Emmett J. Ientilucci, Ph.D.

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory

Rochester Institute of Technology
December 18, 2006

Diffraction Grating Equation with

Example Problems1

1 Grating Equation
In Figure 1, parallel rays of monochromatic radiation, from a single beam in the
form of rays 1 and 2, are incident on a (blazed) diffraction grating at an angle θi
relative to the grating normal. These rays are then diffracted at an angle −θr .
We use a negative sign here based on our convention of angle definition. That is,
positive angles are measured to the left of the grating normal, negative angles to
the right. From this figure we can see that ray 2 travels a greater distance than
ray 1. This overall difference can be computed by subtracting the increase in path
lengths from rays 1 and 2.
We can analyze this in more detail by examining Figure 2. Here we represent
the change in path lengths for beams 1 and 2 as

Γi = d sin θi (1)
Γr = d sin(−θr ) = −d sin θr (2)
Thus the total difference in path length is

ΓT = d sin θi − (−d sin θr ) = d(sin θi + sin θr ) (3)

For constructive interference to occur this difference must equal and integer
multiple of the wavelength, λ. That is

ΓT = mλ (4)
1
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1
 1
+ - + -
2

2 −θr
Monochromatic θi
Beam
1

Figure 1: Monochromatic beam incident on (blazed) diffraction grating at angle

θi and diffracted at angle −θr . The blaze spacing is d.

where m = ±0, 1, . . . , k and k is a smaller integer. m is called the diffraction order.

Upon substitution we have

mλ = d(sin θi + sin θr ) (5)

which is the general grating equation using the positive/negative angle conventions
stated earlier.
In the event that one treats all angles as positive, the grating equation is
sometime defined as
mλ = d(sin θi ± sin θr ) (6)
where one uses the “subtraction” operation when θi and θr are opposite sides of
the grating normal. This is the same as using Eq. (5) with a negative diffraction
angle. The same convention holds for transmission gratings as well.

1.1 Location of the m = 0 Order

The location of the m = 0 order will always be found at an angle equal and
opposite to the incident angle. This can be shown by setting m = 0 in Eq. (5)

2
 1
2
2

Γi
Γr −θr
θi
d d

Figure 2: Illustration of path difference between incident and diffracted rays.

such that
0 = d(sin θi + sin θr ) (7)
−d sin θr = d sin θi
−θr = θi

1.2 When the Incident Angle, θi = 0

Often, the incident illumination is perpendicular to the gratings surface. That is,
the incident angle is zero. In this case the grating formulation of Eq. (5) reduces
to

mλ = d sin θr (8)
which is the diffraction grating equation for normal incidence.

2 Example Problems
Problem 1. A grating has 8000 slits ruled across a width of 4 cm. What is the
wavelength, and the color, of the light whose two fifth-order maxima subtend an
angle of 90 degrees?

Solution:
This problem is illustrated in Figure 3. The general form of the grating
equation is
mλ = d(sin θi + sin θr )

3
 + - + -
θi =0
θr −θr
m =5 m =-5

90

Figure 3: Grating geometry for problem 1.

where m is the diffraction order, λ is the wavelength, d is the groove

(slit) spacing, θi is the incident angle, and θr is the diffracted angle.
Here the incident angle θi = 0. Note that 90 degrees is the angle
subtended by two maxima, one on each side. Thus θr = 45◦ for m = +5
and −θr = 45◦ for m = −5. Therefore, for the order |m = 5| we have
0.04 m


d(sin θr ) 8000 sin 45
λ= = = 707.1 nm
m 5
Since 650 nm is roughly red, 707 nm probably corresponds to a color
of dark red.

Problem 2. A diffraction grating 3 cm wide produces a deviation of 33 degrees

in the second order with light of wavelength 600 nm. What is the total number of
lines on the grating?

Solution:

4
 + - + -
θi =0
m =2 m =-2

θr −θr

Figure 4: Grating geometry for problem 2.

