TOPIC 2

MULTIPLE ACCESS
TECHNIQUES

1
 CLO
1. Apply the knowledge of wireless standards, fundamentals,
multiple access techniques in wireless communication
system and various wireless communication services. (C3,
PLO1)
2. Solve related well-defined problems in frequency re-use,
free-space propagation and two-ray model using
designated formula. (C3, PLO2)
3. Construct and test various applications of related wireless
communication equipment in performing the assigned
practical work using standard test equipment. (P4, PLO5)
4. Demonstrate good communication skill in oral presentation,
on assigned end of chapter question within a stipulated
time frame. (A3, PLO6)

2
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Know multiple access technology in wireless
communication.
2. Understand Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).
 Describe FDMA with an illustration.
 Identify the need for duplexer in FDMA.
 Explain frequency division duplex in FDMA.
3. Understand Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
 Describe Time Division Multiple Access.
 Describe the following TDMA methods:
a. Wideband TDMA
b. Narrowband TDMA
 Explain time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division
duplex (FDD) in TDMA.
 Describe TDMA frame structure.
4. Apply TDMA/FDD in GSM 900
 Implement TDMA/FDD in GSM 900

3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Know Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

 Describe Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).
 Describe spread spectrum techniques in CDMA.
2. Apply spread spectrum techniques in CDMA.
 Implement a basic CDMA technique with an illustration.
 Illustrate the spreading of a signal.
3. Know Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)
 Define Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDMA).
 Outline the principle of orthogonally.
 Describe OFDMA with an illustration.

4
 Channel access method in Wireless
Communication

 Any wireless system or wireless technology,

necessary to have multiple users to access
simultaneously.
 A channel access method or multiple access
technique allows several terminals connected
to the same multi-point transmission medium to
transmit over it and to share its capacity.

5
 Multiple access in wireless
communication.

Multiple Access
Technique enables
many subscribers from
widely different locations
or local stations share
the use of a
communication channel
at the same time in
transmitting information.

6
 Objectives of multiple access.

 It permits the
communication
resources of the Transmitter 1

channel to be shared Transmitter 2

by a large number of
users seeking to Channel Receiver 1
communicate with
each other.
 It is desirable that the Transmitter k
sharing of resources be
A multiple access system
accomplished without
causing serious
interference to each
other. 7
 WHY MULTIPLE ACCESS

 Enable many mobile users to share simultaneously radio

spectrum- many users at same time can access the channel
 Provide for the sharing of channel capacity between a
number of transmitters at different locations.
 Users/Earth Stations Share the Transmission Resource i.e.
Radio Spectrum - Aim is to develop Efficient Techniques that
Maximize System Capacity thru Dynamic Resource
Allocation and Spectrum Reuse to share a finite amount of
radio spectrum
 High performance is achieved with it because many users
are simultaneously using the channel enabling optimization
of channel bandwidth
 Pre-Assigned or Demand-Assigned Channel Allocation

8
Duplexing & Multiple access

Forward
frequency band
domain Reverse
band
Duplexing
Forward
time Time slot
domain Reverse
Time slot
9
 Frequency division duplexing (FDD)

 two bands of frequencies for every user

 forward band
 reverse band
 duplexer needed
 frequency separation between forward band
and reverse band is constant

reverse channel forward channel

f
frequency separation
10
Time division duplexing (TDD)

 uses time for forward and reverse link

 multiple users share a single radio channel
 forward time slot
 reverse time slot
 no duplexer is required

reverse channel forward channel

f
time separation

11
 Types of Channels

Control channel
oForward (Downlink) control channel
oReverse (Uplink) control channel
Traffic channel
oForward traffic (traffic or information)
channel
oReverse traffic (traffic or information)
channel

12
 Types of Channels

Reverse channel (Uplink) Control channels

f’

f1’
f2’
…

fn’
f1
f2

…
fn

MS
Forward channels BS
Traffic channels (Downlink)

13
 Types of Communication

Duplex systems

FDD
TDD
(Frequency Division
(Time Division Duplex)
Duplex)

Two distinct band These bands are Time is used to separate forward
of frequencies for separated by a and reverse channels
each user; guard band

UPLINK Almost continuous transmission is

possible since time split between
(Forward Channel -from channels are very small.
Base Station to Mobile)

DOWNLINK
(Reverse Channel -from
Mobile to Base Station).

