B
Signal
46
ADVANTAGES OF CDMA
Low power spectral density -
Signal is spread over a larger frequency band.
Privacy -
The codeword is known only between the sender and receiver.
Hence other users can not decode the messages that are in transit.
47
ADVANTAGES OF CDMA
No frequency management.
TDMA and FDMA, the frequency management always
critical.
Only one channel in CDMA, no frequency management is
required.
No equalizers needed
If transmission rate higher than 10 kbps in FDMA & TDMA, an
equalizer is required.
CDMA only needs a correlator, it’s cheaper than equalizer.
48
DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA
MS2 BS MS1
Received signal
strength
Distance 0 Distance
MS2 d2 BS d1 MS1
49
ANALOGY OF MULTIPLE ACCESS IN
A ROOM (CHANNEL)
The people in the room wish to talk to each other
simultaneously.
To avoid confusion, people take turns speaking (time
division), speak at different pitches (frequency division)
or speak in different languages (code division).
CDMA is analogous to the last example where people
speaking the same language can understand each
other but other languages are perceived as noise and
rejected.
In radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared
code.
Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users
associated with a particular code can communicate.
50
OFDM & OFDMA
51
Subcarrier spacing creates "nulls" canceling out Inter-Carrier Interference
(ICI) without the need for guard bands or expensive bandpass filters
Divides given channel into many narrower subcarriers.
The spacing is such that the subcarriers are orthogonal, so they won’t
interfere with one another despite the lack of guard bands between them.
This comes about by having the subcarrier spacing equal to the reciprocal
of symbol time.
All subcarriers have a complete number of sine wave cycles that upon
demodulation will sum to zero.
52
53
Example OFDM
Wi-Fi OFDM channelization.
Each 20 MHz channel, whether it's 802.11a/g/n/ac, is composed of 64 subcarriers
spaced 312.5 KHz apart.
This spacing is chosen because we use 64-point FFT sampling. 802.11a/g use 48
subcarriers for data, 4 for pilot, and 12 as null subcarriers.
802.11n/ac use 52 subcarriers for data, 4 for pilot, and 8 as null.
54
OFDMA
56
OFDMA
Lets we have following information bits
1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, …
Just converts the serials bits to parallel bits
C1 C2 C3 C4
1 1 -1 -1
1 1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 -1
-1 1 -1 -1
-1 1 1 -1
-1 -1 1 1
57
Example OFDMA
Modulate each column with corresponding sub-carrier using BPSK
Modulated signal for C1, 1Hz Modulated signal for C2, 2Hz
Modulated signal for C3, 3Hz Modulated signal for C4, 4Hz
58
Generated OFDM signal, V(t)
OFDMA
To allow the utilization of subcarrier by different
users define a time-frequency modulation block
consisting of b subcarriers in a OFDM symbols:
59
CONCEPT OF OFDMA
OFDMA is essentially a
hybrid of FDMA and
TDMA. (OFDMA =
OFDM + FDMA
+TDMA)
Users are dynamically
assigned subcarriers
(FDMA) in different
time slots (TDMA).
OFDMA is a flexible multiple access technique that
can accommodate many users with widely varying
applications, data rates and QoS requirements. 60
OFDM vs OFDMA
Like OFDM, OFDMA employs multiple closely spaced sub-
carriers, but the subcarriers are divided into groups of sub-
carriers. Each group is named a subchannel.
Each OFDMA user transmits symbols using subcarriers that
remain orthogonal to those of other users.
The sub-carriers that form a sub-channel need not be
adjacent
61
OFDM vs OFDMA
OFDM OFDMA
62
OFDM vs OFDMA
63
ADVANTAGES OF OFDMA
provide better spectral efficiency when compared
to FDMA systems since there is no requirement for
guard bands between individual sub-carriers due
to orthogonal to one another
the inclusion of a guard interval reduces the
symbol rate by a relatively small amount when
compared with the reduction in symbol rate
required for the inclusion of TDMA guard slots
able to remove the effects of ISI in the same way
as in an OFDM system,
more flexible spectrum management capabilities
since the spectrum required can be modified by
not allocating specific blocks of subcarriers
64
DISADVANTAGES OF OFDMA
Peak to average 2
65
DISADVANTAGES OF OFDMA
Synchronization
Tight Synchronization between users are required
in receiver
Pilot signals are used for synchronizations
Co-channel interference
Dealing with this is more complex in OFDM than in
CDMA
Dynamic channel allocation with advanced
coordination among adjacent base stations
66
COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE ACCESS
TECHNIQUES
Techniques FDMA TDMA CDMA OFDMA
Concept Divide the Divide the time Spread the signal divided into many
frequency into with orthogonal low-symbol-rate
band into disjoint non-overlapping codes sub-channels
subbands time slots
Active terminals All terminals Terminals are All terminals All terminals
active active active active
on their specified in their specified on same on their specified
frequencies slot frequency frequencies and
on same time slots.
frequency
Signal separation Filtering in Synchronization in Code separation Synchronization
frequency time using pilot
(at receiver)
Handoff Hard handoff Hard handoff Soft handoff Soft handoff
Generation 1G 2G 2G and 3G 4G
67
COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE ACCESS
TECHNIQUES
68
COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE ACCESS
TECHNIQUES
71
TDMA
GSM
Time slot 0.577 ms
Frame 4.6 ms
8 time slots per frame
Frequency band 20 KHz
72
CDMA
IS-95
Orthogonal Walsh codes
64 codes (channels)
One pilot channel
Seven paging channels
55 traffic channels
Each carrier 1.25 MHz
73
OFDMA
74
RECAP
MULTIPLE ACCESS
TECHNIQUES
DUPLEXING
Frequency
FDMA division Time division
duplexing (FDD) duplexing (TDD)
TDMA
CDMA
OFDMA
75
REFERENCES
1. David Tse, Pramod Viswanath. (2005). Fundamentals of Wireless Communication.
Cambridge University Press.( ISBN: 0521845270)
4. Ian Poole (2006) . Cellular Communication Explained: From Basics to 3G. Newnes .
(ISBN: 9780750664356)