The incident angle is zero. Therefore the slit spacing is

mλ (2)(600 nm)
d= = = 2.2 × 10−6 m
sin θr sin 33
` 0.03 m
N= = = 13, 616 lines
d 2.2 × 10−6 m

Problem 3. A diffraction grating has 12, 600 rulings uniformly spaced over 25.4
mm. It is illuminated at normal incidence by yellow light from a sodium vapor
lamp. This light contains two closely spaced lines (the well-known sodium dou-
blet) of wavelengths 589 nm and 589.59 nm. At what angle will the first order
maximum occur for the first of these wavelengths?

Solution:

The incident angle, θi is zero. The grating spacing d is given by

` 25.4 × 10−3 m
d= = = 2.016 × 10−6 m
N 12600
The first-order maximum corresponds to m = 1 and m = −1. We thus

5
 have
(1)(589 × 10−9 m)
   
−1 mλ −1
θr 589 = sin = sin = ±17 deg
d 2.016 × 10−6 m

Problem 4. An echellette grating containing 1450 blazes (lines) per millimeter

was irradiated with a polychromatic beam at an incident angle of 48 degrees to
the grating normal. Calculate the wavelengths of radiation that would appear at
an angle of reflection of +20, +10, 0, and -10 degrees for the first order, as can be
seen in Figure 5. Recompute for the second and third orders as well.

+ -
θi =48 θreflected =−48
Polychromatic
Beam m =0
m =1

20 −10

Figure 5: Grating geometry for problem 4.

Solution:

To obtain d we write
` 0.001 m
d= = = 6.90 × 10−7 m
N 1450
The incident angle, θi = +48 degrees. When the diffracted angle, θr
equals +20 degrees and m = 1 we have
 
(6.90 × 10−7 m) sin(+48) + sin(+20)
λ= = 749 nm
(1)

6
 The wavelengths for the second and third orders are 374 and 250 nm,
respectively. Similarly, when the diffracted angle angle is θr = −10
degrees and m = 1 we have
 
(6.90 × 10−7 m) sin(+48) + sin(−10)
λ= = 393 nm
(1)
Further calculations of a similar kind yield the following data:

Diffraction Angle m=1 m=2 m=3

(Degrees) (nm) (nm) (nm)
20 749 374 249
10 632 316 211
0 513 256 171
-10 393 196 131

Problem 5. You have been handed a transmission grating by your supervisor

who wants to know how widely the red light and blue light fringes, in second order,
are separated on a screen one meter from the grating. You are told that the sep-
aration distance between the red and blue colors is a critical piece of information
needed for an experiment with a grating spectrometer. The transmission grating
is to be illuminated at normal incidence with red light at λ = 632.8 nm and blue
light at λ = 420.0 nm. Printed on the frame surrounding the ruled grating, you
see that there are 5000 slits (lines) per centimeter on this grating.

Solution:
Since there are 5000 slits or grooves per centimeter, you know that the
distance, d between the slits, center to center, must be
` 1 × 10−2 m
d= = = 2 × 10−6 m
N 5000
The incident angle is zero. So for m = +2, for example, we have
−9 m)
   
−1 mλ −1 (2)(632.8 × 10
θr(red) = sin = sin = 39.3◦
d 2 × 10−6 m

(2)(420.0 × 10−9 m)
   
−1 mλ −1
θr(blue) = sin = sin = 24.8◦
d 2 × 10−6 m

7
 + -

θr(blue)
Z
θr(red)

m =0 xblue
m =2
xred

Figure 6: Grating geometry for problem 5.

From geometry, we can calculate each distance (xred and xblue ) on the
screen, as measured from the m = 0 order as

xred = Z tan θr(red)

xblue = Z tan θr(blue)

where Z is the distance to the screen. The difference between these

distances, ∆x is the separation we are looking for. That is

∆x = xred − xblue
= Z tan θr(red) − Z tan θr(blue)
= Z(tan θr(red) − tan θr(blue) )
= (1 m)(tan 39.3 − tan 24.8)
= 35.6 cm