14
 Duplexing - FDD
 Consists of two simplex channel F
M
with different carrier frequencies B
Base R Mobile
Station Station

Reverse Forward
Channel Channel

fc,R fc,,F frequency

Frequency separation

• Frequency separation should be carefully decided

• Frequency separation is constant

15
 Duplexing - TDD
 A single radio channel (carrier frequency) is
shared in time in a deterministic manner.
 The time is slotted with fixed slot length B M
(sec)
 Some slots are used for forward channel Base Mobile
 Some slots are used for reverse channel Station Station

Slot number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 …
channel F R F R F R F R ….

Reverse Forward
Channel Channel

Ti Ti+1 time

Time separation 16
 Duplexing

 Systems are characterized both by its method of multiple

access and duplex.

 For example
o FDMA/FDD (e.g. NMT)
o TDMA/FDD (e.g. GSM)
o TDMA/TDD (e.g. DECT)
o CDMA/TDD (e.g. UMTS TDD)
o CDMA/FDD (e.g. UMTS FDD)
o OFDMA/TDD (e.g. WiMAX)
o OFDMA/FDD (e.g. LTE)

17
Types of Multiple Access Techniques

FDMA
TDMA (Time
(Frequency
Division Multiple
Division Multiple
Access)
Access)

OFDMA
CDMA (Code (Orthogonal
Division Multiple Frequency
Access) Division Multiple
Access)

18
Types of Multiple Access Techniques

FDMA (Frequency • is a technique that divide a band of radio

Division Multiple frequencies into several frequencies band
Access) • Each user is assigned a separate frequency range

• is a technique where two or more channels of information

are transmitted over the same link by allocating a different
TDMA (Time Division time interval (slot) for the transmission of each channel
Multiple Access) • the channels take turns to use the link.
• Multiple users share the allocated frequency bands, and
each user use an allocated time.

• is a technique that allows for a large amount of users to

share access to a single radio channel which is separated
CDMA (Code Division by means of code
Multiple Access) • The bandwidth used by all users simultaneously, which is
separated by means of code.

• is a technique that assigning subsets of subcarriers to

OFDMA (Orthogonal individual users.
Frequency Division • The bandwidth is divided to the different users as needed.
Multiple Access)
19
 FDMA
 FDMA is common in the first generation
of mobile communication systems
(analogue systems).
 The radio spectrum is divided into
narrowband (~30 kHz)frequency
channels
 Each user is allocated a unique
channel
 FDMA channel carries only one
connection at a time: if the channel is
not used, because the mobile does not
have any data to send or receive, the
capacity is lost (note : this is also the
case with TDMA).

20
FDMA

 A channel must often be shared between

different directions of communication (duplexing)
and between different users (multiple access).
 A communication system can be classified as full-
duplex, half-duplex or simplex
 time and frequency are divided up between
directions and users for TDD, FDD, TDMA, and
FDMA

21
FDMA

Frequency • Single channel per carrier

• All first generation systems
User n use FDMA
• Disjoint sub-bands of
frequencies (frequency band)
…

are allocated to the different

User 2 users on a continuous-time
Guard Band basis.
User 1
Time

 To reduce interference between users, guard-bands are used.

