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Energy Efficient Mobile Operating Systems

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Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications 1812
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 Pages:1812-1817 (2013) ISSN : 0975-0290

Energy Efficient Mobile Operating Systems

Muhammad Waseem
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Wah Cantt
Email: [email protected]
------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------------------------
Energy is an important resource in mobile computers now days. It is important to manage energy in efficient manner so
that energy consumption will be reduced. Developers of operating system decided to increase the battery life time of
mobile phones at operating system level. So, design of energy efficient mobile operating system is the best way to reduce
the energy consumption in mobile devices. In this paper, currently used energy efficient mobile operating system is
discussed and compared. Recent energy efficient techniques used to reduce the power consumption of mobile devices will
also be summarized and discussed.

Keywords – Android, Battery life, Energy awareness, Mobile, Power management, Symbian
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Date of Submission: July 10, 2013 Date of Acceptance : August 30, 2013
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1. INTRODUCTION demanded by user at the given time in order to manage

them efficiently [6].
Rresource management is one of the essential tasks of Some of the main responsibilities of power management
operating system. Operating system must able to manage
system in context of mobile operating system are, i.e.,
resources in an efficient manner. The correct and complete
control the power requirement of hardware devices,
knowledge of each and every task running inside the
increase the life time of battery component is that device
computer system is mandatory to fulfill the demands of
can be used between recharges, and increase the user’s
resources from various processes and I/O devices [1].
Now days, mobile devices are become common, and one perception of mobile phone’s operation [7],[8].
of the major resource in these devices is its power or
energy. So, efficient management of power of mobile In this paper, several new approaches of mobile operating
devices is still a research problem. Since the role of power system will be discussed; some of new power management
techniques in mobiles will also be discussed and evaluated.
in any operating system is restricted to two main tasks, i.e.,
In section II, some of recent mobile operating systems are
control the hardware power requirement, and increase the
introduced, it will give an overview of power management
lifetime of battery [2].
techniques, and finally section III will concludes the paper.
Mobile operating systems are just started with the advent
of mobile phones and smart phones in the market. Some of 2. RELATED WORK
the mostly used mobile operating systems are, i.e., An energy efficient mobile device, i.e., smart phones is the
Symbian, Android, Microsoft Window Mobile requirement of time. It is the main characteristic of any
OS,Blackberry OS, and Linux mobile OS. These and many mobile device now days. Operating system will reduce
other monile OS can be installed on any device having energy consumption by knowing how many resources are
updates as well [3]. demanded by user, and by manage power of mobile
device, since it is essential to know the demands of user in
Resources are playing an important role in the order to manage energy efficiently [9].
performance of mobile operating system. Many mobile Heng Zeng [10] proposed a Currentcy model that manages
operating systems manage their resources, i.e., battery, energy through energy accounting for various hardware
GPU, Memory, Storage etc [4]. Power consume by mobile devices, and made fair allocation of energy to all of mobile
functions is one of the most important resource for mobile devices. They have used a linux version for mobile
devices because these devices are known as power hungry devices, i.e., ECOSystem in order to support their model.
devices. Symbian OS used a distributed method with each ECOSystem will incorporate their model and perform
layer is responsible to handle mobile power. Android says energy management at operating system level. The main
that CPU can’t consume power if there is no application purpose is to manage the battery lifetime of mobile device.
consuming power [5]. Results have shown that their system will reduce the power
consumption to 0.02W.
Energy management in mobile phones is the responsibility
of both applications and operating systems. Operating Athanasios E [11] analyzed the benefits of burstiness of
system’s main component, i.e., resource manager will disk usage in order to disk power management policy more
handle it with the collaboration with hardware. One of energy efficient. They suggested using the aggressive pre-
main thing is to understand how much resources are fetching and delay of low-priority requests to increase the
Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications 1813
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 Pages:1812-1817 (2013) ISSN : 0975-0290

length of idle phase. They also presented a method to share have larger aspect ratio. Simulation shows that 2D area
the accesses of several running tasks so those requests of model has reduced the running time and overhead.
disks are arrive at same time. They proposed to enhance Wanghong Yuan [18] proposed a new cross-layer
their work in network interfaces in future. adaptation framework, i.e., GRACE-1. It uses hierarchical
approach to balance the benefits and overhead of cross
Rolf Neugebauer [12] proposed a mechanism to add layer adaptation. It solves the problem of tradeoff between
energy as a resource in Nemesis operating system. They energy and multimedia quality, i.e., how to maximize the
also proposed economic model for CPU resource multimedia quality under given battery lifetime. GRACE-1
management. Energy accounting is used to observe the uses the global adaptation which share to all layers when
level of energy used by each application. They applied for task started, whereas internal layer adapts the hardware
energy management, i.e., it charges each process at energy and OS layer when task flip its demand. Experiments are
consumption, and not gives more energy if the demand of conducted on N5470 laptop, results found that GRACE-1
energy exceeds the battery time limit. decrease the total energy consumption up to 31.4%.

Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez [13] presented an energy aware Gabriel Parmer [19] presented HiRES, a hierarchical
operating system, i.e., ErdOS. It is user-centered energy resource management framework for operating system. In
aware operating system that increases the battery lifetime this system, resource management hierarchy is created
of mobile device by managing resources in a proactive using sub-layers, each layer is responsible to manage
manner. They also used opportunistic access to resources certain type of resources. Parent sub-system and child sub-
in neighboring mobile devices using social connection system are on different layers. Parent resource manager is
with users. They claim that Wifi and GSM consume most isolated from children resource manager. Each child sub-
power in mobile devices, i.e., 720mW and 620mW system has its own resource manager. Experiments are
respectively. ErdOS manager is embedded into Android performed on AIntel Atom n330 with 2 GB of memory
mobile OS in order to manage resource. using hijack. Results found that standard deviation is less
than 0.01 micro second.
Arjun Roy [14] proposed a Cinder Operating system for
mobile devices and handsets. This will enable the user to Shinpei Kato [20] proposed a new ecosystem for GPU in
manage energy resources efficiently. The taps and reserves mobile operating system, i.e., Gdev. It allows operating
work as resource containers, provide a platform for system to use GPU as a operating system resource. It also
resource consumption. Cinder uses software based model provides GPU scheduling mechanism to convert real GPU
for energy consumption in mobile devices. The into logical GPU’s. Experiments are conducted in Linux
performance of Cinder OS is tested on HTC mobile and NVIDIA, and it shows that performance is quiet
handsets enabled with GSM and Wifi functionalities. reliable. Results errors in virtualized GPU are restricted to
Results have found that this OS increase the power of only 7%.
battery by 13%.
Juan A. Colmenares [21] proposed a new manycore
Song Wang and Kwei-Jay Lin [15] found that GSF operating system, i.e., Tessellation for client mobile
(General Scheduling Framework), which is used to devices which requires real time and QOS guarantees.
implement scheduling algorithms can only done Resource allocation architecture of Tessellation is
scheduling. They proposed a new resource management discussed using Resource allocation and adaptation
framework for a mobile operating system which allows the mechanism (RAAM). Experiments are conducted on
inter-relationship among resources of different categories. RAMP Gold with Intel x86 platform. It is found that
Using their framework, user can access resources, i.e., overhead reduce to 100 ms.
CPU and network bandwidth etc.
Kevin Klues [22] proposed a new operating system, i.e.,
Hector A. Duran-Limon [16] reviews several approaches ROS, designed to fulfill the requirements of many-core
for resource management in middleware. Since these operating systems. They discuss resource management and
applications require resource sharing in a controlled and presented the idea of space-time partitioning which is their
efficient manner. Network resources for mobile devices own idea. Resource provisioning scheme will enable
are an example of such system, since user movement will utilization and accounting of resources. Their operating
change the perspective of network resources. They system is able to consider virtual machines as a client and
exchange the GSM with mixed-excitation linear predictive provide services as well. The main advantage of their
(MELP) coder, which provide network on CPU demand. operating system is that it supports parallel applications.
Christoph Steiger [17] proposed two scheduling heuristics Kevin Klues [23] presented three different methods to
that are used to reduce the number of ignored tasks. They manage three mobile operating system resources, i.e.,
divided the heuristics into 1D and 2D. Whereas ID memory, energy, and peripheral devices. They claim that
scheduler depends on task execution ratio while 2D isn’t. by given priority to these three resources, operating system
1D and 2D area models are evaluated using horizon and can achieve high throughput and performance as well.
stuffing techniques. It is found that 50% of those tasks Static allocation and compile time virtualization is used to
Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications 1814
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 Pages:1812-1817 (2013) ISSN : 0975-0290