 These guard bands are necessary to relax filtering requirements

22
 FDMA – features of FDMA

 In FDMA, Individual frequencies are B

assigned to individual users
 Each user is allocated a frequency
band (channel) at a time.
f1,F f2,F fN,F
 During this time, no other user can
share the channel
 Base station allocates channels to the f1,R f2,R fN,R
users
 Although technically simple to M M … M
implement, FDMA is wasteful of BW-

• Channel is assigned to a single conversation whether or not

somebody is speaking
• It cannot handle alternate forms of data, only voice is
permissible
23
FDMA

f 1’ f1
MS #1

f 2’ f2
MS #2
…

…
…

f n’ fn
MS #n

BS
Reverse channels Forward channels
(Uplink) (Downlink)

24
FDMA
o Bandwidth of FDMA channels are relatively low (30kHz).

Guard Band Wg Sub Band Wc

1 2 3 4 … N Frequency

Total Bandwidth W=NWc

f 1’ f 2’ f n’ f1 f2 fn

… …

Reverse channels Forward channels

Protecting bandwidth
25
FDMA

Advantages Disadvantages

 “hardware simplicity” since  Filter with excellent cut-off

discrimination between characteristics necessary
users is done by simple since FDMA depends on
bandpass filters bandpass filters to minimize
 No timing information or adjacent channel
synchronization is required interference
 Fairly efficient when the
number of stations is small  Crosstalk due to interference
and the traffic is uniformly from neighboring channels
constant produced
 Capacity increase can be  Maximum bit rate per
obtained by reducing the channel is fixed
information bit rate and  Small inhibiting flexibility in bit
using efficient digital code
rate capability

26
TDMA
o Multiple channels per carrier
o The radio spectrum is divided into Frequency
time frames that are divided into Guard Time
time slots
o Each user is allocated a short
duration of time called a time slot

User 1

User 2

User n
o Buffer zones in the form of guard …
times are inserted between the
assigned time slots to separates
the users or to reduce
Time
interference between users.
• TDMA systems divide each
FDMA channel into time slots
• Each user occupies a
cyclically repeating time slot.
• TDMA can allow different
number of time slots for
separate user 27
TDMA

 The allocated radio spectrum for the system is divided

into frames of equal duration with multiple of time slots
 In each slot, a user can transmit or receive
 A user occupiess a cyclically repeating slots.
 Multiple, fixed number of slots are put together into a frame.
 A frame repeats.
 TDMA systems buffer the data, until its turn (time slot)
comes to transmit- This is called buffer-and-burst
method.
 TDMA transmit data in a buffer-and-burst method, the
transmission is non-continuous:
 this results in low battery consumption since the subscriber transmitter
can be turned off when not in use
 handoff process is much simpler for a mobile unit, since it is able to listen
for other base stations during idle time slots.

28
TDMA OPERATION

One TDMA Frame

Preamble Information Message Trail Bits

Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 --------- Slot N

Trail bits Sync. bits Information Data Guard Bits

 Preamble  Address and synchronization information for base station and

subscriber identification

 Guard times  Synchronization of receivers between different slots and frames

29
TDMA OPERATION

• Base station broadcasts to

mobiles on each slot
• A mobile transmits to the
base station in its allocated
slot 30
 TDMA

Frequency f ’ Slot Frequency f

… … … … … …
#1
#1

#1
#1
MS #1 t t
… … … … … …
#2

#2

#2

#2
MS #2 t t
…

… … … … … …

#n

#n
#n

#n

MS #n t t

Frame Frame Frame Frame BS

Reverse channels Forward channels

(Uplink) (Downlink) 31
 TDMA – Channel Structure

Downstream Traffic: Forward Channels: (from base station to mobile station)

1 2 3 … N 1 2 3 …. N …

Logical forward channel to a mobile

Base station broadcasts to mobiles on each slot

Upstream Traffic: Reverse Channels: (from mobile station to base station)

1 2 3 … N 1 2 3 …. N …

Logical reverse channel from a mobile

A mobile transmits to the base station in its allocated slot

Upstream and downstream traffic uses of the two different carrier frequencies.
32
TDMA DUPLEXING

Channels in TDMA/FDD

f
Frame Frame Frame

… … …

#1
#1

#2

#2
#2
#n

#1

#n

#n
t

(a). Forward channel

f’ Frame Frame Frame

… … …

#1
#1

#2

#2
#2
#n

#1

#n

#n
t
(b). Reverse channel
• Uplink and downlink will separate frames in different carrier
frequencies.
• Duplex distance is the space between the uplink and downlink
frequencies.
33
TDMA DUPLEXING

Channels in TDMA/TDD
Frame Frame

… … … …
#1
#2

#1
#2
#n

#n
#1
#2

#n

#1
#2

#n
Time
Forward Reverse Forward Reverse
channel channel channel channel
• Duplexing vs Multiple Access Half of timeslots in the
frame will corresponds
Example: TDMA/TDD - DECT
uplink and other half
downlink within same
carrier.

34

34
 ADVANTAGES OF TDMA
 No inter-modulation impairment - uses one carrier at a time.
 No interference from other simultaneous transmissions - separates
users in time, thus no interference from other simultaneous
transmissions.
 Flexibility - can be easily adapted for the transmission of data or
voice.
 Variable rates - offers the ability to carry data rates of 64 kbps to 120
Mbps (expandable in multiples of 64 kbps). This enables operators to
offer services suc as fax, voice-band data, multimedia and
videoconferencing.
 Bandwidth efficient protocol - uses bandwidth more effectively
because no frequency guard bands are required between
channels.
 Low power consumption - Since transmission is bursty and non-
continuous, provides user with extended battery life and talk
time since the mobile is only transmitting a portion of the time
(from 1/3 to 1/10) during conversations.
35
 DISADVANTAGES OF TDMA

 The need for synchronization, both the frames

and time slots.
 No allocation of time slot for users roaming from
one cell to another are not. Thus, if all the time
slots in the next cell are already occupied, a call
might well be disconnected or will not receive a
dial tone.
 Is subjected to multipath distortion because of its
sensitivity to timing.
 more complex and costly compared to FDMA.

36
 Review TDMA
o Multiple channels oDisadvantages
o Time frames o Need for synchronization
o Time slot o No allocation of time slot.
o Guard times o Multipath distortion
o Advantages o Complex and costly
o No inter-modulation impairment.
o No interference
o Flexibility
o Variable rates
o Bandwidth efficient protocol
o Low power consumption

37
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 Describe Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).

 Describe spread spectrum techniques in CDMA.
 Implement a basic CDMA technique with an
illustration.
 Illustrate the spreading of a signal.

38
 Code division multiple access
(CDMA)
 Also known as Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA)
 No restriction on time and frequency
 All the user can transmit at all time and at all frequency
 Multiple users can share the same carrier at the same time at the
same bandwidth simultaneously with each user using code
sequences (spreading code) that are orthogonal to each other
 Spread the input data over the entire bandwidth
 Power density reduced and spread over the frequency spectrum

39
 CDMA
 The data stream can be recreated in the receiver by multiplying by
the same spreading code or known as despreading process.
 Interference from other users is suppressed because of orthogonally of
spreading code each user uses.
 Spreading code is a pseudo-random (or pseudo-noise-PN) periodic
sequence, each bit in the spreading sequences is called a chip.
 Multiplying the data by the high data rate PN code results in dividing
the signal into smaller bits, thus, increasing its BW.

40
 CDMA

Frequency f ’ Frequency f

MS #1 C1 ’ C1

MS #2 C2 ’ C2
…

…
…

Cn ’ Cn
MS #n

BS
Reverse channels Forward channels
(Uplink) (Downlink)

Note: Ci’ x Cj’ = 0, i.e., Ci’ and Cj’ are orthogonal codes,
Ci x Cj = 0, i.e., Ci and Cj are orthogonal codes
41
CDMA Principle

 Each user is assigned a unique code sequence

(spreading code)
 The various codes are orthogonal (perpendicular)
to each other (code1.code2 = 0)
 The data signal is encoded using this code
 All encoded signals share the same frequency
band and therefore interfere
 Receiver know the sender’s code & capable to
decode the signal and recover data