isolate memory and peripherals services from one another. Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez [29] produce a novel method is
Tiny OS is used to evaluate the methods proposed by presented to make efficient use of mobile phone resources
authors. They also implement their techniques for T2 as by offering the co-ordination of multiple co-located
well. devices. Opportunistic way of sharing resource is
discussed. It is found that Wifi consume 720 mW whereas
Shinpei Kato and Scott Brandt [24] proposed design GSM consume 620 mW as compare to other resources
concepts for GPU resource management. Evaluation of which consume less power. ErdOS is used as an operating
GPU resource management is conducted by them. system to save energy in mobile devices.
Resource management model is presented consists of
system stack, GPU channel management, and GPU context In order to manage energy and power in mobile devices,
management. several power management techniques has been developed
by researchers, and developers. Some of the main power
Several challenges regarding GPU is also discussed. GPU management techniques in context of mobile handsets are
kernel is used to evaluate GPU performance. discussed as under.
Orran Kriegar [25] presented an overview of K42 Lawrence S. Brakmo [30] proposed a energy reduction
operating system in context of scalability, performance technique for mobile devices , i.e., µSleep. It is effective
using object oriented design. They recommend using when light weight processes are in running, i.e. word
Linux and K42 at the same time in order to achieve better document etc. This technique put the processor in sleep
results. K42 has its own performance monitoring mode for 40ms to 1 second. This technique is useful to
infrastructure which any other operating system doesn’t increase the battery lifetime of mobile devices.
have. JVM (Java Virtual Machine) running on K42 made Experiments are performed and it is found that this
it more scalable, maintainable and flexible. GNU is used technique reduce energy consumption upto 60%.
as a debugger of K42 operating system.
J.Finn [31] proposed a new technique, i.e. PowerScope,
Wanghong Yuan [26] proposed a new energy efficient baseline for energy-efficient mobile applications. It maps
CPU scheduler, i.e., GRACE-OS primarily design for energy consumption into programs. Architecture consists
multimedia mobile applications. The major goal is to save of data collection and off-line analysis. A case study of
energy in mobile devices using scheduling techniques. movie player is used to test the technique. Results have
Dynamic voltage scaling is used in order to enhance the shown that it consume very less power, i.e., 3.99W for
energy level of mobile device. They implement GRACE- display, 0.15W for WaveLAN, 0.17W for disk and 1.11
OS using Linux and conduct experiments on HP latop. for others.
Results has shown that it decrease CPU idle time, as
compare to other mechanisms, i.e., DVS, and deterministic David C.Snowdown [32] proposed a new power
approach, to save energy, it is found that GRACE-OS save management technique, i.e., Koala, which is sued to
energy from 7% to 72% while maintain CPU performance predict the energy consumption by each application. An
at the same time. arbitrary method is used to manage energy and
performance at the same time. Koala manages each
Shivajit Mohapatra [27] proposed a new integrated power process separately, which is useful in achieving large
management approach in order to reduce power energy savings. Koala is tested on server based
consumption in multimedia mobile devices. Integrated environment, and it is found that it saves energy upto 25%.
dynamic voltage mechanism is used to achieve high There is still a tradeoff between performance and energy
performance and save energy as well. MPEG and DVS are saving, which is intend t improve in future.
used in a hybrid manner in order to reduce power
consumption and increase device performance at the same Manish Anand [33] proposed a new mechanism of power
time. Video stream quality is observed and analyzed after management, i.e., STPM. It monitors the demands of
applying these techniques on mobile devices. Network different applications, and provides a hybrid solution for
bandwidth is also observed and proposed for future work self tuning based power management. Ghost hints are used
by authors. to exposes the missing opportunities and calculate the
weight, after receiving weight, power manager will
Vanessa Romero Segovia [28] presented a new resource decided to make transition
management framework for mobile terminals using Actors
approach. CPU time is consider to be the main resource Kyle J. Nesbit [34] proposed a new VPM (Virtual Private
and reservation based scheduling is used to manage it. Machine) framework which is used to take resource
Experiments are conducted on Android operating system. assignments from operating system tasks, and then used
Two different experiments are performed with different VPM mechanisms, i.e., multiplex, arbitrate, or distribute
parameters; it is found that execution time of tasks has hardware in order to satisfy VPM assignment. It assign
improved every time they are running. Hence, it is found multicore chip resources among number of tasks in order
that multi-core resource management framework is suitable to make efficient utilization. VPM scheduler and VPM
for small range tasks. translator are the two main component VPM framework.
Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications 1815
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 Pages:1812-1817 (2013) ISSN : 0975-0290

Jose ´ F. Martı ´nez[35] have used machine learning drive power management and memory with storage
approach for multi-core resource management in order to management.
reduce the workload demands and power consumption as
well. The result taken from this technique is proved to be Jacob Sorber [43] presented a new framework for
more efficient. Resource management at real time is also hierarchical power management of mobile devices, i.e.,
flexible and manageable. Turducken. They found that a mobile device doesn’t have
efficient power capacity for unlimited communication and
Miron Livny [36] proposed a new approach, i.e., RMS processing. Initiation of HPM is conduct that can provide
which provides services to its users and client. It consists battery lifetime of up to ten times as compare to standard
of many layers, i.e., application layer, customer layer, laptop.
owner, and local RM layer as well. Advertising and match-
making protocols are also used. Claiming protocol is used ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
to fulfill the services of users. I acknowledge COMSATS Institute of Information
Technology-Pakistan for providing me support for this
Sudeep Pasricha [37] has proposed a new technique to work.
reduce back light power consumption in video streaming
applications. The focus will be on MPEG-1 video without
compromising the video quality. It is found that backlight CONCLUSION
consume 40% of power when playing video games on
iPAQ. New technique will increase average frame light by Energy is a most important resource in mobile devices. In
passing the frame into high pass filter and remove picture order to reduce battery consumption, it is important to
details. Results have shown that DCA approach is better done resource management especially energy management.
and reduce power consumption up to 60% consumed by
Many energy aware mobile operating systems have been
backlight of handheld device.
developed by researchers. In this paper a literature review
Kato.M [38] proposed a new technique for low power of these energy efficient mobile operating systems has
consumption. It uses the run-time power control been discussed. Several energy efficient techniques used
mechanism in java-enabled mobile devices. It improves In- by mobile OS also discussed and analyzed. In future, this
memory compression by reducing the memory work will be extended for upcoming smart phones using
consumption through bank partitioning technique. In- different operating systems.
memory compression has reduced memory consumption
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