42
 Spread Spectrum techniques in CDMA

Transmitter Receiver

Spreading Despread

Digital Spreading Digital

signal s(t) signal m(t) signal s(t)

Power Power
Code Code
c(t) c(t)
Power

f
f

43
 Spread Spectrum techniques – Frequency Hopping

Transmitter Receiver
Spreading Despread

Digital signal Spreading signal Digital signal

Hopping Pattern Hopping Pattern

Power Power Power

f f
f

44
 CDMA Principle
Represent bit 1 with +1
Represent bit 0 with -1
One bit period (symbol period)

1 1
Data
0

PN-Code 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
(codeword)

Coded
Signal

Chip period
Input to the modulator (phase modulation)
45
 CDMA
Example of transmission from 2 sources

A Data
1 0 1 1

A 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
Codeword

Data  Code 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
A Signal

B Data 0 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
B
Codeword
Data  Code 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
B Signal
Transmitted
A+B
Signal
46
 ADVANTAGES OF CDMA
 Low power spectral density -
 Signal is spread over a larger frequency band.

 Interference limited operation -

 All frequency spectrum is used.

 Privacy -
 The codeword is known only between the sender and receiver.
 Hence other users can not decode the messages that are in transit.

 Reduction of multipath affects by using a larger spectrum.

 Random access possible –
 Users can start their transmission at any time.

 Soft capacity unlike TDMA or FDMA systems-

 Because in CDMA, all the traffic channels share a single radio channel,
additional user can be added, but the voice quality will be slightly
degraded.

 Higher capacity than TDMA and FDMA.

47
 ADVANTAGES OF CDMA
 No frequency management.
 TDMA and FDMA, the frequency management always
critical.
 Only one channel in CDMA, no frequency management is
required.

 No equalizers needed
 If transmission rate higher than 10 kbps in FDMA & TDMA, an
equalizer is required.
 CDMA only needs a correlator, it’s cheaper than equalizer.

 No guard time needed.

 Enables soft handoff. No Hard Handoff.

 CDMA, every cell uses the same radio.
 This feature avoids the process of handoff from one
frequency to another while moving from one cell to
another.

48
 DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA

 As the number of users increases, the overall quality of

service decreases
 Near- Far- problem arises

MS2 BS MS1
Received signal
strength

Distance 0 Distance
MS2 d2 BS d1 MS1
49
 ANALOGY OF MULTIPLE ACCESS IN
A ROOM (CHANNEL)
 The people in the room wish to talk to each other
simultaneously.
 To avoid confusion, people take turns speaking (time
division), speak at different pitches (frequency division)
or speak in different languages (code division).
 CDMA is analogous to the last example where people
speaking the same language can understand each
other but other languages are perceived as noise and
rejected.
 In radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared
code.
 Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users
associated with a particular code can communicate.

50
 OFDM & OFDMA

 OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing
 Used as a multi-access scheme
 sub-carriers divided into several groups of sub-carriers
called sub-channels.
 Different sub-channels allocated for different users as a
multiple access mechanism.
 Multi access scheme known as Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA).
 OFDMA - multi-user version of the OFDM digital
modulation scheme.

51
 Subcarrier spacing creates "nulls" canceling out Inter-Carrier Interference
(ICI) without the need for guard bands or expensive bandpass filters
 Divides given channel into many narrower subcarriers.
 The spacing is such that the subcarriers are orthogonal, so they won’t
interfere with one another despite the lack of guard bands between them.
 This comes about by having the subcarrier spacing equal to the reciprocal
of symbol time.
 All subcarriers have a complete number of sine wave cycles that upon
demodulation will sum to zero.
52
53
 Example OFDM
 Wi-Fi OFDM channelization.
 Each 20 MHz channel, whether it's 802.11a/g/n/ac, is composed of 64 subcarriers
spaced 312.5 KHz apart.
 This spacing is chosen because we use 64-point FFT sampling. 802.11a/g use 48
subcarriers for data, 4 for pilot, and 12 as null subcarriers.
 802.11n/ac use 52 subcarriers for data, 4 for pilot, and 8 as null.

54
 OFDMA

 The available channel

bandwidth is divided into
many low-symbol-rate
sub-channels in a similar
way to orthogonal
frequency division
multiplexing.
 Individual users are then
allocated separate blocks
of OFDM sub-carriers as
shown in Figure.
 Since any interference in the radio channel will typically
affect frequencies corresponding to the same set of sub-
carriers, the block allocation for each user is usually
changed frequently to even out the interference
55
experience by individual users.
 OFDMA

Every user transmits Every user allocates Every user transmits on

on a certain all subcarriers in a all OFDM subcarriers
number of OFDM certain number of during all OFDM
subcarriers during time slots (OFDM symbols of an OFDM
all time slots of the symbols) in modulation block
OFDM modulation each OFDM using an orthogonal
block modulation block code

56
 OFDMA
 Lets we have following information bits
 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, …
 Just converts the serials bits to parallel bits

C1 C2 C3 C4

1 1 -1 -1
1 1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 -1
-1 1 -1 -1
-1 1 1 -1
-1 -1 1 1

57
 Example OFDMA
Modulate each column with corresponding sub-carrier using BPSK

Modulated signal for C1, 1Hz Modulated signal for C2, 2Hz

Modulated signal for C3, 3Hz Modulated signal for C4, 4Hz

58
Generated OFDM signal, V(t)
 OFDMA
 To allow the utilization of subcarrier by different
users define a time-frequency modulation block
consisting of b subcarriers in a OFDM symbols:

59
 CONCEPT OF OFDMA

 OFDMA is essentially a
hybrid of FDMA and
TDMA. (OFDMA =
OFDM + FDMA
+TDMA)
 Users are dynamically
assigned subcarriers
(FDMA) in different
time slots (TDMA).
 OFDMA is a flexible multiple access technique that
can accommodate many users with widely varying
applications, data rates and QoS requirements. 60
 OFDM vs OFDMA
 Like OFDM, OFDMA employs multiple closely spaced sub-
carriers, but the subcarriers are divided into groups of sub-
carriers. Each group is named a subchannel.
 Each OFDMA user transmits symbols using subcarriers that
remain orthogonal to those of other users.
 The sub-carriers that form a sub-channel need not be
adjacent

61
 OFDM vs OFDMA
OFDM OFDMA

 All carriers are transmitted  Divides the carrier space into

in parallel many groups
 Only one user is supported  Many users can be
at the same time supported at the same time

62
OFDM vs OFDMA

63
 ADVANTAGES OF OFDMA
 provide better spectral efficiency when compared
to FDMA systems since there is no requirement for
guard bands between individual sub-carriers due
to orthogonal to one another
 the inclusion of a guard interval reduces the
symbol rate by a relatively small amount when
compared with the reduction in symbol rate
required for the inclusion of TDMA guard slots
 able to remove the effects of ISI in the same way
as in an OFDM system,
 more flexible spectrum management capabilities
since the spectrum required can be modified by
not allocating specific blocks of subcarriers
64
 DISADVANTAGES OF OFDMA
 Peak to average 2

power ratio (PAPR)

x(t )
PAPR 
P avg

The large amplitude variation increases in-band noise and

increases the BER when the signal has to go through amplifier
nonlinearities.

65
DISADVANTAGES OF OFDMA

Synchronization
 Tight Synchronization between users are required
in receiver
 Pilot signals are used for synchronizations
Co-channel interference
 Dealing with this is more complex in OFDM than in
CDMA
 Dynamic channel allocation with advanced
coordination among adjacent base stations

66
 COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE ACCESS
TECHNIQUES
Techniques FDMA TDMA CDMA OFDMA
Concept Divide the Divide the time Spread the signal divided into many
frequency into with orthogonal low-symbol-rate
band into disjoint non-overlapping codes sub-channels
subbands time slots
Active terminals All terminals Terminals are All terminals All terminals
active active active active
on their specified in their specified on same on their specified
frequencies slot frequency frequencies and
on same time slots.
frequency
Signal separation Filtering in Synchronization in Code separation Synchronization
frequency time using pilot
(at receiver)
Handoff Hard handoff Hard handoff Soft handoff Soft handoff

Current Radio, TV and GSM and PDC WCDMA, WiMax

applications analog cellular CDMA2000, IS95

Generation 1G 2G 2G and 3G 4G

67
COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE ACCESS
TECHNIQUES

68
 COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE ACCESS
TECHNIQUES

1G: analog systems  not in use anymore

2G: GSM (introduced in 1992): FDMA/TDMA (900 and 1800MHz)
2.5G: with GPRS: packet switching, extended to E-GPRS (nicknamed EDGE)
3G: UMTS (introduced in 2002): CDMA (2100 MHz)
3.5G: with HSPDA (up to 14.4Mb/s); with HSPA+ (up to 84Mb/s)
4G: LTE (to be introduced in 2012-13): OFDMA (800 and 2600MHz, then technology
neutrality); up to 100Mb/s
69
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service HSPDA: High Speed Downlink Packet Access LTE: Long Term Evolution
 MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES WITH
WIRELESS COMMUNCATION STANDARD
Multiple Access Technique in different wireless communication system;

Cellular System Multiple Access

Technique
Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) FDMA/FDD
Global System for Mobile (GSM) TDMA/FDD
U.S. Digital Cellular i.e USDC (IS-54 and IS-136) TDMA/FDD
Japanese Digital Cellular (PDC) TDMA/FDD
CT2 Cordless Telephone FDMA/TDD
Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT) FDMA/TDD
U.S. Narrowband Spread Spectrum (IS-95) CDMA/FDD
W-CDMA CDMA/FDD
: :: CDMA/TDD
Cdma2000 CDMA/FDD
CDMA/TDD
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 FDMA

 American Mobile Phone

System (AMPS)
 Total Bandwidth 25 MHz
 Each Channel 30 KHz

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 TDMA
 GSM
 Time slot 0.577 ms
 Frame 4.6 ms
 8 time slots per frame
 Frequency band 20 KHz

72
 CDMA

 IS-95
 Orthogonal Walsh codes
 64 codes (channels)
 One pilot channel
 Seven paging channels
 55 traffic channels
 Each carrier 1.25 MHz

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 OFDMA

 The IEEE 802.16e/ WiMax use OFDMA as Multiple

access technique
 Bandwidth options 1.25, 5, 10, or 20 MHz
 Entire bandwidth divided into 128, 512, 1024 or
2048 sub carriers
 20 MHz bandwidth with 2048 sub carriers has
9.8 KHz spacing between sub carriers

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 RECAP

MULTIPLE ACCESS
TECHNIQUES

DUPLEXING
Frequency
FDMA division Time division
duplexing (FDD) duplexing (TDD)
TDMA
CDMA
OFDMA

75
 REFERENCES
1. David Tse, Pramod Viswanath. (2005). Fundamentals of Wireless Communication.
Cambridge University Press.( ISBN: 0521845270)

2. Dr. Sunil Kumar S.Manvi, Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasagari. (2010).

Wireless and Mobile Networks : Concepts and Protocol. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
(ISBN : 8126520698)

3. Heiner, Gunnar (2011). GSM Networks: Protocol, Terminology and Implementation.

ARTECH House Inc. (ISBN : 0890064717)

4. Ian Poole (2006) . Cellular Communication Explained: From Basics to 3G. Newnes .
(ISBN: 9780750664356)

5. Paul Bedell. (2005). Wireless Crash Course. McGraw-Hill.

(ISBN : 9780071452809)

6. William C. Y. Lee (2006). Wireless & Cellular Telecommunications (3rd Ed.).

McGraw-Hill (ISBN : 0071436863)
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